The Study of Affixation Used in One Direction
’s
Songs
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana
Degree at English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By:
Erlina Pratiwi Wulandari
Reg. Number: A03212036
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Sebagai sivitas akademika UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya:
Nama : Erlina Pratiwi W.
NIM : A03212036
Fakultas/Jurusan : Fak. Adab / Sastra Inggris
E-mail address : indahpratomo5@gmail.com
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Sekripsi Tesis Desertasi Lain-lain (………) yang berjudul :
The Study of Affixation Used in One Direction’s Songs.
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ABSTRACT
Wulandari, Erlina Pratiwi. 2016. The Study of Affixation Used in One Direction’s
Songs. Thesis, English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, the State
Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Advisor: Raudlotul Jannah, M.App.Ling
Key words: Affixation, Derivational affixes.
This study aims to identify the kinds of affixes, and to explain the forms and
meaning of each affixes in One Direction’s Songs.
This study employs the descriptive qualitative method. The data of this study are
collected by scrutinizing the use of language in One Direction’s Songs. The data of
this study are in the form of words which contain affixes. The technique for collecting
the data are by browsing the song One Direction’s on the internet, reading the all data
source cautiously, and collecting the words which contain affixes. The data analysis is
done by using the model which is proposed by Miles and Huberman, they are data
reduction, data display, and drawing conclusion.
The result of this study shows that affixes are used in One Direction’s Songs.
Two kinds of affixes are used. They are suffix and prefix. There is no infix is used.
Kinds of suffix which are used, they are: -ing, -ion, -er, -ly, -or, -ation, -ce, -ed, -ize,
-y, -ness, -ance, and -ous. Meanwhile, prefixes which are used: dis-, un-, mis-, be-, ir-,
x
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Morpheme ... 10
2.1.1 Types of Morpheme ... 11
2.2 English Word Formation ... 12
2.3.1 Definition of Affixes ... 13
2.4.1.3 Adjectival Suffixes... 20
xii
5.2 Suggestions ... 55
REFERENCES ... 56
CHAPTER 1
indicate syntatic or semantic relations between different words in a sentences,
like in waits. Morpheme -s shows agreement with the subject of the verb
(both are third person singular).
In the process of word formation, there are two functions; derivational
and inflectional functions. Derivational function is to form a new word with
the new meaning and it also can change the part of speech (word class) of
root. The derived word is often of a different word class from the root. Based
on the statement above, derivational have any characteristic: a) in many case,
but not all, derivational suffixes changes the part of speech of the word. The
2
we could add -ate, making it verb activate. b) typically occur before
inflectional suffixes, example in chillier. The derivational suffix -y comes
before the inflectional -er. c) the words with which derivational suffixes
combine are an arbitrary matter. To make a noun adornment from the verb
adorn we must add the suffix -ment and no other suffix will do, whereas the
verb fail combines only with -ure to make a noun failure (Rachmadie, 1990).
The second process is inflectional function. Inflectional functions do
not change the part of speech of the root and do not create a new words.
Inflectional function only have certain grammatical function. Based on the
above, there are any characteristic; a) do not change meaning or part of
speech, as in big and bigger are both adjective and the meaning becomes
“more big”. b) typically occur at the margin of words, like the plural
morphemes -s always come last in a word, as in babysitters. c) typically occur
with all members of some large class of morphemes, such as the plural
morphemes -s occurs with most nouns (Rachmadie, 1990).
Word formation can be in some process, one of them is affixation.
Affixation is the process of adding affixes to the morphemes. Morpheme is
the smallest part that construct words. It is the common way of creating new
words (Finegane, 2004: 46). There are basically three kinds of affixes;
prefixes (added to the beginning of a word), suffixes (added to the end of a
word), and infixes (inserted into a word).
Affixation is used to give the impression of beautiful words that
use of the word essentially became a new word which has a different
meaning. Therefore, the reader can expand vocabulary through the addition of
those words. There are three principle ways to extend vocabulary: forming
new word, borrowing, and inventing new words.
Forming new words refers to the ways in which new words are created
and become part of the language. Forming new words from the existing
words by adding affixes. Affixes is a common way of creating new words in
any language especially in English. English has added the attentive suffix -er
to the prepositions up and down to create the nouns upper and downer to refer
to phenomena that lift or dampen spirit. Commonly -er is added to a verb (V)
to create a word with the sense “one who V's”: Singer “one who sings”;
Writer “one who writes” and so on (Finegan, 2004: 46).
The second way to extend vocabulary is borrowing. Borrowing words is
the taking over of words from other languages. It is a process where foreign
words are gradually becoming part of the language. The English language has
adopted a vast number of words from other languages, including piano
(Italian), sofa (Arabic), tattoo (Tahitian), yogurt (Turkish) and zebra (Bantu).
Other languages, of course, borrow terms from English, as in the Japanese
use of suupaa or suupaamaaketto “supermarket” and futtobooru “football”
(Yule, 2006: 54).
In time, borrowed words undergo the same processes that affect other
words. Nosh was borrowed as a verb that could not take an object (I feel like
4
originate or create as a product of one‟s own ingenuity, experimentation, or
contrivance. Inventing words from scratch is not common. The advantages of
using familiar elements in forming new words and the ease of borrowing
from other languages makes inventing new words rare. Invention has
contributed such words as granola, zap, and quark to the English word stock.
Some names like Pyrex, Kodak, and Xerox are invented as trademarks for
particular products or companies. But speakers and writers sometimes extend
the use of brand names beyond the brands, so that “xerox” is sometimes used
loosely to mean „photocopy‟, though not necessarily using a machine made
by Xerox (Finegan, 2004: 52).
Morphology is the study of word formation, including the ways new
words was coined in the languages of the world, and the way forms of words
are varied depending on how they are used in sentences (Lieber, 2009). In the
process of word formation, there are some interesting words in English which
lead the researcher to conduct this researcher. For example, the rule of
suffixes -er which means a person who does whatever the verb means. Some
words need to be multiplied in their last letter and added with -er when there
consonants), such as „sit‟ becomes „sitter‟ or „cut‟ becomes „cutter‟. In
another condition, if there is a word which is ended in vocal /-e/, it only needs
suffixes -r, such as „love‟ becomes „lover‟ or „lie‟ becomes „lier‟.
Related to word formation processes, word formation can denote either
a process and it can be viewed in morpheme. Morphemes are the smallest
units of meaning or grammatical function within a language. There are two
categories: free and bound morphemes. Free morphemes can be stand alone a
word. There are two sub categories: lexical and funtional morphemes. Lexical
morphemes is morphemes that carry the contentor meaning of the messages,
examples; type, act, yellow, follow, etc. Functional morphemes is morphemes
that do not carry the content of a message, but rather help the grammar of the
sentence function, examples; but, when, the, in, if, then, etc (Yudi, 2001).
The second categories is bound morphemes. Bound morphemes is
morpheme cannot stand alone as a word. There are two sub categories:
derivational and inflectional morphemes. Derivational morphemes is
morphemes that transform words into different grammatical categories from
the root word (a free morphemes). These morphemes transform words into
different part of speech, such as -ful, -ness, -ly, -ment, -less, -y, -ish. Example:
the word “care” is noun. If “care” added suffix -ful became careful is
adjective. Inflectional morphemes is morphemes that indicate aspects of the
grammatical function of a word, such as changing a word into a plural or
6
Diagram of morpheme.
This study discusses the affixation process song of songs One
Direction‟s by using the theory of affixes by Ingo Plag. Plag (2003:72) says
that there are two major problems in affixes discussion. First, it is not always
easy to say whether something is a bound morpheme or a free morpheme, and
second, it is not always obvious whether something should be regarded as a
base or an affix.
A study on affixation has been conducted by some researchers but in
different object. The first, Nurhasanah (2002) has conducted a study on
affixation in Tenggerese dialect, the second, Mulyani (2004) has conducted
an analysis of affixation in Harun Yahya‟s Book Darwinism Refuted, and the
third, Anggraeni (2006) studied affixation in the Lyrics of Glenn Fredly‟s
“Selamat Pagi Dunia” album. In line with the previous study, this study also
discusses about affixation but in different object, it is the song of songs One
Direction‟s. Therefore, this study is not the repetition of the previous studies
since this study has different object and it need to be conducted.
This research used the lyrics of One Direction‟s as the object of study.
pronounced, not too difficult for new listeners who listen to this song and
then the song contains the story of the journey to reach the affection and the
lyrics of many found affixation. The song was released on the album and also
published widely the internet, it has many listeners all over the world with
different background of language.
This study is important because by knowing kinds of affix used in One
Direction‟s, it will help the readers to get the content of the song. To get the
content of the songs the readers need to read the lyrics comprehensively by
making meaning from the text at hand. Djiwandono (2002) says “the problem
which is mostly faced by the readers of English text is unfamiliar word or
difficult word and one of the way to solve this problem is by knowing the
difficult word through affixes”. To know the meaning of the difficult words
the readers need to know the process of affixation. By knowing the process of
affixation the readers will be able to separate the affixes from the base or the
stem. Each affix and the base word have their own meaning. By
understanding their meaning, each affix and the base words, the meaning of
the completely difficult word can be guessed. In addition, knowing the
process of affixation helps the reader to guess the meaning of the word, which
involves the affixes through the change of part of speech, and the meaning as
8
1.2 Problems of the Study
In line with the background of the study described above, the writer
tries to analyze affixation in One Direction‟s songs. The problems of the
study are formulated as follow:
1. What kinds of affixes are used in One Direction‟s songs?
2. What isthe process of affixation in One Direction‟s songs?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
This study is focused to answer the question of the problems of the
study. The objectives of the study are:
1. To find out the kinds of affixes used in One Direction‟s songs.
2. To find out the process of affixation in One Direction‟s songs.
1.4 Scope and Limitation of the Study
To be well focused, the scope and limitation of the study need to be
clarified. This study are focused on discussing the affixation, one of the
processes of word formation in English language, used in where do broken
heart go, ready to run, fool’s gold, they don’t know about us, I wish, olivia,
illusion, diana, temporary fix, and I want by One Direction‟s. This study
includes the derivational affixes which are added to the base word to create
1.5 Significance of the Study
The result of the study is expected to give contributions to the related
study both theoretically and practically. Theoretically, the result of the study
is expected for broadening knowledge about English affixation process.
Practically, the result of the study is expected to be additional reference for
other researcher in conducting the similar research, to be additional material
for a teacher in teaching morphology course and to help the reader of the song
by One Direction‟s songs, in order to get a good understanding of the content
of lyrics.
1.6 Definition of the Key Terms
To avoid misunderstanding about the concepts of the research, the
definition of the key terms need to be stated.
1. Affixation is the process of adding affixes to the base word to form the
new word with different parts of speech and or different meaning. Base
or root mean in this research is morpheme that serve as the basic for
words.
2. One Direction’s is boy band from London. One Direction formed by
competitions the X-factor 2010. He are an English-Irish pop boy band,
composed of Niall Horan, liam Payne, Harry Styles, Louis Tomlinson,
10
linguistic unit consisting of a word (such as dog) or a word element (such as the
-s at the end of dogs) that can‟t be divided into smaller meaningful parts”.
These smallest units of meaning in a language are called morphemes.
The concept of morpheme differ form the concept of word, as may
morphemes cannot stand as words on their own. A morpheme is free if it can
stand alone, or bound if it is used exclusively along side a free morpheme. Such
as /-s/, /-ly/, /im-/, /un-/ are called bound morpheme.
English example: the word “unbreakable” has three morphemes “un-“
(meaning not X) a bound morpheme, “-break-” a free morpheme and “-able”.
“un-“ is also a prefix, “-able” is a suffix. Both are affixes.
Based on the statement above, the writer concludes that morpheme is
the smallest part that construct words and it is included morphology.
Morphology is branch of scientific knowledge which studies form and
2.1.1 Types of Morpheme
There are two kinds of morpheme, be classified according to
whether they are free or bound.
1. Free Morpheme
own, with no other morphemes attached for example cat forms such as
cats and catty and elephant we also have elephants and elephatine.
The point is that form such as cat and elephant do not require the
presence of another morpheme in order to be pronounceable in isolation
in English.
morphemes. None of these forms are never pronounced on their own by
speaker of English. There are always attached to some morphemes, and
12
2.2 English Word Formation
English employs two ways to create new word. The first is by putting
together the morphemes or words by derivation processes and compounding.
Derivation process, it is accomplished by means of a large number of small
„bits‟ of the English language which are not usually given a separate listings
in dictionaries. These small bits are known as affixes (for example:
foolishness from fool + ish + ness). Compounding, it means joining to two
separate words to create a single form (for example: the word wallpaper,
wastebasket, waterbed, textbook, goodlooking, fast-food, etc.).
The second way is creating new word by putting together,
sometimes, parts of a morpheme or not morphemes at all by using the
process of acronyms, back formation, blending, clipping, and coinage
(Manis: 1987: 133-134).
There are five basic processes to create new words, they are:
1. Acronyms, it means forming new words from the initial letters of a set of
other words (for example: CD/Compact Disk, UNESCO, radar/radio
detectingand ranging, etc.).
2. Backformation, it means reducing a word of one type (usually a noun) to
form a word of another type (usually a verb). For example, donate from
donation, emote from emotion, babysit from babysitter, etc.
3. Blending, it is the combination of two separate words to create a new
word but it is typically accomplished by taking only the beginning of one
{smoke + fog}, motel {motor + hotel}, telecast {television + broadcast},
etc.).
4. Clipping, it occurs by making shorter a word of more than one syllable
(Such as: facsimile becomes fax, condominium becomes condo, Sue from
Susan, etc.).
5. Coinage or the invention of totally new terms (for example: nylon,
xerox, zipper, etc.).
Related to the term “word formation”, Plag (2003:13) gives opinion that
the study of word-formation can be defined as the study of the ways in which
new complex words are built on the basis of other words or morphemes.
According to him there are three ways to create new words from the existing
words: by affixational process, by non-affixational process, and compounding.
2.3 Affixes
Affixes includes morpheme. It can be added to other morpheme
(root/base) which is constructing a word formation and new meaning, the
following are the further explanation.
2.3.1 Defition of Affixes
Rachmadie (1990: 13), says “morpheme that here as the basic for
words are sometimes called roots or base. Thus, morphemes such as
happy, quick, tidy, print are roots. On the other hand, morpheme such as
-ly, -ness, un-, ir- is non roots. They are usually called affixes”. Crowley
(1995: 6) said that affixes are morphemes that are not free, in that must
14
Meanwhile Procter (1980: 15) says “affix is a group of letters or
sounds added to the beginning of a word or the end of the word”. Affix is
something that is very derivational like English -ness and pre-, or
inflectional, such as English plural -s and past tense -ed.
Based on the statement above, the writer consludes that affixes are
morpheme which are not clearly lexical meaning and it is attached in root
morpheme.
2.3.2 Types of Affixes
Affixes have several types; the following are the explanation from
several reference:
Napa (1992: 5) argues that there are three types of affixes; they are
Prefix, Suffix, and Multiflix in English.
1. Prefix
Prefix is the affixes which can be added to the beginning of a word.
For example: ab-normal, dis-agree, ex-change, im-material, re-act, etc.
2. Suffix
Suffix is the affixes can be added to the end of a word. For example:
ideal-ize, hoori-fy, execut-ion, capital-ism, care-less, etc.
3. Multifix
Multifix is the affixes which can be added of both the prefix and suffix
to any word. For example: dis-agree-able, il-legal-ity, im-migrat-ion,
misapplication, inaccuracy, etc.
Crowley (1995: 6) argues that there are two most common types of
1. Prefix
These are affixes which come before a root. The following English
words all contain prefixes (presented in bold type), and these are
separated form the root by means of hyphen:
re-act un-holy
In this section, the theory of affixation by plag which is used to analyze
the data is discussed. Affixation is the process of deriving new words on the
basis of the existing words by the help of affixes (Plag, 2003:107). In this case,
affixes refer to derivational affixes. The characteristics of this kind of affix are:
encodes lexical meaning, is not syntactically relevant, can occur inside
16
often restricted in its productivity, and is not restricted to suffixation. The
affixes can be categorized into three: suffixes, prefixes, and infixes.
2.4.1 Suffixes
It means some bound morphemes which are must be added before
the central meaningful element of the words (Plag, 2003:10). There are
four kinds of suffixes: nominal suffixes, verbal suffixes, adjectival
affixes, and adverbial affixes.
2.4.1.1 Nominal Suffixes
Nominal suffixes is used when the part of speech in root
changes the part of speech in word formation to be noun. Nominal
suffixes are suffixes which are used to derive abstract nouns from
verbs, adjectives, and nouns. Such abstract nouns can denote actions,
results of actions, or other related concept, but also properties,
qualities, and the like (Plag, 2003:86-92). It kinds are:
1. -ce/-cy
This suffix added productively to adjectives in -ant/-ent (for
example: convergence, efficiency, emergence, etc.) and also to
nouns ending the string as in agency, presidency, regency, and so
on.
Example: Efficient (adjective) Efficiency (noun)
(Here, suffix -cy has the function as nominal suffixes
because it change the meaning and the part of speeh
adjective to be noun).
(Here, suffix -cy has the function as nominal suffixes
because it change the meaning but not change the part of
speeh).
2. -er (and its orthographic variant -or)
Its functions are:1) signify entities that are active or volitional
participants in an event (e.g. teacher, singer, writer, etc. ), 2)
denotes instrument nouns (e.g. blender, mixer, toaster, etc. ), 3)
denotes noun entities which are associated with an activity such as
diner, lounger, trainer, winner, etc., 4) creates person nouns
indicating place of origin or residence (e.g. Londoner, New
Yorker, New Englander). The orthographic variant -or occurs
mainly with Latinate bases ending in /s/ or /t/ as conductor,
oscillator, compressor.
Example: Teach (verb) Teacher (noun)
Conduct (verb ) Conductor (noun)
(Here, suffix -er, -or has the function as nominal suffixes
because it change the meaning and the part of speeh verb to
be noun).
3. -ing
Derivatives with this suffix denote the processes (begging,
running, sleeping, etc) or results (building, rapping, stuffing,
etc.).
18
(Here, suffix -ing has the function as nominal suffixes
because it change the meaning and the part of speeh).
4. -ion
-ion denotes events or results of processes which are primarily
found in scientific discourse such as expiation and
sedimentation.
Example: Expiate (verb) Expiation (noun)
(Here, suffix -ion has the function as nominal suffixes
because it change the meaning and the part of speeh verb to
be noun).
5. -ness
It is considered as the most productive suffix of English. It has a
close semantic relative with -ity (e.g. thingness, kindness, etc.).
Example: Kind (adjective) Kindness (noun)
(Here, suffix -ness has the function as nominal suffixes
Latinate adjectives (e.g. curiosity, productivity, solidity, etc.)
Example: Productive (adjective) Productivity (noun)
(Here, suffix -ity has the function as nominal suffixes
7. -ment
This suffix derives action nouns denoting processes or results
from the mainly verbs. It is usually attached to monosyllables or
disyllabic base words with have stress on the last syllable (e.g
assessment, endorsement, involvement,treatment, etc.)
Example: Involve (verb) Involvement (noun)
(Here, suffix -ment has the function as nominal suffixes
because it change the meaning and the part of speeh verb
to be noun).
2.4.1.2 Verbal Suffixes
Verbal suffixes is used when the part of speech in root changes
the part of speech in word to be verb.
1. -en
The meaning of -en formations can be described as causative
„make (more) X‟. It is mostly attached to adjectives (e.g. blacken,
broaden, quicken , ripen, etc.).
Example: Quick (adjective) Quicken (verb)
(Here, suffix -en has the function as verbal suffixes because
it change the meaning and the part of speeh adjective to be
verb).
2. -ize
-ize expresses: 1) locatives/ “put into X” as in computerize,
hospitalize, 2) ornative/ “provide with X” as in patinatize and
20
functionalize, 4) resultative/ “make into X” as in carbonize and
itemize, 5) inchoative/ “become X” as in aerosolize, 6)
performative/ “perform X” as in anthropologize, 7) similative/
“act like X” as in cannibalize and vampirize.
Example: Computer (noun) Computerize (verb)
(Here, suffix -ize has the function as verbal suffixes because
it change the meaning and the part of speeh noun to be
the noun the adjective qualifies to the base word of derived adjective.
For example, algebraic mind means a mind having to do with
algebra, referring algebra, characterized by algebra.
The second group is qualitative adjective. This adjective can
adopt qualitative meanings as in she is a grammatical genius and it
can adopt a qualitative sense (Plag, 2003: 94-97). Their kinds are:
1. -al
This suffix attaches mostly to Latinate bases as in accidental,
colonial, cultural, federal, institutional, modal, etc.
(Here, suffix -al has the function as adjectival suffixes
because it change the meaning and the part of speeh noun to
be adjective).
2. -ed
This suffix create adjective with general meaning “having X and
being provided with X”. For example: broad-minded, pig-headed,
wooded, etc.
Example: Wood (noun) Wooded (adj)
(Here, suffix -ed has the function as adjectival suffixes
because it change the meaning and the part of speeh noun to
be adjective).
3. -ful
The suffix -ful has the meaning having X and being characterized
by X as in, beautiful, purposeful, tactful, etc. It is typically
attached to abstract nouns.
Example: Purpose (noun) Purposeful (adj)
(Here, suffix -ful has the function as adjectival suffixes
because it change the meaning and the part of speeh noun to
be adjective).
4. -ing
It functions primarily to form present participle which can be used
22
5. -ous
This suffix derives adjectives from nouns and bound roots, for
example: curious, famous, synonymous, etc. It has some variants:
-eous (e.g. erroneous, homogenous), -ious (e.g. gracious,
prestigious), and -uous (e.g. ambiguous, continous).
Example: Synonym (noun) Synonymous (adj)
(Here, suffix -ous has the function as adjectival suffixes
because it change the meaning and the part of speeh noun to
be adjective).
hardly, and dryly are semantically differ with their base words.
Example: Short (adj) Shortly (adv)
(Here, suffix -ly has the function as adverbial suffixes
because it change the meaning and the part of speeh
adjective to be adverb).
2.4.2 Prefixes
Plag (2003:98-101) argues that English prefixes can be classified,
group that quantify over their base words meaning, for example, “one”
overestimate), and “not sufficiently” (e.g. Under- in undernourish).
Example: Unilateral (adjective) Lateral (adjective)
Overestimate (verb) Estimate (verb)
The second group consists of a number of locative prefixes such
as circum- means “around” (e.g. circumnavigate, circumscribe, etc.),
counter- means “againts” (e.g. counterbalance and counterexample),
endo- means “internal to X” (e.g. endocentric and endocrinology),
epi-means “on or over” (e.g. epiglottis and epicentral), inter- means
“between” (e.g. interbreed), intra- means “inside” (e.g. intramuscular),
para- means “along with” (e.g. paramedic, paranormal, etc.),
retro-means “back or backwards” (e.g. retroflex), trans- means “across” (e.g.
transcontinental, transmigrate, etc.).
Example: Circumnavigate (verb) Navigate (verb)
Counterbalance (noun) Balance (noun)
Paranormal (adjective) Normal (adjective)
24
The third group is temporal prefixes expressing notions like
“before” (ante-, pre-, and fore-, as in antedate, preconcert, foresee),
“after” (post-, as in poststructuralism, postmodern, postmodify, etc.), or
“new” (neo-, as in neoclassic, Neo-Latin).
Example: Antedate (verb) Date (noun)
Neoclassic (adj) Classic (adjective)
The last group consists prefixes which express negation. They are:
1) a(n)-, this suffix occurs only in Latinate adjectives. Its meaning can
either be paraphrased as “without what is referred to by the nominal
base”, as in achromatic and asexual, or as “not X” as in asymmetrical, 2)
anti-, this prefix can expresses “against or opposing” with denominal,
deadjectival and deverbal derivatives behaving like adjectives (e.g.
anti-war, an anti-freeze liquid, etc.) and expresses “the opposite of an X” or
“not having the proper characteristics of an X” as in anti-hero, 3) dis-, it
has meaning closely related to un-, and de-, this prefix forms reversative
verbs from foreign verbal bases, for example, disassemble, disassociate,
discharge, etc.
Example: Disassemble (verb) Assemble (verb)
Asymmetrical (adjective) Symmetrical (adjective)
There are also some prefixes which are do not fit into any of the four
group, such as “wrong or evil” (mal-, as in malfunction and malnutrition),
“badly or wrongly” (mis-, as in misinterpret, and mistrial), “together or
jointly” (co-, as in cooperative), etc., 5) in-, this prefix is found with
incomprehensible, inactive, intolerable, implausible, illegal, irregular,
etc., 6) mis-, it conveys the meaning of “inaccurate(ly) or wrongly”, as in
mispronounce, misreport, mistrial, etc., 7) non-, this prefix has the
general meaning of “not X”, for example; nonbiological,
non-commercial, non-returnable, etc., 8) un-, adjectival un- is used to denote
a reservative or privative means “remove X” (as in unwrap), denote
“absence of X” (e.g. unbelief).
Example : Malfunction (noun) Function (noun)
Unbelief (noun) Belief (noun)
Misinterpret (verb) Interpret (verb)
Cooperative (adj) Operative (noun)
Unwrap (verb) Wrap (verb)
Inactive (adj) Active (adj)
Illegal (adj) Legal (adj)
2.4.3 Infixation
Plag (2003:101) says that Morphologists usually agree that
English has no infixes. However, there is the possibility of inserting
expletives in the middle of words to derive new words (e.g.
kanga-bloody-roo and abso-blooming-lutely). Therefore, we could say that
English has a process of infixation of words, but there are no bound
26
Then there was a crew of X-Factor comes into the room and suddenly call for
back some of the names of participants who did not pass the audition such as
Becca, Ganeva, Sophia, Liam, Louis, Niall, Zayn, Harry, etc. There is one in
X-Factor judge Simon Cowell announced that, You qualify for next round but in
one group/ one band. At the time it was born One Direction dated July 22,
2010.
In 2011, “Up All Night” is their debut album, managed to become the
fastest selling album in the UK. In the same year, the album is a success
perched on top of the Billboard 200. In addition, “Up All Night” also dominate
the top ten of the UK Singles Chart with debut single “What Makes You
Beautiful”. The success of continuous approached the United Kingdom‟s
boyband. Still through the single “What Makes You Beautiful”, they managed
to bring in the “Best British Single” in the event the BRIT Awards 2012. At the
end of that year, they released their second album titled “Take Me Home”. The
next year, ie in 2013, One Direction began touring the world. The tour starts
from the cities in the UK and Ireland, and then proceed to countries in North
trigger revival of the boy band era Europe who previously had triumphed in the
1990s.
2.6 Previous Studies
Some researches on affixation were conducted by some other
researchers before. Setia (2005) conducted a research on affixation in his thesis
entitled A Morphological Study on the Suffixation of Verbs Used in President
George W. Bush's Speech in Cincinnati, Ohio, October, 7, 2002. In his study,
he did not analyze all kinds of affix and he just analyzed one kind of affix, it
was suffixes. He analyzed about kinds and functions of the suffixes used in
President George W. Bush's Speech in Cincinnati, Ohio, October, 7, 2002. He
found four kinds of suffixes were used in his study namely class-changing (-al),
denoting persons (-er), frequent Representation (-ly), and native origin.
The other researcher who studied affixation was Heniva (2008). She
conducted a research on affixation entitled Affixation Used in the English
Translation of Sahih Bukhari by Muhsin Khan. In her study, she analyzed one
kind of affix, it was suffixes (-ation) and the process of affixation that were
used in Translation of Sahih Bukhari by Muhsin Khan.
Related to this study, there is a difference between this study and those
previous studies. The difference is in the object of the study. The object of this
study is One Direction songs. Moreover, this research focuses on the affixation
applied in where do broken heart go, ready to run, fool’s gold, they don’t know
about us, I wish, olivia, illusion, diana, temporary fix, and I want. It becomes
28 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter presents the research method and the procedures designed to
answer the research problems. The discussion includes: the research design, data
sources, research instrument, data collection, data analysis.
3.1 Research Design
In order to find the answer of the research problems, the descriptive
qualitative method is used in this study. One of the reasons for using this
method is because the data of this research is in the form of words that is not
statistically analyzed but the data will be classified into some groups based on
a certain standard or norm.
Descriptive research is non hypothesis research, so in the research
procedure, it does not need hypothesis (Arikunto, 1998:245). It means the
method is intended to make a systematic and accurate description concerning
the fact and the features of research data. This research is accumulation of
basic data in descriptive way, not explains about correlation or hypothesis
testing. It means that descriptive studies are designed to obtain information
that concerns the status of phenomena. They are directed toward determining
the nature of situation, as existing at the time of study.
By using this method, the writer would like to collect, arrange and
3.2 Data Sources
The data sources of the research are the text of the lyrics on “One
Direction‟s” Song. The researcher analyzed suffix and prefix of the song. The
lyrics used the data source in this research are where do broken heart go,
ready to run, fool’s gold, illusion are Four album (2014), they don’t know
about us is take Me Home album (2012), I Wish and I want is Up All night
album (2011), olivia and temporary fix is Made in the A.M. album (2015),
and diana is Midnight Memories album (2013).
This research choosed ten lyrics based on the different album because
those songs were the most popular songs on “One Direction‟s” lyrics Album
Song. The researcher took the data from internet social media.
3.3 Research Instrument
Research instrument is very important to collect the data. The main
instrument of this study is the writer herself. The data of this research are the
words which contain affixes that are collected from One Direction‟s songs.
To collect the data to be analyzed, the writer read the lyric One Direction‟s
songs which consists of ten songs. Those words than will be collected and
classified based on kind of affixes that they have into some groups. The
classification is done based on the theory of kind of affixes which is
30
3.4 Data Collection
The method of data collection in this research is scrutinizing method
(Indonesian: menyimak), because the data are collected by scrutinizing the use
of language. Mahsun (2005:90-91) states that the term scrutinizing does not
only relate to the spoken language but also written language, such as old
literature, narration text, language used in mass media, etc.
The data of this study were collected by using the following steps. The
first step was browsing the song of one direction‟s on the internet, especially
the researcher choosed. The second step was reading all the data source
carefully to find the words which contain affixes. Next, the third step was
collecting the words which contain affixes.
3.5 Data Analysis
Miles et.al. (1984) related to the data analysis in qualitative research,
says that there are three steps of data analysis. The first is data reduction. It
means the process of selecting, simplifying, and transforming the raw data.
The second is data display which refers to organized information which
allows the researcher to draw the conclusion. The last step is drawing
conclusion as the result of research.
In this research, the data were analyzed by using those three steps. In
the first step or data reduction, the words which contained affixes were
selected and classified based on the affixes that they have into three groups.
affixes which were found were counted to find out which one are the mostly
used and then a table chart are made. This table helps the researcher draw the
conclusion. The last step is drawing conclusion. The conclusion was drawn
32
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the research findings and discussion. The writer will
serve the finding of the research of derivational affixes and the bases or root of
word in One Direction‟s songs. The objective of this research is to know the
derivational affixes in lyrics of One Direction‟s songs. And the words itself
consist of root or base added by derivational affix that has been changed the part
of speech or meaning.
The data are classified based on the research problems. They are:1) kinds
of affixes are used in One Direction songs, 2) the process of affixation.
4.1 Research Findings
The findings of this research are based on some facts found in the
data. They cover kinds of affixes which are used in the One Direction‟s songs,
kinds of affixes which are mostly used in the lyric of One Direction‟s songs,
and the process of affixation.
This section is divided into two points. The first point presents the
data of the word which involve affixes and the description of the affixation
process. The second is the presentation of the number of the affixes used to
find which affixes are the mostly used in the lyric of One Direction‟s songs.
4.1.1 Kinds of Affixes and Process of Affixation
There are two words which involve affixes are found in lyricsabove.
They are counted and mistakes. The process of affixation is as follows:
1. Counted
The suffix -ed is added to the base count. The suffix -ed denotes the
meaning of having the base. The meaning of the word is „having count‟.
This affixation process forms a verb from a noun.
2. Mistakes
The derivational affix which attached to form this word is the prefix mis-.
This affixation process does not change the part of the speech but change
the meaning. The part of the speech of the derived word is still the same
as the part of the speech of the base, it is a verb. The meaning of the
derived word is the opposite of the base. The meaning of this word
becomes „inaccurate in something‟.
“Now I‟m searching every lonelyplace” (S1 L9)
There are the word searching and lonely which are involvingaffixes. The
processes of affixation are:
1. Searching
The suffix -ing is added to the base search. The suffix -ing denotes a
result. This affixation process change the part of speech of the word
search as a noun becomes a verb. The word means „the process of
34
2. Lonely
The suffix found in this word is -ly. This suffix is attached to the base
lone which is an adjective. The part of speech of the word does not
change. It is still an adjective but the meaning of the word changes. The
meaning of the word becomes „doing in lone way‟.
“ Every corner callingout your name” ( S1 L10)
There are two words which contains affix. They are corner and
calling. The affixation processes are as follows:
1. Corner
The suffix -er is added to the base corn. The suffix -er denotes the
meaning of performer of the base. The meaning of the word is „who
cornered‟. This affixation process change the part of speech of the word
corn as a noun becomes a verb.
There are three words which contains affix. They are inside, sinking,
1. Inside
This word is derived by adding the prefix in- to the base side. This
affixation process does not change the part of the speech of the base but
change the meaning of the base. It is a noun. The meaning of the derived
word is „not side‟.
“And every time I turn aroundit‟s only gainingspeed” (S2 L6)
There are two words which are identified to have affixes. Those two
words are around and gaining. The process of affixation:
1. Around
The suffix a- is added to the base round. This affixation process change
the part of speech of the base from a noun to be an adverb. The meaning
of the word is „not round‟.
2. Gaining
In the word gaining, there is one kind of suffix is found. The suffix is
-ing. This suffix changes the part of the speech of the base word (gain)
36
“There‟s a moment when you finally realize” (S2 L7)
The words which involve affixes are finally and realize. The affixation
processes are:
1. Finally
The suffix found in this word is -ly. This suffix is attached to the base
final which is an adjective. This suffix changes the part of speech of the
base from an adjective to an adverb. The meaning of the word becomes
„doing in finalway‟.
2. Realize
The suffix -ize is added to the base real. This affixation process changes
the part of speech of the base from an adjective becomes a verb. The
derived word shows a process of the mainly verb. The meaning of the
word becomes „make real‟.
“Wherever you are is the place I belong” (S2 L15)
The word which is identified to have affix is belong. The word belong
is formed by adding the prefix be- to the base long. This affixation process
change the part of the speech of the base from an adjective to be a verb.
“Unlessof course I stay on course and keep you next to me” (S2
L21)
The words which contain affix is unless. The prefix un- is added to the
base less. This affixation change the part of speech of the base from an
adjective becomes a variant. The meaning of this word is the opposite of the
“There will always be the kind that criticize” (S2 L22)
The word which is identified to have affix is criticize. To form this
word, the suffix -ance is added to the base critic. The suffix -ize changes the
part of the speech of the base. The part of the speech of the base changes
from a noun becomes a verb. The derived word shows a process of the
mainly verb. The meaning of the word becomes „more critic‟.
“You‟re the shining distraction that makes me fly” (S3 L2)
The words which contain affix in the lyric above are shining and
distraction. The processes of the affixation are as follow:
1. Shining
In the word shining, there is one kind of suffix is found. The suffix is
-ing. This suffix changes the part of the speech of the base word (shin)
from a noun to be a verb.
2. Distraction
The base of this word is tract (noun). The affixes which are added to the
base are the prefix dis- and the suffix -ion. There are two process of
affixation. The first is adding the prefix dis- to the base tract. The derived
word is distract. This suffix changes the part of the speech of the base
word from a noun to be a verb. The meaning of this word is the opposite
of the base. The meaning becomes „not tract‟. The second process is
adding the suffix -ion to the base distract. This suffix changes the part of
the speech of the base from a verb to be a noun. The meaning of this
38
“Cause this love is only getting stronger” (S4 L4)
The word which is identified to have affix is stronger. This word is
created by adding the suffix -er to the base strong. This suffix changes the
part of the speech of the base from an adjective to an adverb. The word
denotes the meaning of „the performer of strong‟.
“They don‟t know I‟ve waitedall my life” (S4 L12)
The word which involve affix is waited. This word is created by
adding the suffix -ed to the base wait. This suffix changes the part of the
speech of the base from a noun to a verb. The meaning of the word is
„having wait‟.
“Just one touch and I was a believer” (S4 L16)
The word which involve affix is believer. This word is created by
adding the suffix -er to the base believe. This suffix changes the part of the
speech of the base from a verb to a noun. The word denotes the meaning of
„the performer of believing‟.
“Every day it gets a little sweeter” (S4 L17)
The word which involve affix is sweeter. This word the suffix -er is
added to the base sweet. After the process of affixation, the part of speech
changes from an adjective becomes a adverb. The meaning of the word is
“They can say anythingthey want” (S4 L31)
The word which is identified to have affix is anything. The suffix
-thing is added to the base any. This suffix change the part of the speech of
the base from an adjective to be a noun.
“And I‟m in riddles” (S5 L4)
The word which involve affix is riddles. The suffix -le is added to the
base rid. This suffix does not change the part of the speech of the base word.
The part of the speech is still a verb. The suffix -le denotes the meaning too
much. The meaning of the word is „too much riddling‟.
“The words get trapped” (S5 L11)
The word trapped is created by adding the suffix -ed to the base trap.
The suffix -ed change the part of the speech of the base from a noun to be a
verb. The meaning of the word becomes the opposite of the meaning of the
base word. The word means „having trap‟.
“I hear the beat of my heart getting louder” (S5 L12)
The words which involve affix are getting and louder. The affixation
processes are as follows:
1. Getting
This word is derived by adding the suffix -ing to the base get. This suffix
does not change the part of the speech of the base word. The part of the
40
part of the speech of the base changes from a noun to be a verb. The suffix
-ing denotes the process of the base verb. The meaning of the word is „the
performer of dance‟
“Whenever I‟m near you” (S5 L17)
The word which is identified to have affix is whenever. The suffix
-ever is attached to the base when. The part of the speech of the base changes
from a question word to be a adverb.
“That I‟ve always been dyingto tell you” (S5 L25)
The word which is identified to have affix is dying. The word dying is
formed by adding the suffix -ing to the base dye. The suffix -ing changes the
part of the speech of the base word from an adjective to be a verb and it
shows the meaning of process. The meaning of the word is „the perform of
dye‟.
“I‟m breaking” (S5 L30)
The word which is identified to have affix is breaking. The suffix -ing
base from a noun to be a verb. The suffix -ing in this word denotes process.
The meaning of the derived word is „the process of break‟.
“Tearing me apart” (S5 L38)
There are two words which are identified to have affix. They are
tearing and apart. The affixation processes are as follows:
1. Tearing
The process of affixation to derive this word is by adding the suffix -ing
to the base tear. This affixation process changes the part of the speech
from a noun to be a verb. The suffix -ing denotes the meaning of result.
2. Apart
This word is derived by adding the prefix a- to the base part. This
affixation process change the part of the speech from a noun to be an
adverb. The prefix a-the meaning “referred to by the nominal base”. The
meaning of the word is “not communication”.
“She‟s lying in bed with my t-shirt on” (S6 L4)
In the word lying, there is one kind of suffix is found. The suffix is
-ing. This suffix changes the part of the speech of the base word (lye) from a
noun to be a verb. The suffix -ing denotes the meaning of result. The
meaning changes from „to make something‟ become „not honest‟
“Just thinking how I went about it wrong” (S6 L5)
The process of affixation to derive this word is by adding the suffix
-ing to the base think. This affixation process changes the part of the speech
42
of the speech of the base changes from a verb to be a noun. The suffix
-ing denotes the process of the base verb.
2. Walking
This word is derived by adding the suffix -ing to the base walk. The part
of the speech of the base changes from a noun to be a verb. The suffix
-ing denotes the process of the base noun.
“And time is irrelevantwhen I‟ve not been seeing you” (S6 L18)
There are two words which involve affixes are found in lyrics above.
They are consequences and falling. The process of affixation is as follows:
1. Consequences
Adding the suffix -ce and -s (the variant of -ic). The discussion is focused
Actually, -ce is varian of -ance. To form this word, the suffix -ce is added
to the base consequent. The suffix -ce changes the part of the speech of
the base from an adjective to be a noun. The meaning of the word is „the
reason of something‟.
2. Falling
The suffix -ing is added to form this word. This suffix changes the part of
the speech of the base from a noun to be a verb. The suffix -ing in this
word denotes process. The meaning of the derived word is the process of
fall.
“I‟ve been idolizing the light in your eyes, Olivia” (S6 L27)
The base of this word is idol (noun). The affixes which are added to
the base are the suffix -ize and the suffix -ing. There are two process of
affixation. The first is adding the suffix -ize to the base idol. The derived
word is idolize. This suffix changes the part of the speech of the base from a
noun to be a verb. The meaning of this word is the opposite of the base. It
means „act of idol‟. The second process is adding the suffix -ing to the base
idolize. This suffix not changes the part of the speech. It is a verb. The
meaning of the derived word is „the process of idolize‟.
“You live in my imagination”(S6 L32)
This word is derived by adding the suffix -ation (the allomorph of the
suffix -ion) to the base imagine. In this affixation process the final vowel e
is omitted. This suffix changes the part of the speech and the meaning of the
44
speech of the base word is a verb. The meaning of the derived word is the
„result of imagine‟.
“All belong to your creation”(S6 L34)
The suffix -ion is added to the base create. This suffix changes the
part of the speech from a verb to be a noun. The suffix -ion denotes the
result of the base word. Because of the affixation process, the part of the
speech of the word becomes a noun. The meaning of the word is „to make
innovation‟.
“And the dangerous tricks” (S7 L4)
The suffix -ous is added to the base danger. This affixation process
changes the part of the speech from a noun to be an adjective. The meaning
of the word is „possessing danger‟.
“Into breaks with smoke and mirrors disappearing” (S7 L7)
The base of this word is appear (verb). The affixes which are added to
the base are the prefix dis- and the suffix -ing. There are two process of
affixation. The first is adding the prefix dis- to the base appear. The derived
word is disappear. It is a verb. The meaning of this word is the opposite of
the base. It means does not appear. The second process is adding the suffix
-ing to the base disappear. This suffix not changes the part of the speech of
the base. The meaning of this word is „doing in disappearing way‟.
“Won‟t be a mistake” (S7 L12)
The derivational affix which attached to form this word is the prefix
a noun. The meaning of the derived word is the opposite of the base. The
meaning of this word is „wrongly of something‟.
“I‟m not trying to mislead you” (S7 L28)
The prefix mis- is added to the base lead. This affixation process does
not change the part of speech but it change the meaning of the base. The
The prefix mis- is added to the base treat. This affixation process does
not change the part of speech but it change the meaning of the base. The
part of the speech does not change, it still a verb. While the meaning
changes become the opposite of the base. The meaning is „astray of
46
“Let me be the one to light a fire inside those eyes” (S8 L7)
The prefix in- is added to the base side. This affixation process does
not change the part of speech but it change the meaning of the base. The
part of the speech does not change, it still a noun. While the meaning
changes become the opposite of the base. The meaning is “not side”.
“You‟ve been lonely, you don‟t even know me” (S8 L8)
the speech of the base word from a noun to be a verb. The meaning of the
word is „the performer of cry‟.
“I don‟t think you even realize baby you‟d be saving mine”
(S8 L12)
To derive the word realize above, the suffix -ize is added to the base
real. This affixation process change the part of the speech of the base from
an adjective becomes a verb. There is the changing of the meaning of the
word. The meaning of the derived word becomes the opposite of the base.
The meaning of the word is „more real‟.
“How could someone misleadyou at all?” (S8 L15)
The word mislead is created by adding the prefix mis- to the base lead.
verb. The meaning of the word becomes the opposite of the meaning of the
base word. The meaning is „astray of something‟.
“You caught my attention, you were looking at me first” (S9 L4)
There are two words which involve affixes are found in lyrics above.
They are attention and looking. The process of affixation is as follows:
1. Attention
The affixation process to form this word is by adding the suffix -tion (the
allomorph of the suffix -ion) to the base attend. In this affixation process
sound /d/ is assimilated with /t/ and becomes /n/. This affixation process
changes the part of speech of the base from a verb to be a noun. The
meaning changes from „to come‟ becomes „interest‟.
2. Looking
The word looking is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the base look.
The suffix -ing changes the part of the speech of the base word from a
noun to be a verb and it shows the meaning of process. The meaning of
the words is „to see‟.
“We can rool in the darkness” (S9 L39)
The word which is identified to have affix is darkness. To form this
word, the suffix -ness is added to the base dark. The suffix -ness changes
the part of the speech of the base. The part of the speech of the base changes
48
“And if you‟re feeling the weakness” (S9 L41)
There are two words which involve affixes are found in lyricsabove.
They are feeling and weakness. The process of affixation is as follows:
1. Feeling
This word is derived by adding the suffix -ing to the base feel. The part
of the speech of the base changes from a verb to be a noun. The suffix
-ing denotes the process of the base verb.
2. Weakness
The word which is identified to have affix is weak. To form this word,
the suffix -ness is added to the base weak. The suffix -ness changes the
part of the speech of the base. The part of the speech of the base changes
from an adjective to be a noun. The meaning becomes „possessing weak‟.
“If I looked inside your brain” (S10 L3)
Two words which contain affixes are found in the lyric above. They
are Looked and inside. The affixation processes of those words are as
follows:
1. Looked
This word is formed by adding the suffix -ed to the base look. This
affixation process changes the part of the speech of the base from a noun
2. Inside
The prefix in- is added to the base side. This affixation process does not
change the part of speech but it change the meaning of the base. The part
of speech is still a noun and the meaning becomes „not side‟.
“Stuff that‟s driving me insane” (S10 L6)
from „the performer of something‟ becomes „strong‟.
2. Insane
The word insane is created by adding the prefix in- to the base sane. The
prefix in- does not change the part of the speech of the base word but it
changes the meaning of the word. It is still an adjective. The meaning of
