AN ANALYSIS OF WORD FORMATION IN TEXTING
MESSAGE
A THESIS
BY
MAZLAH AINI SIREGAR
REG. NO. 110721020
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
AN ANALYSIS OF WORD FORMATION IN TEXTING MESSAGE
A THESIS
BY
MAZLAH AINI SIREGAR REG. NO. 110721020
SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR
Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA. Ph.D
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head, Secretary,
Accepted by the board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on the 4th july 2013
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A NIP.19511013 1976031 1 001
Board of Examiners :
1. Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S 2. Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M. Hum
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, MAZLAH AINI SIREGAR, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITED FOR THE AWARD OF
ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed :
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME : MAZLAH AINI SIREGAR
TITLE OF THESIS : AN ANALYSIS OF WORD FORMATION IN TEXTING MESSAGE
QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed :
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, the writer would like to express her greatest thanks to the Almight Allah SWT, who has given the health and strength to the writer that she is able to complete this thesis as one of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The writer also would like to thank her supervisor, Dr. Matius C.A Sembiring, M.A and her co-supervisor, Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D, for his patience, guidance, correction, and her valuable time during the writing process of this thesis. The writer’s also particular gratitude is expressed to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A, the head of English Department Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S and the secretary Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum, for all their encouragement and academic service during her academic years at Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara.
Finally, the writer would like to thank her beloved parents Drs. H. Mahmud Nurdin Siregar and Dra. Hj. Zainab MZ, M.Hum for their invaluable support and financial during her studies. Her brother Achmad Mahroza Ramadhan Siregar, ST, Rachmad Fauzan Siregar and Muhammad Furqon Siregar. Gratitude is also addressed to her special friend Adinda, Dilla, Natalia, Putri, Zahra, Nasrul, Nila, Cicik, Roy, Dedi and Thaef, for their motivation and encourangement during the writing of this thesis.
Medan, July 8th 2013 The Writer
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ……….
i
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ……….
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ………... iii
ABSTRACT ……… iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……….. v
1. INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Problem of the Study ... 5
1.3 Objective of the Study ... 6
1.4 Scope of the Study ... 6
1.5 Significance of the Study ... 6
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 7
2.1 Theoritical Framework ... 7
2.2 Conceptual Framework ... 15
2.3 SMS ... 15
3. METHOD OF THE STUDY 18
3.1 Research Design ... 18
3.2 The Instruments of Collecting Data ... 18
4. ANALYSIS AND FINDING 21
4.1 The Process of Borrowing ... 21
4.2 The Process of Blending ... 25
4.3 The Process of Clipping ... 26
4.4 The Process of Acronyms ... 33
4.5 The Process of Miscellaneous ... 33
4.6 The Process of Multiple Processes ... 34
4.7 Findings ... 47
5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION 51
5.1 Conclusions ... 51
5.2 Suggestions ... 52
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of Study
This study deals with morphology. In other words, the study is concerned
with the process of word formation such as borrowing, blending, clipping, acronyms,
miscellaneous, and multiple processes. Nida (1949:1) says that morphology is the
study of morphemes and their arrangements in forming words.
Morphology has word formation processes, and language users may also
make new words by means of word creation (or word manufacturing). The following
types can be distinguished like acronyms, blending, clipping, coinage, compounding,
back formation, truncation, contraction, borrowing and miscellaneous.
In formation is sometimes contrasted with single word's meaning. The boundary between word formation a can be difficult to define: a new use of an old word can be seen as a new word derived from an old one and identical to it in form. Word formation can also be
contrasted with the formation of formed from multi-word phrases.
Multiple processes in George Yule’s theory is about word formation
processes, the first creation of particular words in multiple processes is clipping and
borrowing. Clipping is the element of reduction. This occurs when a word of more
than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form, often in casual speech. Then,
borrowing is the taking over of words from other languages.
in this study there are problems that arise of word formation in texting messages that cause a lot of new language style expression based on the process how they were produced. and as for the problems to be studied because of word formation that violates the rules of written language are categorized in word formation processes
Text messaging, or texting, is the act of typing and sending a brief,
electronic message between two or more mobile phones or fixed or portable devices
Message Service (SMS); it has grown to include messages containing image, video,
and sound content (known as
as a texter).
There are some style of texting message used by teenagers. Those style
become habits for us. They use SMS for communication with their friends via mobile
phone. When they communicate through SMS, they apply some styles. Commonly,
these styles understood to each others. There are some SMS styles usually
understood by teenagers. For example Clipping, Multiple Processes, Borrowing,
Acronyms, Miscellaneous and blending.
Example of texting messages :
1. .
(Why do you sleep on your birthday? Happy birthday! Happy birthday to you. Wake up!)
No. Word Formation process
SMS Expressions Intended Expressions
Lexical Meaning 16.1
16.2
16.3
Blending
MP (Borrowing, Clipping)
Borrowing from English
Ultah B’day
To
Ulang tahun Ulang tahun
Kepada
Birthday Birthday
To
Note :
MP : Multiple Processes
2. .
(I’ve been in front of your house. I’m waiting outside).
No. Word Formation
Process
SMS
Expressions
Intended Expressions
Lexical Meaning
1. Clipping Dpn Depan Future, in front of
Depan, which means end is clipped into dpn. The letter e and a are
omitted.
3. .
(Not yet, I am still in Aceh. Yeah, I bring nice food, do you want? if you want I'll save it for you. why I was not given?
No. Word Formation process
SMS Expressions Intended Expressions
Lexical Meaning 5.1
5.3
Clipping
Borrowing from
Javaness
Blm
Nyampek
Belum
Sampai
Not yet
Belum, which means not yet is clipped into blm. The letter e and u are
omitted.
Nyampek expression is borrowed from Javanese dialect, it means arrive or
until. First of all, nyampe expression come from sampai (translated from Indonesia
language).
Reasons the author chooses this title is to identify word formation processes
in that violates the rules of written language that are categorized in word formation
processes. See the development of a new style in texting message. Researching style
in texting messages only used by certain circles (teens)
1.2 Problem of the Study
In this study, the writer is interested in investigating word formations that
occur in texting message. The problem of the study is word-formations that are used
to form new expressions in texting message through mobile phone.
For the investigation, as guidelines, the problem of the study is formulated
as follows :
1) What kinds of word formation are found in texting message?
2) Which word formation is frequently used in texting message?
1.3 Objective of the Study
Objectives of study are to find out the :
1) Kinds of word formation that are found in texting message are borrowing,
blending,clipping, acronym, miscellaneous and multiple processes.
2) Word formation that is frequently used in texting message is clipping and
borrowing expressions.
1.4 Scope of the Study
This study focuses on morphological processes in texting message by 30
respondens namely friends of writer, the use of word formation processes through,
the interaction is text from the writer’s mobile phone which are sent by the writer
friends. The scope of the subject matters are the main aspect borrowing, blending,
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study hopefully will give contribution to the knowledge of
morphology, namely word formation processes in creating new expressions through
texting message. Later on, the writer hopes that this study will contribute more
knowledge to common people to get more understanding about the extension of
morphology and further studies concerning word formation processes. By having
more understanding about word formation processes, the writer hopes that the
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Theoritical Framework
Jannedy (1991:134) says that Morphology is the study of how words are
stuctured and how they are put together from smaller parts. Morphologists not only
identify the different classes of morphemes but also study the patterns that occur in
the combination of morphemes in a given language.
Roberts (1980:19) says that Morphology is the study of word stucture. The
claim that words have structure might come as a surprise because normally speakers
think of words as indivisible units of meaning. This is probably due to the fact that
many words are morphologically simple. For example, the, fierce, desk, eat boot, at,
fee, mosquito, etc. Cannot be segmented (i.e. divided up) into smaller units that are
themselves meaningful. It is impossible to say what the –quito part of mosquito or
the –erce part of fierce means.
Bloomfield (1993:218) says that a form of language that has no phonetic
similarity and meaningful. thus, similar forms of language sounds, but do not like is
the meaning of each morpheme.
Parera (1988:25) says that the forms in Indonesian language that sound similar, but not similar meanings. These forms are called homophones and homograph. so, homonyms and homograph forms are each morpheme.
Jannedy (1991:134) says that a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that
has a meaning or grammatical function.
Roberts (1980:41) says that a root is the irreducible core of a word, with
absolutely nothing else attached to it. It is the part that is always present, possibly
with some modification , in the various manifestations of a lexeme. For example,
walk is a root and it appears in the set of word forms that instantiate the lexeme walk
such as walk, walks, walking and walked. Many words contain a root standing on its.
Roots which are capable of standing it. Independently are called free morphemes.
Free morpheme is noun, adjective, verb, preposition or adverb. Such
morpheme carry most of the ‘semantic content’ of utterences, loosely defined to
cover nations like referring to individuals (the nouns: John and mother), attributing
verbs: hit, write and rest), expressing relations (the preposition: in, on, under) and
describing circumstances like manner (kindly).
Many other free morphemes are function words. These differ from lexical
morphemes in that while the lexical morphemes carry most of the ‘semantic content’,
the function words mainly (but not exclusively) signal grammatical information or
logical relations in a sentence. Typical function words include the following:
Function words
articles: a, the
demonstratives: this, that, these, those
pronouns: I, you, we, they, them; my, your, his, hers; who,
whom,which,whose, etc.
conjunctions: and, yet, if, but, however, or, etc.
Jannedy (1991:134) says that bound morphemes never exist as words
themselves, but are always attached to some other morpheme. For example: consider
the words rewrite, retake and relive. Notice that re- is a bound morpheme that
attaches only to verbs and furthermore, attaches to the beginning of the verb, not the
end. Every speaker of English knows you can’t say write -re or take –re (where re- is
connected to the end of the free morpheme), nor can you say rechoice or repretty
(where re- is connected to a morpheme that is not a verb).
Such roots are called bound morphemes. Examples of bound morphemes are given below:
-mit as in permit, remit, commit, admit
-ceive as in perceive, receive, conceive
Pred- as in predator, predatory, predation, depredate
Sed- as in sedan, sedate, sedent, sedentary, sediment
Bauer (1983:1) says that word formation is central interest to theoritical
linguists of all persuasions because of the light it throws on other aspects of
language.
Yule (1985:51-55) says that there are lots of new words or new expressions
in our daily today. Also, there are new evolutions of new words or new uses of old
shaped by the needs of users. Then, there are some methods of words formation
processes which explain how a new expression or new word is created such as:
The term Coinage may mean the invention of totally new terms or words which can possibly come from the old uses to the new uses. Familiar recent examples are
kleenex and xerox, which also began as invented trade names, and which have
quickly become everyday words in the language.
Borrowing firstly is the present participle of borrow, but on this occasion means borrowing is taking over words from other languages. For example: Croissant is a
small sweet roll with a curved shaped from French. Piano is a large musical
instrument played by pressing the black and white keys on the keyboard, this
instrument is borrowed from Italia. Boss is a person who is in charge of other people
at work and tells them what to do, this word is borrowed from Dutch.
Montgomery ( 2001:55) says that the most frequent and obvious instances
of linguistic borrowing are loan words, which enter a language as a result of various
political and cultural factors.
Compounding is a process of joining two or more separate words to produce a single form. Example: Bookcase is a piece of furniture with shelves for keeping
books on. Fingerprint is a mark made by the pattern of lines on the tip of a persons
finger and often used by the police to identify criminals. Sunburn is the condition of
having painful red skin because you have spent too much time in the sun. Wallpaper
is used for covering the walls and ceiling of a room and Doorknob is a type of round
handle for a door.
Blending is the combining of two separate forms to produce a single new terms. However blending is typically accomplished by taking only the biginning of one
word and joining it to the end of other word. Example: ultah (ulang tahun), e-mail
(electric/mail), brunch (breakfast/lunch), motel (motor/hotel) and telecast
(television/broadcast).
Clipping is when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form, often in casual speech. Example: ad (‘advertisement’), fan (‘fanatic’) and lab
(laboratorium).
Acronyms is an abbreviation formed from the initial components in a phrase or a word. These components may be individual letters or parts of words. Example: radar
(radio detecting and ranging), laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of
radiation) and scuba (self contained underwater breathing apparatus)
Multiple processes is about word formation processes, the first creation of particular words in multiple processes is clipping and borrowing. Example : the term deli
seems to have become a common American English expression via a process of first
borrowing delicatessen (from German) and then clipping that borrowed form.
Chaer (1994:177) says that Indonesian word formation processes consist of
derivation (derivatif). compounding (komposisi), conversion (konversi) and clipping
(pemendekan). The Indonesian word formation processes are written below:
One of the processes of word formation is called derivation (derivatif).
Word formation through derivation usually creates new words for example the word
to eat (makan) can become food (makanan) or to play (main) can become game
(permainan). For examples: friend – friendship, leader – leadership. Derivational
suffix –ship is used to change a concrete noun base into an abstract noun (meaning
‘state condition).
From the position how to attach to the affix, derivation is devided into prefix and one
suffix. When some affixes have to be added to the beginning of a word, these
processes are called prefix (prefiks). For example, me- in the word to entertain
(menghibur) or nge- in the word to feel (ngerasal).
Inggriani (2008:1) says that word formation processes is a process of word
formation. The purpose of this study to identify the formation of words that violates
the rules of written language are categorized in Word Formation Processes. In the
process of data collection techniques used observational methods to record-matching
data were analyzed by the method, in this case Word Formation Processes as a
determinant. The theory used to analyze the data was a theory advanced by Yule on
the process of word word formation.
Furthermore, the data presented by formal methods (using tables) and informal
(using words). Word formation processes category there are 9 process changes, such
as Clipping, Compounding, Coinage, Conversion, Blending, Back formation,
the first type 3 process (Clipping expressions) as much as 20 %, then from the study
also found the formation of words that do not fit into the categories based on the
theory of the context sentence Yule, which later named author (Pronounced alike
expressions) about 26%, and the fourth type (Blending expressions) found only 13%
emergence. For the category of Word Formation Processes other in the analysis,
there were no use of Compounding, Coinage, Conversion, Back formation,
Borrowing, and Derivation role in language chat.
Nasikah (2005:1) says that word formation is a branch of linguistics that
studies about the process of constructing new words from existing materials. There
are many ways of constructing new words like compounding, borrowing,coinage,
blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronym, and derivation. In this
study, the writer investigated the word formation processes on the terms used in
Microsoft Word 2000 and their function. The writer is interested in discussing this
because Computer technolofy is one of primary needs of life that has a stronger
existence in each sector of human life. Without having basic knowledge of English
grammar and vocabuary, people will not understand English terms on computer and
cannot operate it well.
Roberts (1980:44) says that an affix is a morpheme which only occurs when
attached to some other morpheme or morphemes such as a root or stem or base.
Obviously, by definition affixes are bound morphemes. No word may contain only an affix standing on its own, like -s, -ed, -al or even a number of affixes strung
together like –al, -s.
These two facts have an important consequence for determining the way in
which words with more than one affix must be formed. What it means is that words
are formed in steps, with one affix attaching to a complete word, which can be a free
morpheme or morphologically complex word. Words with more than one affix are
not formed in one single step, with the affixes and stem just strung together. For
example : unusable, which is composed of a prefix un-, a stem use, and a suffix –
Prefix is an affix attached before a root or stem or base like re-, un- and in- :
Prefix Word class of Input base
Meaning Word class of
Output word
Suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common
examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns or
adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs.
Some examples : -able, -ation, -er, -ion. –ive, ing, -ment, -al, -ial, - ian, -ous, -ness.
Suffix Word class of Input base
Meaning Word class of
output word
‘state or condition’
‘quality, state or condition’
State or condition’
Result or product of doing the action indicated by the verb’
-al
‘partaining to, of the kind’
‘pertaining to or act of’
‘agent who does whatever the verb indicates’
2.2 Conceptual Framework
Yule (1985:61) says that there are lots of new words or new expressions in
our daily today, also there are new evolutions of new words or new uses of old terms
as reassuring sign of vitality and creativeness in the way of language which is shaped
by the needs of users.
Based on the theory, it can be concluded that new words or epression we
formulated through several methods, such as Coinage, Borrowing, Compounding,
Blending, Clipping, Backformation, Acronyms, Multiple Processes.
2.3 SMS
Wahidin (2010:2) says that Short Message Service (SMS) is a component of
text telephone communication services, web, or mobile communication system,
using standard communications protocols that allow the exchange of short text
messages between fixed line or mobile device. The SMS concept was developed in
the Franco-German GSM cooperation in 1984 by Friedhelm Hillebrand and Bernard
Ghillebaert. The innovation in SMS is Short. The key idea for SMS was to use this
telephony-optimized system, and to transport messages on the signaling paths needed
to control the telephony traffic during time periods when no signaling traffic existed.
In this way, unused resources in the system could be used to transport messages at
minimal cost. However, it was necessary to limit the length of the messages to 128
bytes (later improved to 140 bytes, or 160 seven-bit characters) so that the messages
The first proposal which initiated the development of SMS was made by a
contribution of Germany and France into the GSM group meeting in February 1985
in Oslo. This proposal was further elaborated in GSM subgroup WPI Services
(Chairman Martine Alvernhe, France Telecom) based on a contribution from
Germany. There were also initial discussions in the subgroup WP3 network aspects
chaired by Jan Audestad (Telenor).
The result was approved by the main GSM group in a June ’85 document which was
distributed to industry. The input documents on SMS had been prepared by
Friedhelm Hillebrand (Deutsche Telekom) with contributions from Bernard
Ghillebaert (France Telecom).
Wahidin (2010:3) says that SMS uses canal or text way in processing the
connection. As a result, the recipient can still receive the message while talking on
the phone.
When a message is sent to or mobile phone, it will pass through SMS
Center, then to the tower (Base Transmission System). Then to our cellular or mobile
phone. It is also applied when we send a message, it will pass through SMS Center,
then to the tower, then to the destined cellular. The data sent is long message
(amount of characters), delivery time, destination number, message form (reguler or
multimedia), along with other information.
Wahidin (2010:5) says that there are some types of SMS application, such
as:
a. Premium SMS is two-way SMS by using a unique four digit number such as
96xx, example SMS Quiz,SMS Polling.
b. Broadcast SMS is one way SMS type, which is sent to many numbers by one click
from your computer. Because of its one way system, this type is very suitable
used as information save from or marketing products such as launching event,
campaign, promotion, etc.
c. Gateway SMS is a two way sms, with the uniqueness of validating all costs SMS
into regular cost/tarif, according to the provider. Because of its two way
3. METHOD OF THE STUDY
There are some different methods can be applied in order to do a research or writing. For examples: library research, field research, experiment, etc. This time on this circumstances, the writer of this thesis used library research . as we may know that the data used by the writer in writing this thesis are taken from written text. They are taken from the writer’s HP and so her friends.
3.1 Research Design
The writer uses the descriptive method in conducting the research. This research is going to determine the nature of how a new expression is created, in this case, the specific situation is dealing with the new expression written in texting message. Thus, the aim of descriptive study in this study is to tell what the word formation processes are used in texting message. I would rather seek information about the word formation processes used in texting message. The population of a research is thirty HP of the writer’s friends. So it means that the instrument of collecting the required data are the writer’s HP and her friends HP. She asks those
twenty nine friends not to erase the messages they sent to and received from.
3.2 The Instruments of Collecting Data
In this study, the writer analysis the word formation processes used in texting message. The data taken from the writer’s mobile phone written through SMS communication sent by the writer’s friends. HP the writer and her friends make schedule to share the news samed in the HP. The writer see her those twenty nine friend everyday
3.3 Procedures of Analysis The Data
iya, bgm means bagaimana, tgl means tanggal, mgg means minggu. Examples in borrowing is ngamuk expression which means be angry is borrowed from Javanese dialect, for is borrowed from English, happy is borrowed from English, have fun is borrowed from English, ojo expression which means not is borrowed from Javenese dialect. Examples from blending is ultah are blended from the words ulang tahun. Examples From Acronyms is RS which means hospital usually is shorted from the word Rumah Sakit, meter which means measure unit into M. Examples in miscellaneous is + which means plus, 4 which means for, 2 which means too. Examples in Multiple process is met pagi means selamat pagi, b’day which means birthday, mrcg which means merancang, gud which means good, B’4 which means
before, etc.
In analysing the data, the writer uses some steps. Firstly, she classifies the data by following the instructions of the theory. The writer analysed all the collected expressions, which were derived from thirty SMS texts on the writer’s mobile phone to identify the types of word formation processes.
The writer classified expression based on the process how they were
produced. In order to write the classification, Yule (1996:51) says that word formation processes that consist of compounding, derivation, conversion, coinage, borowing, clipping, acronym, blending, back formation. In the analysis, if the writer finds the data which has two or more types of word formation processes, the writer will name it multiple processes. Also, if the writer finds the process that is not included in the theory of George Yule about the types of word formation processes, the writer will name it miscellaneous type.
4. ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1. The Process of Borrowing
Borrowing is taking over words from other languages. Throughout its history, the English languages has adopted a vast number of loan words from other languages including : alcohol (Arabic), boss (Dutch), and so on.
Happy
The writer has found 33 expressions of borrowing, 11 expressions of borrowed from Javanese dialect, one expression is borrowed from Jakarta dialect, 21 expression is borrowed from English. The explanation is present in the finding :
• “..jangan ngamuk ma aku..” (from SMS no.15) is translated into “don’t
be angry with me..” Ngamuk expression which means be angry is borrowed from Javanese dialect.
• “Kak thx for all ya. Sip kak kadomu bermanfaat” (from SMS text no. 18) is translated into “Sis, thanks for all.It’s good things”, they will say “Sip
• “..jangan gak datang ya..” (from SMS no. 20) is translated into “. Do not
come ya..”. Gak expression is borrowed from Javanese dialect which means not.
• “..km yak apa?..” (from SMS no.19) is translated into “How are you?”
Yak apa expression is borrowed from Javanese dialect and used when
they want to know the condition of the hearer.
• “..skripsine wis mari?...” is translated into “Has your thesis already been
finished?” (from SMS text no 19) Wis expression is borrowed from Javanese dialect and which means has already.
• “..skripsine wis mari?...” is translated into “Has your thesis already been finished?” (from SMS text no 19) Mari expression is borrowed from Javanese dialect and which means finish. Even thought in Indonesian
languages, there is mari expression but the meaning of mari in Indonesia is an encourage word to ask people to do something.
• “Ok piye padahal km mau aku suruh.. ” (from SMS text no. 23) is
translated into “Ok, How can I handle it while I ask you...” Piye
expression which means “how is” is borrowed from Javanese dialect. Javanese people usually use this expression when they want to ask how the hearer condition is or what manners that they can use to solve problem, like the expression on the SMS no.23, the sender asks her friend to help her but her friend can not help her so piye expression shows that the sender is confused and needs help.
• Nyampe expression is borrowed from Javanese dialect. On the SMS text
“..Blm ini lg nyampe Aceh...” (from SMS no. 5) is translated into “Not yet, I am still in Aceh...” Nyampe expression means arrive or until. First of all, nyampe expression come from sampai (translated from Indonesian language). Then, sampai expression is influenced by Javanese dialect to become nyampe expression.
• On the SMS text “...Ojo lupa minum obat...” (from SMS no. 20) is
The users of SMS (Short Message Service) communication usually use Javanese dialect because the writer takes the data of SMS text in East Java so that most of the users of SMS text use Javanese dialect in writing SMS text as their second language after Indonesian language.
• On the SMS text “...bsk kita bikin kuenya...” (from SMS no. 10) is translated into “...tomorrow we make the cake..” Bikin expression which means make is borrowed from Jakarta dialect. The users of SMS (Short Message Service) communication also use Jakarta dialect in writing their SMS text because the influence of teenager stories or TV or media which
usually use Jakarta dialect as their daily language like in Cinta SMU or Gadis Magazine, et cetera.
• Also, there are many expression borrowed from English, like for means
untuk (in Indonesian translation), happy means senang (in Indonesian
translation), have fun means bersenang-senang (in Indonesian translation), et cetera.
There are two reasons why the users of SMS (Short Message Service) communication use English is writing the SMS text because some English words are shorter that Indonesian words. For example: the users will write saya (in Indonesian language) replaced by the word I [ai] (in English) because the writing of word saya is longer than the word of
I (saya). Then, the users of SMS communication will choose to write I
than saya. Second, most users of SMS communication are students of English department so they often use English in Writing SMS text.
4.2 The Process of Blending
Blending is the combining of two separate forms to produce a single new
term. However, blending is typically accomplished by taking only the begining of one word and joining it to the end of other word.
Blending
SMS Expression Intended Expression Lexical Meaning
The words ulang tahun (birthday) are blended into the word ultah. The processes of blending is the first part of the word ulang with the first part of the word
tahun blended as in ultah, from ulang dan tahun.
4.3 The Process of Clipping
Clipping is when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form, often in casual speech.
Clipping process has many kinds of ways to form the new expressions. Some expressions are clipped only in the end syllable, for instance uk (ukuran). Then, there is the clipping process of the first syllables of a word, for example met (selamat) and
ma (sama), the clipping process which is not as frequent as the other type is omitting the middle part of the expressions.
Clipping types
To be continue
Note :
CL 01 : Clipping of the first syllable/s CL 02 : Clipping of the end syllable/s
CL 03 : Clipping of the first syllable and the end syllable CL 04 : Clipping the middle part of the word
CL 05 : Clipping of the end first syllable and ommiting the vowel representation CL 06 : Omiting the middle of the syllable and the vowel representation
CL 07 : Omitting the vowel representation
The first type of clipping occurs in the first syllables of a word.
• Nanti is clipped into nti. The process of clipping of nanti into nti is
the letter n and the vowel a are omitted.
• Sudah is clipped into udah. The process of clipping sudah to become
into udah is the omission of the letter s.
• Saja (only, just) is clipped into aja expression. Aja can be put in the first type of clipping because the letter s in aja expression is omitted.
• Sama is clipped into ma. The process of clipping is the omission of
the letter s and the vowel a, then sama becomes ma which means with someone.
The second type of clipping in the end syllables of a word.
• Latihan (training, exercising) → lat, latihan is clipped into lat and the
letters l, h, a, n placed after the letter t are omitted.
• Pulang (go home) → pul. The syllables after l are omitted, that are a,
n and g.
• Ukuran (measure) → uk, The omission of syllables are u, r, a and n.
The third type of clipping occurs in the first syllable and the end syllable. • Menanyakan (to ask) → nanya, the first syllable m and e and the end
The fourth type of clipping omits the middle part of the word
• Tahu (know) → tau, the middle letter h is omitted and tahu change
becomes into tau.
• Lihat which means see is clipped into liat and the letter h is omitted.
• Terus which means continue is replaced into trus, the word trus omits
the middle letter is the letter e.
The reasons why users of SMS (Short Message Service) communication choose to write tahu → tau, lihat → liat and terus → trus because the space of SMS (Short Message Service) screen is limited so the users write the shorter expressions than writing in complete from. Second, the users wrote three expressions as the users pronounced each expressions.
The fifth type is clipping occuring in the end syllables and omitting the vowels representation.
• Bagaimana which means how is clipped into bgm, this type omits the
vowels a and i and the end of syllables of the word is clipped.
The sixth type of clipping is omitting the middle of syllable of a word and the vowel representation. We see in the following examples :
• Tanggal (Date) → tgl, the vowel a is omitted and the middle syllables
of this word n and g also omitted.
• Sekarang, which means now, is clipped into skrg. The process of
clipping of sekarang is the omission of the vowels e and a, and the
letter n.
• Datang, which means come is clipped into dtg. The vowel a and the
letter n are omitted.
• Langsung which means immediately is clipped into lgsg. The vowels
a and u and the letter n are omitted.
• Berangkat, which means go is clipped into brgkt. The vowels e and a,
and the letter n are omitted.
• Minggu, which means Sunday is clipped into mgg. The vowels i and
• Jangan, which means not is clipped into jgn. The vowel a and the
letter n is placed before letter g are omitted.
• Belakang, which means backside is clipped into blkg. The vowels a
and e, and the letter n are omitted.
The special preference that we can see in the nine examples in the sixth type of clipping is the letter n placed before the letter g which is combined will have the voice [éng] is always omitted.
• Untuk, which means for is clipped into utk. The vowel u placed
before the letter k and n are omitted.
The seventh type of clipping that omits the vowel representation is the most popular type of clipping that the sender of SMS text use. It is the omission of the vowel representation.
• Sudah, which means end is clipped into sdh. The letter u and a are omitted. • Cabang, which means line is clipped into cbng. The letter a is omitted.
The seventh type of clipping is the popular type used by the users of SMS (Short Message Service) communication because they just omit all vowel representation in these words.
Therefore, there are seven kinds of clipping : clipping the first syllable/s, clipping of the end syllable/s, clipping of the first syllable/s and the end syllable/s, clipping the middle part of the word, clipping the end syllable and omitting the vowel representation, omitting the middle of the syllable and the vowel representation and omitting the vowel representation.
The most popular type of clipping is omitting vowel representation, it takes 51 expressions in SMS (Short Message Service) texts. The second type of clipping is omitting the middle part of syllable/s and vowel representation. It occurs 9 expressions in SMS texts. The third type of clipping is clipping the end of syllable/s. It takes 5 expressions in SMS texts. The fourth type of clipping is clipping of the first syllable/s. It occurs 4 expressions in SMS texts. The fifth type of clipping is clipping the middle part of the word. It occurs 6 expressions in SMS texts. Finally, there are
4.4 The Process of Acronyms Acronyms
SMS Expressions Intended Meaning Lexical Meaning
RS Rumah Sakit Hospital
M Meter Meter
CV Curriculum Vitae Curriculum Vitae
EO Event Organizer Event Organizer
The word Rumah Sakit which means hospital usually is shorted into
RS. Meter, which means measure unit into M. For example : “...trus uk 2 m brp?”
(from SMS no. 4) means “How much is 2 meters?”.
4.5 The Process of Miscellaneous
Another process of forming new words besides the common type of word formation processes according to George Yule’s theory in his book study of language is a certain process of forming new expressions by using certain numbers, symbols and letters to represent words, which are pronounced alike.
Miscellaneous
SMS Expression Intended Meaning Lexical Meaning
2 Juga Too
+ Tambah Plus
4 Untuk For
Miscellaneous type is the new type that the writer finds in the text of SMS (Short Message Service). To make the expressions simpler, The users of SMS (Short Message Service) communication start to create and use the new way in forming new SMS expressions. It is by using the certain numbers and letters to stand for some expression sound alike.
Example :
4.6 The Process of Multiple processes
We have concentrated on each of these word formation processes in isolation, it is possible to trace the operation of more than one process at work in the creation of a particular word.
A.Multiple processes (Clipping and Borrowing)
The explanation in George Yule’s theory about word formation processe says that it is possible to trace the operation of more than one process at work in the creation of a particular word. On SMS communication as the data which are analyzed, the writer finds some multiple processes. The first creation of particular words in multiple processes is clipping and borrowing. Clipping is the element of reduction. This occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form, often in casual speech. Then, borrowing is the taking over of words from other languages.
Multiple Processes
(Clipping and Borrowing)
SMS Expressions Intended Meaning Lexical Meaning
B’day Birthday Birthday
Ur Kata milik bentuk ke III Your
Bgt Banget Very
• The expressions b’day seems to have a common writing in SMS text via the process of first ‘borrowing’ birthday (from English) and then
‘clipping’ that borrowed form. The process of clipping omits the middle part of the word, birthday (ulang tahun) → b’day.
• The expressions ur has a common writing in SMS text via the process of
first ’borrowing’ your (from English) and then ‘clipping’ that borrowed form. The process of clipping omits the first part of the word, your (kata milik orang ke 3) → ur.
• The expressions bgt has a common writing in SMS text via the process of first ‘borrowing’ banget (from Javanese) and then ‘clipping’ that borrowed form. The process of clipping omits the vowel representation,
B.Multiple Processes (Derivation and Clipping) Multiple Processes
(Derivation and Clipping)
SMS Expressions Intended Meaning Lexical Meaning
Pgwnya Pegawainya That employee
Prsktn Persekutuan Fellowship
Rb’an Ribuan Thousands
Brnya Barunya Her new
Mrcg Merancang Design
Terkrm Terkirim Be sent
Kbri Kabari Inform
• The first step of creating of the expression pgwnya is ‘derivation’. The
expression pgwnya comes from the expression pegawainya which means that employee.
The formation of the expression pegawainya : Root of a word + Indonesian suffix Pegawai + nya → pegawainya
Second, the expression pegawainya is clipped. The process of clipping omits the vowel representation of the first part of the expression pegawai, the omission of the vowels e, a, and i.
The process of creation of the expression pegawainya → pgwnya : Expression Clipped The omission of vowels of the expression
pegawai : the vowels e,a,l
Pegawainya → pgwnya
• The first step of creating of the expression prsktn is ‘derivation’. The
expression prsktn comes from the expression persekutuan which means fellowship.
The formotion of the expression persekutuan :
Indonesian prefix + Root of a word + Indonesian suffix
Second, the expression persekutuan is clipped. The process of clipping omits the vowel representation of the first part of the expression
persekutuan, the omission of the vowels e, u and a.
The process of creation of the expression persekutuan → prsktn :
Expression Clipped The omission of vowels of the expression
persekutuan: the vowels e, u, a
Persekutuan → prsktn
• The first step of creating of the expression rb’an is ‘derivation’. The expression rb’an comes from the expression ribuan.
The formation of the expression ribuan: Root of a word +Indonesian suffix Ribu + an → ribuan
Second, the expression ribuan is clipped. The process of clipping omits the vowel representation of the first part of the expression ribu, the omission of the vowels i, and u.
The process of creation of the expression ribuan → rb’an :
Expression Clipped The omission of vowels of the expression
ribu : the vowels i, u
Ribuan → rb’an
• The first step of creating of the expression brnya is ‘derivation’. The expression brnya comes from the expression barunya (new).
The formation of the expression barunya : Root of a word + Indonesian suffix Baru + nya → barunya
Second, the expression barunya is clipped. The process of clipping omits the vowel representation of the first part of the expression baru, the
omission of the vowels a and u.
The process of creation of the expression barunya→ brnya:
Expression Clipped The omission of vowels of the expression
baru : the vowels a, u
• The first step of creating of the expression mrcg is ‘derivation’.
The expression mrcg comes from the expression merancang (design). The formation of the expression merancang:
Indonesian suffix + Root of a word
Me + rancang → merancang
Second, the expression merancang is clipped. The process of clipping omits the vowel representation of the first part of the expression
merancang, the omission of the vowels e and a and the omission of the
consonants n.
The process of creation of the expression merancang → mrcg:
Expression Clipped The omission of vowels of the expression
merancang: the vowels e, a and the
consonant n
Merancang → mrcg
• The first step of creating the expression terkrm is ‘derivation’.
The expression terkrm comes from the expression terkirim (be sent). The formation of the expression terkirim:
Indonesian suffix + Root of a word
Ter + kirim → terkirim
Second, the expression terkirim is clipped. The process of clipping omits the vowel representation of the first part of the expression kirim, the omission of the vowels i.
The process of creation of the expression terkirim→ trkrm :
Expression Clipped The omission of vowels of the expression
kirim : the vowels i
Terkirim → terkrm
• The first step of creating of the expression kbri is ‘ derivation’. The
expression kbri comes from the expression kabari which means inform. The formation of the expression kabari:
Second, the expression kabari is clipped. The process of clipping omits the vowel representation of the first part of the expression kabar, the omission of the vowels a.
The process of creating of the expression kabari → kbri:
Expression Clipped The omission of vowels of the expression
kabar: the vowels a
Kabari → kabar
C.Multiple Processes (Borrowing and Blending) Multiple processes
(Borrowing and Blending)
SMS Expression Intended Meaning Lexical Meaning
Howaya Apa kabar ? How are you
Teker Hati-hati Take care
Nu Baru New
Gud Bagus, selamat Good
• The first process of creating the expression howaya is borrowed from
English. The expression how are you is pronounced /haʊ ə(r) ju:/. The second process is blending. The expression are you is blended into aya. Then, the expression how are you blended into howaya.
• The first process of creating the expression teker is borrowed from
English. The expression take care is pronounced /teɪk keə(r)/. The second process is the expression take care blended into teker. The users of SMS communication choose to write the expression teker is shorter than the expression take care. Second reason, the writing of the expression teker has the same sound with the expression take care when we pronounce the expression take care.
• The first process of creating the expression nu is borrowed from English.
• The first process of creating the expression gud is borrowed from
English. The second process is the letters of double oo in the expression
good blended into gud as the sound alike if we pronounced the
expression good /gʊd/. The expression gud means better or useful or suitable (for a particular situation) such as good day, good morning, etc.
D.Multiple Processes (Miscellaneous and Borrowing) Multiple processes
(Miscellaneous and Borrowing)
SMS Expressions Intended Meaning Lexical Meaning
U Kamu You
D The The
N Dan And
B4 Sebelumya Before
Miscellaneous type is the new type to create simpler expressions. It is by using the certain numbers, letters and symbols to stand for some expressions which sound alike. Examples :
• You → U /ju:/ • The → d /ᵭə:/ • And →N /ən/
• Before → B4 /bɪ’fᴐ: (r)/
All the terms borrowed from English language.
E.Multiple Processes (Acronym, Derivation and Borrowing) Multiple processes
(Acronym, Derivation and Borrowing)
SMS Expressions Intended Meaning Lexical Meaning
TA’ne Tugas Akhir nya That thesis
In Indonesian formation :
Word + Indonesian suffix [-nya]
Tugas akhir + nya → Tugas Akhirnya In Javanese formation :
Word + Javanese suffix [-e]
Tugas akhir + e → Tugas Akhire The second step of creating the expression TA’ne is acronym.
Word Acronym Tugas Akhir → TA
The third step is borrowing from Javanese suffix [-ne]. Acronym + Javanese suffix [-ne]
TA + ne → TA ‘ne
The Javanese suffix [-e] in the expression Tugas Akhire changes into the expression
TA’ne. The change of the suffix [-e] into the suffix [-ne] is caused by the acronym
of the expression TA (Tugas Akhir) ended by the vowel a, so the Javanese suffix [-ne] is added in the expression TA + ne → TA’ne.
F. Multiple Processes (Acronym, Miscellaneous and Borrowing) Multiple Processes
Acronym, Miscellaneous and Borrowing
SMS Expressions Intended Meaning Lexical Meaning
MU Rindu Kamu Miss You
TQ Terima Kasih Thank You
GBU Tuhan Memberkati God Bless You
The expression MU which means Miss you is borrowed from English that is pronounced as /em ‘ju:/. Then, the letter of U in the acronym MU is miscellaneous because the expression MU uses the certain letters which sound alike U → /ju:/ not MY (Miss You) → /em ‘wal/. The similarity of the same sound between the expression You /ju:/ and the letter U /ju:/ makes the users of SMS (Short Message
Service) communication choose to use the expression MU than the expression MY. The users of SMS (Short Message Service) communication used to pronounce MU
The expression TQ (Thank You) is borrowed from English that is pronounced as /θæŋk kju:/. Then, the letter of Q in the acronym TQ is miscellaneous because the expression TQ uses the certain letters sound alike Q → /kju:/. You has
the same sound with Q in the word thank you, not TY (Thank You) → /θæŋk ‘waI/. The expression TQ is used than the term TY because the users of SMS (Short Message Service) communication can remind and pronounce the term TQ easily.
The expression GBU which means God Bless You is borrowed from English that is pronounced as /dʒi bi: ju:/. Then, the letter of U in the acronym GBU
is miscellaneous because the expression GBU uses the certain letters which sound alike U→ /ju:/ not GBY (God Bless You) → /dʒi bi: waI/. The similarity of the same sound between the expression You /ju:/ and the letter U /ju:/ makes the users of SMS (Short Message Service) communication choose to use the expression GBU than the expression GBY. The users of SMS communication used to pronounce GBU because it is simply reminded and pronounced than the expression GBY.
G. Multiple Processes (Clipping and Blending) Multiple Processes
(Clipping and Blending)
SMS Expression Intended Meaning Lexical Meaning
Klo Kalau If
The first step of creating the expression klo is clipping. The type of clipping is clipped the vowel representation a.
Kalau (if) → klau
The second step of creating the expression klo is blending. The end vowels of the expression kalau is blended becomes o as Indonesian people pronounced kalau /kl/.
Kalau (if) → klo
H.Multiple Processes (Borrowing and Clipping) Multiple Processes
(Borrowing and Clipping)
SMS Expressions Intended Meaning Lexical Meaning
The first step of word formation of the expression met is borrowed from Javanese dialect.
Indonesian → Javanese
Selamat (safe, good) → Selamet (safe, good)
The second step, the expression slamet is clipped at the first part of the word, the vowels e, a and the consonant s, l.
Selamet (safe, good) → met
I. Multiple Processes (Borrowing and Acronym) Multiple Processes
(Borrowing and Acronym)
SMS Expression Intended Meaning Lexical Meaning
SMS Short Message Service Short Message Service
COF City of Faith City of Faith
• The first step of creating the expression SMS is borrowed from English.
Then, the second step is an acronym and the abbreviation of the term
SMS is Short Message Service.
• The first step of creating the expression COF is borrowed from English.
Then, the second step is an acronym and the abbreviation of the expression COF is City of Faith
J. Multiple Processes (Acronym and Miscellaneous) Multiple Processes
(Acronym and Miscellaneous)
SMS Expressions Intended Meaning Lexical Meaning
U/ Untuk For
K.Multiple Processes (Borrowing, Clipping and Blending) Multiple Processes
(Borrowing, Clipping and Blending)
SMS Expression Intended Meaning Lexical Meaning
Thx Terima kasih Thanks
The expression thx has a common writing in SMS (Short Message Service) text via the first process of ‘borrowing’ → thanks comes from English. second process is clipping. The expression thanks is clipped, omits the middle parts of the expression, omits the vowel a and the constant n.
Process of clipping :
Clipping (Thanks → Thks)
Third step is blending. The consonants k s at the expression thks is blended into x. Process is blending :
Blending (Thks → Thx)
4.7 Findings
This chapter presents the findings and discussions, where the writer will present the findings and their discussions. This chapter is the most important and significant part of the whole study, because all the research questions are answered through the finding and discussions.
The Writer has found the mostly used word formation process and other processes and the writer showed the grade of word formation processes in the table below.
Type of Word
Formation Processes Examples N N%
Clipping Bw, dtg, sdh, msi, lat 77 52 % Multiple processes Gud, B’day, MU, TQ 30 20 %
Borrowing Happy, Year, Hope 33 22 %
Acronyms RS, CV, M, EO 4 3 %
Miscellaneous 2, 4, + 3 2 %
Blending Ultah 1 1 %
To discuss the finding above, the writer classifies into 6 parts. She discusses 6 type of word formation processes that appear in the thirty SMS texts on writer’s mobile phone. The type of word formation that will be discusses are borrowing, blending, clipping, acronyms, derivations, miscellaneous and multiple processes, which means a combination of two or more types of word formation processes.
In the text on SMS (Short Message Service), the predominant type that is mostly used by the users of SMS (Short Message Service) communication is clipping. Clipping takes the largest part, we can see clipping has 52% of all types of word formation processes.
The second place is the type of borrowing and Multiple processes. The writer finds 20% and 20% of the SMS expressions, which go through the process of multiple processes.
The third place is the type of acronym and miscellaneous. The type of acronym is 3% and miscellaneous take 2% of the whole type. The last type is blending, it takes only 1%.
After analyzing the word formation processes on SMS (Short Message Service), she finds that the predominant type of word formation processes that the users of SMS communication used is clipping. Clipping is easier to be understood because it omits only some letters of the word. The multiple process is the second predominant type of word formation processes that are used by the users of SMS (Short Message Service) communication.
On SMS (Short Message Service) text, the users of SMS communication mostly used the clipping of the omission of the vowel representation. For example: in
waktu (time) is clipped into wkt, tahun(year) is clipped into thn and so on. The other characters of this type is the omission of the end of the word, for example in the expression latihan (training/exercising) is clipped into lat. The end of the word
There may be three reasons why the users of SMS (Short Message Service) communication use expressions borrowed from English in writing the SMS text because some English expressions are shorter than Indonesian expressions. For example : the users will write saya (in Indonesia language) replaced by the word of I
[aI](in English) because the writing of word saya is longer than the word of I (saya). Then, the users of SMS communication will choose to write I than saya. Second, many users of SMS communication are students of English department so they often use English in writing SMS text . Third, English has become a second language and most Indonesian people has used English expressions in writing messages in SMS text.
The reasons why the users of SMS (Short Message Service) communication choose to write tahu → tau, lihat → liat and terus → trus and use the type of clipping than others word formation processes because the space of SMS (Short Message Service) screen is limited so the users write the shorter expression than writing in complete letters. Second, the users wrote three expressions as the users pronounced each expressions. For example, when Indonesian people pronounced
tahu expression, the letter h is not pronounced. It will be different, when Indonesian
people want to pronounce tahu which means a speciality of Indonesian food, indonesian people will pronounce tahu expression in complete letters or the letter h
is also pronounced.
5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
After analyzing the data, some conclusions are drawn as the following : The process of word formation on short message service text undergo a process of semantic among others, affixes, prefixes and suffixes. SMS (Short Message Service) worked on the text way, based on transmission system. Process of semantic was covered the elements of short message service become mutual services. Therefore, word formation process stay in program on mobile phone are realized through the short message service.
The writer concludes that there are 77 (52% )clipping expression, 30 multiple processes, 33 borrowing expressions, 4 acronym expressions, 3 miscellaneous expression, and 1 blending expression. The percent of SMS communication use in multiple processes is 20% and borrowing is 22%, the total percent of word formation process in acronym is 3% and miscellaneous is 2% and blending produces 1 expression (1%).
5.2 Suggestions
After doing the conclusions above, some suggestions can be stated as follows:
a. It is suggested that the short messages service not independent of linguistic. For student should be established a habit to know the elements of linguistic how stayed in short message service.
REFERENCES
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Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Morphology. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Chaer, Abdul. 1994. Linguistik Umum. Jakarta: PT.Rineka Cipta.
Inggriani. 2008. An Analysis of Word Formation Process used in Internet Relay Chat (IRC). unpublished: Universitas Andalas.
Jannedy, Stefanie et.al. 1991. Language Files: Materials for an Introduction to language & Linguistics. Columbus: The Ohio State University.
Montgomery, Martin. 2001. Historical Linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Nasikah, Kiblatun Yuyun. 2005. Word Formation Process on English Computer terms used in Microsoft word 2000. unpublished: Universitas of Muhammadiyah Malang.
Nida, Eugene A. 1946. Morphology: The Descriptive Analysis of Words (Second Edition). New York: The University of Michigan Press.
Parera, Jos Daniel. 1988. Morfologi Bahasa. Jakarta: Gramedis Pustaka Utama.
Roberts, Noel Burton. 1980. Morphology: Modern Linguistics series. Cambridge: University of Newcastle Upon Tyne.
Wahidin. 2010. SMS Application With PHP For Beginners. Palembang: Maxikom Gramedia.
APPENDICES
TABLLE OF THE KINDS OF WORD FORMATION PROCESSES IN TEXTING MESSAGE
1.
(Yesterday, why did you go home early from college? definitely more happy huh? How condition your uncle, + good?).
2.
(Hi Mazlah, have finished your thesis?) No. Word Formation
process
SMS Expressions Intended Expressions
