A model using the flexibility of information systems to enchance the alignment of information systems and the environment : impication for information system success

(1)

(2)

rliii

World Academy

of

Science, Engineering md Technology Conference is

m

intemational scientific forum

of

distinguished

scholrs

engaged

in

*ientific,

engineering

ud

tehnological reseach, dedicated

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ue

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hum

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trchnology-All

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INTERNATIoNAL SCIENTIFIc CoMMITTEE

Alexoder Voimky, USA Maahe@tics Department

Hostos Commuiry College, CLNY, USA Arkady Bolotin, IL

Ben-Guion Univecity of the Negev Beersheba, Israel

Byoung-Tak Zhang, KR

School ofComputer Science and Engineering Seoul National Uoivesity, Seoul, Korea Chmseng He, USA

Departrnent of Ceognphy

Westem Michigm UniveNity, USA Christos Grccos, UK

School ofComputing

University ofWest OfScotland, UK

Edgardo Bucciuelli. lT

Mikhail E. Semenov

Department of Higher Mathematics ad Madematicl

Physics Toruk Pollrechnic Unive$ity. Russia, RU

Miloi Se&, CZ

Bmo Uoiversity of Technology

lnstilute ofAutomation ed Compuler Science, CZ Mohammad Siddique. USA

Depament of Mathematics and Computer Scietrce, Fayeiteville Sare Unive6ity, USA

Omr J. Khan, USA Maine Business School University of Maine, USA Peter Pivonla, AU

Melboume School Of Enginering

Depanment of Biomedical Engineering, AU

Pmbhat K, Mahmri. CA

Department of Quantitative Methods and Economic Theory, Depmenr of Compurer science and Applied Statistics, Univereity of ChietiPescam -

ltaly

Universiry of New Bmswick, Canada

Eric T T Wong,

HK

_{euoc_Nam Tmn. USA}

Departmeil ofM€chanical

Engineering

Lamar (Tex6 State) Univesity

The Hong Kong Polytechnic Uoiv€sity, Hong

Kong

Beaumonr, Texas, USA

James. A. Nelson.

USA

S. M. A. Bqey, pK

Department of Accomtitrg

ed

tnfomation

Systems

Depanment of i)omputer Science

New Mexico State

University

Univemity ofKamchi, pakistan

Karen Amstrong,

CA

Wang Zhigang. USA

York

Univemity

_{Univirsity ofLalifomia,}_Davis

Faculry ofEducarion.

Ceada

Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering, USA

Kenan Maawie,

AU

Zarita Zainrddio. My

School ofComputing and

Mathematics

_{School ofMathematical}_Sciences Univemity of Westem Sydney,

AurElia

_{Universiti Saire Malaysia}

Ketrneth Revett,

UK

_Zhama_{Miogaleva, RU}

University

ofWesrninster

_Faculty_ofEionomrcs

Hanow School ofComputer Scieoce, London,

UK

pem State Universiry, Russia

(3)

\rticle #

'\2

!13

TABI..E OF CONTENTS .PART)O.

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(4)

world Ac.dmy of Sciae, Eoginaiog aod Tehnolo6t Z

-l

A MODEL

USING THE

FLEXIBILITY

OF

I

H

|l

lr

r-{

I

f,

I I I

I

i

s

t

I

{

i

INFORMATION

SYSTEMS TO

ENHANCE

TTM

ALIGNMENT

OF

INFORMATION

SYSTEMS

AND

THE

ENVIRONMENT

:

IMPLICATIONS

FOR

INFORMATION

SYSTEM

SUCCESS

Wartikar, Kridanto Surendro2, Eddy Suryanto S.r, Iping Supriana S.a

Absrmct- In this time. the chmging of buin6s flvironment is very fast md dynmic.SwiEl

od

gro*4h of the orgmiation in m

inamingly cmplex od ueItair!

impact

on

the reed for infmation s)Etcffi which

ro

be adapted to respotd the cheges

s

tha alwals

kep

in hmony"with the flvircment. Alignment of rnfomtion s;ctem md the mviroment

e

imPortmt to malntain

md enhare the suess of infomatim systm to give contribute io

the acNevemcot of @rpoBte g@ls.

lafomatio

system which

de built

without obserye the

pmsibilitis that will be required uer in the fuMe. will result iD a

fundamqtal chuge in the infomation s)stem built- Thercfore, the st'ategy of flexibility is aeded in mticipation of the chmges. This

papq propGes a model

uing

the flexibility

of

the infomtion slAtem

6 il

altmative solutim

to

imprcw the aligmeot of infomation systeru

ud

ihe envirmment: implietioos for the

suwss of

infmtiu

slatem.

.trEmrdJ-lnfomation sFtm

alignment,

avirmot,

infmatim systm flexibility, infmation s)Ttm

sucs

I.

INTRODUCTION

In this time, the chmging of business enyirontmmt is very frst and dynmic. In crdq to

met

the needs of usas, won the @mp€tition in raching snsumtrs, provide the best

swice,

md

mticipate the environmmtal

chmgs,

companies

re

mmpeting simultanmusly

to

improve

the

prfomme

of

sJstm

infomation

md

make

new

imowtions

in

the construction of

iofomtim

slstms

so that

m

succasfully, md contribute gratly to the achievemmt of @rporate gmls. One

my

en

be done so that infomation s)€tms which

ile

built to achieve success is build the infomation

q6tms

that

an

easily

adapt according

to

the cheging

businss mvirmmenl,

An

iacrasing

nmber of

consumtrs, infomtion

tshnology chages so rapidly, the awd for

cre

facilities

ae

more convenim! efficimt and effective, network expasion

mekets,

a

inaesing nmtrcr

of

competitors, the

imovations of the other form md new tlpe of service,

ud

so

on are some

exmpla

of

mvirmmtal

chmgs

lhat have mticipated.

Developmmt

of infomatim

systms that do oot take into a@ount dre pmsibilities that

will

occu in the futwe, have

m

impact on information systms is not very long-lived beeuse it require a fimdammtal overhaul. Fm example, information systems

m

not

m€t

the neds of the

wr

again due to the addition ofnew functions,

whqm

in the old systern facility to add new fimctionality not available

tr

c{r

not be integrated

if

available.

Howevr, these

faturs

should not be ineluded all beause this relates to the epacity

of

processing md user inttrface. Anotha exmple is the dwelopmeat of servie system which is web-based md mobile- Thug the informatim systm s'hich is built

mut

be

flqible,

6y

to use atrd easy to chmge as

nede4

withot

having

to

make

a

huge

chmge

and

firdmmtal-To

m€t

the needs

of

usqs

who continuouly chmge according

to

the chmges

in

ihe busines mvironmmt, the

alignmat of infomatim

systems and the avironment

ue

importml The altraticns that

originatd

either in the

intmal

or in the

stmal mvirment

of the

buinss,

create 0te need

to

qacise

a flexible strategy

This papa

proposes

a

model using

the flexibility of

infmation

systems to

ahme

the alignmat of infomation

s)6tms

and the enyironmat

:

implication

for

information

slstm

success.

ALIGNMENT OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND THE E}ryIRONMENT

Alignmant according to

litmlly mms

an almgemmt

of

groups or

fore

in relation to me mothtr.

mvirommt h6

the most imptrtant role as the determinmt of alignmant.

Managing

m

mganization

is a deliete

art

of

achiwing

alignmmt

bawm is wius

internal

md

flt€mal

€mpmmts.

Due

to incrffiing

of complexity, mcertainly,

(5)

D E

b

n

r

n

r

to

if

IE

n

6

rd

9e re re al

n

of

n

of

's

J

v.

world Acadefr), of S€imce, Enginering ad Tchnology 72 20 I 2

md diwprive

of

envirmmental cmditions , the

aligmmt

of information systems and mvironmmtal becoms importmt_ Organiatiors

basielly

scan thek envirometrt

in

ord€r to udtrstand the

extml

forcc

of chage that may

affct

their

futue

position so that they

m

develop effective responres

ad

sfategi$

[6].

Thtrefore

it

is

nwry

to

develop

a

model that

m

facilitate the adaptation of infomatim systems in order to stay

in

tune with the chmging

mvironmflt. In

order to

remin

competitive and to

swive,

a compay must be has a respon* to

extmal

forces of environment. This impliG to consids the

infomation

systm

(lS)

alignment

[4].

Conmponding dynmic adaptatims of the Infomation System

ile

studied in the

Infomtim

System _{alignmart tield [3].}

Incrmsingly complex and mcertain

aviroment

drives the increase in IT epability, and the use

ofnewr

IT capabilities

furthq

increases

the

fubulence.

Swival md grouh

of

agmiztions

in such a turbulmt mvironment degrcnds on how

well

informatim systems

(lS)

align the entire organiation with environmmtal preferences

[

6] .

From a conceptual modelling or ontology point of view, '.

[6]

suggest

thre

main ptrspsrives

for

modelling an

information $6tem dedicated

to

assessing such technology

ovirmmmts.

The perspectivm have been identified through a

litsatue

review

of the

major mvirmmmt

mal) iis approaches

md

conespond

to

the

major

propenies

of

tehnology envirmments: the actors perspctive deals qirh complexity;

the

issues ptrspective

is

concemed with Mcertainty; the uses perspective cops with disrupliveness. ln addition,

the*

perspectives are linked

by

the concept

of

influence as illustrated in Figue

l"

Fig. I : Environmental _{malysis framework [6]} The actors perspectiye repr€sents the supply side

of

the mvironmmt. The relevant actors

ile

thce,

which have the power

to

directly

or

indirectlyinflumce the orgmiarion's

prfommce[7]

The use or usage persprctive represents the demmd side of the organizatim's

envtonmmt.

Assessing the uses and the maket basically implies invatigating the md user neds and

how th€y are

tmnslated

into

demmds

(capacity and willingness

to

pay

for

these products).

It

is

importait ro undersaand how cutomers adopt and value the technologies md the value propositions o{Iered by the differenr actors.[7].

Issues can be defined as open

md

debarable qu6rims, elents or other forthcoming developments whose realiation

en

signifimtly

influence

&e

future conditims

of

the envirmmat md. consequ€nrly, the ability of the orgmiztion to achieve its objectives [2]

Complexity is mainly due ro a lage body of

*lforgmized

stakeholders- Uncatainty

is

due

to

upredictable dynamic

futues with

rmy

open issues.

Dimptivenss

means non-continuous development

md

ure

of

tchnology,

with inflection points (or substitute tffhnology) [7]

III-

INFORMATIONSYSTEMFLEXBILITY

Infomation Systm (lS) flexibiliry has bem regarded

s

m

importmt

indietu of

infomation ttrhnology

success

Infomation

systems

must

be

llexible

to stisry

uer

requirments, parricululy

in

chmging environmmts [12] , ..

[24]

found

users

can

never

be

satisfied

in

mergmt

orgmiztims,

because their needs tre always chmging .,.

Using the flexibility

of

the

infomatim

system has been

widely used

for

vrious

purposes, there

tre

two

t)pes

of

lnfomation system flexibility

[l

I ] :

A.

Infomation system

flexibility for

use

is

the rmge

of

possibililies provided

by

an infomarion system

util

a

major chmge is required

B. Flexibility to chmge or the potmtial adaprability for further chmges of a given infomatim systems

Analogously,

"fill

deltne Infomation system

luibiliry4o-rrse as the rmge of prrcess requirements that is supported by the lnfomation System without requiring a major change

of

the

lnfomatim

System".

"

I I

l]

Suggest

to

operarionalize

Infomalion

System fl exibi lity-teuse with fow factors :

A.

System functionality refers

to

the different featues a

system provides to the user.

B.

Scope of the

udrlying

database

refrs,

for example to the

nmber

of

product categories

that

cm

tre puchased through the catalog of an eltr(ronic prmuement slatem, or the

nmber

of analyses and reports provided by a data

warehouse application. In general, the

laga

the database,

lhe more expensive

ed

difficult it is to set up and maintain

C.

User intqface describes the different featues md methods

a

Infomation s)6tem provides to a user to inttracl with the s)atem, md includes the nmber and type of available

access

chmels.

D. Prrcessing capaciry refers to the

nmber

of users an IS can accommodate oncmently. It also refers to lhe nmber

of

transctions and user requests an infomation sptem can prmess without major pcformmce losses, masurcd for exmple in response times"

Besides the level

of

informatim s)atem flexibility-touw [image:5.481.69.220.310.418.2]

(6)

l-World Acldmy of Scienc., E giffiirgasdTehmlogr ?2 2012

of

c'ppdtunities

for

change based

for

example

m

the modulariation of s)Etem componetrlsl I

l]

Flaibility-rxhange

is

conceptually related

with aI

infrostructure, defined

u

a gmral-prrpo*

tchnological resource that is shared tircughout the crganizrrim, that is

of

lmg-tm

use, atrd that provides

a

basis for

moe spcific

applietion _[5].

'1101 Stated that IT hfiasaucfire

flxibility

m

defined in

tem

of tkee

dimmsians

:

comectivity,

cmpatibility,

md modularity'.

B/'

[9]

mlectivity

md comparibiliry focus

m

shaing a

cmmon

set

of IT

resouces (hadware,

softvre.

and data) with

intmal

and

qtanal

uses" . Oths refermes define that

cometivity

as the

ability

of

any tshnology component to attach to any ofthe other componmts inside and

otside

the orgmizatioml

avircnmgrl

Compatibility is the ability to shae any type of iafmmation amoss any tmhlology omponent. Finally modularity is defined as rhe ability to ad4

modifo,

and

remove

aoy

softwe,

hardwe

or

data

componmts of the

intastuchre

with ase md with no maju ovaall _{effect [5].}

To operationalize infomation system flexibility-to-chmge

tl2l

build on

the

rsadr

reslrs

[l]

of

who

wefully

idmtified tkee factors as releEnt to dmribe the

flaibilitv of

IT infi:astruchf6:

A.

The flexibility of the IT

pssomel,6

rhe

wiety

of skills md attitudB of the IT sraff

B.

The integmtion ofdara and finctionality, as provided by

m

open network

uchitetue,

a multitude of intsfaces with kansptrmt access

to

platfoms

md

applimtions

md

the ompatibility of applications across platfoms

C.

Modulrity,

p(ovided

by

reusble softwre

modules,

vmdo-independent

databm connetivity,

md

objetorianted dwelopment tmls.

For

individual Infomatioa

Systm

applications,

'{l2l

Weratimalizp llsibility-to-change

*ith

the

thre

categoric

of

Persomel

Integration of data md fimctionality Modulility of system components"

Each category impacts the ability

of

m

organiation to chmge

the level

of

Information

Sptem

flexibility-tGuse mmifested

u

the ability to provide

nw

Infomation System

functionalities, to recombine and reorganize amss to larious

&ta sowm,

to allow for modifimtions of the

us

interfae,

and

to

change the available processing

epacity. Hme,

Information S)stem flexibility to- change

m

be viewed as a

real optim, expressing

m

optimal

invstmmt

in additim to

the invstmmt into

flexibility-te.use,

that

trai6

the possibility, but not the obligation

of

future chmges

of

the hfomation Systm

[]

ry.

TNFORMATTON SYSTEM SUCCESQ

One of the most cited models

fu

measuing informatim systems success

is

the

Del-me and

Mclru

lnfomation Systms Success Model,

frm

now on referred to

s

DMSM.

The DMSM

ha

a basic model cmsisting of six catcgories

of

Infmmation System mccess

[9]:

A.

Slst€m

qulity,

the

desirable chmcteristics

of

an

infcmatim

qotm-

Fc

ample : sse

of

use,

s)6tm

fl*ibility,

sys'tem reliability, and ease oflearning as well

as

qlst€rn feah[€s

of

inuitivenes-s, sophisticatio, flexibility, aad rsponse

times-B- Infmmrioo

qulity,

the desirable characteristics

of

rhe

s)stem

dtputs.

For aample :

relevance,

udasbndability,

sccuracy,

cmcisene*!

completeness,

udersbDdability,

sfieacn

timeliness, and usability.

C.

Swie

qulity,

tbe quality of the support that system us€rs

rceive

from infmmatim system departaeot pa.sonnel.

Ftr

aample

:

respmsiveness, accuracy, reliability,

tabniel

corrpeteirce, md ernpathyof the persmtrel staff

D.

System use, the degree

md

manner

io

u/hich staff and

custmas utilire the capabilities of an infonnation sysem. Fm

exmple

mmt

of use, frequency of use,

atmt of

use,

mdpupw

ofuse.

E.

Us

satisfactim, fm aample tfre mo6t widely used multi attrihrte instument for

mming

infomaticn stisfaction

F.

Net benefits, the extmt to which informatiotr

q6tm

are

ontributing

to

the

sm

of

individuals, groups,

orgmiztims, industris,

md

natims-

For

emmple

improved

deisim

making

improved

productivity,

incmed sals,

@si reduclim, improved profits, milket efficiency,

mn$mer

welfare, creation

of

jobs,

and

cmomicdmlqrmat.

[image:6.451.253.426.86.450.2]

Thse

€tegtris

of

infmatioo

sptem suees as illutrated in figue 2.

Fig. 2 Iryated Detme and

Mclsn

krfmation

Systan

Success Model _[21]

Dirctioml

aroffi

indicate that system

qulity,

information quality md

*rvie

qulity

will

affect the intension to

ue

md

llg

stisfactim.

Then the net beoefit obtained is influeoced by the intensi@ to

w

ad

user stisfactim.

In mmt

cm

it is not obvious how they will be measwed in pmctice. To

firlfill

this, each

qitaioo

must

in

the

ad

fulfill

th*

qmlities [9] :

B.

(7)

A.

Measurability. the purposwi-rh all the above is to be able

"- ai*.*. *d

to*putt

information systems Thus tre

]i Ji"il"*t"r"*

wiil ned

to be measurable' -Ihe m1d9

ililJ;;;;;t

is another discussion' but in the md

it

mu$ be Possible to assign a Yalue to a mtenon'

e.

;;ii.i,i";"i,icn, h

Jrder to do so' the criteria mu$ be

" ilffi;;;;;k";

dom

into points of obseruation'

*trse

ii

"-

t*"a

cteuly

u'hat entiry

or

Phenommon the obsewation points actually concem'

c

oumtificarion, utlile not shctly nemsary' it is my belief

" ir,

r,lt

"

"".a

daign goal to formulate the masuements

ir-irc

oorit

ofousrvation in a quantitative mannq

.

_,,

o

possiUie to validate, With the above tfuee polnts' lt $rourq

"

"i*'t*

rl*lUf"

to evalute how well a sPecific contribute

;1t;Ju.iul';;liry

or an inrormation svstem' criteria Jr,i"t,

"*

* thl*

io have no impact should

be removed'

world Academy ofscience' Eugi'eritrg ad Tshnology 72 2012

DISCUSSION

slthilt

having to make a sigruficmt md fimdammtalchmge' Propsed modilcan be seen infigue 3'

Fis.

L

A Model Using The Flexibiliry of Information Systems

"f

e'*il"..H"

nrgiment of Information Slstems And The

;;t;;;;;t,

Ir"plications

for

[nformation Svstem Success

Based

m

the reference [7] md I I

2]

cm be described again as follows :

Fip 4. The relation betwtrn neighborhood

-

chuactqisics with ,li-msions of infomation system tlexlblllty

Figue 4 shows that in cder to information systems flexibly in

tE

"h*g",

of

.n'irmmmi,

so lhat at the time of information

.y.""i'"",ir"r,

-;;s

builr,

it

needs

to

be

considered the

l r82

with

the aDD€trmce

of

demand vtriety' suPply'. Product'

.;:";";:;';,

and others from the businas environmmt'

#;ruil;;it

Paper' the authss added the chmctrisncs

;;;;'fitlr..t

envircnmmt beside complexitv'

ucenantv'

md

disrupriveness.

as

expressed

by[6]'

thre is

also

il'^urii,""'vrtirliiity of

the

business mvironment will

--nrIn.J,tt.

,u...ss of

infmation

systems indiators'

-';"il;;;;;.

i"

_{simplifv the trmsactim}_Process'

s

rhat

*lJ*;;."';.;#,i::.h:X'l"l',ff

"ff

HI"ilil

different trmsactions. on-hness

;;;';;.

and cosr' Thm

'

gromng the demand for services

;ilil;;

.fi;m

which -can. ao'

in

mobile so that the

ilrr"'.ti.,

cm

be done m)ryv here Both

of

thm

must be

Jil*J"iJ

i.

a single s)stem' because the qpe of services

is used incerlain cases as appropriate'

'"

.'iffi;;-r-Ple

_is_{the'ditt"re"t}_rypesof deals which

ue

"ff"J'p"v**,'

transactions

by

competitors'

fto-t

-*^:

irip.,r,irt'rrtu,

ofr.r palments via

intmet

banking system or

#.i

" "*ai,

card payment s)stem

Both- of them should-be

l.o.moaut"a

in a single system'

in

ordtr to serve vanous ostomers with differmt

conditions--if

,n"

information system which

is

built

inflexible ro

pr*ia.'iiii.""i

n'ntriont that is required or offered by lhe

;-;;;;;",

with different vuiations' the impact is gorng to

;J:il;;;i-,

of sewice'

while

thce-engineering of the

Jot. tyu".

wiil take time md cost a bit'

-;.;[

;"*.

in

Figue

3

shows

that

chmges m

-Ir""**"f

chractaistics such m complexily' uncertainty'

;;;;il;;'-;

vriabilitv

will

affect

the

success

of

infomation slstems indicators'

ffi";;;;ii;;

in the value on the success of infomation

.-i"* il0t."*t

because the influence

of

environmenal

J*"i. tl

it

"t

it is indieted a shift in

rhe alignmant

betwem-ffitiil;;';;i";s

and the environment The existence

of

;;i;;;i'"-

led

to

untulfilled the needs

of

user as

qpected.

-Th.r.for..

to

keep

the

alignmmt

m this

mfomarion

syri"*,

und thc mvironmmt is

still

stable desprte there ts

.ffects

of

the

chmges

n

environmenl'

it

needs

to

build

in'fo*ution

systems-

that

re

flexible'

adaptableas needed

tl

tr"".;-l

@

(8)

World Acad@y of Sd@, Elgiffiing sDd TahNlog 72 2ol2

funcrionality

of

system,

the

scope

of

the

database,, -user

int€rface, proc€ssing capacity, cmnectivity, conpatibility'

mdmodulrity-VI.

CONCLUSION

Frm

lhe pevious discussion,

it

@

be concluded that the changm in the mvironmmt that cause a shift in the aligoment

betdm

infomation systems and the avirmments which are

characterized

by

impairment

of

the scccss indiatGs

ia infmmation s)Etems,

allowing

for

anticipated

with

the coastruction of

flqible

infmnatiut sptems'

VII.

FUTURERESEARCH

From the model use infomation systems flexibility to enimce the alignrnmt

of

infmation

slstems

md

the environmmt: imnlica'tion for the

sums

of infomatim systm propmed,

it

needs firrthq reseach on analysis: the effect ofthe alignmmt

of

information

sy$em

flilibility md

mvirmmatal

information

s)Eterns,

the scess of

eovirmmmlal

chmctqistim *trich

is

chaga

in

infmatim

s)Etms, the chmga of chaactcistics is trough the alignmat in shifting'

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