AN ANALYSIS OF WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES OF SINDARIN LANGUAGE USED BY THE ELF CHARACTERS IN “THE LORD OF
THE RINGS – THE TWO TOWERS” MOVIE
T H E S I S
By:
YUDHA PERSIA RAHARDHIKA NIM: 08360149
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
AN ANALYSIS OF WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES OF SINDARIN LANGUAGE USED BY THE ELF CHARACTERS IN “THE LORD OF
THE RINGS – THE TWO TOWERS” MOVIE
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education
By:
YUDHA PERSIA RAHARDHIKA NIM: 08360149
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
“Which then of the bounties of your Lord will you deny?” (QS. Ar Rahman: 13)
“… Whoever walks looking for knowledge, Allah will certainly ease his way to heaven …”
(HR. Bukhari – Muslim)
When everything looks impossible to do praying changes the whole thing
(Anonymous)
DEDICATION: I dedicated this thesis to: My beloved mother ‘Hj. Suhartini, SST’ and father ‘Drs. H. Sundoko’
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Language and Word ………... 9
2.2 Word-Formation Processes ………... 10
2.3 Movie as Literary Work ……….... 12
2.4 The Brief Story of “The Lord of the Rings – The Two Towers” …… 13
2.5 The Role of Elves in “The Lord of the Rings – The Two Towers” … 15 2.6 Sindarin Language Used by the Elves in “The Lord of the Rings” Movies ……… 16
2.7 Previous Studies on The Analysis of Word-formation Processes …. 17 CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design ………. 19
3.2 Research Object ………. 20
3.3.1 Document ……… 20
3.3.2 Observation ………. 21
3.4 Data Collection ……….. 22
3.5 Data Analysis ………. 22
CHAPTERE IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Research Finding ……… 23
4.1.1 Word-Formation Processes and the Meanings of Words Used in Sindarin by Elf Characters in The Movie of “The Lord of the Rings - The Two Towers” ………... 23
4.2 Discussion ……….. 36
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESSION 5.1 Conclusion ………. 40
5.2 Suggestions ………. 41 BIBLIOGRAFY
BIBLIOGRAFY
Aitchison, Jean. 1998. The Seed of Speech – Language origin and evolution.
Cambridge University Press.
Ary, Donald. Jacobs, L. Cheser. Sorensen, Chris. Introduction to Research in Education (eight edition). New York. Wadsworth.
Barsam, Richard. Monahan Dave. 2010. Looking at Movies: An Introduction to Film (Third Edition). New York. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Coulmas, Florian. 1998. The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. London. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Fromkin, Victoria. Rodman, Robert. Hyams, Nina. 2010. An Introduction to Language (seventh edition). New York. Wadsworth-Thomson Corporation.
Holman, C. Hugh. 1980. A Handbook to Literature. New York. Hibbard Boobs Merill Education, Pub.
Labov, William. 2001. Principles of Linguistics Change. London. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Nia’mah, Fauziah. 2012. The Word Formation of The Alay Language Used By Facebookers in Status Update on Facebook. (Unpublished). Malang: FKIP UMM Malang.
Plag, Ingo. 2003. Word Formation in English (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics). London. Cambridge University Press.
Renk, Thorsten. 2010. Pedin Edellen – A Sindarin Course. (Online). (www.sindarin.de/thorsten@sinadrin.de).
Trisnanda, Andita Dwi. 2012. Word Formation Used By The Alay Twitter User in Tweeting. (Unpublished). Malang: FKIP UMM Malang. Wardaugh, Ronald (Ed). 2006. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (fifth
edition). London. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter of this research presents the topics of: background of study,
statement of problems, purposes of the study, significance of study, scope and
limitation, and definition of key terms. Each topic is presented as follows:
1.1 Background of Study
Language is considered to be a system for communicating with other people
using sounds, symbols, and words in expressing a meaning, idea, or thought.
According to Aitchison (1998), language is particularly good at interaction and
persuasion. It is also a very important means to establish and maintain social ties, and
to influence others. Thus, language and society are two things which cannot be
separated. When there is no society using languages to interact and communicate,
language is not going to exist.
The development of language is influenced by the society itself, especially
because of their environment. Language change as occurring in the context of
linguistic heterogeneity, linguistic change can be said to have taken place when a new
linguistic form, used by some sub-group within a speech community, is adopted by
other members of that community and accepted as the norm (Labov: 2001). The
different background of society also creates a new language which is only known by
that society itself. It has been a characteristic of human being to create something
2
certain identity in society but there is also a human, or some, creates a new language
for their own. These kinds of people who create new language for their own put their
new language in their mind as a fiction. Most of those people apply the new language
into some art works such as novel, short story, and movie. It cannot be rejected if the
existence of new language in fiction becomes a phenomenon in the study of language.
To create a new language, humans need to create, at one time, one important element
of language, that is word.
Word is an element of language that is used by human being to communicate
in society. Word is an uninterrupted string of letters which is preceded by a blank
space and followed either by a blank space or a punctuation mark (Plag, 2003: 04).
There are many processes in which new words can enter the language, and the
processes have been at work in the language for some time. According to Yule (2010:
53), people can very quickly understand a new word in a language ‘neologism’ and
accept the use of different forms of that new word, and this ability must derive in part
from the fact that there is a lot of regularity in the word-formation processes in a
language.
As an element of language, word occasionally experiences some alterations in
entering the language. It occurs because of the characteristic of language that
definitely changeable. The several ways that causes word experiences alterations
called word-formation processes. Word-formation processes are the main factor of
word in producing new word and the use of different forms of that new word to enter
3
Nowadays, the phenomenon of new word construction appearing in a
language is not only in real society but also in fiction, especially literary work.
Literary workis a thought, creation, imaginative or creative writing, it includes poem,
poetry, novel, song lyrics and movie. By enjoying literary works such as drama or
play, poem, poetry, someone will get pleasure or entertainment.
Drama or play as one kind of literary work contains dialogs which are usually
short and extend a plot theatrically. Dialog is a specialized literary composition in
which two or more characters debate or reason about an idea or a proposition, and it
is used in general expository and philosophical writing particularly in dramas, novels,
and short stories (Holman, 1980). As a kind of drama or play, movie has some
elements such as story, setting, plot, event, conflict, characters, and dialog which are
able to move the viewers through time and space. Dialog becomes a necessary
element of movie to keep story still on the track.
Movie has evolved into a complex form of artistic representation and
communication, and becomes the most popular art form today. According to Barsam
(2010), movie is a simply moving picture and popular entertainment, a product
produced and marketed by a large commercial studio. Movie as a kind of drama or
play uses a set of words called dialog, and it is one of the media to express the
feeling, idea, thought and imagination theatrically. As a literary work, the movie “The
Lord of The Rings” also uses dialogs to tell the story explicitly. In this movie, the
phenomenon of new words can be found clearly in the dialogs of Elf characters in the
4
Elf is one of the main characters in the movie “The Lord of The Ring”. Those
characters have important roles in the story of the movie. An exciting part of these
characters is that they use a certain language when they speak to each other in their
own community, it is called elvish language. Elvish language has some levels used by
the elf, some of them are Quenya and Sindarin. The distinction of those languages
based on the story is that only the ancient elves uses quenya and it becomes the oldest
language of elvish. Sindarin is a kind of Elvish language created by an English writer
J.R.R. Tolkien in his novel untitled Lord of the Rings.
Based on the statement above, this study tries to explore the word-formation
processes used in Sindarin by elf characters in the movie “The Lord of The Rings –
The Two Towers”. This epic fantasy was written by an English fantasy writer, J.R.R.
Tolkien, and has become the most popular novel. Then, New Line Cinema produced
that novel into a movie directed by Peter Jackson in 2001 to 2003, and has become a
box office movie for several years. The reason for choosing the movie instead of the
novel in analyzing the Sindarin words is because the movie is completed with visual
moving picture and sound that is more entertaining than the novel. In the movie, the
facial expression of the Elves as the characters becomes an essential part of dialog
when the characters dominantly use their certain words. From the facial expression, it
can also be seen clearly the way the Elf characters use their certain words in the
movies. Furthermore, the audiences are able to check explicitly the way elf characters
speak their Sindarin words in the movie. The existence of their Sindarin words in this
movie appears when elves characters involve in some conversations with others elves
5
After discussing word-formation processes in Sindarin words used in the
movie of “The Lord of The Rings – The Two Towers”, it is necessary to analyze the
meanings of those Sindarin words. When audience finds the elf’s language in that
movie, they will probably be confused, because the language is a completely new
language that cannot be easily understood by common society. To understand the
dialogs of elves in that movie, audience has to know the meaning so that we are able
to catch what the movie wants to extend.
Based on description above, the writer is interested in discussing how the Elf
language is formed, especially how the words are formed as well as what they mean
in a thesis entitled “An Analysis of Word-formation Processes of Sindarin Language
Used By The Elf Characters in ‘The Lord of The Rings – The Two Towers’ Movie”.
1.2Problems of Study
The statement of the problems can be formulated, as follows:
1. What are the word-formation processes used in Sindarin by Elf
6
1. To identify the word-formation processes used in Sindarin by Elf
characters in the movie of “The Lord of The Rings – The Two
Towers”.
2. To know the meanings of the words used by the Elf characters in
the movie.
1.4 Scope and Limitation
The study is intended to identify and describe the word-formation processes
of certain words in movies. Moreover, the study is focused on the word-formation
processes used in Sindarin language by Elf characters in “The Lord of The Rings –
The Two Towers” movie and the meanings of those words because the characters use
Sindarin words when they communicate each other. Understanding the language is
essential to understand the story of the movie.
1.5 Significance of Study
The result of the study is expected to enrich the studies about linguistics. For
students, this research could be used to study literature especially movie, and it will
give educational and valuable lessons. And for teachers, it could become an
additional reference material in studying and teaching linguistics. Besides, the
findings can be used to provide them with information related to the phenomenon
of new word construction used by Elf characters in the movie of “The Lord of The
7
of English Department may become aware of the change and development of a
language.
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
1. Word-formation processes: Word-formation processes are several certain
ways in which new words can enter a language.
2. Sindarin : A kind of Elvish language which is written by
an English writer, J.R.R. Tolkien in his novel
untitled “Lord of the Ring”.
3. Elf : One of the characters in the movie that uses
Sindarin called elvish language in the story. In the
trilogy of “The Lord of The Ring” movies, Elf is
the first creature in “Legendarium”, it is called
“Eldar”: son of the star.
4. The Lord of the Rings – The Two Towers: A fantasy adventure genre
movie which is taken from the trilogy of “The Lord
of The Rings” movie. The Two Towers is the
second sequel of the movie that released in 2002
directed by Peter Jackson. The movie is adopted
from a novel that has the same title as the movie
8
5. Movie : Movie is a simply moving picture and popular
entertainments, a product produced and marketed
