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WELCOME

ICT CLASS TO

ICT FOR XI-XII

CHAPTER 6: DATABASE (PART 7)

TOPIC: SORTING, INDEXING, RELATION

MONIR AHMED

ASST PROF, DEPT OF ICT

BAF SHAHEEN COLLEGE DHAKA

†WUv‡e‡Ri †iKW©¸‡jv‡K gv‡bi µgvbymv‡i web¨vm ev mvRv‡bvi cÖwµqv‡K n‡”Q †WUv‡eR mwU©s e‡j|

†h‡Kv‡bv GK ev GKvwaK wd‡ìi Dci †iKW© mU© Kiv hvq|

mwU©s‡qi `yB ai‡bi AW©vi ev µg i‡q‡Q| †hgb- 1| DaŸ©µg (Ascending order) Ges

2| wb¤œµg (Descending order)|

†WUv‡eR mwU©s (Database Sorting)

Database Sorting: Example

Roll Name GPA

1 Abdul Karim 3.5

5 Abdul Malek 4.0

2 Abdur Rahim 4.0

3 Kamal Hossain 5.0

4 Zahedul 4.5

†Uwej-2 : Name wd‡ìi Dci Ascending AW©v‡i mwU©s Kiv

Roll Name GPA

3 Kamal Hossain 5.0

4 Zahedul 4.5

2 Abdur Rahim 4.0

5 Abdul Malek 4.0

1 Abdul Karim 3.5

†Uwej-1 : GPA wd‡ìi Dci Descending AW©v‡i mwU©s Kiv

Sorting Procedure using Menu

mwU©s Kivi c×wZ (†gby e¨envi K‡i):

▪ †h wd‡ìi Dci mwU©s Kiv n‡e †mB wd‡ìi Dci gvDm c‡q›Uvi ivL‡Z n‡e|

▪ †gby ev‡ii Record»Sort Ackb wm‡j± K‡i D”Pµ‡gi Rb¨ Ascending order A_ev wb¤œµ‡gi Rb¨ Descending order wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|

Sorting Command in SQL

Sort Command: ORDER BY

Order Command: ASC (for Ascending) A»Z DESC (for Descending) Z»A Default Order: ASC

Sorting Procedure using SQL

D`vniY-1: g‡b Kwi, Students †Uwej †_‡K †hme QvÎ-QvÎxi wRwcG 5, Zv‡`i Name , Roll wdì `yÕwU †ivj b¤^‡ii DaŸ©µg Abymv‡i (Ascending) mvwR‡q cÖ`©kb Ki‡Z n‡e|

Zvn‡j SQL KgvÛ wb¤œiƒc-

SELECT Name, Roll FROM Students

ORDER BY Roll ASC;

Sorting Procedure using SQL

D`vniY-2: g‡b Kwi, Result †Uwej †_‡K wRwcG 5.00 AR©bKvix QvÎQvÎxi me¸‡jv wdì Zv‡`i †ivj b¤^‡ii wb¤œµg Abymv‡i (Descending) mvwR‡q cÖ`©kb Ki‡Z n‡e|

Zvn‡j SQL KgvÛ wb¤œiƒc-

SELECT *

FROM Result

WHERE GPA=5.00

ORDER BY Roll DESC;

B‡Ûw·s n‡”Q †WUv‡e‡Ri †iKW© m~wPKiY| A_©vr †WUv‡e‡Ri †iKW©mg~n‡K †Kv‡bv jwRK¨vj AW©v‡i mymw¾Z ev myweb¨¯Ífv‡e mv‡Rv‡bv| †WUv‡e‡Ri †iKW©mg~n hv‡Z e¨enviKvix `ªæZ I mnR‡ A¨v‡·m Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ †iKW©mg~n‡K GKwU hyw³g~jK µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡bvi

cÖ‡qvRb nq| †WUv‡e‡Ri †Uwe‡ji ‡iKW©mg~‡ni Giƒc mvRv‡bvi cÖwµqv‡K †WUv‡eR B‡Ûw·s ejv nq| cÖvBgvwi Kx wdì ¯^qswµqfv‡eB Bb‡W·W Kiv _v‡K|

†WUv‡eR B‡Ûw·s (Database Indexing)

B‡Ûw·s ˆZwii c×wZ (CREATE INDEXING)

Bb‡W· ˆZwi †gby e¨envi K‡i)

▪ †h †Uwe‡j Bb‡Ww·s Kiv n‡e †mB †UwejwU Design view †gv‡W I‡cb Ki‡Z n‡e|

▪ †h wd‡ìi Dci Bb‡Ww·s Kiv n‡e †mB wd‡ìi Dci gvDm c‡q›Uvi ivL‡Z n‡e|

▪ DB‡Ûv wb‡Pi w`‡K Field Properties †_‡K General U¨ve wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|

▪ Indexed Ack‡bi Wªc WvDb A¨v‡iv wK¬K Ki‡j wKQz Ackb †`Lv hv‡e|

▪ Yes (No duplicates) wm‡j± K‡i cybivq dvBjwU †mf Ki‡Z n‡e|

B‡Ûw·s‡qi myweav-Amyweav

B‡Ûw·s‡qi myweav:

1. A‡cÿvK…Z Kg mg‡q †WUv A¨v‡·m Kiv hvq|

2. ¯^qswµqfv‡e Bb‡W· dvBj Avc‡WU nq|

3.Bb‡W· dvBj wewfbœfv‡e cwieZ©b Kiv hvq|

4. †WUv‡e‡Ri wewfbœ Acv‡ikb †hgb- mwU©s, mvwP©s, Kz‡qwi cÖf„wZ Kv‡Ri `ÿZ e„w× cvq|

5. gv÷vi dvB‡ji †WUvmg~n AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|

B‡Ûw·s‡qi Amyweav:

1. GKvwaK wd‡ìi Dci Bb‡Ww·‡qi †ÿ‡Î †iKW© Avc‡WU n‡Z †ewk mgq †bq|

2. A‡bK mgq †cÖvMÖv‡gi Kv‡Ri MwZ n«vm cvq|

3.A‡cÿvK…Z †ewk †g‡gvwii cÖ‡qvRb nq|

4. †WUv Gw›Uª Kivi Rb¨ †ewk mgq cÖ‡qvRb nq|

B‡Ûw·s I mwU©s‡qi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

mwU©s (Sorting) B‡Ûw·s (Indexing)

1| †Uwe‡ji †iKW©mg~n GK ev GKvwaK wd‡ìi wfwˇZ gv‡bi D”Pµg ev wb¤œµgvbymv‡i

mvRv‡bv

1| g~j †Uwej wVK †i‡L †Uwe‡ji

†iKW©mg~n‡K GK ev GKvwaK wd‡ìi Dci

†Kv‡bv hyw³g~jK µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡bv 2| g~j dvB‡j KvR Kivi d‡j g~j dvB‡ji

µgweb¨vm cwieZ©b nq|

2| g~j dvB‡ji †iK‡W©i µgweb¨vm cwieZ©b nq bv|

3| †iKW©mg~n ¯^qswµqfv‡e Avc‡WU nq bv| 3| †iKW©mg~n ¯^qswµqfv‡e Avc‡WU nq|

4| bZzb †iKW© ms‡hvRb ev ms‡kva‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZeviB mU© KgvÛ w`‡Z nq|

4| bZzb †iKW© ms‡hvRb ev ms‡kva‡bi †ÿ‡Î cybivq Bb‡W· Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|

5| †iKW© mvRv‡bv n‡”Q mwU©s‡qi g~j D‡Ïk¨| 5| `ªæZ †iKW© A¨v‡·m Kiv n‡”Q g~j D‡Ïk¨|

6| bZzb dvBj ˆZwi nq bv| d‡j †ggwi‡Z RvqMv Kg jv‡M|

6| bZzb Bb‡W·W dvBj ˆZwi nq bv| d‡j

†ggwi‡Z AwZwi³ RvqMv jv‡M|

†WUv‡eR wi‡jkb (DATABASE RELATION)

†WUv‡e‡Ri wewfbœ †Uwe‡ji ga¨Kvi jwRK¨vj m¤úK©‡K †WUv‡eR wi‡jkb ejv nq| GB wi‡j‡kb GKwU †Uwe‡ji mv‡_ GK ev GKvwaK †Uwej wKsev †iK‡W©i g‡a¨ n‡Z cv‡i| †WUv‡e‡Ri wi‡jk‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i †Uwe‡ji †iKW©mg~n mwU©s, mvwP©s, Kz‡qwi cÖf„wZ Acv‡ikb Kiv nq|

wewfbœ †Uwe‡ji g‡a¨ wbgœwjwLZ wi‡jkb n‡Z cv‡i-

1.

One to One

2.

One to Many

3.

Many to One

4.

Many to Many

DATABASE RELATION: ONE TO ONE

†Kv‡bv †Uwe‡ji GKwU †iK‡W©i mv‡_ Ab¨ †Uwe‡ji GKwU gvÎ †iK‡W©i ga¨Kvi wi‡jkb‡K One to One wi‡jkb ejv nq| mvaviYZ evBbvwi wi‡jkb A_©vr `yÕwU gvÎ †Uwe‡ji g‡a¨ G ai‡bi wi‡jkb

†ewk †`Lv hvq| Z‡e GB ai‡bi wi‡jkb BDbvwi ev UvibvwiI n‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b Student

†Uwe‡ji GKwU †iK‡W©i mv‡_ Result †Uwe‡ji GKwU †iK‡W©i wi‡jkb †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|

DATABASE RELATION: ONE TO MANY

†Kv‡bv †Uwe‡ji GKwU †iK‡W©i mv‡_ Ab¨ †Uwe‡ji GKvwaK †iK‡W©i wi‡jkb‡K One to Many wi‡jkb ejv nq| GwU GKwU eûj e¨eüZ wi‡jkb| One to Many ai‡bi wi‡jkb BDbvwi, evBbvwi I Uvibvwi n‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b Customers †Uwe‡ji GKwU

†iK‡W©i mv‡_ Orders †Uwe‡ji GKvwaK †iK‡W©i wi‡jkb †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|

DATABASE RELATION: MANY TO ONE

†Kv‡bv †Uwe‡ji GKvwaK †iK‡W©i mv‡_ Ab¨ †Uwe‡ji GKwUgvÎ †iK‡W©i ga¨Kvi wi‡jkb‡K Many to One wi‡jkb ejv nq| GwU One to Many wi‡jk‡bi wecixZ cÖwµqv n‡jI G‡Z One to Many wi‡jk‡bi g‡Zv BDbvwi, evBbvwi I Uvibvwi _vK‡Z cv‡i|

DATABASE RELATION: MANY TO MANY

†Kv‡bv †Uwe‡ji GK ev GKvwaK †iK‡W©i mv‡_ Ab¨ †Uwe‡ji GKvwaK †iK‡W©i ga¨Kvi

wi‡jkb‡K Many to Many wi‡jkb ejv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î `yÕwU †Uwe‡ji g‡a¨ GKvwaK g¨vwPs

†iKW© _v‡K| GB ai‡bi wi‡jk‡b Rvskb (junction) †Uwej bv‡gi Z…Zxq Av‡iKwU †Uwej ˆZwi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Rvskb †Uwe‡ji mv‡_ Many to One Ges One to Many wi‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g Many to Many wi‡jkb cÖwZôv Kiv nq|

Many to Many wi‡jkb A‡bK RwUj weavq AwaKvsk †WUv‡eR wWRvB‡b GwU e¨envi Kiv nq bv|

DATABASE RELATION: MANY TO MANY

wb‡P Orders I Products †Uwe‡ji g‡a¨ wi‡jkb ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ Orderdetails bv‡g GKwU Rvskb †Uwej ˆZwi Kiv n‡jv| G‡ÿ‡Î Orders †Uwe‡ji mv‡_ Rvskb †Uwej One to Many Ges Rvskb †Uwe‡ji mv‡_ Products †Uwe‡ji Many to One wi‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g Orders I Products †Uwe‡ji g‡a¨ Many to Many wi‡jkb cÖwZôv Kiv n‡jv|

1| Sorting -Gi †Kvb KgvÛ †KvbwU ?

K. SORT L. SORT BY M. ORDER N. ORDER BY

2| B‡Ww·s‡qi myweav n‡”Q-

i. A‡cÿvK…Z Kg mg‡q †WUv A¨v‡·m Kiv hvq|

ii. ¯^qswµqfv‡e Bb‡W· dvBj Avc‡WU nq|

iii. †ewk †ggwii cÖ‡qvRb nq|

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

3| †WUv‡e‡m KZ ai‡bi wi‡jkb i‡q‡Q?

K. 2 L. 3 M. 4 N. 5

4| †Kvb ai‡bi wi‡jk‡b Rvskb †Uwej ˆZwi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq?

K. One to One L. One to Many M. Many to One N. Many to Many

5| mwU©s‡qi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q-

K. †iKW© µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡bv L. †ggwi mvkÖq Kiv M. `ªæZ †iKW© A¨v‡·m Kiv N. dvBj A‡Uv Avc‡WU Kiv

G‡mv wb‡R‡K hvPvB Kwi: ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ

Avjøvn nv‡dR