AN ANALYSIS OF RELATIVE CLAUSE IN GEORGE BERNARD SHAW’S PLAY “ARMS AND THE MAN”
A THESIS
BY :
Alfian Fajri
Reg. No. 030705010
FACULTY OF LETTERS ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATRA MEDAN
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Every student who attends the final year at the Faculty of Letters of the North Sumatra University, Medan, has to write and summit a thesis as the partial fulfillment of the requirements to get the degree of “Sarjana Sastra”.
I realize that writing a thesis is not a simple job to do. It needs a lot of energy and time to finish it. In writing this thesis, I face many problems owing to my limited knowledge. Although I myself have a little knowledge about the subject discussed, but with the help and encouragement from so many people that I know, at least I have been able to overcome the problems and complete my thesis on time.
First of all, I would like to thank to Allah SWT who has given me all of the blessing, mercy, talent and time, so that I can finish my thesis entitled An
Analysis of Relative Clauses in George Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE
MAN”.
I would like to thank to the dean of Faculty of Letters, Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A. Ph.D, also to Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum and Drs. Yulianus Harefa, MEd TESOL as the head and secretary of English Department for their guidance and encouragements during the year of my study.
I would like to express my best and sincere thanks to my supervisor Dra. Hartisari, M.A and co-supervisor Drs. Yulianus Harefa, MEd TESOL for having shared their valuable ideas, times, guidance and patience.
my sister Rizky Fajar Lina, my aunts, Bunda and Ce’ Na, my uncles, Ce’ Wan and Ce’ Din, my cousins, Putri, Winda, Shiddiq and my big family. Thank you for the great love and pray in my life. I do love you all.
Last but not least, for all of my friends and people who know me. I am truly sorry because I cannot write your names but I hope you always know that you are always in my heart. Thank you very much.
Medan, Desember 2007
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRAK
1. INTRODUCTION
Background of the Analysis Problem of the Analysis Purpose of the Analysis Scope of the Analysis Method of the Research Review of Related Literature
2. RELATIVE CLAUSE
2.1 Definition of Relative Clause
2.1.1 Relative Pronoun and Relative Adverb 2.1.2 Position of Relative Clause
2.1.3 Verb Agreement of Relative Clause 2.1.4 Punctuation of Relative Clause 2.2 Types and Functions of Relative Clause
2.2.1 Relative Pronoun as Subject 2.2.2 Relative Pronoun as Object 2.2.3 Possessive Relative Clause
2.2.4 Relative Pronoun as Object of Preposition
3. THE ANALYSIS
3.1 Types and Functions of Relative Clause 3.1.1 Relative Pronoun as Subject 3.1.2 Relative Pronoun as Object 3.1.3 Possessive Relative Clause
3.1.4 Relative Pronoun as Object of Preposition
3.1.5 Relative Pronoun In Phrases of Quantity and Quality 3.1.6 Adverbial Relative Clause
4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 4.1 Conclusions
4.2 Suggestions
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini berjudul “An Analysis of Relative Clause in George Bernard
Shaw’s play “Arms and The Man” dan membahas tentang ‘Relative Clause’ yang
terdapat dalam drama “Arms and The Man” berdasarkan bentuk-bentuk dan fungsinya sehingga dapat ditentukan persentase ‘Relative Clause’ berdasarkan bentuk-bentuk dan fungsinya yang terdapat dalam drama tersebut.
Data yang dianalisis diperoleh dari drama karya George Bernard Shaw yang berjudul Arms and The Man. Data tersebut dianalisis dengan melihat bentuk-bentuk Relative Clause yang terdapat dalam drama tersebut kemudian mengelompokan bentuk-bentuk Relative Clause tersebut dengan fungsi-fungsinya. Semua data yang telah dianalisis selanjutnya akan ditabulasi.
Teori yang dikemukakan Oshima dan Hague (1999:212) tentang Relative Clause menjadi teori acuan untuk pendeskripsian Relative Clause yang terdapat dalam kalimat. Teori ini menerangkan bahwa bentuk-bentuk dan fungsi Relative Clause terbagi 6 (enam) yaitu: relative pronoun as subject, relative pronoun as object, possessive relative clause, relative pronoun as object of preposition, relative pronoun in phrases of quantity dan quality, dan adverbial relative clause.
Dari hasil analisis ditemukan 5 (lima) bentuk-bentuk dan funsi Relative Clause yang terdapat dalam drama karya George Bernard Shaw yang berjudul
Arms and The Man yaitu: 59 relative pronouns sebagai subject setara 42,75%, 29
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the Analysis
Human beings are social creatures that can not live alone without interacting with one another in this world. They are tied with many aspects in their life. One of them is to communicate with others. In the process of communication, they need a media to express their thoughts, which is known as language.
Language, the most distinguishing feature of human behavior, is a tool of communication which separates human beings from animals. Bloomfield (1961: 181) pointed out that the effect of languages are remarkable, and include much of what distinguishes man from animals. It is known that in our daily life, language enable us to express our ideas and allow us to live and cooperate with other people. Language is not only a form of communication, but it is also a form of social status. It means that inability to use language well can affect someone’s status in society, and even alter their personality.
Because of its crucial importance in human life, an increasing number of psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, teachers, speech therapists, computer scientists, and journalists realize that they need to study language more deeply. Therefore, it is not surprising that linguistics, the systematic study of language, has been one of fastest expanding branches of knowledge in recent years.
The expression of language through written text must use grammar to standardize the process of writing. Because, the characteristic of written language promotes the development of literature and intellectual development in general. If we know something about grammar, we can criticize and discuss our own writing, and learn to improve it. Through grammar our English will be clear, economical, and effective.
Grammar makes every speaker and writer have good sentences because it consists of the pattern of arrangement of part of words into words. In making a good sentence, we should know what sentence is and what its element are. Sentence is combination of words expressing a complete thought and ideas. The largest unit of grammar is sentence. Leech (1982 : 26) states that a sentence is composed of smaller units, clauses, phrases, and words. The most important unit in composing a sentence is clauses.
Clauses are the principal structures of which sentences are composed. A sentence may consist of one or more clauses. Leech (1983 : 211) describes and classifies clauses in three important ways :
1. In terms of the clause elements (subject, verb, etc) from which they are constructed, and the verb patterns which are formed from these elements. 2. In terms of the amount of use which a clause makes of verb phrase structure.
On this , we distinguish between finite clauses, non-finite clauses, and verbless clauses.
A clause may be an independent clause, or dependent clause. In terms of dependent clause, the clause could be differentiated based on their grammatical function as nominal clause, adverbial clause, and relative clause.
Oshima and Hogue (1999 : 209) said that a relative clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adjective ; that is, it modifies a noun or pronoun. For this reason, relative clauses are also called adjective clause.
In this thesis, I attempt to analyze the clause of relative clauses in George Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE MAN”. I take play as my object analysis because the play always use persons or things as one of the character which usually are used in relative clause. For example Raina closes the shutters. She turns and sees Louka, who has been watching the scene curiously. In this sentence, the dependent clause who has been watching the scene curiously is relative clause that modifies noun Louka. This noun is the antecedent of relative clause and one of the character in the play.
I take George Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE MAN” as my object of analysis because I want to understand clearly about relative clauses practically not only theoretically. In my opinion, to understand and identify relative clause in a play is more difficult than in the grammar book.
1.2The Problems of The Analysis
Based on the background, there are several problems during completion of analysis of this thesis, they are :
2. How to construct the relative clause based on its types and functions in George Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE MAN” ?
3. How many percentage of the relative clause based on its types and functions in George Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE MAN” ?
1.3The Purpose of Analysis
For that reason, this analysis has certain purposes to be obtained. They are : 1. To identify and classify the relative clause in George Bernard Shaw’s play
“ARMS AND THE MAN”.
2. To analyze the relative clause based on its types and functions in George Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE MAN”.
3. To show the percentage of the relative clause based on its types and functions in George Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE MAN”.
1.4The Scope of the Analysis
In this thesis, I only analyze the Relative Clause and limit the analysis based on its types and functions in George Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE MAN”.
1.5Method of the Analysis
In analyzing the data, I attend to use a descriptive analysis; the analysis will use the formula to collect the random sample and as the result, the frequency table of the data appeared. It will make us easier to see the types and functions of relative clauses frequency. The data of this analysis use the simple statistical analysis in percentage by using Educational Statistic:
Types and functions of relative clause = n x 100% (analyzed in percentage) ∑ n
n = number of Types and functions of relative clause ∑ n = total number of Types and functions of relative clause
1.6 Review of Related Literature
In designing this thesis, I refer to some information supplied in some books to support the idea of the analysis. Some of them can be mentioned as follow :
Azar (1989:238) says that clause is a word containing a subject and a verb. She divides clause into independent clause and dependent clause. According to her independent clause is a complete sentence and it contains the main subject and verb of a sentence. She further says that independent clause can be called as main clause because it can stand-alone as a sentence or as a clause, while dependent clause is not a complete sentence because it can stand-alone and it must be connected to an independent clause.
Frank (1979:276) states that in adjective clause, subject and predicate is changed by means of special introductory word which has the same referent as the preceding noun or pronoun. The form and position of this introductory word subordinates the adjective clause to a main clause.
The definition above means that an adjective clause or relative clause is introduced by a special introductory word which fixed to preceding noun or pronoun and it attached the adjective clause to a main clause.
Leech (1983:285) says, “ The term relative clause is used for various types of sub clause by a back-pointing element, usually a relative pronoun.”
Oshima and Hogue (1999 : 209) said that a relative clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adjective ; that is, it modifies a noun or pronoun. For this reason, relative clauses are also called adjective clause.
2. A DESCRIPTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSE
2.1 Definition of Relative Clause
A relative clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adjective; that is, it modifies a noun or pronoun. For this reason, relative clause are also called adjective clause.
In the first sentence, the dependent clause which took place in 1621, is a relative clause that modifies the noun phrase the first American thanksgiving feast. This noun phrase is the antecedent of the relative clause.
2.1.1 Relative Pronoun and Relative Adverb
A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun or relative adverb.
Pronouns Who, whom, whose, that Which, that, whose
Refer to humans
Refer to non humans and Things
Adverbs When, where Refer to a time or a place
2.1.2 Position of Relative Clause
Place relative clause after its antecedent and as close to it as possible to avoid confusion.
( it is not clear whether the relative clause modify car or gift. ) Corrected: He left the gift that he has just bought in his friend’s car
( the relative clause clearly modifies gift.)
Occasionally, a prepositional phrase comes between antecedent and the relative clause.
Manuel was visited by a friend from San Juan who was touring the country.
Try writing the sentence of your own that contains a relative clause.
2.1.3 Verb Agreement in Relative Clause
The verb in relative clause should agree in number with its antecedent. Compare :
A person who works part-time usually receives no benefits.
( the verb works is singular to agree with singular antecedent
person. )
People who work part-time usually receive no benefits.
( the verb work is plural to agree with plural antecedent people.)
2.1.4 Punctuation of Relative Clause
- The professor who teaches my biology class won a Nobel Prize two years ago.
( which professor won a Nobel Prize two years ago? The clause who
teaches my biology class is necessary to identify professor. )
- He won the prize for research that might lead to a cure for AIDS. ( For which research did he win the prize? We need the clause that might
lead to a cure for AIDS to tell us. )
A nonrestrictive clause is not necessary to identify its antecedent; it merely gives the reader some extra information. Because it can be omitted without loss of meaning, separate it from the rest of the sentence with commas.
- Professor Jones who teaches my biology class, won a Nobel Prize two years ago.
( The person who won a Nobel Prize is identified by his name, so the clause who teaches my biology class is extra, unnecessary information about Professor Jones. If it were omitted , we would still know which person won a Nobel Prize. )
- He won the prize for his research into the structure of T-cells, which might lead to a cure for AIDS.
( We already know which research he won the prize for: his research into the structure of T-cells. The information which might lead to a cure for
AIDS is not necessary to identify the research; it merely gives us extra
2.2 Types and Functions of Relative Clause
There are different types of relative clauses. In each different kind, the relative pronoun has a different function. It may be a subject or an object in its own clause, or it may replace a possessive word.
2.2.1 Relative Pronouns as Subjects
A relative pronoun may be the subject of its own clause. Subject pattern relative clauses are formed as follows:
Who
Which + verb + complement That
Football, which is the most popular American Sport, began at Harvard University.
Study the following examples to see how sentences a and b in each set are combined to form new sentence c, which contains a subject pattern relative clause. The subject in sentence b, which changes to relative pronoun, is crossed through. Notice how that is used in restrictive clauses only.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS FOR HUMANS Restrictive
who, that
1. a. People save time and energy. b. They use microwave ovens.
(informal)
Nonrestrictive Who
2. a. Microwave cooking is not popular with most professional chefs
b. Professional chefs say that fast cooking doesn’t allow flavors to blend
c. Microwave cooking is not popular with most professional chefs, who say that fast cooking doesn’t allow flavors to blend
RELATIVE PRONOUNS FOR NONHUMANS/THINGS Restrictive
That
3. a. Ovens are capable of cooking food quickly. b. They use microwave energy.
c. Ovens that use microwave energy are capable of cooking foods quickly.
Nonrestrictive Which
4. a. An electron tube in the oven produces microwaves. b. Microwaves cook by agitating the water molecules in food.
c. An electron tube in the oven produces microwaves, which cook by agitating the water molecules in food
2.2.2 Relative Pronouns as Objects
A relative pronoun may be an object in its own clause. Object pattern relative clauses are formed as follows:
whom which that
The address that he gave me was incorrect.
In the following examples, notice how sentence a and b are combined to make sentence c, which contains an object pattern relative clause. The object in sentence b, which changes to a relative pronoun, is crossed through. Notice how that is used in restrictive clauses only and may be left out entirely in object pattern clauses.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS FOR HUMANS Restrictive
whom, that,
1. a. The professor is chair of English Department. b. You should see the professor.
c. The professor whom you should see is chair of English Department.
The professor that you should see is chair of English Department. (informal)
The professor you should see is chair of English Department.
3. a. The book was written in German. b. The professor translated the book.
c. The book that the professor translated was written in German.
The book the professor translated was written in German.
Which in the college
b. Dr. White teaches environmental science..
c. Environmental science, which Dr. White teaches, is one of the most popular courses in the college
2.2.3 Possessive Relative Clauses
In this clauses, which show possession, the relative pronoun whose replaces a possessive word such as Mary’s, his, our, their, the company’s, or its. Possessive relative clauses can follow the subject or the object pattern, and they may be restrictive or nonrestrictive.
Subject pattern possessive clauses are formed as follows:
Whose + noun + verb + complement Princess Diana, whose life ended suddenly in a Paris car crash, was the most photographed woman in the world.
In the following examples, notice how sentences a and b are combined to make sentence c, which changes to whose, is crossed through.
POSSESSIVE RELATIVE PRONOUNS FOR HUMANS AND NONHUMANS/THINGS
Restrictive Whose
Nonrestrictive Whose
2. a. Santa Claus is the symbol of Christmas gift-giving b. His portly figure appears everywhere during the Christmas season.
c. Santa Claus, whose portly figure appears everywhere during the Christmas eason, is the symbol of Christmas gift-giving.
Object pattern possessive clauses are formed as follows:
Whose + noun + subject + verb + complement
Maya Angelou, whose poetry we have been reading in our English class, is one of America’s famous female poets.
In the following examples, notice how sentences a and b are combined to make sentence c, which contains a possessive relative clause in the object pattern. The possessive word in sentence b, which changes to whose, is crossed through.
POSSESSIVE RELATIVE PRONOUNS FOR HUMANS AND NONHUMANS/THINGS
Restrictive Whose
1. a. The citizens could do nothing.
b. The government had confiscated their property.. c. The citizens whose property the government had confiscated could do nothing.
Nonrestrictive Whose
b. Shoppers trust the magazine’s research.
c. Consumer Reports, whose research shoppers trust, publishes comparative evaluations of all kinds of products.
2.2.4 Relative Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions
A relative pronoun may be the object of preposition in its own clause. This relative clauses are formed into two ways, the formal way and the informal way. The clauses may be either restrictive or nonrestrictive.
Formal
whom
Preposition + + subject + verb + complement which
The person to whom I mailed the letter never received it.
Informal
Whom Which That
+ subject + verb + complement + preposition
The person whom I mailed the letter to never received it.
In the formal pattern, the preposition comes before the relative pronoun. In the informal pattern, the preposition comes at the end of the clause.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS FOR HUMANS Restrictive
whom, that,
1. a. The candidates lost the election. b. I voted for the candidates.
c. The candidate whom I voted for lost the election. d. The candidate that I voted for lost the election.
The candidate I voted for lost the election. Nonrestrictive
Whom
2. a. Mayor Pyle lost the election. b. I voted for Mayor Pyle.
4. a. The position of office manager had been filled. b. He applied for the position of office manager.
c. The position of office manager, for which he applied, had been filled.
Some of which, one of whom, all of whom, each of which, etc.
and in phrase of quality:
The best of which, the most important of whom, the more economical of
which, the loveliest of which, the oldest of whom, the least expensive of
which, etc.
Relative clauses containing these phrases can follow the subject or object pattern, and they are always nonrestrictive.
Many of which + subject + verb + complement The oldest of whom + subject + verb + complement
While scuba diving in Caribbean, I saw tropical fish, many of which I photographed with my new underwater camera.
He has three daughters, the oldest of whom is studying abroad.
In the following examples, notice how sentence a and b are combined to make a new sentence c containing a relative clause. The object of in sentence b (always following the preposition of), is crossed through and replaced by a relative pronoun (always whom or which).
RELATIVE PRONOUNS FOR HUMANS Nonrestrictive
Whom
1. a. The citizens of Puerto Rico are well educated. b. Ninety percent of them are literate.
c. The citizens of Puerto Rico, ninety percent of whom are literate, are well educated.
Nonrestrictive Which
2. a. There are many delicious tropical fruits in Puerto Rico. b. I have never tasted most of them before.
c. There are many delicious tropical fruits in Puerto Rico, most of which I have never tasted before.
2.2.6 Adverbial Relative Clause
Relative clause may be introduced by relative adverb when and where. Adverbial relative clauses refer to a time or a place, and they replace entire prepositional phrases like on Sunday and in the city. Adverbial relative clauses may be restrictive or nonrestrictive. They are composed of
When
+ subject + verb + complement
Where
The lives of thousands of Germans changed during the night of August 13, 1961, when East German soldiers began building the Berlin wall.
RELATIVE ADVERBS FOR TIME AND PLACE When Refers to a
time
Restrictive
Nonrestrictive
The lives of thousands of Germans suddenly changed on the night when East German soldiers began building the Berlin wall.
Where Refers to a place
Restrictive
Nonrestrictive
The city where citizens had lived, worked, and shopped relatively freely was suddenly divided.
Berlin, where citizens had lived, worked, and shopped relatively freely, was suddenly divided
In the following examples, notice how sentence a and b are combined to make a new sentence c which contains an adverbial relative clause. The prepositional phrase in sentence b which is entirely replaced by the relative adverb, is crossed through.
2. a. The Saudi Arabian city of Mecca is the holiest city in Islam.
b. Mohammed was born in Mecca.
c. The Saudi Arabian city of Mecca, where Mohammed was born is the holiest city in Islam.
3. THE ANALYSIS
3.1 Types and Functions of Relative Clause
In analyzing relative clauses in George Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE MAN” I apply the theory that I already mentioned in the previous chapter. I analyze the relative clause based on its types and functions in the sentences. I analyze the sentences by looking the relative clauses in the sentences and then I describe its types and functions.
Having read and analyzed the play “ARMS AND THE MAN” by George Bernard Shaw, I found only 5 types and functions of relative clause from 6 types and functions of relative clause as mentioned in the previous chapter. The types and functions which I found are:
• Relative pronoun as subject
• Relative pronoun as object
• Possessive relative clause
• Relative pronoun as object of preposition
3.1.1 Relative Pronoun as Subject
Here are several examples of relative pronouns as subject that I found : (i) The Serbs have Austrian Officers who are just as clever as Russians. (ii) A couple of shots are fired under the window; and a bullet shutters
the glass opposite Raina, who winks and gasps but stands her ground. (iii) I know things about Raina that would break off her match with
Sergius if___
(iv) Above the heads of the bed, which stands against a little wall cutting off the left hand corner of the room, is a painted wooden shrine, blue and gold, with an ivory image of Christ, and a light hanging before it in a pierced metal ball suspended by three chains.
(v) Then she goes to the chest of drawers and adores the portrait there with feelings that are beyond all expression.
(vi) The fugitive throws up his head with the gesture of man who sees that it is all over with him, and drop the manner he has been assuming to intimidate Raina.
The underlined clauses in those seven sentences above are relative clauses which are introduced by relative pronoun who, which, and that. The relative pronoun who, which, and that in those clause functions characteristically as subject of relative clause. The underlined clauses describe and modify the noun phrase as their antecedent in the main clause that precedes them.
The analysis of clause (i):
The construction of the sentences above as follows: Sentence = an independent clause + relative clause Relative clause = who, which, that + verb + complement
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (i) in the chart below:
The Serbs have Austrian Officers who are just as clever as Russians.
The Serbs have Austrian Officers = an independent clause
who are just as clever as Russians = a relative clause
Who is the subject of relative clause
Clause (i) use the relative pronoun who. The relative pronoun who in clause (i) refers to human, because it describes personal antecedent Austrians Officer. The relative clause is restrictive that do not use commas because it simply gives additional information and is not necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
The analysis of clause (ii):
Relative clause = who, which, that + verb + complement
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (ii) in the chart below: A couple of shots are fired under the window; and a bullet shutters the glass opposite Raina, who winks and gasps but stands her ground.
A couple of shots are fired under the window; and a bullet shutters the glass opposite Raina,
= an independent clause
who winks and gasps but stands her
ground
= a relative clause .
Who is the subject of relative clause
Clause (ii) use the relative pronoun who. The relative pronoun who in clause (ii) refers to human, because it describes personal antecedent Raina. The relative clause is nonrestrictive that uses commas because it is necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
The analysis of clause (iii):
The construction of the sentences above as follows: Sentence = an independent clause + relative clause Relative clause = who, which, that + verb + complement
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (iii) in the chart below: I know things about Raina that would break off her match with Sergius if___ I know things about Raina = an independent clause
that would break off her match with
Sergius if___
that is the subject of relative clause
Clause (iii) use the relative pronoun that. The relative pronoun that in clause (iii) refers to human, because it describes personal antecedent Raina. The relative clause is restrictive that do not use commas because it simply gives additional information and is not necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
The analysis of clause (iv):
The construction of the sentences above as follows: Sentence = an independent clause + relative clause Relative clause = who, which, that + verb + complement
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (iv) in the chart below:
Above the heads of the bed, which stands against a little wall cutting off the left hand corner of the room, is a painted wooden shrine, blue and gold, with an ivory image of Christ, and a light hanging before it in a pierced metal ball suspended by three chains.
Above the heads of the bed, is a painted wooden shrine, blue and gold, with an ivory image of Christ, and a light hanging before it in a pierced metal ball suspended by three chains.
= an independent clause
which stands against a little wall cutting
off the left hand corner of the room
= a relative clause
Clause (iv) use the relative pronoun which. The relative pronoun which in clause (iv) refers to nonhuman, because it describes impersonal antecedent the
bed. The relative clause is nonrestrictive that use commas because it is necessary
to identify the noun it modifies.
The analysis of clause (v):
The construction of the sentences above as follows: Sentence = an independent clause + relative clause Relative clause = who, which, that + verb + complement
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (v) in the chart below:
Then she goes to the chest of drawers and adores the portrait there with feelings
that are beyond all expression.
Then she goes to the chest of drawers and adores the portrait there with feelings
= an independent clause
that are beyond all expression. = a relative clause
that is the subject of relative clause
The analysis of clause (vi):
The construction of the sentences above as follows: Sentence = an independent clause + relative clause Relative clause = who, which, that + verb + complement
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (vi) in the chart below:
The fugitive throws up his head with the gesture of man who sees that it is all over with him, and drop the manner he has been assuming to intimidate Raina.
The fugitive throws up his head with the gesture of man
= an independent clause
who sees that it is all over with him, and
drop the manner he has been assuming to intimidate Raina.
= a relative clause
Who is the subject of relative clause
Clause (vi) use the relative pronoun who. The relative pronoun who in clause (vi) refers to human, because it describes personal antecedent man. The relative clause is restrictive that do not use commas because it simply gives additional information and is not necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
The construction of the sentences above as follows: Sentence = an independent clause + relative clause Relative clause = who, which, that + verb + complement
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (vii) in the chart below: No: you are one of the Austrians who set the Serbs on to rob us our national liberty, and who officer their army for them.
No: you are one of the Austrians = an independent clause
who set the Serbs on to rob us our
national liberty, and who officer their army for them.
= a relative clause
Who is the subject of relative clause
Clause (vii) use the relative pronoun who. The relative pronoun who in clause (i) refers to human, because it describes personal antecedent Austrians. The relative clause is restrictive that do not use commas because it simply gives additional information and is not necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
Each relative pronouns as subject that I have found will be classified into one part of the following chart. The chart will make me easy to understand relative pronouns both for human or non human, and restrictive or nonrestrictive.
3.1.2 Relative Pronoun as Object
Here are several examples of relative pronouns as object that I found :
(ii) Military bow, which Raina returns coldly.
(iii) The fear of plucky patriotism which the Serbian attack roused in all Bulgarians has pulled him through the war.
(iv) He darts into the passage, and returns dragging in Louka, whom he flings violently against the table exclaiming.
(v) I know things about him that she wouldn’t let him hear the last of for six months if I babbled them to her.
(vi) He goes into the house and returns presently with a third chair,
Your neighbors have their heads so full of runaway Serbs
which
he places at the table.
The underlined clauses in those six sentences above are relative clauses which are introduced by relative pronoun whom, which, and that. The relative pronoun
whom, which, and that in those clause functions characteristically as object of
relative clause. The underlined clauses describe and modify the noun phrase as their antecedent in the main clause that precedes them.
The analysis of clause (i):
The construction of the sentences above as follows: Sentence = an independent clause + relative clause
Relative clause = whom, which, that + subject + verb + complement Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (i) in the chart below:
that they see them
everywhere.
of runaway Serbs
that they see them everywhere. = a relative clause
that is the object of verb of relative clause
Clause (i) use the relative pronoun that. The relative pronoun that in clause (i) refers to human, because it describes personal antecedent Serbs and functions as the object of verb see. The relative clause is restrictive that do not use commas because it simply gives additional information and is not necessary to identify the noun it modifies
The analysis of clause (ii):
The construction of the sentences above as follows: Sentence = a noun phrase + relative clause
Relative clause = whom, which, that + subject + verb + complement
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (ii) in the chart below:
Military bow, which Raina returns coldly.
Military bow, = a noun phrase
which Raina returns coldly. = a relative clause
which is the object of verb of relative clause
Clause (ii) use the relative pronoun which. The relative pronoun which in clause (ii) refers to nonhuman, because it describes impersonal antecedent
nonrestrictive that use commas because it is necessary to identify the noun it modifies
The analysis of clause (iii):
The construction of the sentences above as follows: Sentence = an independent clause + relative clause
Relative clause = whom, which, that + subject + verb + complement
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (iii) in the chart below:
The fear of plucky patriotism which the Serbian attack roused in all Bulgarians has pulled him through the war.
The Serbs have Austrian Officers has pulled him through the war.
= an independent clause
which the Serbian attack roused in all
Bulgarians
= a relative clause
which is the object of verb of relative clause
Clause (iii) use the relative pronoun which. The relative pronoun which in clause (iii) refers to nonhuman, because it describes personal antecedent thefear of
plucky patriotism and functions as the object of verb attack. The relative clause is
The analysis of clause (iv):
The construction of the sentences above as follows: Sentence = an independent clause + relative clause
Relative clause = whom, which, that + subject + verb + complement
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (iv) in the chart below:
He darts into the passage, and returns dragging in Louka, whom he flings violently against the table exclaiming.
He darts into the passage, and returns dragging in Louka,
= an independent clause
whom he flings violently against the
table exclaiming.
= a relative clause
Whom is the object of verb of relative clause
Clause (iv) use the relative pronoun whom. The relative pronoun whom in clause (iv) refers to human, because it describes personal antecedent Raina and functions as the object of verb flings. The relative clause is nonrestrictive that use commas because it is necessary to identify the noun it modifies
The analysis of clause (v):
The construction of the sentences above as follows: Sentence = an independent clause + relative clause
Relative clause = whom, which, that + subject + verb + complement
I know things about him that she wouldn’t let him hear the last of for six months if I babbled them to her.
I know things about him = an independent clause
that she wouldn’t let him hear the last of
for six months if I babbled them to her.
= a relative clause
that is the object of verb of relative clause
Clause (v) use the relative pronoun that. The relative pronoun that in clause (v) refers to human, because it describes personal antecedent him as pronoun and functions as the object of verb let. The relative clause is restrictive that do not use commas because it simply gives additional information and is not necessary to identify the noun it modifies
The analysis of clause (vi):
The construction of the sentences above as follows: Sentence = an independent clause + relative clause
Relative clause = whom, which, that + subject + verb + complement
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (vi) in the chart below:
He goes into the house and returns presently with a third chair, which he places at the table.
He goes into the house and returns presently with a third chair,
which he places at the table. = a relative clause
Which is the object of verb of relative clause
Clause (vi) use the relative pronoun Which. The relative pronoun Which in clause (vi) refers to nonhuman, because it describes impersonal antecedent chair and functions as the object of verb places. The relative clause is nonrestrictive that use commas because it is necessary to identify the noun it modifies
3.1.3 Possessive Relative Clause
Here are several examples of possessive relative clauses that I found :
(i) This chest of drawers is also covered by a variegated native cloth; and on it there is a pile of paper backed novels, a box of chocolate creams, and a miniature easel with a large photograph of an extremely handsome officer, whose lefty bearing and magnetic glance can be felt even from the portrait.
(ii) Did you find in the charge that the men whose fathers are poor like mine were any less brave than the man who are rich like you?
(iii) Do you think I believe that she-she!, whose worst thoughts are higher than your best ones, is capable of trifling with another man behind my back?
(iv) I doubt sir, whether you quite realize either my daughter’s position or that of Major Saranoff,
The underlined clauses in those four sentences above are possessive relative clauses which are introduced by relative pronoun whose. The relative pronoun
whose is used to show possession of the noun. Possessive relative clause can
follow the subject or the object pattern, and they may be restrictive or nonrestrictive.
The analysis of clause (i):
The construction of the sentences above as follows: Sentence = an independent clause + relative clause
Subject pattern possessive relative clause = whose + noun +verb + complement
Object pattern possessive relative clause = whose + noun +subject + verb + complement
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (i) in the chart below: This chest of drawers is also covered by a variegated native cloth; and on it there is a pile of paper backed novels, a box of chocolate creams, and a miniature easel with a large photograph of an extremely handsome officer, whose lefty bearing and magnetic glance can be felt even from the portrait.
This chest of drawers is also covered by a variegated native cloth; and on it there is a pile of paper backed novels, a box of chocolate creams, and a miniature easel with a large photograph of an extremely handsome officer,
= an independent clause
whose lefty bearing and magnetic glance
can be felt even from the portrait.
= a relative clause
Clause (i) use the relative pronoun whose. The relative pronoun whose in clause (i) replaces a possessive word his (handsome officer’s), and modifies the noun handsome officer. The relative clause is nonrestrictive that use commas because it is necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
The analysis of clause (ii):
The construction of the sentences above as follows: Sentence = an independent clause + relative clause
Subject pattern possessive relative clause = whose + noun +verb + complement
Object pattern possessive relative clause = whose + noun +subject + verb + complement
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (ii) in the chart below:
Did you find in the charge that the men whose fathers are poor like mine were any less brave than the man who are rich like you?
Did you find in the charge that the men were any less brave than the man who are rich like you?
= an independent clause
whose fathers are poor like mine = a relative clause
Whose functions to show possession of the noun
The relative clause is restrictive that do not use commas because it simply gives additional information and is not necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
The analysis of clause (iii):
The construction of the sentences above as follows: Sentence = an independent clause + relative clause
Subject pattern possessive relative clause = whose + noun +verb + complement
Object pattern possessive relative clause = whose + noun +subject + verb + complement
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (iii) in the chart below:
Do you think I believe that she-she!, whose worst thoughts are higher than your best ones, is capable of trifling with another man behind my back?
Do you think I believe that she-she!, is capable of trifling with another man behind my back?
= an independent clause
whose worst thoughts are higher than
your best ones,
= a relative clause
Whose functions to show possession of the noun
relative clause is nonrestrictive that use commas because it is necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
The analysis of clause (iv):
The construction of the sentences above as follows: Sentence = an independent clause + relative clause
Subject pattern possessive relative clause = whose + noun +verb + complement
Object pattern possessive relative clause = whose + noun +subject + verb + complement
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (iv) in the chart below:
I doubt sir, whether you quite realize either my daughter’s position or that of Major Saranoff, whose place you propose to take.
I doubt sir, whether you quite realize either my daughter’s position or that of Major Saranoff,
= an independent clause
whose place you propose to take. = a relative clause
Whose functions to show possession of the noun
noun Major Saranoff. The relative clause is nonrestrictive that use commas because it is necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
3.1.4 Relative Pronoun as Object of Preposition
Here are several examples of relative pronouns as object of Preposition that I found :
(i) Reckoning up what he can guess about Raina: her age, her social position, her character, and the extent to which she is frightened, he continues, more politely but still most determinedly.
(ii) That is a photograph of the gentleman-the patriot and hero-to whom I am betrothed.
(iii) the suggestion of a strange and terrible history that has left nothing but undying remorse, by which Childe Harold fascinated the grandmothers of his English contemporaries.
The underlined clauses in those three sentences above are relative clauses which are introduced by prepositions with relative pronoun. The relative pronoun in those clause functions characteristically as object of preposition. In the formal pattern, the preposition comes at the beginning of the relative clauses, as in clause (i), (ii), (iii) above. However, in the formal pattern, the prepositions come after subject and verb of the relative clauses.
The construction of the sentences above as follows: Sentence = an independent clause + relative clause
Relative clause = preposition + whom, which + subject + verb + complement Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (i) in the chart below:
Reckoning up what he can guess about Raina: her age, her social position, her character, and the extent to which she is frightened, he continues, more politely but still most determinedly.
Reckoning up what he can guess about Raina: her age, her social position, her character, and the extent
= an independent clause
to which she is frightened = a relative clause
which is the object of preposition
Clause (i) use the relative pronoun which. The relative pronoun which in clause (i) functions as the object of preposition to. Note that preposition to comes at the beginning of the relative clauses. The relative clause is restrictive that do not use commas because it simply gives additional information and is not necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
The analysis of clause (ii):
The construction of the sentences above as follows: Sentence = an independent clause + relative clause
That is a photograph of the gentleman-the patriot and hero-to whom I am betrothed.
That is a photograph of the gentleman-the patriot and hero-
= an independent clause
to whom I am betrothed. = a relative clause
whom is the object of preposition
Clause (ii) use the relative pronoun whom. The relative pronoun whom in clause (ii) functions as the object of preposition to. Note that preposition to comes at the beginning of the relative clauses. The relative clause is restrictive that do not use commas because it simply gives additional information and is not necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
The analysis of clause (iii):
The construction of the sentences above as follows: Sentence = an independent clause + relative clause
Relative clause = preposition + whom, which + subject + verb + complement Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (iii) in the chart below:
the suggestion of a strange and terrible history that has left nothing but undying remorse, by which Childe Harold fascinated the grandmothers of his English contemporaries.
the suggestion of a strange and terrible history that has left nothing but undying
remorse,
by which Childe Harold fascinated the
grandmothers of his English contemporaries.
= a relative clause
which is the object of preposition
Clause (iii) use the relative pronoun which. The relative pronoun which in clause (iii) functions as the object of preposition by. Note that preposition by comes at the beginning of the relative clauses. The relative clause is nonrestrictive that use commas because it is necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
3.1.5 Relative Pronoun in Phrases of Quantity and Quality
There is no several examples of Relative Pronoun in Phrases of Quantity and Quality in Arms and The Man found.
3.1.6 Adverbial Relative Clause
Here are several examples of possessive relative clauses that I found :
(i) I wondered whether all his heroic qualities and his soldiership might not prove mere imagination when he went into a real battle.
(ii) She throws the shutters wide open and stands with her back to the curtain where the man is hidden, pointing to the moonlit balcony. (iii) He takes her into the stableyard gateway, where they are hidden from
the house.
The underlined clauses in those four sentences above are adverbial relative clauses which are introduced by relative adverb when, and where. The relative adverb when, and where functions to describe the time and place.
The analysis of clause (i):
The construction of the sentences above as follows: Sentence = an independent clause + relative clause
Relative clause = when, where + subject + verb + complement
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (i) in the chart below:
I wondered whether all his heroic qualities and his soldiership might not prove mere imagination when he went into a real battle.
I wondered whether all his heroic qualities and his soldiership might not prove mere imagination
= an independent clause
when he went into a real battle. = a relative clause
When is the relative adverb
The analysis of clause (ii):
The construction of the sentences above as follows: Sentence = an independent clause + relative clause
Relative clause = when, where + subject + verb + complement
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (ii) in the chart below:
She throws the shutters wide open and stands with her back to the curtain where the man is hidden, pointing to the moonlit balcony.
She throws the shutters wide open and stands with her back to the curtain
= an independent clause
where the man is hidden, pointing to the
moonlit balcony
= a relative clause .
Where is the relative adverb
Clause (ii) use the relative adverb Where. The relative adverb Where in clause (ii) functions to describe the curtain. The relative clause is restrictive that do not use commas because it simply gives additional information and is not necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
The analysis of clause (iii):
The construction of the sentences above as follows: Sentence = an independent clause + relative clause
Relative clause = when, where + subject + verb + complement
He takes her into the stableyard gateway, where they are hidden from the house.
He takes her into the stableyard gateway, = an independent clause
where they are hidden from the house. = a relative clause
Where is the relative adverb
Clause (iii) use the relative adverb Where. The relative adverb Where in clause (iii) functions to describe the stableyard gateway. The relative clause is nonrestrictive that use commas because it is necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
The analysis of clause (iv):
The construction of the sentences above as follows: Sentence = an independent clause + relative clause
Relative clause = when, where + subject + verb + complement
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (iv) in the chart below:
He bows, and is going to the steps with the bag, when Petkoff addresses him angrily.
He bows, and is going to the steps with the bag,
= an independent clause
when Petkoff addresses him angrily. = a relative clause
Clause (iv) use the relative adverb When. The relative adverb When in clause (iv) functions to describe going to the steps with the bag. The relative clause is nonrestrictive that use commas because it is necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
The percentage of the relative clause based on its types and functions in
George Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE MAN”.
Types and functions of
Relative Pronoun as Object ofPreposition
Relative Pronoun In Phrases of Quantity and Quality = 0 x 100% = 0% 138
Adverbial Relative Clause = 41 x 100% = 29,71% 138
V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
Based on all the descriptions of the topic and the analysis of the data, I want to conclude the essential points as the result of this scientific paper. The points are:
1. English has variety of clauses which give many possibilities to analyze and to classify; they are in term of dependent and independent clause. The kinds of dependent clauses viewed from its grammatical functions are adverbial clause, nominal clause and relative clause.
2. There are 6 classifications of relative clause based on types and functions; they are relative pronoun as subject, relative pronoun as object, possessive relative clause, relative pronoun as object of preposition, relative pronoun in phrases of quantity and quality and adverbial relative clause.
3. There are 5 classifications of relative clause based on the types and functions in George Bernard Shaw’s play Arms and The Man. They consist of:
a. 59 relative pronouns as subject. b. 29 relative pronouns as object. c. 4 possessive relative clauses.
e. 41 adverbial relative clauses.
4. From the data, the percentages of relative clause based on the types and functions in George Bernard Shaw’s play Arms and The Man are 42,75% for relative pronouns as subject, 21,01% for relative pronouns as object, 2,90% for possessive relative clauses, 3,63% for relative pronouns as object of prepotition, 0% for relative pronoun in phrase of quantity and quality, and 29,71% for adverbial relative clauses.
5. From the analysis, I conclude that the dominant types and functions of relative clause in George Bernard Shaw’s play Arms and The Man is relative pronoun as subject.
5.2 Suggestions
Studying the relative clause in the play is an interesting subject because we can get many advantages from studying it. Besides we know how to use the relative clause, we also know how to make the varieties of sentences. In this case, we know much about the classifications of relative clause based on the types and functions
The relative clause relates to grammar. That is why I suggest to people who are interested in this subject, especially the English Department student, should analyze the grammar deeply and carefully. If we lack one part of grammar, it will be difficult for us to analyze the relative clause.
I realize that the analysis about the relative clause in play is probably far from the perfect analysis. Therefore, it still needs further study for completing the analysis. In this opportunity, I welcome some suggestions and constructive critics from the readers.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Azar, B.S. 1989. Understanding and Using English Grammar, Second Edition. New Jersey : Prentice Hall Regents.
Azar, B.S. 1981. Modern English A Practical Reference Guide. New Jersey : Prentice Hall Regents.
Azar, B.S. 1979. Fundamentals of English Grammar. Jakarta : Binapura Aksara.
Bolinger, D. 1975. Aspects of Language. Harvard : Harcourt Brace Javanovich.
Bloomfield, L. 1973. Language. Chicago : Holt, Richart and Winston
Bright, W. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. New York : Oxford University Press.
Crystal, D. 1999. The Penguin Dictionary of Language. London : Penguin.
Frank, M. 1972. Modern English. Exercise for Non Native Speaker. New Jersey : Prentice Hall Inc.
Hastley, F.A. 1982. Linguistics for Language Learners. Hongkong : The Macmillan Press Ltd.
Hudson, R. 1998. English Grammar. London and New York : Routledge.
Lambert, J.J. 1972. A Short Introduction to English Usage. New York : MacGraw Hill Inc.
Langacker, R.W. 1972. Fundamentals of Linguistics Analysis. New York : Harcourt brace Javanovich.
Leech, E. 1983. A Communicative Grammar of English. Singapore : Kyodo Shing Long Industric Ltd.
Leech, Reuchar, and Hougenraad. 1982. English Grammar For Today. London : Macmillan Publisher Ltd.
Oshima, A and Hogue, A. 1999. Writing Academic English, Third Edition. New York : Addison Wesley Longman.
Quirk, R. and Greenbaum, S. 1973. A University Grammar of English. Oxford : Longman Group Limited.
Robert, P. 1958. Understanding English. New York : Harper and Brothers Publisher.
Sapir, E. 1921. Language. New York : Harcourt, Brace and World Inc.