This is to certify that the thesis titled as "Study on Water Supply and Sewerage Condition of Selected Pourashavas in Coastal Region" was issued by Syed Nesar Ahammed at Department of Civil Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh . 991004 titled as "Study on the condition of water supply and sanitation of selected pourashavas in the coastal region" has been approved by the Examination Committee for partial fulfillment of the Master of Science in Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Khulna Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh in April, 2008.
GLOSSARY
DPHE Department of Public Health Engineering ECR Environmental Conservation Rules EPI Extended Program of Immunization FC Faecal coliform. PWS Pourashava Water Supply RCC Reinforcement Cement Concrete RMSU Regional Municipal Support Unit RNA Record not available.
INTRODUCTION
Objective of the Study
To review the existing condition of Pourashava water supply covers with supply system, demand and supply, cost of consumption. To examine the existing sanitary conditions covering the drainage system, disposal of solid waste, health and hygiene.
Study Area
Finally, to provide recommendations for sustainable practice and standards for water supply and sanitation services in the study area. The chapter is arranged with all relevant data and information related to water supply in the study area based on on-site investigation and practical field work.
The chapter is organized based on on-site investigation and practical work in the field. There is no similar research study carried out before in the study area and therefore field visits were needed several times to interview Pourashava staff and self-observation was adopted on the issues related to water supply and sanitation in the four Pourashavas.
BANGLADESH
LITERATURE REVIEW
Function of Pourashava
Pourashava is empowered to perform a wide range of functions, which provide services to its residents. Establishment of welfare homes, orphanages and prevention of begging and organization of social and voluntary services.
National Policy and Strategy
- History of Water Supply
- Source of Supply Water
- Water Quality Standards
- Water Supply in Khulna City Corporation
- Water Supply in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
- Water Quality of Selected Slums in KCC
- Water Borne Disease
Some data and information on water supply from a study report (Mohsin, 2007) are cited in Table 2.05. 04 Duel water supply system (Viability) - With two separate distribution networks for drinking water (fresh water) and non-potable water (sea water).
Pourashava Sanitation Service
- Pourashava Solid Waste Management
- Data on Solid Waste Generation
Here are some data and information about the composition of solid waste in different cities at home and abroad. A typical composition of solid waste from some developing and industrialized countries is presented in Table 2.17 (Ahmed & Rahman, 2003). The amount of solid waste generated varies widely and is influenced by factors such as (a) geographical location, (b) time of year, (c) population characteristics, (d).
Here are some data and information about the amount of solid waste generation in different cities. The approximate amount of solid waste generation (estimated) in rural and urban areas in each division is shown in Table 2.20 (Ahmed & . Rahman, 2003). The estimated amount of solid waste generation (based on kg per capita per day) of eight important cities in Asia is cited in Table 2.22 (Ahmed & Rahman, 2003).
Conclusion
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Selection of Study Area
Methodology of the Study
- Literature Review
- Visual Inspection
- Data collection
- Water Sampling
- Questionnaire for People's Perception
- Data Analysis and Presentation
The experiments were conducted at the Environmental Laboratory in the Department of Civil Engineering, KUET, Khulna. The survey questionnaire includes 41 questions covering all possible issues including (a) water supply -13 questions, (b) SW management -10 questions and (c) sanitation and drainage -18 questions. One person from each family participated in the questionnaire survey and there were a total of 750 respondents from four Pourashavas such as Bagerhat - 200 Nos., Barguna - 182 Nos., Patuakhali - 176 Nos.
The questionnaire was in Bengali language and all the likely answers were provided with facility for comments where necessary attached as Annexure A. The survey was conducted in a random manner and the perception of the people was explored on the actual picture of water supply and sanitation in the study area. The numerical information from the respondents' perception has been summarized and presented in tabular form in Pourashava manner, and the overall status of water supply and sanitation has been presented through bar chart/pie chart for at-a-glance understanding.
WATER SUPPLY CONDITION
- Water Supply in Study Area
- Source of Supply Water
- WS Connection and Area Coverage
- Staff in Water Supply Section
- General
- Water Quality Assessment
- Water Sampling
- Presentation of Test Results
- Color
- Dissolved Solids
- Hardness as CaCO3
- Summery of Findings
- Water quality monitoring in Pourashava
It is revealed from the Figure 5.03 that there is no significant seasonal effect of dissolved solids on the supply water of the four Pourashavas under the study area. It is revealed from the Figure 5.05 that there is no significant seasonal effect of pH on the supply water of the four Pourashavas under the study area. It is revealed from the Figure 5.06 that there is no significant seasonal effect of hardness as CaCO3 on the supply water of the four Pourashavas under the study area.
From Figure 5.09 it appears that there is no significant seasonal effect of iron on the water supply of the four Pourashavas under the study area. From Figure 5.10 it appears that there is no seasonal effect of iron on the water supply of the four Pourashavas under the study area. From Figure 5.11 it appears that there is no seasonal effect of iron on the water supply of the four Pourashavas under the study area.
SANITATION CONDITION
- General
- Common Sanitation Parameters
- Waste Management
- Waste Water
- Sewage
- Drainage System
- Sanitary Latrine
- Health and Hygiene
- Health and Hygiene program in Pourashava
The present position of staff in the Conservation Department of the four Pourashas in the study area is shown in Table 6.01. There is no environmentally safe and designated place to dump night soil in Pourashava. This is the true picture of the functioning of sewage in the studied Pourashavas and the practice is an alarming situation regarding environmental pollution.
The length of drains in the four Pourashavas is collected from the "National Database of Pourashavas 2004 -05" prepared by Pourashava led by UMSU, LGED which is shown in Table 6.04. The current staff position in the Health Section of the four Pourashavas is shown in Table 6.06. The conservation section mainly operates the solid waste management program in all the Pourashavas under the study area.
SOCIAL ASSESSMENT
Questionnaire for People's Perception
Characterization of Respondents
The questionnaire survey was conducted randomly among 750 respondents with different levels of education participating as post graduate 38, graduate 82, HSC 112, SSC 162 and below SSC 356 from the four Pourashavas. The questionnaire survey was conducted randomly among 750 respondents who are classified into five different age groups such as age below 20 years, 21-30 years, 31-40 years, 41-50 years and above 51 years. Among 750 respondents, the professional status was randomly found as service 152, company 262, housewife 216, student 96 and other 24.
People's Perception on Water Supply Condition
Figure 7.12 shows that 56% of the respondents showed normal odor, 21% odorless and 23% no comments on the odor of Pourashava feed water. Figure 7.13 shows that only 5% of respondents mentioned a specific quantity (ranging from 50 to 100 litres), 61% told the normal quantity and 34% did not know (no idea) about the daily water consumption for each family member. Figure 7.14 shows that only 53% of the respondents indicated a good system, 28% said that the cost of water becomes expensive in the metering system and 18% did not comment on the metering system for the Pourashava water supply connection.
Figure 7.15 shows that only 39% of respondents mentioned PS rate (fixed rate, see table other comments (e.g. N/A, not using PS SW, etc.) and 17% no comments regarding monthly water expenditure in their houses From figure 7.16 it can be seen that only 18% of the respondents expressed their disagreement, 24% agreed and 58% were useless about the rate of price increase of PS water in their houses. From figure 7.17 it can be seen that 34% of the respondents said that there is enough demand. 57% are moderately demanding, 7% are not demanding and 2% have no comments regarding the demand for the new WS connector.
People's Perception on Solid Waste Management
It is revealed by RP reflected in figure 7.20 that 28% households do not maintain any fixed, 26%. It appears from the RP reflected in Figure 7.21 that only 19% households specifically mention the amount of daily average solid waste generated from each house (ranging from 1. It appears from the RP reflected in Figure 7.22 that 53% households mention the availability of dustbins and 47% do not mention the availability of dustbins near their houses.
From the RP shown in Figure 7.25, it can be seen that 84% of the households expressed useless. From the RP reflected in Figure 7.26, it can be seen that 29% expressed sufficient, 40% moderate and 29% poor regarding the awareness of the residents of Pourashava about solid waste disposal. From the RP shown in Figure 7.27, it can be seen that 34% expressed good, 35% moderate and 31% unsatisfactory regarding the overall status of Solid Waste Management (SWM) program in Pourashava.
People's Perception on Sanitary and Drainage condition
Regarding the availability of sanitary latrines in slums, it is revealed from the RP reflected in Figure 7.29 that 35% expressed yes (available), 23% no (not available), 32% inadequate and 10% unknown. It appears from the RP reflected in Figure 7.30 that 12% indicated not applicable, 58% said in the house's latrine and 30% expressed a special arrangement regarding latrine use by younger members. It appears from the RP reflected in Figure 7.32 that 82% expressed soap, 10% only expressed water and 8% expressed no comments regarding hand washing after use.
The RP shown in Figure 7.42 shows that 29% positive (yes), 35% negative (no) and 43% were not known regarding the connection of the household latrine to the drain. The RP shown in Figure 7.43 shows that 22% were good, 35% moderate and 43% not satisfactory with regard to the cleanliness status of the drain in the area. The RP shown in Figure 7.45 shows that 72% indicated river/canal, 13% lowland and 15% unknown regarding drainage water in Pourashava.
Summery of Findings
The RP shown in Figure 7.44 shows that 22% reported overflow, 35% reported no overflow and 43% reported occasional overflow in relation to drain water overflow in the rainy season.
Water supply service from Pourashava
- General
- Conclusion
The photograph represents the following:. a Weeds are found next to the drain, a Solid waste is thrown into the drain, a Cleanliness status of the drain is not satisfactory. The photograph represents the following: .. a Weeds are found next to the drain, a Solid waste is thrown into the drain, a Cleanliness status of the drain is not satisfactory. The average of water supply or consumption ranges from 0.90 to 1.77 M3/1-11-1/day in the four Pourashavas (PSs) under the study area with the highest value being in Bhola PS.
The annual average increase in water supply connection is 6.3% to 14.42% in the area where the water supply network is available, where the highest value is in Bagerhat PS. Consumer payment status for supply water in the four PSs ranges from 80% to 98%. The average amount of solid waste collected or disposed of in the study area is the same at 64%.
Location Water Samples in Bagerhat Pourashava
Location Water Samples in Barguna Pourashava
Location Water Samples in Patuakhali Pourashava
Location Water Samples in Bhola Pourashava
