APPENDICES APPENDIX 1
Biography of Thomas Harris
Thomas Harris was born in Tennessee in 1940, but moved to Rich,
Missisippi, with his parents, William and Polly, early in his life. He attended
Calrsdale High School, where his mother taught biology. His mother reports that he
spent most of his time reading and writing, and that Hemmingway was a favorite
writer. Not much information is available about the life of Harris, but after high
school, he went to Baylor University in Waco, Texas, to earn a major in English and
graduated in 1964. While in Waco he worked for the Herald Tribune as a police
reporter but found it very unimaginative. While at Baylor, he wrote numerous stories
to magazines like True and Argosy that were gothic and detailed. During this time
Harris met his wife, Harriet and they had a daughter named Anne before they
divorced in the 60’s. His father died during this period of his life as well. After
college Harris moved to New York and held a job as editor for the Associated Press
in New York until 1974.
His experiences as a crime reporter gave him information he used in his later
writings. His first book, Black Sunday, is about Arab terrorist and a Vietnam veteran
who try to bomb the Super Bowl. Published in 1975, the book became a best seller
and a succesfull movie. Harris does a lot of research for his fiction, so his second
book Red Dragon was not published until 1981. This novel is the story of an FBI
agent’s search for a serial killer and contains Harri’s character psychotid spychiatrist
Hannibal “The Cannibal” Lecter. Red Dragon also became a popular movie called
The third novel written by Harris is considered a masterpiece of suspense by
many people. The Silence of the Lambs was published in 1988 and includes madmen
and a string-willed female. The film made from the book won five Academy Awards.
Harris has homes in Rich, Missisippi; Long Island, New York; and Miami, Florida.
His mother, with whom he keeps in close contact, says she likes his work and she is
not frightened by it ! Harris closely guards his privacy. Thomas Harris is known for
his painstaking detail in his writing. The detail is so vivid that the story almost seems
to make pictures in the mind of the reader. Because of his attention to detail, Harris
takes a long time to write his novels. His most recently published novel is Hannibal,
puslished in the summer of 1999.
His literary works
Thomas Harris’s literary works may chronologically be listed as follow :
1. Black Sunday (1975)
2. Red Dragon (1981)
3. The Silence of the Lambs (1988)
4. Hannibal (1999)
APPENDIX II
Summary of The Novel
This story was taken place in Lithuanian countryside in 1944. Hannibal Lecter as
the leading character was eight years old and he lived with his family in Lecter castle
built by Hannibal the Grim, his paternal ancestor. He, his parents, and his younger
sister, Mischa lived there as noblemen with great role in the society. Hannibal was
blessed with a genius mind so his father, Count Lecter hired a Jewish teacher named
Mr. Jakov. He had showed his good intelligence since he was young. When he was
two years old, he could read book from Brother Grimm which was illustrated with
woodcuts where everyone had pointed nails. He read many dictionaries such English,
German, and the twenty three volumes of the Lithuanian dictionary so he mastered
many different languages. He also mastered psychic when he was a little boy because
he could determine the height of the Lecter castle towers by the length of their
shadows by following the instruction of book entitled Elements.
Everything was changed in 1944 when Lecter, his younger sister, Mischa, and his
parents escaped to the family’s hunting lodge in the woods on the second day of
Operation Barbarossa when Hitler swept across Eastern Europe into Russia. The
Lecter family survived in the woods for three and a half years of Hitler’s eastern
campaign. Then his parents died in the invasion of Germans by the Stuka dive
bomber which felt to his hunting lodge.
There was still Lecter and his younger sister, Mischa remained. One night, six
Lithuanian militiamen consisted by Zigmas Milko, Bronys Grentz, Enrikas Dortlich,
woods.Finding no food in cold Baltic winter, they ate Mishe who was sick in front of
Hannibal Lecter himself.
Since the tragedy happened to him, he lived in the orphanage but he dreamed
about the tragedy although he became amnesia and did not remember how his
younger sister, Mischa died. He just remembered about the death of his parents. His
charming personality changed into psychopath.
Hannibal Lecter was thirteen years old and he lived in the orphanage after the
death of his parents and his younger sister during the war. He was found in the
woods after the war like a deaf and mute child because he did not gave respond to
people who talked to him. He was so mysterious until Robert Lecter, his uncle
brought him to live in France with Lady Murasaki, his wife in 1946. Lady Murasaki
was a graceful woman and she reminded Hannibal to the figure of his mother. She
was a beautiful woman who gave warmth and affection to him so he loved this
woman very much. He protected Lady Murasaki and did everything that his aunt
wanted.
When a butcher named Paul Momund, in the market insulted his aunt, he
became so angry and acted cruelly. Few days later, Paul Momund was found death in
the pier and Hannibal was estimated as the suspect. He was investigated by a police
named inspector Popil but he lied about the death of Paul Momund that he killed. He
could not be sent into the jail because of insufficient proof.
Hannibal was the youngest person ever admitted to medical school in France,
approximately seventeen years old because his genius brain. He finally found the
way how Mischa was killed by injecting himself with a combination of thiopental
doctor. He knew that Mischa was eaten by six Lithuanian militiamen. When he was
eighteen years old, he went back to Lithuania. He took revenge against the killers of
his sister and became serial psychopath killer.
He killed the six Lithuanian militiamen and ate them. Inspector Popil as special
police for war crimes finally found out that Hannibal was the killer of Paul Momund,
the butcher and those six Lithuanian militiamen. He sent him to jail but only for three
weeks because as a genius psychopath, Hannibal made a petition to the court that he
was a victim of a German war so he asked the court to allow him returned to medical
school and he would help Police Forensic Laboratory. He was released by the
government because many demonstrators support his behavior as revenge to war
REFERENCES
Alloy, Lauren B., John H. Riskind, and Margaret J. 2005. Abnormal
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Barlow, David H. and V. Mark Durand. 1995. Abnormal Psychology: An
Integrative Approach. New York: Thomson/ Wadsworth.
Blum, Gerald S. 1953. Psychoanalytic Theories of Personality: McGraw- Hill
Book.
Bogdan, Robert dan Steven J. Taylor. 1992. Pengantar Metode Penelitian
Kualitatif. Surabaya: Usaha Nasional.
Clekcley, Hervey M. 1941. The Mask of Sanity: An Attempt to Clarify some
Issues about the So- Called Psychopathic Personality. St. Louis: C.V
Mos.
Crow, Lester D. and Crow, Alice. 1983. Readings in Abnormal Psychology.
New Jersey: Littlefield, Adam and CO.
Davis, Derek Russel. 1984. An Introduction to Psychopathology: Oxford
University Press.
Foster, E.M. 1990. Aspects of Novel. London: David Campbell Publisher.
Harris, Thomas. 2006. Hannibal Rising. United States of America: Yazoo
Fabrications,Inc.
Gill, Richard. 2006. Mastering English Literature: Third Edition. London:
Macmilan Education LTD.
Guerin, L. Wilfred et. al. 1979. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to
Kasim, Razali. 2008. Introduction to Literature: Teaching Material. Medan:
Fakultas Sastra USU
Kennedy, X.J. 1983. Literature: An introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and
Drama. Canada: Little Brown and Company LTD
Moskowitz, Orgel. 1969. General Psychology. Boston: Houghton Mitten
Newman, W. Lawrence. 1997. Social Research Method Qualitative and
Quantitative Approaches. New York: A Viscom Company.
Robert, Edgar. V and Jacobs, Henry. 1993. Literature: An Introduction to
Reading and Writing. New Jersey: A Simon and Schuster, Comp.
Taylor, Richard. 1981. Understanding The Elements Of Literature. London:
Macmilan Education LTD.
Wellek, Rene and Warren, Austin. 1949. Theory of Literature. New York:
Harcourt, Brace and Company, Inc.
Zaviera, Ferdinand. 2008. Teori Kepribadian Sigmund Freud. Yogyakarta:
Primasophie.
Teal Waterstrat. February 2012. Hannibal Rising. Retrieved
fro
________. November 2011. Thomas Harris. Retrieved
CHAPTER III
METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1 Research Design
In this thesis, the writer used descriptive qualitative method. Bogdan and Taylor
(1975: 5) explains that qualitative method is a research procedure that descriptive
data such as written word or verbal expression from the people and their behavior
that have been observed. The writer used qualitative method by analyzing words and
sentences which are related to the topic of this study about psychopath found in
leading character of novel Hannibal Rising.
Neuman (1977: 331) in his book ‘Social Research Method Qualitative and
Quantitative Approaches’ explained that there are six characteristics of a qualitative
research, they are:
a) Importance of the context, it is emphasized for understanding the social
world. The researchers hold the meaning of social action or statement
depends, in an important way, on the context in which it appears. When a
researcher removes an event, social, action, answer to a question, or a
conversation from the social context in which it appears, ignores the context,
social meaning, and significance are distorted.
b) The case study method, the researcher may use a case study approach. He or
she might gather a large amount of information on one or few cases, go into
c) The researcher’s integrity, qualitative researchers ensure that their researcher
accurately reflects the evidence and have check on their evidence.
d) Grounded theory, a qualitative researcher begins with a research question and
little else. Theory develops during the data collection process. This more
inductive method means that theory is built from data or grounded in the data.
e) Process, qualitative researchers look at the sequence of events and pay
attention to what happens first, second, third, and so on because qualitative
researchers examine the same case or set of cases over time, they can see
issue evolve, a conflict emerge, or a social relationship develop. The
researcher can detect process and casual relationships.
f) Interpretations, the data are in forms, including quotes or descriptions of
particular events. The researcher interprets data by giving them meaning,
translating them, or making them understandable.
There are some kinds of research methods. They are library research, laboratory
research, and field research. The writer used library research by using some books
which are related to the topic of this thesis. First, the writer read the novel ‘Hannibal
Rising’ as the source of data of psychopathic character and then used some
psychology textbooks to understand the principles of psychology which is applied by
the author of that novel in creating ‘Hannibal Lecter’ as psychopathic character. Data
will be collected and selected before it is analyzed by the writer of this thesis to infer
3.2 Data Collection
Library research is applied to support the topic which is being discussed in this
thesis by using some related books as references. The writer also got some
information from the internet and used that as the supporting reference of this thesis.
The primary source of data is acquired from the novel which being analyzed in
this thesis entitled Hannibal Rising by Thomas Harris. The secondary source of data Source of Data:
‘Hannibal Rising’ Researcher
Data:
Character and quotations from the text of novel
‘Hannibal Rising’
Method:
Qualitative Descriptive Conclusion
Data Selected – Interpreted
is obtained from other books as the references which are most concerned about the
psychopath and theory of personality.
The writer of this thesis applied some steps in collecting data. Firstly, the writer
read the novel Hannibal Rising and tried to recognize what the story about. The
writer read both the English and Indonesian version of the novel. Secondly, the
writer underlined the important things from the leading character. Thirdly, the data
from some books which are focused on psychopath is collected. Finally, the writer
selected some best quotations which are appropriate to support the idea of
psychopath through the leading character.
3.3 Data Analysis
The data analysis was applied when all primary important data from the novel
‘Hannibal Rising’ had collected and selected. Several steps in analyzing the data are
implemented. First, data is identified from dialogues or statements which lead to the
certain characteristics of psychopath. Then, the writer will get some certain
characteristics through some quotations of novel ‘Hannibal Rising’. Second, those
quotations will be analyzed to give interpretation about psychopathic personality
through the leading character of the novel. The interpretation will be supported by
quotations from some other books about psychopath, encyclopedias, and some
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND FINDING
4.1 Hannibal Lecter’s Characteristics of Psychopath
4.1.1 Superficial Charm and Good Intelligence
This story takes place in Lithuanian countryside. Hannibal Lecter as the
leading character is eight years old and he lives with his family in Lecter castle built
by Hannibal the Grim, his paternal ancestor. He, his parents, and his younger sister,
Mischa live there as noblemen with great roles in the society. Hannibal is blessed
with a genius mind so his father, Count Lecter hires a Jewish teacher named Mr.
Jakov. He has shown his good intelligence since he is young. When he is two years
old, he can read book from Brother Grimm which is illustrated with woodcuts where
everyone have pointed nails. He reads many dictionaries such English, German, and
the twenty three volumes of the Lithuanian dictionary so he masters many different
languages. He also masters psychic when he is a little boy because he can determine
the height of the Lecter castle towers by the length of their shadows by following the
instruction of book entitled Elements.
Also in the year he was six, Count Lecter found his son determining the height of the castle towers by the length of their shadows, following instructions which he said came directly from Euclid himself. Count Lecter improved his tutors then within six weeks arrived Mr. Jakov, a penniless scholar from Leipzig.
(Harris, 2006: 28)
Lecter, his younger sister–Mischa, and his parents escape to the family’s hunting
lodge in the woods on the second day of Operation Barbarossa when Hitler sweep
there are still Lecter and his younger sister, Mischa remained. One night, six
Lithuanian militiamen hide at the Lecter’s lodge in the woods. Finding no food in
cold Baltic winter, they eat Mishe who was sick in front of Hannibal Lecter himself.
Since the tragedy happen to him, he lives in the orphanage and his personality
changes from charming personality becomes psychopathic personality which tends to
hold grudge and revenges with despicable acts. His uncle, Robert Lecter comes and
brings him to France to live with him and his wife, Lady Murasaki. There, he shows
his intelligence that he can grasp difficult Japanese-type sketches taught by his aunt.
He draws many sketches and sell that to some galleries in France to get money
for his medical school since he is the youngest person ever admitted to medical
school in France because his genius brain. He still masters his lessons although he
always draws those sketches in the class with half an ear.
Freed to sit alone in the very back of the classroom, he was able to manufacture ink and watercolor washes of birds in the style of Musashi Miyamoto, while listening to the lecture with half an ear.
(Harris, 2006: 164)
From the quotation above, Hannibal Lecter as the leading character shows
good intelligence. His great intelligence refers to the characteristic of psychopathic
personality. Psychopath tends to have good intelligence which covers his bad
behavior. He can deceive when people blame on him for every single despicable
thing that he does by using his intelligence. People even cannot guess that someone
has psychopathic personality because of his intelligence as happens to Hannibal
Lecter. People surrounding him can not guess that he is psychopath because of his
genius thought in mastering language, physics, and also math.. Clekcley (1941: 339)
said that psychopath is cleverer than the average so he uses his ability to manipulate
wrong. His intelligence can be used to elude from the suspicion of police when he
does criminal cases.
After the tragedy of the death of his family in Lithuania, Hannibal Lecter likes
to show his superficial charm to others. Affectionate child has changed. His love to
his family evaporates because of that inacceptable death. He shows his confidence to
people in his society. He shows pleasant manner to a commissioner’s wife in his first
meeting at Paris Opera. He smiles and exhibits his interest to the topic of discussion
where that woman asks about books that he borrows from the bookstore. It makes
him looks like a friendly guy as can be seen from the quotation below:
“Is it true that you read through your textbooks once and then return them to the bookstore the week to get all your money back?”
Hannibal smiled. “Oh no Madame. That is not entirely accurate,” he said. Wonder where the information came from? The same place as
the tickets. Hannibal leaned close to the lady. Trying for an exit line,
he rolled his eyes at the commissioner and bent over the lady’s hand, to whisper loudly, “That sounds like a crime to me”
(Harris, 2006: 197)
He looks like a charming guy. He gives jokes when he talks to someone new
but actually he is not a friendly guy. It is just his mask to cover his bad attitude. This
superficiality extends to their attempts at acting normal by exhibiting false emotions
through an exaggerated behavior. He can follow or create interesting topic of
discussion but actually he does not really enjoy that discussion. Psychopath such
Hannibal often pretends to make people mesmerize with what he does. His charming
personality is superficial and artificial.
Clekcley (1941: 339) said that more often than not, the typical psychopath will
seem particularly agreeable and make a distinctly positive impression when he is first
have a good many genuine interests. There is nothing at all odd or queer about him,
and in every respect he tends to embody the concept of a well-adjusted, happy
person. Nor does he, on the other hand, seem to be artificially exerting himself like
one who is covering up or who wants to sell you a bill of goods. He would seldom
be confused with the professional backslapper or someone who is trying to ingratiate
himself for a concealed purpose. Signs of affectation or excessive affability are not
characteristic. He looks like the real thing. Very often indications of good sense and
sound reasoning will emerge and one is likely to feel soon after meeting him that this
normal and pleasant person is also one with high abilities. Such superficial
characteristics are not universal in this group but they are very common.
From the explanation above can be conclude that Hannibal Lecter has
superficial charm as his characteristic of psychopath which makes him looks like a
happy affectionate person. He is easy to talk with his good intelligence which covers
his bad behavior. His abnormality can not be shown up because of that superficial
charm. Psychopath such Hannibal tends to make a good first impression on others.
Psychopath has superficial charm in his personality which makes him like a normal
person but he can shift from one promising situation to another because he can not do
4.1.2 Unreliability
Hannibal Lecter is the youngest person ever admitted to medical school in
France, approximately seventeen years old. Since he is a doctor, he can know many
prescriptions. He should use his ability as a doctor to help his patients but he does
irresponsible thing. He gives medicine without the legal prescription to a prisoner
because he wants his corpse. The prisoner named Louis Ferrat gets death sentence
because he kills many children during the war and Hannibal needs his corpse for
medical school. He promises laudanum to Ferrat as the gift because Ferrat let his
body taken by Hannibal. Laudanum is a medicine to make someone unconscious so
that prisoner is not afraid to see the blade of execution tool. As a doctor, Hannibal
can not give laudanum without right prescription and right permission from the
police but he gives the laudanum to Ferrat so he has misapplied his authority and
obligation for his own pleasure. He even does not feel afraid to lose his medical
license in France. That can be seen in the quotation below:
“The death is consequence of what I do. I believe in consequences. Did you promise Louis Ferrat laudanum?”
“Laudanum legally obtainable” “But not legally prescribed”
“It’s a common practice with condemned, in exchange for permission, I’m sure you know that.”
“Yes. Don’t give it to him” (Harris, 2006: 227)
Hannibal Lecter shows unreliability as the characteristic of psychopathic
personality. Unreliability is the condition where someone cannot keep his
responsibility. It happens when someone cannot do things that he should do, things
that people rely on him as the obligations. He shows no sense of responsibility
Psychopath is often inconsistent. Sometimes there is no certain motive or
incentive. Clekcley (1941: 340) gives explanation that the psychopath's unreliability
and his disregard for obligations and for consequences are manifested in both trivial
and serious matters, are masked by demonstrations of conforming behavior, and
cannot be accounted for by ordinary motives or incentives. Although it can be
confidently predicted that his failures and disloyalties will continue, it is impossible
to time them and to take satisfactory precautions against their effect. Here, it might
be said, is not even a consistency in inconsistency but an inconsistency in
inconsistency.
From the explanation above, the unreliability is reflected in leading character,
Hannibal Lecter. He can not be responsible doctor. He thinks that nothing is ever his
fault. He wonders that he is perfect and he is brave to take risk although he does
wrong. Nothing wrong can ever originates with him, the psychopath’s logic dictates
that everything bad is always someone else’s fault. He is able to sacrifice a worthy
thing such his medical license just to get what he wants. The obligation as a doctor is
ignored because of his unreliability character.
4.1.3 Untruthfulness and Insincerity
Hannibal Lecter is thirteen years old and he lives in the orphanage after the
death of his parents and his younger sister during the war. He is found in the woods
after the war like a deaf and mute child because he does not give respond to people
who talk to him. He is so mysterious until Robert Lecter, his uncle brings him to live
in France with Lady Murasaki, his wife. Lady Murasaki is a graceful woman and she
warmth and affection to him so he loves this woman very much. He protects Lady
Murasaki and does everything that his aunt wanted.
When a butcher named Paul Momund, in the market insults his aunt, he
becomes so angry and acts cruelly. Then, Paul Momund is found death in the pier
and Hannibal is estimated as the suspect. He is investigated by a police named
inspector Popil but he lies about the death of Paul Momund that he kills. When he is
asked by using polygraph as a lie detector, that machine can not consider that he is
lying about the question of Paul’s murder. He is actually the murderer of Paul
Momund but he lies that he knows nothing.
“Do you have any guilty knowledge of the death of Paul Momund?” “Guilty knowledge?”
“Limit your responses to yes or no” “No”
The peak and valleys in the ink lines are constant. No increase in blood pressure, no increase in heartbeat, respiration constant and calm. “You know the butcher is dead”
“Yes”
(Harris, 2006: 141)
Hannibal Lecter shows the characteristic of psychopath which is
untruthfulness and insincerity when he lies about Paul Momund’s murder. Polygraph
as a lie detector can not identify whether he is lying or not because he exhibits no
reaction to the question. Normal person will blush, sweat or tremble, if he dares to
stretch the truth to the same degree. He does not register the physiological reactions
that non- psychopath will have when he is lying. This is why a psychopath such
Hannibal often passes polygraphs.
He also lies that he gets fish by fishing and not by taking the fish of Paul
Momund who is murdered by him in the pier. He lies to the inspector Popil that he
“The butcher was fishing. He had blood and scales on his knife, but he had no fish. The chef tells me you bought in a splendid fish for dinner. Where did you got the fish?”
“By fishing, Inspector. We keep a baited line in the water behind the boathouse. I’ll show you if you like. Inspector, did you choose war crimes?”
(Harris, 2006: 144-145)
Even when he is at school, he lies to his classmates and teachers that he has
allergy to chalk dust so he can sit at the corner of the class when he draws many
Japanese style sketches to sell in galeries.
The most important elements in Hannibal budget’s budget was a letter of his own composition. The letter was signed Dr. Gamil Jolipoli,
Allergist and it alerted the school that Hannibal had a serious reaction
to chalk dust, and should be seated as far as possible from the blackboard.
(Harris, 2006: 163)
That shows that Hannibal Lecter has untruthfulness and insincerity in his
personality as the characteristic of psychopath. He is an expert in lying. Every
psychopath cannot be trusted because he does not want to admit his mistake. He
denies that he does wrong. He says something now and says different thing
tomorrow. There is no sincerity in doing something. He does not care about others,
about norms, and about rules surrounding him. Clekcley (1941: 341) explains about
that the psychopath shows a remarkable disregard for truth and is to be trusted no
more in his accounts of the past than in his promises for the future or his statement of
present intentions. He gives the impression that he is incapable of ever attaining
realistic comprehension of an attitude in other people which causes them to value
truth and cherish truthfulness in themselves. Typically he is at ease and unpretentious
in making a serious promise or in (falsely) exculpating himself from accusations,
powers of conviction. Overemphasis, obvious glibness, and other traditional signs of
the clever liar do not usually show in his words or in his manner.
From the explanation above, can be concluded that the untruthfulness and
insincerity are figured out by how Hannibal does many lies without feeling guilty.
His lie can not be identified because for him lying is as easy matter and it is natural
as breathing. He is so good at lying so can fool psychiatrists, police, and even
polygraphs. The most important to know that he can lie anyone and can not be found
out. From the explanation above, Hannibal Lecter is untruthful and insincere person
as he is psychopath with that characteristic.
4.1.4 Inadequately Motivated Antisocial Behavior
Hannibal Lecter is found out by Russian soldiers in the woods on winter with a
chain locked around his neck. He is pale and thin so he is brought to Lecter castle, his
house which has been made as orphanage. Hannibal was thirteen years old at that time
and was an orphan. In the orphanage he does not like to have relationship with his
friends. Children call him as a deaf but he just keeps silent. He does not want to respond
those children. He does not feel sad when he gets sentence so he can not play with other
orphans in the orphanage. He estranges himself by giving some treat to other children
so children avoid him.
Hannibal can be dangerous to person larger than himself. He’s fine with the little ones. Lets them tease him a little. Some of them think he’s deaf as well as mute and say in front him that he’s crazy. He gives his treats, on the rare occasions there are any treats.
(Harris, 2006: 75-76)
Hannibal Lecter has inadequately motivated antisocial behavior in his
personality as the characteristic of psychopath. Person with psychopathic personality
with others. He is destructive and there is no motivation to have relationship with
others in the society. By doing destructive behaviors, people will automatically avoid
contact with him and he does not mind about that because he is antisocial person.
Their lack of empathy for other people extends onto society and the environment.
Vandalism, pollution, graffiti, animal abuse, environmental destruction, building
code violations, reckless driving, and a host of morally and socially unacceptable
activities are of no concern to the psychopath.
Clekcley (1941: 343) said that psychopath did socially destructive actions
such as cheating, lying, annoying, and also brawling. His antisocial and
self-defeating deeds were not circumscribed by the society. He showed little or no
evidence of the conscious conflict or the subsequent regret that was not regularly
absented in these other manifestations.
Hannibal’s lack of empathy for other people extends onto society and the
environment. Vandalism, pollution, graffiti, animal abuse, environmental destruction,
building code violations, reckless driving, and a host of morally and socially
unacceptable activities are behaviors that refer to the characteristic of anti social
psychopath. Psychopath such Hannibal can not open his mind to accept people
because he thinks that others are imperfect to be loved by him. He just feels that
being alone is better than having relationship with people who can not fulfill what he
wants and inadequately motivated antisocial behavior is very essence characteristic
4.1.5 Lack of Remorse
After being alone in the orphanage since the death of his parents and his
younger sister, Hannibal Lecter as the leading character is raised by his uncle and his
aunt in France. Robert Lecter, his paternal uncle tries to give him best education
because he sees potency in Hannibal’s himself. Hannibal is sent to monitor classes in
the village but he quarrels with a student there. He breaks the spitter’s coccyx and the
nose of that student without changing his expression because he does not feel guilty
of his action. It can be seen from the quotation below:
He was sent to monitor class in the village school, and was an object of curiosity because he could not recite. On the second day a lout from the upper form spit in the hair of small first-grader and Hannibal broke the spitter’s coccyx and his nose. He was sent home, his expression never changing throughout.
(Harris, 2006: 105)
It shows that he is lack of remorse. He does not feel that he does something
wrong. He thinks that he does not make mistake. Normal person may feel regret or
plead guilty and shows that with his expression but he shows the characteristic of
psychopath which makes him does not change his expression although he have done
harmful behavior. He is able to do criminal things and just considers that as common
things. Even when he is young he kills a butcher named Paul Momund who insults
his aunt, Lady Murasaki. At that time, he is investigated by one of the inspectors
named inspector Popil, he says clearly that he has no guilty feeling about the murder.
It is just like a usual thing. Even he gives rhetorical question to that police about the
reason why he should feel guilty of the murder if he has no relation to the murder.
“Did you have an altercation, that is a fight, with Paul Momund at the market on Thursday?”
“Yes”
“Does you school require uniforms?” “Yes”
“Do you have any guilty knowledge of the death of Paul Momund?” “Guilty knowledge?”
(Harris, 2006: 141)
Person with psychopathic personality tends to feel no regret or remorse to bad
things he have done. He does not care if he does harmful thing to other. He can do
inhuman thing to others without feel bad about that. He looks like a scoundrel person
with no morality because he can do dangerous behavior as he does such common
thing.
Hervey Clekcley in his book The Mask of Sanity: An Attempt to Clarify some
Issues about the So- Called Psychopathic Personality (1941: 343) said that
psychopath apparently cannot accept substantial blame for the various misfortunes
which befall him and which he brings down upon others, usually he denies
emphatically all responsibility and directly accuses others as responsible, but often
he will go through an idle ritual of saying that much of his trouble is his own fault.
Although his behavior shows reactions of this sort to be perfunctory, this is seldom
apparent in his manner. Whether judged in the light of his conduct, of his attitude, or
of material elicited in psychiatric examination, he shows almost no sense of shame.
According to Sigmund Freud (1979: 122-127), personality is composed of three
elements: id, ego, and superego. Id includes instinctive and primitive behavior as the
source of all psychic energy. It is based on pleasure principle which strives for
immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and need. Ego is based on the reality
principle and it understands that desires and needs are not always can be fulfilled.
Ego controls Id to aware about the real world. While superego is the aspect of
personality that holds entire moral standards and ideals that people acquire from
childhood memory and denied desire, id will take control of entire mental and
behavior to be impulsive and cruel as happens to Hannibal Lecter who can not
control his id because of the influence of his bad childhood memory so he kills and
eats the killers of his sister without feeling guilty and emphaty as a psychopath.
As a psychopath, Hannibal can not control his id. His id is his desire to take
revenge, to kill, and to eat people who eat his younger sister Mischa. He strives for
his own pleasure by killing and eating the killer of his sister and does not feel
remorseful about that. Ego as the rational governing agent of the psyche can not
control the primary source of all physic energy called id. The superego as the moral
value in human personality serves to reverse the drives of the id but in Hannibal case,
his grudge has took control of his entire personality which changes him from
affectionate brother into psychopath man. His id forces him to take revenge against
those killer although his aunt, Lady Murasaki asks him to give them to French police
by he does not want to do that.
“These men are not dead. They are very much alive.”
“Give them to French police?” Why?” He shook his head. “Tommorow is Sunday–do I have that right?”
“Yes, Sunday.” “Come with me tomorrow. I’ll pick you up. I want you to look at a beast with me and tell me he should fear the French police.”
(Harris, 2006: 287)
From the explanation above, Hannibal Lecter has no remorse in doing
inhuman thing as he is psychopath with that characteristic. He is a psychopath who
can not control his id and that makes him becomesremorseless person. He does not
want to listen any suggestion from others and does what he wants because his ego
4.2 The Cause of Hannibal Lecter’s Psychopathic Personality
To understand the problem of the leading character, in this case psychopathic
personality then we should know the background of the leading character itself.
There is a correlation between cause and impact as the correlation of childhood and
adulthood. Most of psychological problems can be traced back from the childhood
because they do not involve heredity aspects such gen and chromosome. By focusing
on the background of the leading character which is Hannibal Lecter, the cause of
psychopathic problem can be found out.
Lester D. Crow and Alice Crow in Readings in Abnormal Psychology (1983:
87) said that psychopath is one kind of mental disorder which can be considered one
of the prototypical disorders associated with empathic dysfunction. The psychopath
does not have conscience and feelings. It is characterized partly by
psychopath by some causes such as developmental crises, accidental crisis, and head
trauma.
Derek Russel Davis in An Introduction to Psychopathology (1984: 63) said
that psychopath as mental illness arises at crises and reflects failure to achieve
through changes in habits and roles a stable reorganization of the system. Those
crises are divided into developmental and accidental.
Developmental crises happen in the normal sequences of life circle.
Developmental crises are crises which develop since someone is born until the old
age of him. For example such as being born, going to school, leaving school, starting
happen to Hannibal Lecter as the leading character who has shown the characteristics
of psychopath by some crises that he should face since he is child until he is adult.
The first developmental crisis happens when he is young where he should accept the
birth of his younger sister, Mischa. He does not really like the sister’s birth since he
is the first son so he wants to be the only one who loved by his parents. Since the
birth of his sister, absolutely his parents should share the love and affection between
him and his sister. The crisis is showed when there is contradiction between
accepting his sister or hating her but finally he chooses to love his sister because he
is brother who should protect his sibling.
That fall he was presented with a baby sister, Mischa. He thought Mischa looked like a winkled red squirrel. He reflected privately that it was a pity she did not get their mother’s looks. Usurped on all fronts, he thought how convenient it would be if the eagle that sometimes soared over the castle should gather his sister up and gently transport her to some happy peasant home in a country far away, where the residents all looked like squirrels and she would fit right in. at the same time, he found he loved her in a way he could not help.
(Harris, 2006: 27)
The second developmental crisis happens when he, his younger sister, and his
parents escape to the family’s hunting lodge in the woods to hide from war. His
family survives in the wood for three and a half years. This crisis changes his habit
where he usually lives as nobleman in Lecter Castle should adapt to live in the woods
far from luxurious thing he has in his castle. The third developmental crisis is the
condition where he lives as an orphan in the orphanage which is built in his castle.
He should face the crisis where he lives alone without his parents and be antisocial
child who exiles himself from orphans in that orphanage. He is tortured by some
orphan without his rich parents and the monitors do violent acts to him because of
that reason.
“Too good to sing with us, Little Master?” First Monitor Petron said over singing. “You’re not Little Master here anymore, you are just another orphan, and by God you’ll sing!” Fist monitor swung his clipboard hard against the side of Hannibal’s face. Hannibal did not change his expression. Neither did he sing. A trickle of blood came from the corner of his mouth.
(Harris, 2006: 62)
In that orphanage his personality develops from well mannered boy to
antisocial guy. Then, when he is bought by his uncle to France, he is sent to monitor
classes in the village but he quarrels with a student there. He breaks the spitter’s
coccyx and the nose of that student. That event shows the fourth crisis which
happens during his school period. This school period builds his personality into the
characteristic of lack of remorse. He faces the crisis during his school life by doing
violent act to others without feeling guilty. Crisis also happen to him when he wants
to takes revenge against the killers of his sister where he should ignore his ambition
to be a doctor and then becomes liar, cannibal, and serial killer. The contradiction
also happens when his aunt, Lady Murasaki advices him to forget about his revenge
but he takes risks to take revenge against those killers even when he should sacrifice
his life in that process. From those crises that happen in Hannibal Lecter’s life can be
seen that mental illness arises from the beginning of his life circle until the end of his
life circle such as being born, having sister, escaping to the woods, surviving in the
hunting lodge, being orphan, going to school, and taking risks to take revenge against
the killers of his sister. Those crises have been stimulated Hannibal’s psychopathic
personality. Psychopath as mental illness arises at developmental crises during the
Accidental crises do not happen because of sequences of life circle or
hereditary factors. They happen because of sudden shocking events in someone’s
life. Examples of accidental crises are the ultimately death or the desertion of
member of the family or other loved person, loss of a job, illness, and the unexpected
pregnancy of a daughter. So the sadness after the death of the beloved family can
changed someone personality. If the death of beloved someone for example family
member is inflicted by others then someone tends to take revenge against people who
have murder his beloved family. Bad behavior and attitude as the result of mental
illness are aroused from the revenge itself.Hannibal Lecter is eight years old and he
lives with his family in Lecter castle built by Hannibal the Grim, his paternal
ancestor. Lecter, his younger sister, Mischa, and his parents escape to the family’s
hunting lodge in the woods on the second day of Operation Barbarossa when Hitler
sweeps across Eastern Europe into Russia. The Lecter family survives in the woods
for three and a half years of Hitler’s eastern campaign. Then his parents die in the
invasion of Germans by the Stuka dive bomber which falls to his hunting lodge.
Hannibal Lecter becomes psychopath because inacceptable death of his
parents and his younger sister during the war. His mother and his father are burnt in
front of his eyes by the fire of Stuka dive bomber which fall to his hunting lodge in
the woods. He sees Mischa, his younger sister who is sick at that time eaten by those
six Lithuanian militiamen who are consisted by Zigmas Milko, Bronys Grentz,
Enrikas Dortlich, Petras Kolnas, Kazys Porvik and Vladis Grutas. He is found as a
deaf and mute boy in the woods with chain locked around his neck by Russian
soldier and he is bought to orphanage. Those tragedies affect to his life and make
been seen when he is in the orphanage. He dreams about the death of his younger
sister, Mischa and also the death of his parents and his teacher, Mr. Jakov. He draws
many sketches about unknown faces of the killers of his sister and puts it on the
board of his bed because he forgets how Mischa dies.
“He wanted to know what they called each other. He had to finish his dream. He went into his memory palace and tried to cross the grounds to the dark sheds, past Mr. Jakov’s brains on the snow, but he could not. He could endure to see his mother’s clothes on fire, his parents and Berndt and Mr. Jakov dead in the yard. He could see the looters moving below him and Mischa in the hunting lodge. But he could not go past Mischa suspended in the air, turning her head to look at him. He could remember nothing after that, he could only recall much later, he was riding on a tank, found by the soldiers with the chain locked around his neck.”
(Harris, 2006: 213-214)
From the explanation above can be proved that accidental crisis in Hannibal
Lecter’s life crisis is caused by the bad childhood memory where he should face the
death of his parents and his younger sister. The bad childhood memory haunts him
and he commits to take revenge against the six Lithuanian militiamen which makes
him becomes psychopath.
Head trauma is also the cause of Hannibal’s psychopathic personality. He is
found with the chain locked around his neck in the woods. After being examined by
a psychiatrist named Dr. Rufin in France where he lives with his uncle and aunt then
the result shows that he has head trauma after the war. The head trauma affects to his
mental disorder where he becomes psychopath.
“To be frank, he is perfectly opaque to me. I have examined him and physically he is sound. I find scars on his scalp but no evidence of a depressed fracture. But I would guess the hemisphere of his brain may be acting independently, as he do in some cases of head trauma, when communication between the hemispheres is compromised. He follows several trains of thought at once, without distraction from any, and one of the trains is always for his own amusement.”
what happen to his sister. I think he know, whether he realizes or not, and here is the danger”
(Harris, 2006: 141)
Head trauma that he get during the war affects to his mental disorder. He follows
several trains of thought at once, without distraction from any, and one of the trains
is always for his own amusement. His brain abnormality influences his behavior and
attitude. He does what he wants although something he does is despicable act for
fulfilling his own amusement. Trauma in his head makes him wants to take revenge
against killers of his sister. His head trauma makes him dreams every night about
those killers although at that time he still gets amnesia.
When he lives in France with his uncle, Robert Lecter and his aunt, Lady
Murasaki later he will remembers the killers of his younger sister who often appears
in his dream since he is in the orphanage. He takes revenge against all those killers
and eats them all as they have ever eaten his sister. When he is eighteen years old, he
goes back to Lithuania and kills Enrikas Dortlich, one of the killers of Mischa by
tiding him to Hannibal’s horse named Cesar and he eats his flesh as a sandwich as
can be seen in the quotation below:
There was a coil of rope on Cesar’s broad back, Hannibal attached the free end to the traces of the harness. The other end was tied in hangman’s noose. Hannibal paid out rope and brought the noose back to Dortlich. He opened Dortlich’s sandwich and greased the rope with mayonnaise, and applied a liberal coating of mayonnaise to Dortlich’s neck.
(Harris, 2006: 266)
From the explanation above, there are some causes that has made Hannibal
Lecter becomes psychopat such as developmental crises, accidental crises, and also
the head trauma during the war where he is found with chain that is locked around
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 CONCLUSION
The writer draws some conclusions in this thesis after having analysis from
the leading character’s psychopathic personality of novel Hannibal Rising by
Thomas Harris, as follow:
1. Hannibal Lecter as the leading character of novel Hannibal Rising is
figured as a character with psychopathic personality with some
certain characteristics. They are superficial charm and good
"intelligence; unreliability; untruthfulness and insincerity; lack of
remorse or shame; and inadequately motivated antisocial behavior.
Those characteristics are reflected in Hannibal Lecter himself and he
can be concluded as psychopath.
2. The first cause of Hannibal Lecter’s psychopathic personality is
developmental crises that he should face since he is child until he is
adult such as being born, having sister, escaping to the woods,
surviving in the hunting lodge, being orphan, going to school, and
taking risks to take revenge to the killers of his sister. Accidental
crisis is the second cause of Hannibal Lecter’s psychopathic
personality. Hannibal Lecter becomes psychopath because
war.Then, third cause of Hannibal Lecter’s psychopathic personality
is head trauma during the war where he is found with the chain locked
around his neck in the woods.
5.2 SUGGESTIONS
Abnormal psychology is interesting topic to be discussed because there is
deviation of mental development. Psychopath as one kind of abnormal psychology
happens because of some reasons. One of the reasons of being psychopath is bad
childhood memory. Person with psychopathic personality usually has bad childhood
memory which haunts them and makes him acts cruel and inhuman.
Through reading this thesis, readers aware that childhood memory affects to
entire life of someone. So the writer suggests that institution like an orphanage
should pay attention to every orphan in the orphanage so they can live their lives
better even when they should survive in this world without parents. Government also
should give protection to children without parents by giving them psychological
treatments to avoid them of being trauma with their bad memories so they can grown
up normally. Parents as the smallest institution in the society should care to the
mental development of their children by giving them warmth and affection because
children just need love and protection from their families. If people aware the
characteristics of psychopath and find them in someone’s personality, they should
bring them to psychiatrist to receive certain treatment for healing them so they
cannot do harmful things which put others in dangerous situation.
The writer realizes that this thesis is far from perfection because of limited
the readers to give suggestion, correction, or any other input for repairing this thesis
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Psychology and Literature
Richard Taylor in Understanding The Elements Of Literature (1981: 1) said that
literature is the art of writings in which creativity, imagination, idea, and perception
can be expressed with universal ways. Literature deals with human being. It is how
the man expresses his opinion, feeling, emotion, and attitude towards the destiny of
human being on earth.
According to Razali Kasim in his book entitled Introduction to Literature
(2005:2), literature sprang up from imaginative mind of people who had talent to
create the stories. People are inspired to create literary works by phenomena
surrounding them. They make them as reflection of reality in the society.
“Literature sprang up from the imaginative mind of people who had the talent to create stories. They perceived what was happening around them from natural phenomena to the lives of the people in their community. The eruption of the volcano, earth quake, and flood as well as human emotions, behaviors, and deeds, might have become the source of the stories” (Kasim 2005: 2)
Richard Gill in his book entitled Mastering English Literature: Third Edition
(1985: 77) states that literature itself has been classified into three genres; prose,
poetry, and drama. Each genre still has subgenres and one of the subgenres of prose
is novel. Novel is an extended prose narrative that is specially made in words by the
author. Novels are fictional narratives representing a way of life or an experience.
They range from slight recollections of a small part of life or an experience to the
most complete and detailed accounts imaginable; and they vary from the lightest to
In novel, character is depicted to have emotion, feeling, and behavior which
support idea of the story. Novel presents the psychology and psychology itself
presents as a knowledge that discusses about human mind in human personality as a
character because character is build by using psychological principles.
Orgel Moskowitz in his book entitled General Psychology (1969: 4) describes
that psychology is the study of mental processes, behavior, and the relationship
between them. Mental processes include skills like learning, reasoning, emotion, and
motivation.
“Psychology is the scientific study of mental processes. Topics of interest to psychologists include the nervous system, sensation, and perception, learning and memory, intelligence, language, thought, growth a development, personality, stress, and health, psychological disorder, way of treating those disorders, sexual behavior, and the behavior of people in social setting such as groups and organizations”
The goals of psychology are to control and to understand mental and behavior
process, and also to helping people meet their own goal in doing certain behavior.
For example, a psychologist cures people with mental disorders such as stress and
depression to be health.
Richard Gill in his book entitled Mastering English Literature: Third Edition
(1985: 90) said that character in novel itself is the result of author’s imagination by
looking at psychological reality in the society. So literature and psychology have
firm relationship. Both literature and psychology have human being as their object.
They study about human behavior or character and human development. Attitude,
behavior, and also morality of characters are part of psychology. Psychology
explores person from real life while literature explores fictitious person which is
Wellek and Warren (1977: 139) in their book “Theory of Literature” explains
that psychology can enter to literature by studying the psychology of the writer,
psychology of the character, and also psychology of the reader. Psychology can enter
literature because the author uses his feeling and emotion in creating work as
happens in novel.
Guerin, L. Wilfred et. al. in his book entitled A Handbook of Critical
Approaches to Literature: Second Edition (1979: 122) states that human mind in
human personality as a character can be approach by using psychoanalytic theory by
Sigmund Freud which explains about difference of personality. Personality refers to
those characteristics of the person that account for consistent pattern of feeling,
thinking, and behavior.
Freud’s personality concept consists of three main system, they are id, ego, and
superego. Id is the component of personality that presents from birth and it is entirely
unconscious. It includes instinctive and primitive behavior as the source of all
psychic energy. Id based on pleasure principle which strives for gratification of all
desires, wants, and needs without caring about reality. Ego is based on the reality
principle and it understands that desires and needs are not always can be fulfilled.
Ego controls Id to aware about the real world. Then, Superego is the aspect of
personality that holds entire moral standarts and ideals that people acquire from
families and society.
So, psychology of literature is a study of literature which values a literary work
as an activity of the psyche because an author uses his feeling and emotion in
way of an author uses his psyche condition in expressing his idea and thought
through his works.
2.2 Character
According to Richard Gill in his book entitled Mastering English Literature:
Third Edition (1985: 90), psychological laws can be applied in the literature, in this
case novel. Characters as one of the most important aspects in the novel are built by
using psychological norms which imitate psychology of human into psychology of
characters in that novel. Character plays role in constructing the whole story of a
novel.
Kennedy (1983: 47) in his book entitled Literature: An introduction to Fiction
said that character is an imagined person who exists in the story. Characters in novels
are not just like real life people. Characters in novels have been especially created by
authors. When author creates characters, he selects some aspects of ordinary people
then develops some of those aspects. The result is not ordinary people but fictional
characters that only exist in the words of novel.
Roberts and Jacobs (1993: 131) in his book entitled Literature: An Introduction
to Reading and Writing said that in establishing the character, an author uses five
ways, they are:
a) Actions
What characters do is the best way to understand what they are. As with ordinary
human beings, fictional characters do not necessarily understand how they be
characters. Actions may also signal qualities such as weakness, strong inner conflict,
or realization or growth of some sort.
b) Description
Both personal and environmental are most important thing in establishing the
characters. Appearance and environment reveal much about a character’s social and
economic status. They also tell us more about character’s trait.
c) Dramatic statement and thought.
Although the speeches of most character are functional, they provide material
from which to draw a conclusion. Often characters use speeches to hide their
motives. The reader should see through such a ploy.
d) Statements by other characters
By studying what character say about each other, it can enhance our
understanding of the character being discussed. Ironically, the characters do the
talking often indicate something other than what they intend, perhaps because of
prejudice, stupidity, or foolishness.
e) Statements by the author speaking as storyteller or observer
What the author speaks with the authorial voice, says about character is usually
accurate and the authorial voice can be accepted factually.
E.M Foster (1990: 73-80) in his book entitled Aspects of Novel said there are two
kinds of characters. They are flat character and round character. Flat character is
constructed round a single idea or quality, unchanging and static, at the end of the
novel he is essentially what he has been throughout, his response is predictable while
round character is a character portrayed in the round, profoundly altered by his
experiences, he does not embody a single idea or quality but it much more complex,
Characters also distinguish into three subdivisions such as main character, minor
character, and also leading character. Main character is the character whose
appearance is the most frequently appear in the story and dominant of the story.
Minor character can be defined as the supporting character of the main character and
the appearance of minor character is usually infrequently while leading character is
the centered individual who is very dominant. Leading character is focused
personally and it is different with main character which can involve more than one
character.
Hannibal Lecter is type of leading character because he is the center of the whole
story. His appearances construct every event of novel ‘Hannibal Rising’. He has
round character. It is reflected by his actions, behavior, and also thought which are
changed from good man becomes inhuman serial killer. Although he has calm look
and good intelligent but he can do something people do not suppose him to do.
2.3 Psychopath
Psychological phenomenon can be adapted as motif of literary work. There
are so many psychological phenomena as motifs in the novel. Psychopath as one
kind of mental disorder often appears as the motif of novel.
Lester D. Crow and Alice Crow in Readings in Abnormal Psychology (1983:
87) said that psychopath is one kind of mental disorder which can be considered one
of the prototypical disorders associated with empathic dysfunction. The psychopath
does not have conscience and feelings. It is characterized partly by
According to Lester D. Crow and Alice Crow in Readings in abnormal
Psychology (1983: 91), the origins of the concept of psychopath probably originate in
the writings of Pritchard (1837). Pritchard developed the concept of ‘moral insanity’
to account for socially damaging or irresponsible behaviour that was not associated
with known forms of mental disorder. He attributed morally objection- able
behaviour to be a consequence of a diseased ‘moral faculty’. While the notion of a
‘moral faculty’ has been dropped, modern psychiatric classifications such as the
American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (currently,
DSM-IV) make reference to syndromes associated with high levels of antisocial
behaviour: conduct disorder (CD) in children and antisocial personality disorder
(APD) in adults.
Psychopaths are born with temperamental differences such as impulsivity and
fearlessness that lead them to
social norms. They tend to break the laws in the society because they like to be in
harmful situation which raises their adrenalines. The defect of psychopath’s moral
character is reflected in their violent crime such as torturing, raping, killing, stealing,
and even mutilating.
Hervey M. Clekcley in his book entitled The Mask of Sanity: An Attempt to
Clarify some Issues about the So- Called Psychopathic Personality(1941: 385) said
that the psychopathic person as outwardly a perfect
person, able to mask or disguise the fundamental lack of internal personality
structure, an internal chaos that results in repeatedly purposeful destructive behavior,
often more self-destructive than destructive to others. Despite the seemingly sincere,
does not have the ability to experience genuine emotions. Psychopaths tend to make
a good first impression on others and often strike observers as remarkably normal.
Yet they are self-centered, dishonest and undependable, and at times they engage in
irresponsible behavior for no apparent reason.
Cleckley in his book The Mask of Sanity: An Attempt to Clarify some Issues
about the So- Called Psychopathic Personality (1941: 338-339) explains about the
characteristics of psychopath:
Superficial charm and good "intelligence; absence of delusions and other signs of irrational thinking; absence of "nervousness" or psychoneurotic manifestations; unreliability; untruthfulness and insincerity; lack of remorse or shame; inadequately motivated antisocial behavior; poor judgment and failure to learn by experience; pathologic egocentricity and incapacity for love; general poverty in major affective reactions; specific loss of insight; inresponsiveness in general interpersonal relations; fantastic and uninviting behavior with drink and sometimes without; suicide rarely carried out; sex life impersonal, trivial, and poorly integrated; failure to follow any life plan.
More often than not, the typical psychopath will seem particularly agreeable
and make a distinctly positive impression when he is first encountered. Alert and
friendly in his attitude, he is easy to talk with and seems to have a good many
genuine interests. There is nothing at all odd or queer about him, and in every
respect he tends to embody the concept of a well-adjusted, happy person. Nor does
he, on the other hand, seem to be artificially exerting himself like one who is
covering up or who wants to sell you a bill of goods. He would seldom be confused
with the professional backslapper or someone who is trying to ingratiate himself for a
concealed purpose. Signs of affectation or excessive affability are not characteristic.
Hervey M. Clekcley (1941: 339) in his book entitled The Mask of Sanity: An
Attempt to Clarify some Issues about the So- Called Psychopathic Personality
described that in fact, the psychopath is nearly always free from minor reactions
popularly regarded as "neurotic" or as constituting "nervousness." The chief criteria
whereby such diagnoses as hysteria, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety state, or
"neurasthenia" might be made do not apply to him.
Lester D. Crow and Alice Crow in Readings in Abnormal Psychology (1983:
87) said that someone can become psychopath through rejection and derivation,
never developed adequate attachment to and identification with the parents and
substitutes. He lacks of clones with others. That individual was first indulged and
was therefore not confronted with the problem of having to develop inhibitions for
the sake of acceptance then ensued a period of excessive severity in handling, against
which he rebelled, developing no identification and restriction and feeling he had
treated unfairly. In some respects the individual has a strong need for acceptance and
a sense of guilt, but this is not constructively integrated with his total personality.
Derek Russel Davis (1984: 63) in An Introduction to Psychopathology said
that psychopath as mental illness arises at crises and reflects failure to achieve
through changes in habits and roles a stable reorganization of the system. Those
crises are divided into developmental and accidental. Developmental crises are
expected in the normal sequence of life circle. For example such as being born, going
to school, leaving school, starting a job, becoming a parent and also being widowed.
Examples of accidental crises are the ultimately death or the desertion of member of
the family or other loved person, loss of a job, illness, and the unexpected pregnancy
of a daughter. So symptoms and characteristics of psychopath begin in childhood and
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of The Study
People live in the society as social creatures. They interact and communicate with
one another every single day. The medium of communication is language. The using
of language involves psychological element when people use language to express
their opinion and idea. Psychology is one of the crucial aspects of human being.
Psychology is the study of mental processes, behavior, and the relationship between
them. Mental processes include skills like learning, reasoning, emotion, and
motivation. There is also deviation of norms in psychology of human being and it is
generally speaking as abnormal psychology. Barlow (1995: 315) explained that
abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that deals with studying,
explaining and treating mental disorders and also what effect they have on people’s
lives. There are some kinds of abnormal psychology, they are neurosis, psychosis,
schizophrenia, mental retardation, stress, and also psychopath.
As Robert D. Hare quotes, psychopath can be considered one of the prototypical
disorders associated with empathic dysfunction. It is characterized partly
by
Psychopaths are born with temperamental differences such as impulsivity and
fearlessness that lead them to
social norms. Cleckley (1941: 385) describes the psychopathic person as outwardly a
fundamental lack of internal personality structure, an internal chaos that results in
repeatedly purposeful destructive behavior, often more self-destructive than
destructive to others. Despite the seemingly sincere, intelligent, even charming
external presentation, internally the psychopathic person does not have the ability to
experience genuine emotions. Psychopaths tend to make a good first impression on
others and often strike observers as remarkably normal. Yet they are self-centered,
dishonest and undependable, and at times they engage in irresp
