Investigation On Vertical Excitation Of The Structural Integrity In High-Rise Building.

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“I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this report is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of

Mechanical Engineering (Structure and Materials)”

Signature : ……….

Name of 1st Supervisor : MR. MOHD AZLI BIN SALIM

Date : ……….

Signature : ……….

Name of 2nd Supervisor : MR. WAN MOHD FARID BIN WAN MOHAMAD

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“I declared that this project report entitled “Investigation on Vertical Excitation of the Structural Integrity in High-Rise Building” is the result of my own result except

as cited in the references.”

Signature : ………

Name of Candidate : MUHAMAD ROSLAN BIN DARUL AMAN

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For my beloved father and mother, Dearest family members,

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Assalammualaikum and Salam Satu Malaysia,

Thanks to Allah, for giving me permission to complete this project. I would like to witness my graceful thanks to all for the support, encouragement and inspirations that I have received during completing this project.

First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor of this project, Mr

Mohd Azli Bin Salim for the valuable guidance and advice. He inspired me greatly in doing this project. His willingness to motivate me contributed tremendously to my project. I also would like to thank his for showing me some example that related to the topic of my project.

Besides, I would like to thank the authority of University Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for providing me with a good environment and facilities to complete this project. Also, I would like to take this opportunity to thank to the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering (FKM) of Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) which have provide me valuable information as the guidance of my project.

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In describing the damage of buildings and structures from earthquakes, the term that we use is the types of building and structures, the degree of damage of buildings and the number of building damage during earthquake. The division of the buildings according to the types was made in consideration of the different stability of the buildings against seismic actions. The description of the effects of the earthquake is in three directions which is the perceptibility by human beings and surroundings; buildings of any type and also the effects in the underground and

alterations of the groundwater and super terrestrial water systems. The separated description makes it possible to watch the increase of the effect, on the basis of one

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Dalam menggambarkan kerosakan bangunan dan struktur dari gempa bumi, istilah yang kita gunakan adalah jenis bangunan dan struktur, tahap kerosakan bangunan dan jumlah kerosakan bangunan ketika gempa bumi. Pembahagian bangunan adalah berdasarkan kepada jenis yang dibuat dengan pertimbangan kestabilan yang berbeza dari bangunan terhadap tindakan seismik. Uraian tentang kesan gempa bumi dikategorikan dalam tiga bahagian iaitu anggapan oleh manusia dan sekitarnya, bangunan dari jenis apa pun dan juga kesan di bawah tanah dan juga

perubahan dari tanah dan super sistem air terestrial. Penerangan yang telah dibahagikan membolehkan melihat peningkatan kesan, berdasarkan satu tanda

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1.1 Background 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objectives 3

1.4 Scopes 4

1.5 Research Contribution 4

1.6 Chapter Outline 5

$ 2 6 8 2.1 Introduction 6

2.2 Background 6

2.3 Building Material 11

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2.3.2 Rock 12

2.3.3 Concrete 13

2.3.4 Metal 14

2.3.5 Cement composites 15

2.4 Earthquake Engineering 16

2.4.1 Seismic loading 17

2.4.2 Seismic performance 18

2.4.3 Seismic performance evaluation 18

2.4.4 Seismic performance analysis 19

2.4.5 Seismic design 19

2.4.6 Failure modes 20

2.4.7 Structure simulation 21

2.5 Seismic vibration control 22

2.5.1 Lead Rubber Bearing 23

2.5.2 Tuned mass damper 24

2.6 Building elevation control 25

2.6.1 Simple roller bearing 25

2.6.2 Springs with damper base isolator 26

2.6.3 Hysteretic damper 26

2.7 Natural Frequency 27

2.7.1 Building Frequency and Period 29

2.7.2 Preparing Structures for Shaking 29

2.7.3 Resonant Frequencies 30

2.8 Summary 31

$ 9 92 3.1 Introduction 32

3.2 Numerical Method 32

3.3 Equation of Motion 34

3.4 Flow chart 36

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3.5.1 Solid Works software 37

3.5.2 MATLAB software 37

3.6 Formulation 38

3.6.1 Strain 38

3.6.2 Stress 38

3.6.3 Equilibrium Equations 38

3.6.4 Internal Forces and Moments 39

3.6.5 Stress and Strain 39

3.6.6 Beam Deflection 40

3.6.7 Deflection and Stiffness for Various Systems (Due to Bending Moment) 40

3.7 Frequency Response Function (FRF) 41

3.7.1 Frequency Response Function Model 42

3.8 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Method 42

3.8.1 Material and Equipments 43

3.8.2 Experiment Setup 45

3.8.3 Experiment Procedures 45

3.9 Summary 50

$ : ;4 4.1 Introduction 51

4.2 Development of Structural Design 51

4.3 Application of Designs 52

4.4 Conceptual Design 53

4.5 Design Selection 55

4.5.1 Design Views 55

4.5.2 Design Parts 61

4.6 Calculation 64

4.7 Fabrication Process 70

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5.1 Introduction 81

5.2 Results from Vibration Measurement 81

5.2.1 Experiment 1 82

5.2.2 Experimental Graph 83

5.2.3 Matlab Graph 93

5.2.4 Experiment 2 104

5.2.5 Experimental Graph 105

5.2.6 Matlab Graph 115

5.2.7 Excitation Forces Comparison for Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 126

5.3 Summary 127

$ 8 42< 6.1 INTRODUCTION 128

6.2 CONCLUSION 128

6.3 RECOMMENDATION 129

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2.1(a) Low-Rise Building 7

2.1(b) High-Rise Building 7

2.2 Earthquakes give bad effect to building 10

2.3 Concrete and metal rebar used to build a floor 11

2.4 Mont Saint Michel 12

2.5 Falkirk Wheel 13

2.6 MIT Stata Center 14

2.7 Shake-table crash testing of a regular building model (left)

and a base-isolated building model (right) 16

2.8 Taipei 101, equipped with a tuned mass damper, is the

World’s second tallest Skyscraper 17

2.9 Snapshot from shake-table video of a 6-story non-ductile

concrete building destructive testing, another way is to

evaluate the earthquake performance analytically 18

2.10 Typical damage of unreinforced masonry buildings at

earthquakes 21

2.11 Lead Rubber Bearing 23

2.12 Tuned mass damper apply in a tower 24

2.13 Springs with damper close-up 26

2.14 Resonant Frequencies on building 30

3.1 (a) Force, F1 apply horizontally 34

3.1 (b) Force apply perpendicular 34

3.2 Flowcharts for PSM 1 and PSM 2 36

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3.4 Signal Analyzer 44

3.5 Impact Hammer 44

3.6 ICP Accelerometers 44

3.7 Experiment setup for Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 45

3.8 3 points of accelerometers for experiment 1 47

3.10 9 points of impact hammer strike 48

3.11 Impact hammer and accelerometer on the beam 49

3.12 Example of data obtain from the impact hammer testing 49

4.1 Conceptual Design 1 53

4.6(a) Isometric view of Design 1 55

4.6(b) Front and Right View of Design 1 56

4.6(c) Top and Isometric View of Design 1 56

4.7(a) Isometric View of Design 2 57

4.8(a) Isometric View of Design 3 59

4.9(a) Section Isometric View of Design 1 61

4.9(b) I-Beam Isometric View of Design 1 61

4.10(b) T-Beam Isometric View of Design 2 62

4.11(b) Hollow Beam Isometric View of Design 3 63

4.12 Building Structure 70

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4.14 Beam 71

4.15 Roof 71

4.16 Frame 71

4.17 Column 72

4.18 Level 72

4.19 Spring Site 72

4.20 Fabrication of basic structure 73

4.21 Fabrication of Level 74

4.22 Adding Columns to the level 75

4.23 Fabrication of frame to the center of each side 76

4.24 Adding roof to the building structure 77

4.25 Fabrication of spring site 78

4.26 Building structure with spring site attach 79

5.3 Graph of Amplitude against Frequency of 3

Accelerometers at Point 1 83

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5.12 Mobility and Phase of Force 1 at Point 1 of the building

structure plotted in MATLAB 93

5.21 Mobility and Phase of the Excitation Force of the building

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5.42 Mobility and Phase of the Excitation force of the building

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2.1 Earthquake Severity 10

2.2 Building Heights & Natural Frequency 29

3.1 Strain Formula 38

3.2 Stress Formula 38

3.3 Equilibrium Equations 38

3.4 Internal Forces and Moments 39

3.5 Stress and Strain 39

3.6 Beam Deflection 40

3.7 Deflection and Stiffness for Various Systems 40

5.1 Data for Experiment 1 92

5.2 Comparison between each excitation force for

Experiment 1 102

5.3 Data for Experiment 2 114

5.4 Comparison between each excitation force for

Experiment 2 124

5.5 Excitation Forces comparison for Experiment 1 and

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α Acceleration

F Force

f Frequency

k Spring constant

m Mass

wn Natural frequency

x Displacement

C Centroid

V Velocity

ε Strain

σ Stress

T Period

F Frequency

W Weight

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HMD Hybrid mass dampers

LRB Lead rubber bearing

FVD Fluid viscous dampers

MYD Metallic yielding dampers

VED Viscoelastic dampers

FD Friction dampers

SDOF Single Degree of Freedom

Al Aluminium

CRES Corrosion-resistant Steel

CAE Computer-Aided Engineering

CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics

B.C Before Century

FEM Finite Element Method

TMD Tuned mass dampers

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The experiences from the past strong earthquakes prove that the initial

conceptual design of a building is extremely important for the behavior of the building during an earthquake. It was shown repeatedly that no static analysis can

assure a good dissipation of energy and favorable distribution of damage in irregular buildings such as, for example, structures with large asymmetry or distinctively soft storey. Structural analysis and design is a very old art and is known to human beings since early civilizations. The Pyramids constructed by Egyptians around 2000 B.C. stands today as the testimony to the skills of master builders of that civilization. Many early civilizations produced great builders, skilled craftsmen who constructed magnificent buildings such as the Parthenon at Athens (2500 years old), the great Stupa at Sanchi (2000 years old), Taj Mahal (350 years old), and Eiffel Tower (120 years old) and many more buildings around the world. These monuments tell us about the great feats accomplished by these craftsmen in analysis, design and construction of large structures. Today we see around us countless houses, bridges, fly-over, high-rise buildings and spacious shopping malls. Planning, analysis and construction of these buildings is a science by itself.

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In the early periods houses were constructed along the riverbanks using the locally available material. They were designed to withstand rain and moderate wind. Today structures are designed to withstand earthquakes, tsunamis, cyclones and blast loadings. Aircraft structures are designed for more complex aerodynamic loadings. These have been made possible with the advances in structural engineering and a revolution in electronic computation in the past 50 years. The construction material industry has also undergone a revolution in the last four decades resulting in new materials having more strength and stiffness than the traditional construction material.

Earthquakes have many other effects besides vibrating the structures in response to ground shaking at its foundation. These other effects may even exceed that due to vibration. Unfortunately, the procedure of their estimation and the required steps for the design are considered outside the scope of structural

engineering. Different seismic resistant design codes have provisions to take into account the vibration of structures. But, these codes do not have any provision to

take care of other effects. However, structural engineers should be aware of the intensity of the hazards with a view to taking precautionary measures either in the design of structures, advising clients in selecting proper sites in such zones or making them aware of the importance of proper maintenance of the structures and other considerations the clients should follow up while using the designed structures.

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Another example is the December 26, 2003 earthquake that occurred in Bam, Iran. It had a 6.6 magnitude on the Richter’s scale, killed 31,000 people, injured 30,000 and left 75,600 homeless. This earthquake was responsible for the damage or destruction of 85% of the buildings, with damages being estimated at US$32.7 million (USGS 2004). In order to dissipate energy from earthquakes and reduce vibrations in structures, thereby reducing human and material losses, control devices have been developed and implemented in civil structures. They can be divided according to their energy consumption as passive, active and semi-active.

Passive control devices protect structures by reflecting or absorbing part of the input energy. They do not require power to function band are therefore very reliable systems. Examples include base isolation and tuned mass dampers. More effective than passive devices, active ones are able to adapt to different loading conditions since they use sensed structural responses to determine the control force

exerted on the structure. Different vibration modes can therefore be controlled. Examples are active mass damper and active tendons. There are several criteria that

must be review in this project which is:

1) Design a structural high-rise building to overcome earthquake. 2) Develop low-effect noise and vibration on high-rise building during

earthquake.

3) Reduce earthquake effect on high-rise building. 4) Review all the earthquake effect on high-rise building.

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Objective is a mission, purpose, or standard that can be reasonably achieved within the expected time frame and with the available resources. In general, an objective is broader in scope than a goal, and may comprise of several different goals. The main objective for the study of this project is stated as follows:

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The scopes of this study are to analyze all the effect of earthquake on high-rise building which can carry out low noise and vibration on the high-high-rise building during earthquake. Besides, the analytical study is necessary. Analytical study means that the study of the analysis which is the comparison between theoretical and experimental data. This is because some data are not in accurate value. In addition, the development of high-rise building is based on scale on actual building where the design must fit the actual building scale.

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This research is being made in order to know the noise and vibration effect on

high-rise building during earthquake. It is about the damping of the building to the ground motion which is shaking horizontally or vertically. The criteria that have been