A BRIEF STUDY OF AFFIXATION IN A TALE OF TWO CITIES BY CHARLES DICKENS
A THESIS
BY :
YUDA WARDANA SYAM REG. No. 050705034
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA FACULTY OF LETTERS
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT MEDAN
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
بِـسْـمِ اللهِ الرَّحـْمـنِ الرَّحِـيـمِ
In the Name of Allah, the All Merciful, The Most Merciful
Alhamdulillahirrobil ‘Alamiin, praise to Allah SWT, the Almighty for all His
bounties and blessings and for enabling me to accomplish writing this thesis one of requirements to achieve scholar degree for undergraduate level, majoring English Department in the Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara. And I also would like to express my highest gratitude to Rasulullah Muhammad SAW who became my idol and inspire me about his characters and personality in my life.
In this occasion, I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this thesis. First, I would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Letters, Drs. Syarifuddin, M.A, Ph.D. Next, Both the chairman and secretary of English department, Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum and Drs.Yulianus Harefa, GradDipEd TESOL, M.Ed TESOL, for their help during the days of my study in Faculty of Letters. And all of English Department lecturers, all staffs and the officer of English Department, Bang Syamsul, for their helps, advices, knowledge and contribution of administration matter during my study in English Department.
My special gratitude is dedicated to my beloved parents, Alm. Syamsul Bahri and Tuty Sumarti whose patient in giving me support and motivation in finishing my thesis. To my beloved brothers, Zunaidi, Agus, Ridwan Syam S.E, and my beloved young brother, Tony Satria. I expect we will be succeed in the future to make our parents proud.
Finally, I would also like to thank to Fosma Kampunk165, FKA ESQ, SHOT 165, ESQ Leadership Center, IMSI, my seniors, juniors and all alumnae. My big thanks are dedicated to all my beloved closest friends in English Department especially Ratih, Nurul, Novi, Mona, Catherine, Kiki, Yuhendra, Anto, Dedy, Sry, Irene, Adinda, Henny, Shera, and Asna, who stimulate and support me in finishing this thesis. Thank you for nice friendship, I believe that we will be the successful person for developing Indonesia. Amiin. Next, thank you for every persons whom I can not mention one by one in this limited space, who has given and contributed their ideas and excellent knowledge, before, during and after writing on this thesis. May Allah SWT compensates whatever you have given to me.
Wassalam,
Medan, September 2009
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………. i
ABSTRAK ………. ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………. iii
ABBREVIATIONS ……… iv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ………. 1
1.1 Background of Analysis ………. 1
1.2 Problems of Analysis ………. 5
1.3 Objectives of Analysis ………. 5
1.4 Significances of Analysis ………. 5
1.5 Scope of Analysis ………. 5
1.6 Method of the Analysis ……… 6
1.7 Review of Related Literature ………. 7
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ………. 9
2.1 Morphology …….……….………. 9
2.1.1 Word ……….………. 10
2.1.2 Morpheme ………. 11
2.2 Morphological Process ………. 13
2.2.1 Affixation ………. 13
2.2.1.1 Prefix ……… 14
2.2.1.2 Suffix ………. 14
2.2.1.3 Classes of Affixation ………. 14
2.2.3 Modification ………..………. 16
2.2.4 Suppletion ……….……… 17
2.2.5 Compounding ……..……….……… 18
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY………. 20
3.1 Research Method ………. 20
3.2 Data Collecting Method ………. 20
3.3 Data Analysis Method ………. 21
CHAPTER IV A BRIEF STUDY OF AFFIXATION IN A TALE OF TWO CITIES BY CHARLES DICKENS………. 23
4.1 Descriptions of Prefixes ………. 23
4.1.1 Prefix pre- ……… 23
4.1.2 Prefix re- ……… 24
4.1.3 Prefix a- ……… 26
4.1.4 Prefix al- ……… 27
4.1.5 Prefix in- ……… 28
4.1.6 Prefix un- ……… 29
4.1.7 Prefix dis- ……… 31
4.1.8 Prefix mis- ……… 32
4.1.9 Prefix be- ……… 33
4.1.10 Prefix im- ……… 34
4.1.11 Prefix under- ……… 35
4.1.12 Prefix en- ……… 35
4.1.14 Prefix out- ……… 36
4.1.15 Prefix fore- ……… 37
4.1.16 Prefix pro- ……… 38
4.2 Descriptions of Suffixes ………. 38
4.1.1 Suffix -ment ……… 39
4.1.2 Suffix -al ……… 40
4.1.3 Suffix -an ……… 42
4.1.4 Suffix -ar ……… 42
4.1.5 Suffix -ive ……… 43
4.1.6 Suffix -ness ……… 44
4.1.7 Suffix -less ……… 45
4.1.8 Suffix -ful ……… 46
4.1.9 Suffix -en ……… 48
4.1.10 Suffix -ance ……… 49
4.1.11 Suffix -ous ……… 51
4.1.12 Suffix -tion ……… 53
4.1.13 Suffix -able ……… 57
4.1.14 Suffix -ity ……… 59
4.1.15 Suffix -y ……… 61
4.1.16 Suffix -er ……… 63
4.1.17 Suffix -est ……… 67
4.1.18 Suffix -or ……… 68
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ………. 75 5.1 Conclusions ……….………. 75 5.2 Suggestions ………..………. 77 BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABBREVIATIONS
ABSTRAK
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the Analysis
Language is a tool of communication. It plays important rule in human life. People can not be separated from language because it is one of their needs of communication. As human being, one interacts with another through communication. One major function of language is to communicate knowledge, skills and information. Webster New Collegiate Dictionary (1981:641) defines that language is a systematic means of communicating ideas or feeling by the use of conventionalized signs, gesture or mark having understood meaning.
As a system of communication, language is also a social behavior that can be learned as a social of foreign language besides the mother tongue or native language. Hartman (1982:132) states that linguistics studies language as human ability to communicate, as individual expression, or as the common heritage of speech community, as spoken sound, or as written text. Sapir (1921:8) also says “ language is purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotion, and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols”. In addition, Hocket (1958:1) states that language is the most valuable single possession of the human race.
There are several branches of fields of linguistics which includes Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics and also some other science that are related to linguistics like Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics, Comparative linguistics, etc. All of these are concerned in language.
In a language, the basic thing is a word. Each word has the meaning. The meaning can change relatively. Therefore the process in forming a word also needed to know. The branch of linguistics which concerns to word formation relates to the morphology. Bloomfield (1933:207) says: “ By definition, the resultant forms are either bound forms or words but never phrase”. Besides that, Nida (1967:1) also state that morphology is the study of morphemes and their arrangements in forming words.
One of the study of the morphology is about affixation. Affixation is the process of forming words by adding bound morphemes either before or after the base form in order to form new word. Affixes can be subdivided into prefixes and suffixes, depending upon whether they are attached to the beginning (prefix) and the end (suffix) of a lexical morpheme (Montler 1986:119).
In this thesis, affixation is chosen as the subject of analysis, which particularly concerns with morphological process found in A Tale of Two Cities By Charles Dickens as the data of this analysis. This novel is very interesting to go in certain direction to find many English affixes aimed inside . So it is the real reason why it is chosen as the data of analysis, especially to find out the most dominant affix that used in this novel.
Affixes are divided into several categories, depending on their position with reference to the basic form. Prefix and suffix always occurred in English.
Affix Simple Example Scheme Description
Prefix+stem Appears before a base form
Based on some examples above, prefix and suffix can be classified and analyzed as follows:
1. Prefix un- a. Form
Prefix un- does not change the form when it sticks on the base form. un+ wholesome (base form) unwholesome
un + certain (base form) uncertain un + accountable (base form) unaccountable b. Distribution
Prefix un- can be attached to adjective class. un+ wholesome (adjective) unwholesome un + certain (adjective) uncertain un + accountable (adjective) unaccountable c. Function
2. Suffix -ly a. Form
Suffix -ly does not change the form when it sticks on the base form. late (base form) + ly lately
recent (base form) + ly recently hoarse (base form) + ly hoarsely b. Distribution
Suffix -ly can be attached to adjective class. late (adjective) + ly lately
recent (adjective) + ly politely hoarse (adjective) + ly hoarsely c. Function
The function of suffix –ly changes the word class from adjective to be adverb.
late (adjective) + ly lately (adverb) recent (adjective) + ly recently (adverb) hoarse (adjective) + ly hoarsely (adverb)
1.2Problems of the Analysis
In this thesis, the problems which are analyzed as follows:
1. How are the form, distribution, and function of affixes in A Tale of Two Cities?
2. How many prefixes and suffixes occurred in A Tale of Two Cities? 3. What is the most dominant affix that used in A Tale of Two Cities?
1.3Objectives of the Analysis
The objectives of this thesis are to find the answers of the problems which are mentioned above. They are:
1. To describe the form, distribution, and function of affixes in A Tale of Two Cities.
2. To show the number of prefixes and suffixes in A Tale of Two Cities. 3. To show the most dominant affix that used in A Tale of Two Cities.
1.4Significances of the Analysis
This thesis is expected to give some significances for readers. They are : 1. To add the readers knowledge about word formation and affixation in a
novel.
2. To be the reference for further studies concerning Morphology.
1.5Scope of the Analysis
1.6Method of the Analysis
Library research is applied in this thesis. This method supports the analysis in collecting some relevant references such as textbook with many theories, thesis, and dictionary as the basic of lexical meaning.
The population is all affixes that found in selected pages of novel A Tale of Two Cities. The novel started by page 7 and end with page 336. So the total of
population is 329 pages. From the population, the samples are taken by using systemic sampling presented by Coheran (1977:205). The samples can be selected by using a certain formula. The formula is:
N = Total number of population, n = Number of sample, and K = Interval
N = n.k 329 = n.15 n = 329:15 n = 21,9
n = 22 (rounded off upward)
So, if the first sample is page 7, the next samples are page : 22, 37, 52, 67, 82, 97, 112, 127, 142, 157, 172, 187, 202, 217, 232, 247, 262, 277, 292, 307, and 322.
In explaining the findings of data analysis, descriptive qualitative method is applied by giving a description of prefixes and suffixes in which uses some instruments in collecting the data, i.e. formula to count the data which means here to count the categories of prefixes and suffixes in the novel. All the result of counting in order to get the percentage is for supporting the description
Therefore, the overall analysis will be systematically conducted by concentrating on the textual analysis with steps as follows:
1. Reading the novel A Tale of Two Cities By Charles Dickens repeatedly. 2. Identifying word by word which has affixes at selected pages.
3. Classifying the data into specific prefix and suffix . 4. Analyzing the data based on affixes categories. 5. Concluding the result of the analysis.
1.7Review of Related Literature
In supporting the idea of this analysis, some relevant books have collected to support the topic. All these books have given a large contribution in writing this thesis. Some definitions, opinions, and findings from relevant books are quoted as follows:
Bloomfield (1961) states that the bound forms which in secondary derivation are added to underlying form, are called affixes.
Cahyono (1995) states that affixes is bound form if it added to another form, it will change its grammatical meaning.
Lambert (1972) said that an affix is a morpheme which may be attached at the beginning or end of a base or to one or more morphemes ultimately attached to such a base.
Janndey and Polletto (1994) state that a prefix attaches to the beginning and a suffix attaches to the end of a word, and the general term for prefixes and suffixes is affixation”
Marasi (2000) in “An Analysis of Morphological Process Used in Dian Campus” sums up that morphological process which productive in forming a new word in Dian Campus is affixation.
Mulyani (2004) in her thesis “An Analysis of Affixation In Harun Yahya’s Book Darwinism Refuted” concludes that affixes in English can be subdivided into prefix and suffix. The form of prefix a-, in-, de-, co-/con-/cor-, mis-, re-, im-, pre-,sub-, under--, un-, en-, over-, dis-, fore-, non-, out-, ir-, and pro- do not change the
form when they are attached to base form, and in distribution, they can be attached to noun, adjective, verb, or adverb base form. Those prefixes also do not change the
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Morphology
In many languages, words play an important grammatical role, in that they are built out of smaller elements by certain patterns, but are put together into sentences by rather different patterns. Accordingly, it is customary to regard the grammatical system of a language as composed of two sub systems; morphology and syntax. Morphology includes the construction of words and parts of words, while syntax includes the construction of phrase. Morphology as a sub discipline of linguistics, concerned with the study and analysis of structure, forms, and classes of word.
Hocket (1970:35) states that morphology includes the stock of segmental morphemes, and the ways in which words are built out of them. While Bloomfield (1957:207) mentions that by the morphology of a language, we mean the construction in which bound forms appear among the construction, by definition, the resultant for more either bound forms but never phrases. Jannedy, Poletto, and Weldon (1994:133) also describe that morphology as the study of the building blocks meaning in language.
From all the information above, it could be state morphology as the branch of linguistics that concerned with the study of morphemes with their different forms and the way they combined together in word formation.
morphemes, for example; the words of hot and air, they can not be broken down into smaller units that in themselves carry meaning.
However many other words consist of more than one morpheme. Most compound words, such as sunday, are created by joining together two morphemes, in this case, sun and day, are created by joining together two morphemes, each of which can be recognized as a word that carries a meaning by itself.
In general, the analysis of a word into its component morphemes requires that each morpheme occur elsewhere in the language. So it must occur with the same meaning either as a free morpheme or as a bound morpheme in other combination. For example; the morphemes re- and –ed in the word replayed also occur in many other word and have the same meanings in those words, another example, in reprinted, regained, and retyped. (re-) signifies repetition and (-ed) indicates the past
tense.
2.1.1 Word
Language is construction of utterances, which are composed of word. Knowing a language means to understand the words of that language. When knowing a word, both its form (sound) and its meaning must be known. These are parts of the linguistic sign.
are called polymorphemic words, e.g. foolishness (fool + ish + ness), supernaturally (super + natural + ly).
When we divide up the words foolishness, we get an English word fool plus a bit that is clearly English but not a word –ish, -ness. These pieces can not stand by themselves, and independence is one of the criteria for calling an element of word.
2.1.2 Morphemes
If the utterance of a language consisted merely of arrangements of phonemes, there would be no point in speaking or in listening. But people do speak and listen, and their oral communication transmits information and instructions and serves to coordinate their activities. The utterances can serve in this way because they have another kind of structure. Hocket (1958:123) says: “ Morphemes are the smallest individually meaningful elements in the utterances of a language”.
To illustrate it, it would be examined the following English word.
Players is made up of three morphemes, (play) + (er) + (s), (brackets are
sometimes used to indicate morphemes). Each of the morphemes has a unique meaning: (play) = verb (however it might be represented semantically); (er)= one who performs an action; (s)=more than one. Together they mean something like ‘more than one person who plays’.
Morphemes can be classified as either free or bound form;
a) Free morpheme
A morpheme may also be called an independent form and it has lexical meaning. Free morpheme is a morpheme which can stand alone to constitute words or part of words and can not be broken down into smaller meaningful units.
For example: spider room house
cat chair bird
The meaning of the free morpheme can be found in the dictionary.
b) Bound morpheme
Another type of morpheme is the bound morpheme, which occurs only when attached to another morphemes. In other word, bound morpheme is dependent form. It has only grammatical meaning. So the meaning of the bound morpheme can not be found in the dictionary.
For example: re- in research
-ly in quickly
-ment in movement
The types of bound morphemes include prefixes and suffixes, such as:
Prefixes; pre-, in-, im-, re-, mis-, a-, dis-, de-, un-, dis-, and etc
There are three additional ways of characterizing morphemes. First is to label bound morphemes according to whether they attach to the beginning or end of a word. Second, way of characterizing morphemes is to classify bound morphemes according to their function in the complex words of which they are a part. Third, some morphemes attach to words, they create, or derive new word either by changing the meaning of the word or by changing its part of speech.
2.2. Morphological Process
The linguists observe a language which uses the combining of bound and free morphemes to form additional words, they note that the occurring combinations as systemic, as we have certainly seen in English case. To illustrate, unlike that the prefix un- , meaning ‘not’, attaches only to adjective, replay that the
prefix re- attaches only to verb, and slowly that the suffix –ly attach only to adjective. It may say that a process is namely ‘morphological process’.
Morphological process is a word formation process by combining one morpheme with another morpheme or a word formation by making a modification to its base form (affixes).
Here are some kinds of morphological process, those are; Affixation, Reduplication, Modification, and Compounding.
2.2.1 Affixation
secara urutan lurus”. (affixation process occurs when a bound morpheme attached to free morpheme or word). While Montler (1986:119) state that affixation is the linguistic process use to form new words (neologisms) by adding morpheme (affixes) at the beginning (prefixation), the middle (infixation) or the end (suffixation) of words Affixation in English uses only prefixes and suffixes, but many other languages use infixes as well, include in Indonesian language. Infixes are inserted within the root morpheme. Note, that English really has no infixes.
2.2.1.1Prefixes
The meaning of prefix in the dictionary is a word or a bound morpheme which placed in front of a word to add or to change its meaning.
Examples:
un- + happy unhappy in- + valid invalid dis- + agree disagree 2.2.1.2Suffixes
Suffix is a bound morpheme which is added to the end of free morphemes or base form.
Examples:
general + -ly generally sick + -ness sickness develop + -ment development
2.2.1.3Classes of Affixation
A. Derivational Affixes
Derivational affixes are the process of adding affixes to roots or bases in order in vary function or modify meaning. Affixation transforms a stem or word from one part of speech to another or from one word class to another. Here are the examples of derivational affixes with a clearly different meaning;
a.) hit (verb); meaning, to strike something + -er equal hitter (noun), meaning, a person who strikes something.
b.) bright (adjective), meaning, the quality of emiting a lot of light + -ly equals brightly (adverb); meaning, the characteristic of being bright.
B. Inflectional Affixes
Inflectional occurs when a word has different forms but essentially the same meaning and this is only a grammatical difference between them,
For example; They make me so proud. He makes me so proud.
make and makes, the –s is an inflectional.
2.2.2 Reduplication
Reduplication is a process of forming new words either by doubling an entire free morpheme (total reduplication) or part of it (partial reduplication). An example of total reduplication is found in the Indonesia word to form the plurals of nouns.
Examples
Singular Plural
In English we never find such reduplication as in Indonesian language. However, some linguists have mentioned some words in English that can be classified as a word derived from reduplication process. The process of reduplication in English is not aimed to change from singular to plural but it is more concerned to the rhythmic of the word.
Examples:
Criss-cross walkie-talkie twinkle-twinkle zig-zag
2.2.3 Modification
Modification is the one of the processes in forming word as an alternative form. There are two kinds of modification; zero modification and internal modification.
In zero modification, the morphemes do not undergo only change in some situation. The form of the root is the same with the new word. It can be used in alternative form either as singular to plural or as infinitive to past and past participle.
Examples:
1.) To change singular to plural
Singular Plural
2.) To change infinitive to past and past participle
Infinitive past past participle
cut cut cut
hit hit hit
Internal modification is the process of changing a certain phoneme of a base form in order to form a new word.
Examples:
1.) changing noun from singular to plural singular plural
woman women foot feet
2.) changing verb, form present to the past and to the past participle present past past participle
see saw seen
drive drove driven
2.2.4 Suppletion
Suppletion is about irregularity taken one step further. Suppletive forms are morphologically complex forms in which the connection between the base and the newly created form is not obvious at all. We know that the regular past is formed by suffixing -ed. Anyway what happens when we make the past of these base form:
The result of went and took have nothing to do with the root go and take. This is a process of suppletion.
2.2.5 Compounding
Compounding is the process of combining two or more free morpheme to form a new word. The words that are the parts of the compound can be:
a.) free morphemes
girlfriend girl + friend blackbird black + bird textbook text + book
b.) words derived by affixation
air conditioner air + condition + -er looking glass look + -ing + glass watch maker watch + make +-r
c.) words formed by compounding themselves
lifeguard chair life + guard + chair aircraft carrier air + craft + carrier
Black is an adjective that means the very darkest color like coal, while bird is a noun, means a feathered animal with two wings and two legs. If we combine these two words black and bird. They become blackbird which means of the family of any bird
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
In order to conduct the research systematically, there are some methods applied. Nawawi (1995: 61) states that method is a way which is conducted in order to reach the goal. Library research is applied in this thesis in which a number of books about linguistics, morphology, affixes, and dictionary choice. As Nawawi (1993:30) says “penelitian kepustakaan dilakukan dengan cara menghimpun data dari berbagai literature baik di perpustakaan maupun tempat-tempat lain”. (Library research is carried out by accumulating all the data from various literatures either in library or in other places).
The information which is accumulated are about affixation and morphological process; its definition, theories, explanation with simple examples, and describing the data detail.
3.2 Data Collecting Method
The data is gathered from the novel “A Tale of Two Cities By Charles Dickens”. The population is all affixes that found in selected pages of novel A Tale of
Two Cities. The novel started by page 7 and end on page 336. So the total of
The formula is:
N = Total number of population, n = Number of sample, and K = Interval
The object data consists of 45 chapters and 336 pages. However, 7 pages are including the inside cover, acknowledgements, list of illustrations, introduction, and table of content. The novel started by page 7 and end with page 336. In total, there are 329 pages for the content of all chapters. Thus;
N = n.k 329 = n.15 n = 329:15 n = 21,9
n = 22 (rounded off upward)
Therefore, the sample taken is 22 pages, started from page 7, 22, 37, 52, 67, 82, 97, 112, 127, 142, 157, 172, 187, 202, 217, 232, 247, 262, 277, 292, 307, and 322.
3.3 Data Analysis Method
In explaining the result of data analysis, descriptive method is applied in which all the results that are related to the object of data analysis in this thesis will be described. As Nawawi (1993:27) says, “Metode deskriptif merupakan prosedur atau cara memecahkan masalah penelitian dengan memaparkan keadaan objek yang sedang diselidiki sebagaimana adanya berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang aktual pada saat sekarang”. (Descriptive method is a procedure or manner in solving the problem of an
analysis by explaining the object which is being investigated towards the factual facts).
Therefore, the overall analysis will be systematically conducted by concentrating on the textual analysis with steps as follows:
1. Reading the novel A Tale of Two Cities By Charles Dickens repeatedly. 2. Identifying word by word which has affixes at selected pages.
CHAPTER IV
A BRIEF STUDY OF AFFIXATION IN A TALE OF TWO CITIES BY CHARLES DICKENS
4.1 Descriptions of Prefixes
Based on Parera (1994:18), Prefix is one of the affixes process. It is placed in front of the base form of free morpheme to add or change its form, distribution, and function of words.
4.1.1 Prefix pre-
1.) premature (p.232/ch.2/ph.3) 2.) precaution (p.307/ch.12/ph.5)
a. Form
Prefix pre- does not change the form when it is attached to these base form:
1. Pre- + mature (bsf) premature 2. Pre- + caution (bsf) precaution b. Distribution
Prefix pre- can be attached to Adjective and Noun : 1. Pre- + mature (Adj) premature 2. Pre- + caution (N) precaution c. Function
4.1.2 Prefix re-
Prefix re- does not change the form when it is attached to these base forms:
Prefix re- changes the form when it is attached to these base forms in which has vowel /a/ and /e/ in the beginning of word or base form:
b. Distribution
Prefix re- can be attached to Verb and Noun : 1. re- + joined (V) rejoined 2. re- + marked (V) remarked 3. re- + sound (N) resound 4. re- + main (N) remain 5. re- + approaching (N) reproaching 6. re- + solution (N) resolution 7. re- + evolution (N) revolution 8. re- + pressed (V) repressed 9. re- + hearsed (N) rehearsed 10. re- + call (V) recall 11. re- + treated (V) retreated
c. Function
The function of prefix re- does not change the class of base form. 1. re- + joined (V) rejoined (V)
10. re- + call (V) recall (V) 11. re- + treated (V) retreated (V)
4.1.3 Prefix a-
1.) across (p.22/ch.4/ph.2) 5.) afore (p.142/ch.14/ph.2) 2.) along (p.22/ch.4/ph.2) 6.) arise (p.187/ch.20/ph.2) 3.) away (p.22/ch.4/ph.2) 7.) awaiting (p.247/ch.5/ph.2) 4.) alone (p.37/ch.5/ph.2) 8.) aside (p.247/ch.5/ph.3)
a. Form
Prefix a- does not change the form when it is attached to these base form: 1. a- + cross (bsf) across
2. a- + long (bsf) along 3. a- + way (bsf) away 4. a- + lone (bsf) alone 5. a- + fore (bsf) afore 6. a- + rise (bsf) arise 7. a- + waiting (bsf) awaiting 8. a- + side (bsf) aside
b. Distribution
4. a- + lone (Adj) alone 5. a- + fore (N) afore 6. a- + rise (N) arise 7. a- + waiting (N) awaiting 8. a- + side (N) aside
c. Function
The function of prefix a- change the class of base form to become adverb. 1. a- + cross (N) across (Adv)
2. a- + long (N) along (Adv) 3. a- + way (N) away (Adv) 4. a- + lone (Adj) alone (Adv) 5. a- + fore (N) afore (Adv) 6. a- + rise (N) arise (Adv) 7. a- + waiting (N) awaiting (Adv) 8. a- + side (N) aside (Adv)
4.1.4 Prefix al-
1) already (p.127/ch.11/ph.1) 2) altogether (p.142/ch.14/ph.2) 3) alcove (p.232/ch.2/ph.2)
a. Form
2. al- + together (bsf) altogether 3. al- + cove (bsf) alcove
b. Distribution
Prefix al- can be attached to adjective, adverb and noun : 1. al- + ready (Adj) already 2. al- + together (Adv) altogether 3. al- + cove (N) alcove
c. Function
The function of prefix al- does not change the class of base form 1. al- + ready (Adv) already (Adv)
2. al- + together (Adv) altogether (Adv) 3. al- + cove (N) alcove (N)
4.1.5 Prefix in-
1) incredulity (p.7/ch.1/sn.1) 4.) invisible (p.142/ch.14/ph.2) 2) inconcistency (p.52/ch.1/ph.2) 5.) incomplete (p.217/ch.24/ph.2) 3) inclined (p.127/ch.11/ph.2) 6.) indifferent (p.232/ch.2/ph.4)
a. Form
Prefix in- does not change the form when it is attached to these base form: 1. in- + credulity (bsf) incredulity
b.Distribution
Prefix in- can be attached to noun :
1. in- + credulity (N) incredulity 2. in- + concistency (N) inconcistency
c. Function
The function of prefix in- does not change these class of base form . 1. in- + credulity (N) incredulity (N)
2. in- + concistency (N) inconcistency (N)
4.1.6 Prefix un-
1) unconscious (p.52/ch.1/ph.2) 8) uncertain (p.247/ch.5/ph.5) 2) unlucky (p.52/ch.1/ph.4) 9) unhappy (p.247/ch.5/ph.3) 3) unnatural (p.52/ch.1/ph.4) 10) unfashionable(p.97/ch.6/ph.1) 4) unfrequently (p.142/ch.14/ph.2) 11) unfruitful (p.232/ch.2/ph.3) 5) unable (p.22/ch.4/ph.2) 12) uneasiness (p.217/ch.24/ph.1) 6) unreality (p.97/ch.6/ph.2) 13) unknown (p.187/ch.20/ph.3) 7) unhandsomely (p.172/ch.18/ph.2) 14) uneasily (p.262/ch.7/ph.1)
a. Form
Prefix un- does not change the form when it is attached to these base form: 1. un- + conscious (bsf) unconscious
5. un- + able (bsf) unable 6. un- + reality (bsf) unreality 7. un- + handsomely (bsf) unhandsomely 8. un- + certain (bsf) uncertain 9. un- + happy (bsf) unhappy 10. un- + fashionable (bsf) unfashionable 11. un- + fruitful (bsf) unfruitful 12. un- + easiness (bsf) uneasiness 13. un- + known (bsf) unknown 14. un- + easily (bsf) uneasily
b.Distribution
Prefix un- can be attached to noun, adjective, and adverb base forms: 1. un- + conscious (Adj) unconscious
13. un- + known (N) unknown 14. un- + easily (Adv) uneasily
c. Function
The function of prefix un- does not change these class of base form . 1. un- + conscious (Adj) unconscious (Adj) 2. un- + lucky (Adj) unlucky (Adj) 3. un- + natural (N) unnatural (Adj) 4. un- + frequently (Adv) unfrequently (Adv) 5. un- + able (Adj) unable (Adj)
6. un- + reality (N) unreality (N) 7. un- + handsomely (Adv) unhandsomely 8. un- + certain (Adj) uncertain (Adj) 9. un- + happy (Adj) unhappy (Adj) 10. un- + fashionable (Adj) unfashionable (Adj) 11. un- + fruitful (Adj) unfruitful (Adj) 12. un- + easiness (N) uneasiness (N) 13. un- + known (N) unknown (N) 14. un- + easily (Adv) uneasily (Adv)
4.1.7 Prefix dis-
a. Form
Prefix dis- does not change the form when it is attached to these base form: 1. dis- + figured (bsf) disfigured
2. dis- + coursing (bsf) discoursing 3. dis- + satisfaction (bsf) dissatisfaction 4. dis- + closure (bsf) disclosure
b.Distribution
Prefix dis- can be attached to noun :
1. dis- + figured (N) disfigured 2. dis- + coursing (N) discoursing 3. dis- + satisfaction (N) dissatisfaction 4. dis- + closure (N) disclosure
c. Function
The function of prefix dis- does not change these class of base form . 1. dis- + figured (N) disfigured (N)
2. dis- + coursing (N) discoursing (N) 3. dis- + satisfaction (N) dissatisfaction (N) 4. dis- + closure (N) disclosure (N)
4.1.8 Prefix mis-
a. Form
Prefix mis- does not change the form when it is attached to these base forms:
1. mis- + fortune (bsf) misfortune 2. mis- + giving (bsf) misgiving
b.Distribution
Prefix mis- can be attached to noun :
1. mis- + fortune (N) misfortune 2. mis- + giving (N) misgiving
c. Function
The function of prefix mis- does not change these class of base form . 1. mis- + fortune (N) misfortune (N)
2. mis- + giving (N) misgiving (N)
4.1.9 Prefix be-
1) behalf (p.127/ch.11/ph.1) 2) beloved (p.172/ch.18/ph.3)
a. Form
Prefix be- does not change the form when it is attached to these base forms 1. be- + half (bsf) behalf
b.Distribution
Prefix be- can be attached to noun :
1. be- + half (N) behalf 2. be- + loved (N) beloved
c. Function
The function of prefix be- does not change these class of base form . 1. be- + half (N) behalf (N)
2. be- + loved (N) beloved (N)
4.1.10 Prefix im-
1) immortal (p.232/ch.2/ph.2) a. Form
Prefix im- does not change the form when it is attached to this base form: 1. im- + mortal (bsf) immortal
b. Distribution
Prefix im- can be attached to noun :
1. im- + mortal (N) immortal
c. Function
4.1.11 Prefix under-
1. undergo (p.67/ch.3/ph.2) a. Form
Prefix under- does not change the form when it is attached to this base form:
1. under- + go (bsf) undergo b.Distribution
Prefix under- can be attached to noun : 1. under- + go (V) undergo c. Function
The function of prefix under- changes ‘Verb’ into ‘Adverb’ . 1. under- + go (V) undergo (Adv)
4.1.12 Prefix en-
1) entangling (p.307/ch.12/ph.1) 2) enables (p.307/ch.12/ph.1)
a. Form
Prefix en- does not change the form when it is attached to these base forms 1. en- + tangling(bsf) entangling
2. en- + ables (bsf) enables
b.Distribution
c. Function
The function of prefix en- changes all classes below to become adverb. 1. en- + tangling(N) entangling (Adv)
2. en- + ables (Adj) enables (Adv)
4.1.13 Prefix over-
1,) Overheard (p.307/ch.12/ph.6) a. Form
Prefix over- does not change the form when it is attached to this base form: 1. over- + heard (bsf) overheard
b.Distribution
Prefix over- can be attached to noun :
1. over- + heard (N) overheard
c. Function
The function of prefix over- changes ‘Noun’ to become ‘Adverb’ . 1. over- + heard (N) overheard (Adv)
4.1.14 Prefix out-
1) outspoken (p.247/ch.5/ph.3) 2) outdone (p.307/ch.12/ph.4) a. Form
1. out- + spoken (bsf) outspoken 2. out- + done (bsf) outdone
b. Distribution
Prefix out- can be attached to ‘Verb’:
1. out- + spoken (V) outspoken 2. out- + done (V) outdone
c. Function
The function of prefix out- changes the class base form ‘Verb’ into ‘Adjective’. 1. out- + spoken (V) outspoken (Adj)
2. out- + done (V) outdone (Adj)
4.1.15 Prefix -fore
1) foresee (p.307/ch.12/ph.6)
a. Form
Prefix fore- does not change the form when it is attached to this base form: 1. fore- + see (bsf) foresee
b.Distribution
Prefix fore- can be attached to verb :
1. fore- + see (V) foresee c. Function
4.1.16 Prefix -pro
1) probable (p.172/ch.18/ph.3) 2) propose (p.307/ch.12/ph.4) a. Form
Prefix pro- changes the form when it is attached to the base form in which started by vowel /a/.
1. pro- + able (bsf) probable
Prefix pro- does not change the form when it is attached to this base form: 2. pro- + pose (bsf) propose
b. Distribution
Prefix pro- can be attached to adjective and verb: 1. pro- + able (Adj) probable 2. pro- + pose (V) propose
c. Function
The function of prefix pro- does not changes the class of base form . 1. pro- + able (Adj) probable (Adj)
2. pro- + pose (V) propose (V)
4.2 Descriptions of Suffixes
4.2.1 Suffix -ment
1) arrangements (p.7/ch.1/sn.5) 2) imprisonment (p.67/ch.3/ph.2) 3) judgement (p.97/ch.6/ph.3) 4) enjoyment (p.127/ch.11/ph.3) a. Form
Suffix -ment does not change the form when it is attached to these base form:
1. arrange (bsf) + -ment arrangement 2. imprison (bsf) + -ment imprisonment 3. judge (bsf) + -ment judgment 4. enjoy (bsf) + -ment enjoyment b. Distribution
Suffix -ment can be attached to verb :
1. arrange (V) + -ment arrangement 2. imprison (V) + -ment imprisonment 3. judge (V) + -ment judgement 4. enjoy (V) + -ment enjoyment c. Function
The function of suffix -ment changes the class of base form ‘verb’ to become ‘noun’.:
4.2.2 Suffix -al
1) trial (p.67/ch.3/ph.2) 6) national (p.187/ch.20/ph.4) 2) exceptional (p.97/ch.6/ph.2) 7) verbal (p.217/ch.24/ph.5) 3) medical (p.142/ch.14/ph.1) 8) occasional (p.247/ch.5/ph.4) 4) ironical (p.142/ch.14/ph.2) 9) signal (p.307/ch.12/ph.6) 5) individual (p.187/ch.20/ph.4)
a. Form
Suffix -al change the form when it is attached to the base form or word in which has consonant /y/ in the end of base form or word.
1. try (bsf) + -al trial 4. irony (bsf) + -al ironical
Suffix -al does not change the form when it is attached to these base form: 2. exception (bsf) + -al exceptional
3. medic (bsf) + -al medical 5. individu (bsf) + -al individual 6. nation (bsf) + -al national 7. verb (bsf) + -al verbal 8. occasion (bsf) + -al occasional 9. sign (bsf) + -al signal
b. Distribution
Suffix -al can be attached to Verb and Noun:
2. exception (N) + -al exceptional 3. medic (N) + -al medical 4. irony (N) + -al ironical 5. individu (N) + -al individual 6. nation (N) + -al national 7. verb (N) + -al verbal 8. occasion (N) + -al occasional 9. sign (N) + -al signal
c. Function
The function of suffix -al in this sample is change the class of base form ‘verb’ to become ‘noun’.
1. try (V) + -al trial (N)
The function of suffix -al in these samples below change the class of base form ‘Noun’ into ‘Adjective’.
4.2.3 Suffix -an
1) custodian (p.202/ch.22/ph.1) 2) republican (p.307/ch.12/ph.3) a. Form
Suffix -an change the form when it is attached to the base form or word in which has consonant /y/ in the end of base form or word.
1. custody (bsf) + -an custodian
Suffix -an does not change the base forms when it is attached to these base forms:
2. republic (bsf) + -an republican b. Distribution
Suffix -an can be attached to Noun :
1. custody (N) + -an custodian 2. republic (N) + -an republican c. Function
The function of suffix -an does not change the class of these base form: 1. custody (N) + -an custodian (N) 2. republic (N) + -an republican (N)
4.2.4 Suffix -ar
1. familiar (p.67/ch.3/ph.3)
a. Form
Suffix -ar change the form when it is attached to the base form or word in which has consonant /y/ in the end of base form or word.
b. Distribution
Suffix -ar can be attached to Noun :
1. family (N) + -ar familiar
c. Function
The function of suffix -ar change the class of this base form or word ‘noun’ to become ‘adjective’:
1. family (N) + -ar familiar (Adj)
4.2.5 Suffix -ive
1) offensive (p.127/ch.11/ph.4) 2) demonstrative (p.307/ch.12/ph.3) 3) affirmative (p.307/ch.12/ph.3) a.Form
Suffix -ive change the form when it is attached to the base form or word in which has vocal /e/ in the end of base form or word.
1. offense (bsf) + -ive offensive 2. demonstrate (bsf) + -ive demonstrative 3. affirmate (bsf) + -ive affirmative
b.Distribution
Suffix -ive can be attached to verb :
c. Function
The function of suffix -ive changes the class of base form ‘verb’ to become ‘noun’.
1. offense (V) + -ive offensive (N) 2. demonstrate (V) + -ive demonstrative (N) 3. affirmate (V) + -ive affirmative (N)
4.2.6 Suffix -ness
1) foolishness (p.7/ch.1/sn.1) 4) whiteness (p.112/ch.9/ph.2) 2) darkness (p.7/ch.1/sn.1) 5) happiness (p.187/ch.20/ph.1) 3) likeness (p.22/ch.4/ph.2)
a.Form
Suffix -ness does not change the form when it is attached to these base form:
1. foolish (bsf) + -ness foolishness 2. dark (bsf) + - ness darkness 3. like (bsf) + - ness likeness 4. white (bsf) + - ness whiteness
Suffix -ness change the form when it is attached to the base form or word in which has consonant /y/ in the end of base form or word.
5. happy (bsf) + -ness happiness
b.Distribution
1. foolish (Adj) + -ness foolishness 2. dark (Adj) + - ness darkness 3. like (Adj) + - ness likeness 4. white (Adj) + - ness whiteness 5. happy (Adj) + -ness happiness
c. Function
The function of suffix -ness changes the class of base form ‘adjective’ to become ‘noun’.
1. foolish (Adj) + -ness foolishness (N) 2. dark (Adj) + - ness darkness (N) 3. like (Adj) + - ness likeness (N) 4. white (Adj) + - ness whiteness (N) 5. happy (Adj) + -ness happiness (N)
4.2.7 Suffix -less
1) headless (p.22/ch.4/ph.2) 2) restless (p.67/ch.5/ph.2) 3) lifeless (p.82/ch.5/ph.5) 4) powerless (p.112/ch.9/ph.2)
a.Form
Suffix -less does not change the form when it is attached to these base form:
2. rest (bsf) + - less restless 3. life (bsf) + - less lifeless 4. power (bsf) + - less powerless
b.Distribution
Suffix -less can be attached to Adjective :
1. head (N) + -less headless 2. rest (N) + - less restless 3. life (N) + - less lifeless 4. power (N) + - less powerless
c. Function
The function of suffix -less changes the class of base form ‘noun’ to become ‘adjective’.
1. head (N) + -less headless (Adj) 2. rest (N) + - less restless (Adj) 3. life (N) + - less lifeless (Adj) 4. power (N) + - less powerless (Adj)
4.2.8 Suffix -ful
a. Form
Suffix -ful change the form when it is attached to the base form or word in which has consonant /y/ in the end of base form or word.
1. duty (bsf) + -ful dutiful
Suffix -ful does not change the form when it is attached to these base form: 2. fright (bsf) + - ful frightful
3. wonder (bsf) + - ful wonderful 4. pain (bsf) + - ful painful
b. Distribution
Suffix -ful can be attached to Adjective :
1. duty (N) + -ful dutiful 2. fright (N) + - ful frightful 3. wonder (N) + - ful wonderful 4. pain (N) + - ful painful
c. Function
The function of suffix -less changes the class of base form ‘noun’ to become ‘adjective’.
4.2.9 Suffix -en
1) golden (p.22/ch.4/ph.2) 2) fallen (p.82/ch.5/ph.1) 3) citizen (p.262/ch.7/ph.1)
a. Form
Suffix -en does not change the form when it is attached to these base form or word
1. gold (bsf) + -en golden 2. fall (bsf) + -en fallen
Suffix -en changes the form when it it is attached to the base form or word in which has consonant /y/ in the end of base form or word.
3. city (bsf) + - en citizen
b. Distribution
Suffix -en can be attached to Noun :
1. gold (N) + -en golden 2. fall (N) + - en fallen 3. city (N) + - en citizen
c. Function
The function of suffix -en changes the class of base form ‘noun’ to become ‘adjective’.
The function of suffix -en does not change the class of base form :
Suffix -ance change the form when it is attached to the base form or word in which has consonant /t/ or /r/ or /y/ in the end of base form or word.
Suffix -ance does not change the base forms when it is attached to these base form:
b.Distribution
Suffix -ance can be attached to Verb and Adjective:
1. appear (V) + -ance appearance 2. intelligent (Adj) + -ance intelligence 3. evident (Adj) + -ance evidence 4. remember (V) + -ance remembrance 5. attend (V) + -ance attendance 6. confer (V) + -ance conference 7. assist (V) + -ance assistance 8. absent (Adj) + -ance absence 9. rely (V) + -ance reliance 10. reluctant (Adj) + -ance reluctance c. Function
The function of suffix -ance in these samples is change the class of base form ‘Verb’ or ‘Adjective’ to become ‘Noun’.
4.2.11 Suffix -ous
6) glorious (p.217/ch.24/ph.2) 7) dangerous (p.217/ch.24/ph.3) 8) courageous (p.232/ch.2/ph.3) 9) marvelous (p.307/ch.12/ph.3)
a. Form
Suffix -ous change the form when it is attached to the base form or word in which has consonant /n/ or /y/ in the end of base form or word.
Suffix -ous does not change the form when it is attached to these base forms:
Suffix -ous can be attached to Verb and Noun:
3. prosper (V) + -ous prosperous 4. luxury (N) + -ous luxurious 5. chivalry (N) + -ous chivalrous 6. glory (N) + -ous glorious 7. danger (N) + -ous dangerous 8. courage (N) + -ous courageous 9. marvel (N) + -ous marvelous
c. Function
The function of suffix -ous in these samples is change the class of base form ‘Verb’ or ‘Noun’ to become ‘Adjective’.
4.2.12 Suffix –tion
Suffix -tion will change the form when it is attached to the base form or word in certain occasion:
a. The suffix –tion become –ation if it attached to these following base form or words (exception).
26. protest (bsf) + -tion protestation
b. The suffix –tion become –ion if it attached to the base form with ended of consonant /t/ or /s/,or /y/
b. Distribution
Suffix -tion can be attached to Verb and Noun:
24. precipitate (V) + -tion precipitation 25. prepare(V) + -tion preparation 26. protest (V) + -tion protestation 27. contemplate (V) + -tion contemplation
c. Function
The function of suffix -tion in these samples is change the class of base form either ‘Verb’ or ‘Noun’ to become ‘Noun’.
18. compass (V) + -tion compassion (N) 19. company (N ) + -tion companion (N) 20. habitat (N) + -tion habitation (N) 21. create (V) + -tion creation (N) 22. associate (V) + -tion association (N) 23. separate (V) + -tion separation (N) 24. precipitate (V) + -tion precipitation (N) 25. prepare(V) + -tion preparation (N) 26. protest (V) + -tion protestation (N) 27. contemplate (V) + -tion contemplation (N)
4.2.13 Suffix -able
1) honourable (p.112/ch.9/ph.1) 2) respectable (p.127/ch.11/ph.3) 3) conceivable (p.172/ch.18/ph.2) 4) audible (p.187/ch.20/ph.3)
5) miserable (p.202/ch.23/ph.3) 6) referable (p.217/ch.24/ph.3) 7) dispensable (p.262/ch.7/ph.2) 8) admirable (p.307/ch.12/ph.3)
a. Form
Suffix -able does not change the form when it is attached to these base forms:
1. honour (bsf) + -able honourable 2. respect (bsf) + -able respectable 6. refer (bsf) + -able referable
b. Distribution
Suffix -able can be attached to Noun and Verb:
1. honour (N) + -able honourable 2. respect (V) + -able respectable 3. conceive (V) + -able conceivable 4. audio (N) + -able audible 5. misery (N) + -able miserable 6. refer (V) + -able referable 7. dispense (V) + -able dispensable 8. admire (V) + -able admirable
c. Function
The function of suffix -able in these samples is change the class of base form ‘Verb’ or ‘Noun’ to become ‘Adjective’.
6. refer (V) + -able referable (Adj)
Suffix -ity changes the form when it is attached to the base form or word in which has vowel /e/ in the end of base form or word.
Suffix -ity does not change the form when it is attached to these base forms:
5. major (bsf) + -ity majority 7. human (bsf) + -ity humanity 8. equal (bsf) + -ity equality
b. Distribution
Suffix -ity can be attached to Noun and Adjective:
1. original (N) + -ity originality 2. obscure (Adj) + -ity obscurity 3. perplex (Adj) + -ity perplexity 4. prosper (Adj) + -ity prosperity 5. major (N) + -ity majority 6. captive (N) + -ity captivity 7. human (N) + -ity humanity 8. equal (N) + -ity equality 9. responsible (Adj) + -ity responsibility 10. respectable (Adj) + -ity respectability 11. secure (Adj) + -ity security 12. safe (Adj) + -ity safety
c. Function
The function of suffix -ity in these samples is change the class of base forms either ‘Noun’ or ‘Adjective’ to become ‘Noun’.
4. prosper (Adj) + -ity prosperity (N)
1) discovery (p.37/ch.5/p h.4) 2) sleepy (p.52/ch.5/ph.4)
7. rain (bsf) + -y rainy 8. sulk (bsf) + -y sulky 9. bankrupt (bsf) + -y bankruptcy 10. speed (bsf) + -y speedy 11. mist (bsf) + -y misty 12. arm (bsf) + -y army b. Distribution
Suffix -y can be attached to Verb and Noun:
1. discover (V) + -y discovery 2. sleep (N) + -y sleepy 3. gloom (N) + -y gloomy 4. grim (N) + -y grimy 5. exemplar (N) + -y exemplary 6. worth (N) + -y worthy 7. rain (N) + -y rainy 8. sulk (V) + -y sulky 9. bankrupt (N) + -y bankruptcy 10. speed (N) + -y speedy 11. mist (N) + -y misty 12. arm (N) + -y army c. Function
The function of suffix -y in these samples is change the class of base forms ‘Verb’ to become ‘Noun’.
The function of suffix -y in these samples is change the class of base forms ‘Noun’ to become ‘Adjective’.
a. Form
Suffix -er does not change the form when it is attached to these base forms 1. clear (bsf) + -er clearer
3. keep (bsf) + -er keeper 5. pray (bsf) + -er prayer 6. count (bsf) + -er counter 7. quart (bsf) + -er quarter 8. prison (bsf) + -er prisoner 10. wanderer (bsf) + -er wanderer 11. great (bsf) + -er greater 13. deep (bsf) + -er deeper 14. brighter (bsf) + -er brighter 16. former (bsf) + -er former 17. talk (bsf) + -er talker 18. front (bsf) + -er frontier 19. near (bsf) + -er nearer
Suffix -er changes the form when it is attached to the base form or word in which has consonant /y/ or /p/, or vowel /e/ in the end of base form.
b. Distribution
Suffix -er can be attached to Adjective :
1. clear (Adj) + -er clearer 2. early (Adj) + -er earlier 4. angry (Adj) + -er anger 11. great (Adj) + -er greater 14. bright (Adj) + -er brighter 15. up (Adj) + -er upper 18. front (Adj) + -er frontier 19. near (Adj) + -er nearer
Suffix -er also can be attached to Verb :
c. Function
The function of suffix -er in these samples is change the class of base forms ‘Verb’ to become ‘Noun’.
3. keep (V) + -er keeper (N) 5. pray (V) + -er prayer (N) 6. count (V) + -er counter (N) 7. quart (N) + -er quarter (N) 8. prison (N) + -er prisoner (N) 9. advise (V) + -er adviser (N) 10. wander (V) + -er wanderer (N) 12. office (N) + -er officer (N) 13. deep (V) + -er deeper (N) 16. form (N) + -er former (N) 17. talk (V) + -er talker (N)
The function of suffix -er in these samples does not change the class of base forms.
4.2.17 Suffix -est
1) richest (p.157/ch.15/ph.1) 2) gayest (p.157/ch.15/ph.1) 3) finest (p.157/ch.15/ph.1)
4) slightest (p.232/ch.2/ph.2) 5) coolest (p.232/ch.2/ph.2) 6) easiest (p.247/ch.5/ph.1)
a. Form
Suffix -est does not change the form when it is attached to these base forms:
1. rich (bsf) + -est richest 2. gay (bsf) + -est gayest 4. slight (bsf) + -est slightest 5. cool (bsf) + -est coolest
Suffix -est change the form when it is attached to the base form or word in which has consonant /y/, or vowel /e/ in the end of base form.
3. fine (bsf) + -est finest 6. easy (bsf) + -est easiest
b. Distribution
Suffix -est can be attached to Adjective :
c. Function
The function of suffix -est in these samples does not change the class of base form.
1. rich (Adj) + -est richest (Adj) 2. gay (Adj) + -est gayest (Adj) 3. fine (Adj) + -est finest (Adj) 4. slight (Adj) + -est slightest (Adj) 5. cool (Ad) + -est coolest (Adj) 6. easy (Adj) + -est easiest (Adj)
4.2.18 Suffix -or
1) conductor (p.37/ch.5/ph.8) 2) actor (p.67/ch.3/ph.1) 3) inheritor (p.112/ch.9/ph.1)
4) successor (p.112/ch.9/ph.1) 5) depositor (p.232/ch.2/ph.3)
a. Form
Suffix -or does not change the form when it is attached to these base form: 1. conduct (bsf) + -or conductor
b. Distribution
Suffix –or can be attached to ‘Verb’ and ‘Noun’ :
1. conduct (V) + -or conductor 2. act (V) + -or actor 3. inherit (V) + -or inheritor 4. success (N) + -or successor 5. deposit (N) + -or depositor
c. Function
The function of suffix -or in these samples is change the class of base form ‘Verb’ to become ‘Noun’.
1. conduct (V) + -or conductor (N) 2. act (V) + -or actor (N) 3. inherit (V) + -or inheritor (N)
The function of suffix -or in these samples does not change the class of base form.
49) expressly (p.207/ch.23/ph.4)
Suffix -ly change the form when it is attached to the base form or word in which has consonant /y/ in the end of base form. It will become vowel /i/. 4. gloomy (bsf) + -ly gloomily
1. recent (bsf) + -ly recently 2. supernatural (bsf) + -ly supernaturally 3. earth (bsf) + -ly earthly
5. mere (bsf) + -ly merely 7. intent (bsf) + -ly intently 8. silent (bsf) + -ly silently 9. like (bsf) + -ly likely 10. evident (bsf) + -ly evidently 12. slow (bsf) + -ly slowly 13. secure (bsf) + -ly securely 15. religious (bsf) + -ly religiously 17. unconscious (bsf) + -ly unconsciously 18. painful (bsf) + -ly painfully 19. according (bsf) + -ly accordingly 20. new (bsf) + -ly newly 21. apparent (bsf) + -ly apparently 22. cold (bsf) + -ly coldly 23. high (bsf) + -ly highly 24. perfect (bsf) + -ly perfectly 25. eternal (bsf) + -ly eternally 26. artificial (bsf) + -ly artificially 27. sure (bsf) + -ly surely 28. languid (bsf) + -ly languidly Until no.71 (except: no. 48, 49, 57,and 67)--->>>
b. Distribution
The distribution of suffix –ly can be divided to: a. Suffix -ly can be attached to Adjective:
1. recent (Adj) + -ly recently 4. gloomy (Adj) + -ly gloomily 5. mere (Adj) + -ly merely 8. silent (Adj) + -ly silently 12. slow (Adj) + -ly slowly
b. Suffix -ly can be attached to Noun:
2. supernatural (N) + -ly supernaturally 3. earth (N) + -ly earthly
40. light (N) + -ly lightly 68. signal (N) + -ly signally 69. whole (N) + -ly wholly
c. Suffix -ly can be attached to Verb:
7. intent (V) + -ly intently 13. secure (V) + -ly securely 16. laugh (V) + -ly laughly 49. express (V) + -ly expressly 62. come (V) + -ly comely
c. Function
The function of suffix -ly in these samples is change the class of base form ‘Adjective’ or ‘Noun’ or ‘Verb’ to become ‘adverb’.
4. gloomy (Adj) + -ly gloomily (Adv) 5. mere (Adj) + -ly merely (Adv) 8. silent (Adj) + -ly silently (Adv) 12. slow (Adj) + -ly slowly (Adv)
2. supernatural (N) + -ly supernaturally (Adv) 3. earth (N) + -ly earthly (Adv)
40. light (N) + -ly lightly (Adv) 68. signal (N) + -ly signally (Adv) 69. whole (N) + -ly wholly (Adv)
7. intent (V) + -ly intently (Adv) 13. secure (V) + -ly securely (Adv) 16. laugh (V) + -ly laughly (Adv) 49. express (V) + -ly expressly (Adv) 62. come (V) + -ly comely (Adv)
Note: There is only one base form or word from the samples above which does not change the function when attached to suffix –ly:
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
After finishing this thesis, some conclusions can be drawn as in the following :
1. Affixes in English can be subdivided into prefix and suffix. In the novel ‘A Tale of Two Cities By Charles Dickens’, there are 16 kinds of prefixes with the
total number of prefixes are 102 and 19 kinds of suffixes with the total number of prefixes are 214.
2. Prefix which are represent 32,3 % of whole affixes, followed by 16 kinds of prefixes (pre-, re-, a-, al-, in-, un-, dis-, mis-, be-, im-, under-, en-, over-, out-, fore-, and pro-, ).
3. Suffix which are represent 67,8 % of whole affixes, followed by 19 kinds of
suffixes (ment, al, an, ar, ive, ness, less, ful, en, ance, ous, tion, -able, -ity, -y, -ly, -er, -est, and -or, ).
suffix -tion:27, suffix -able:8, suffix -ity:12, suffix –y:12, suffix –ly:71, suffix –er:19, suffix –est:6, and suffix –or:5
Prefix pre-, re-, a-, al-, in-, un-, dis-, mis-, be-, im-, under-, en-, over-, out-,and fore, do not change form when they attached to the base forms. But Prefix pro-
changes the form when it is attached to the base form in which started by vowel /a/. The distribution of these prefixes can be attached to noun, adjective, verb, and adverb base form. Most of these prefixes can not change the function, but some prefixes such as a-, under-, en-, over-, out-, and fore can change the function. The total number of each prefix in which used in this novel are: prefix pre-:2, prefix re-:11, prefix a-:8, prefix al-:3, prefix in-:6, prefix un-:14, prefix dis-:4, prefix mis-:2, prefix be-:2, prefix im-:1, prefix under-:1, prefix en-:2, prefix over-:1, prefix out-:2, and prefix fore:1.
5.2 Suggestion
