The author expresses deep gratitude, sincere respect and sincere thanks to respected teacher and supervisor of the project, Mrs. Shahnaz Sultana, Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences, CVASU, and co-mentor Mohammad Mozibul Haque, Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Food Science and Nutrition, CVASU for their well-planned and constructive guidance in the various phases of this project work. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to evaluate the antioxidant properties of the methanol extract of Marsilea quadrifolia (MEMQ).
Introduction
Aims and Objectives
Quantitative analysis: The Blois method will be used to assess the antioxidant activity of the aerial component extract of M. 31 | P a g e The approximate composition of the plant's roots, stems and leaves is shown in table 4.3. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the extracts of the aquatic fern Marsilea quadrifolia Linn.
Review of literature
Taxonomy of the Plant
It is represented by about 53 species that have a wide geographical distribution, but are especially numerous in tropical regions such as Africa and Australia. Species either grow with their roots in mud, swamps, and shallow pools, or are fully submerged, partially submerged, or completely out of water in moist habitats, depending on whether they are hydrophytic or amphibious. This Shak is available in the market from the last week of July to the last week of November or until the ground remains moist if it rains in the first week of June.
Traditional Uses
Consume exclusively in the evening to relieve physical and mental tension and promote restful, tension-free sleep for at least 12 to 14 hours. Young leaves Migraine treatment: two drops of leaf juice in nostrils twice daily (current study). With a breath, the leaves of the body's 10 tendons should be massaged twice daily for two to three days with the juice squeezed from many leaves.
Marsilea quadrifolia Phenolic Compound
- Phenolic Classes and Structures
- Health Benefit of Phenolic Compound
- Quantitative Determination of Phenolic Compound
The historical development of interest in these molecules from their colors in flowers, fruits and vegetables, their enzymatic browning and their effect on taste, especially in wine, to today's interest in the health benefits of these compounds. There is strong evidence that polyphenols from berries are absorbed by the body to varying degrees and have a beneficial effect on humans. A recent review of the chemistry and occurrence of monocyclic phenolic acids was made by (Khadem and Marles, 1999).
Strongly colored anthocyanins, which are often found and especially concentrated in berry crops, are included in the class of chemicals known as flavonoids. With four main catechins that vary in concentration depending on the method of tea preparation and are absorbed in the small intestine, tea is another good source of dietary flavanols. Flavanones, Often present in citrus fruits, they work as antioxidants and help the body's response to inflammation.
They are present in most fruits and vegetables, especially leafy greens, grapes, onions, wine and tea. Anthocyanin levels in muscadine grapes grown in the southeastern United States, stretching from Louisiana to North Carolina, are particularly high. In the therapy of carbohydrate absorption, such as diabetes, phenolic compounds, which are chemical compounds obtained from plants, can limit the absorption of amylase.
Since the total phenolic test does not only measure phenolic chemicals, it is possible that additional reducing agents in the system may cause problems.
Marsilea quadrifolia Anti-Oxidant Activity
- Antioxidants and their function
- Why do all plants have antioxidant potential?
- Assessment of antioxidant potential of plants
Consequently, the results of in vitro and in vivo studies of antioxidant potential are not usually the same. However, without conducting enough in vivo research, the results of in vitro experiments have been irrelevantly extended to the therapeutic use of plant antioxidants. To determine the exact course to be taken for future study in plant antioxidants, the uses and limitations of antioxidant activity measurement assays were also addressed.
Currently, there are approximately 19 in vitro and 10 in vivo techniques used to measure antioxidant activity that are routinely used to assess the antioxidant activity of plant samples. Only a few of these antioxidant properties have been verified or studied in vivo, despite the fact that many plants have been found to have antioxidant potential through in vitro experiments. The use of in vitro experiments to confirm the antioxidant activity of plant samples within specific reaction systems makes it unclear whether the results of these tests are applicable to in vivo systems.
The uses and limitations of the assays used to detect antioxidant activity are also discussed. The knowledge presented here will allow the correct interpretation of research results evaluating the antioxidant potential of plants using in vitro and in vivo experiments. These substances provide antioxidant protection to most plants in in vitro studies by acting as free radical scavengers, reducing agents and metal chelators.
In ethanopharmacology In vitro antioxidant activity evaluation techniques are frequently used to screen and transfer antioxidant potential to plants or their phytochemicals, as well as nutraceutical investigations, and sometimes to identify the probable mechanism of action of plant antioxidant.
Marsilea quadrifolia Proximate Analysis
Some of these commonly used techniques involve measuring indicators of oxidative damage, while others directly assess the enzymatic activity of endogenous antioxidants, including SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR. Carbohydrates, the fifth component, are derived based on the results of the analysis of the first four. About 80% of the world's marginal communities use medicinal herbs, which play a vital role in providing basic health services to rural people.
Such nutrients and biochemicals as proteins, lipids and carbohydrates are essential to provide the human body with the energy it needs to function (Adnan et al., 2010). The proximate analysis of many medicinal herbs was published by several researchers (Amaranthus viridis Falade et al., 2004; Sonchus eruca, Withania coagulans and Fagonia indica, Hussain et al., 2010; Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum and Parkia biglobosa Odebunmi et al., 2010). Tribulus terrestris is an annual or biennial herb, while Fagonia cretica is a perennial plant with corymbose branches and Peganum harmala is an annual (Shah and Khan 2006; Hussain et al., 2011).
Its leaf, root and seed oils show therapeutic potential for treating liver problems, inflammation, hypoglycemia and laxative effects (Zarai et al., 2012). Evaluating the nutritional relevance of medicinal plant species can help understand the value of these plant species, as many medicinal plant species are also consumed as food in addition to their medicinal effects (Hussain et at., 2011). Only a few studies have been done to indicate the composition of these plants in terms of seasonal fluctuations, and none have been done for Fagonia cretica L., Tribulus terrestris L. and Ricinus communis L.
The research work was carried out in the laboratory of the Department of Applied Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Food Processing and Engineering at Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Science University, Chattogram, Bangladesh.
Experimental design
Samples collection
- Location map
Processing of plant materials
Preparation of plant extract
Calculation of the extraction values: The extraction values provide information about the type of chemical phytoconstituents present in the crude drug. Information about the quality of a particular drug sample can be obtained by using a particular solvent.
Methods for total Phenolic Compound
Using quercetin as a reference chemical, the Pharmacopoeia (1989) method was used to calculate the amount of flavonoids in the sample. Toyal flavonoid content (mg/g plant extract in QE) =. Absorption of plant extract solution/Absorption of standard quercetin solution) X [Mass of quercetin in solution (g)/Mass of plant extract (g)] X 10.
Methods for Total Flavonoid Content
Methods for Antioxidant Activity
For determining the concentration of oxidizable groups in either natural or synthetic antioxidants, DPPH provides a practical and accurate approach (Cao et al., 1997). A stock solution will be used to make the test sample, which will then be diluted with methanol to obtain concentrations of 100 µg/ml. Using the following equation, determine the percentage of the DPPH free radical that has been removed.
Then the % inhibitions will be plotted against the respective concentrations used and the IC50 will be determined from the graph.
Methods for Proximate Analysis
It was filtered and cleaned three times with hot water from a spray device (30 ml of water), keeping it as dry as possible. 150 ml of KOH solution, which was heated in another reagent system, was added to each sample. After weighing a 250 mL round bottom flask that was cleaned and dried, 1/3 of the flask was filled with solvent and an extraction tube was attached.
The extraction was performed over the course of 5–6 hours, with siphoning occurring after 5–6 minutes at a condensation rate of 3–4 drops per second. Remove the thimble from the extract once the procedure is complete, then boil the flask so that all the solvent can be collected for analysis. Crude = Weight of jar with grease - weight of empty jar x 100 Weight of original sample.
A clean, flat-bottomed silica vessel was used, held in a hot burner flame for one minute, then transferred to a desiccator, cooled and weighed (W). I moved the dish with the ash to a desiccator, let it cool and then weighed it (W2) Weight of the empty dish = W. A clean petri dish (W1) accurately weighed and filled with 1-2 g of sample is placed in oven at 105°C for 4-6 hours to reach a stable weight.
After that, take out the Petri dish with the lid on and cool it in dehydrators for 30 minutes.
Results
Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content (TPC, TFC)
Antioxidant activity of Marsilea quadrifolia
Proximate composition of Marsilea quadrifolia
Discussions
Proximate composition of Marsilea Quadrifolia
The results showed that the leaves are a poor source of plant lipid, supporting the general finding that leafy vegetables are low in lipids (Lintas et al., 1992). It was found only in plants, especially in vegetables, fruits and nuts and legumes. The result of crude fiber was lower than the result of (Rodriguez-Ambriz et al., 2008).
The recommended amount of fiber per day is 25 to 30 g, with insoluble fiber making up 70 to 75 percent of that amount (Figuerola et al., 2005). When ingested, plants are good sources of crude fiber because dietary fiber can reduce the risk of diabetes, breast cancer, heart disease, hypertension, constipation and other conditions by lowering serum cholesterol levels. He showed that the ash content of shushnia shak was higher than Nigerian leafy vegetables.
The plants contained a good amount of minerals because the ash content is a reflection of the amount of mineral elements found in the samples. It was clearly informed that the gross energy was determined, so it could be said that shushnia shak can meet the daily energy needs of an adult.
Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC)
Antioxidant capacity of Marsilea quadrifolia
Conclusion
Recommendations and Future Perspectives
The alkaloid content of the ethno-plant organs of three antimalarial medicinal plant species in eastern Ghana. Delazar et al., 2006 Laizuman Nahar, Mahmuda Haque, Md. Antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of crude extract of Marsilea Quadrifolia”.
