Off Grid Building System Using Solatube And Wind Energy For Small Scale Application.

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I declare that this report entitle “Off Grid Building System Using Solatube and Wind Energy for Small Scale Application” is the result of my own research except as cited in references. The report has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.

Signature :

“I hereby declare that I have read through this report entitle “Off Grid Building System Using Solatube and Wind Energy For Small Scale Application” and found that it has comply the partial fulfillment for awarding the degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Industrial Power)”

Signature :

Supervisor’s Name : Mr. Norhafiz bin Salim

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-The special thank to my supervisor, Mr Norhafiz bin Salim for his advice and guidance in preparing my project.

My grateful thanks also go to others lecturer in Faculty of Electrical Engineering that gives a great idea to develop my project. The entire project will be nothing without the guidance from them.

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2.2.2.1 Mono crystalline Photovoltaic Panel 6 2.2.2.2 Poly crystalline Photovoltaic Panel 8

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2.3.1.3 Generator 18

2.3.1.3.1Squirrel Cage Induction Generator 18 2.3.1.3.2Double Fed Induction Generator 19 2.3.1.3.3Direct Drive Synchronous Generator20

2.3.1.3.4Comparison 22

2.3.1.4 Charge Controller 23

2.3.1.5 Battery Bank 23

2.3.1.6 Inverter 24

2.3.1.6.1Modified Sine Wave Inverter 24

2.3.1.6.2Pure Sine Wave 25

3.2.2 Design Wind Turbine And Solar 31

3.2.2.1 Rotor 31

3.2.2.2 Permanent Magnet DC Motor 31

3.2.2.3 Solar Panel 33

3.2.2.4 Inverter 34

3.2.2.5 Charge Controller 12 V 35

3.2.2.6 Battery Storage 35

3.3 Installation 36

3.4 Testing and Collecting Data 37

3.4.1 Solatube 37

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5.3 Energy Consumption and Cost Saving 54

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6.1 Conclusion 56

6.2 Recommendation 57

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2.1 The data of designing wind turbine 9

2.2 The information of suitability of having wind turbine 10

2.3 Comparison between three generators 17

3.1 The specification of the solar panel 33

3.2 Specification of the inverter 34

3.3 Gantt Chart 41

4.1 Lux meter reading for case 1 58

4.2 Lux meter reading for case 2 59

4.3 Lux meter reading for case 3 61

4.4 Result for wind turbine 63

4.5 Result for solar in day 1 64

4.6 Result for solar in day 2 65

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2.1 Cross-section Area of Solatube 4

2.2 Mono crystalline Photovoltaic Panel 7

2.3 Polycrystalline Photovoltaic Panel 8

2.4 Amorphous solar panels 9

2.5 Wind turbine component 12

2.6 Horizontal axis design 13

2.7 Vertical axis design 17

2.8 Squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) 19

2.9 Double fed induction generator 20

2.10 Direct drive synchronous generator 21

2.11 Swept area of the blades 27

3.7 Measurement of output wind turbine and solar 39

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Electrical power Efficiency of gearbox Efficiency of turbine

T Temperature = 303K

Exponential

D Diameter

v Wind speed

P Power density

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CO2 Carbon dioxide

PWM Pulse Width Modulation

TNB Tenaga Nasional Berhad

DC Direct current

AC Alternating current

HAWT Horizontal axis wind turbine

VAWT Vertical axis wind turbine

PMSG Permanent magnet synchronous generator

SCIG Squirrel cage induction generator

DFIG Doubly-fed induction generator

GTI Grid tie inverter

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Due to the increasing of electricity bills, the development of the renewable energy is very useful at this time. Several of the sources will be used to generates electricity such as solar and wind energy. Most of the countries are conducting a research about the technology to generate electricity by use the solar energy as an alternative source to replace the existing sources. In Malaysia, the receiving rate of the sun is higher in every years, means that Malaysia is suitable to develop the solar energy. For this project, the energy from the sunlight will be used as a source of the lighting and generate electricity. The wind energy source is familiar in several countries as Netherlands, Iran and China. But for our country, it is not efficient to be an alternative source because of the rate of wind flow is low. For this project, the source from wind energy is still will be used but the wind flow will be taking from the blower of the cooling tower to rotating the turbine.

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The main problem that contributes to this project is the increasing of electricity bills. The other problem is the increasing of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission that causes the

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iii. To analyze the output or result from the solatube, wind and solar energy. iv. To conclude that by using solatube, wind and solar energy will reduce the

electricity bills and minimize environmental impact.

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This project presents design of a solatube for lighting, wind turbine and solar system to generate electricity. Solatube or solar light pipes originally refer to the light tube for introducing lights for lighting purpose. The solar light pipes in buildings realize the lightening use of solar energy by taking full advantage of natural daylight [2]. A wind turbine and solar convert the wind dynamic energy and sunlight energy into the electrical energy. This project design is purposely for a small scale area such as in certain area of a factory.

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Solatube is an advanced technology that used sunlight as a source for lighting. By use a light energy from sunlight, the solatube will collect the light through an optic. An optic designed with parabolic shape to collect the maximum amount of sunlight from dawn, morning, midday, afternoon and dusk [2]. After the light enters the parabolic optic, it will be transfer the light down the tubing. The tubing has the material that can reflect the light along the tube until the light reach the diffuser. The diffuser will spread the light to the dark spaces area.

For this project, the solatube is design to replace the uses of lamp during the day. A solatube use a same concept with a traditional transparent roof but it has additional improvement to give more comfortable. It will be place at the rooftop of the building to capture the maximum amount of sunlight. Figure 2.1 below show the cross section area of the solatube.

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Photovoltaic (PV) panel will convert solar energy to electricity energy as power supply in form VDC. PV module will function as the power supply. The PV Module is a collection of individual silicon cells that generate electricity from sunlight which positive on one side (backside) and negative on the other (towards the sun). The sunlight produces photon that strike the surface of the thin silicon wafers and the electricity will produce through the system. The electron will knocked loose from the atoms in semiconductor material, then creating electron-hole pairs. For the complete electric circuit, the electric current, Iph(photocurrent) will produce in form electron when have two rod conductor are attached to the both side for positive side and negative side[8].

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The mono crystalline solar panel was made in mono crystalline cell. It element contain pure silicon and involve complicated crystal growth process. The silicon was cut into slice about of 0.2 to 0. 4 mm thick discs or wafers and then all the individual silicon were combine and wired together in the solar panel. The mono crystalline silicon will produce most efficient method compare to other but the disadvantage it was too expensive [10]. The Figure 2.2 below shows the mono crystalline photovoltaic panel.

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The polycrystalline solar panels were made with Polycrystalline cell. The mono crystalline solar panel have the cell are in the large block of many crystal and not grown in single crystals which allow them striking shattered glass appearance. The polycrystalline photovoltaic panel is sliced into wafers and then all the individual silicon was combine and wired together in the solar panel. Compare to Mono crystalline solar panel, the Polycrystalline solar panels are less expensive but less efficient [10]. The Figure 2.3 below shows the polycrystalline photovoltaic panel.

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The Amorphous solar panel is different from Mono Crystalline silicon and Polycrystalline solar panels. Their cells are not really crystals, but a thin layer of silicon deposited on a base material such as metal or glass to create the solar panel. These Amorphous solar panels are much cheaper, but their energy efficiency is also much less. So, to produce the same amount of power as the Mono crystalline or Polycrystalline type more square footage is required [11]. The Figure 2.4 below shows the amorphous solar panels

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Researches from Malaysian Meteorological Department (MMD), the condition of the wind in Malaysia are generally light and available. However, there are changes in wind flow patterns that are four seasons, namely, the southwest monsoon with speed below 15 knots, northeast monsoon (10 to 30 knots) and two periods of inter-monsoon seasons (light and variable). Based on the research, it is quite not suitable to develop wind energy in Malaysia because the speed of wind flow is light and not uniform [5]. But for this project, the maximum wind flow is taking from the top of cooling tower where the wind blows out by the blower.

A wind turbine is the equipment to convert the wind dynamic energy into the electrical energy. The main component used is blade or rotor which is convert the kinetic energy to the rotation energy, generator, controllers, inverters, batteries and other equipment such as electrical cables, ground support equipment and interconnection equipment.

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According to experts, the development of wind power plant has shown a 25% growth in the world. The prediction shows that growth will continue along with the spread of technologies and their use in wind power plants and the increase in fossil fuel prices, for the next few years [3]. Wind turbine is a one of device that converts kinetic energy from wind into rotational energy. If the rotational energy used to generate electricity, the device can be called a wind generator. If the mechanical energy used to drive machinery such as pumping water, it known as windmill or wind pumps. Developed for more than a thousand years, today’s wind turbines produced in a variety of vertical and horizontal axes. The smallest turbines are used for applications such as charging batteries while a large array of grid connected turbines become an increasingly large source of commercial electricity.

There are many advantages of using wind energy same to other renewable energy resources. The most important of the benefit is:

i. Generate wind turbines do not need fuel. This will reduce the consumption of fossil fuels.

ii. By using wind power does not incur any cost such as billing cost. iii. Wind energy fullfill a part of demand for electricity.

iv. The average price for energy generated by wind is less than the use of fossil fuels.

v. In the long term, less costs incurred to invest in wind energy sector. vi. Wind energy provides a stables energy system and variety of energies.

vii. Wind energy is very flexible. It will be generating energy from small amounts until the large amounts.

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A complete wind energy system is including rotor, transmission, generator, storage and other devices [2]. Each of the components has a function respectively to enable the wind turbine to operating. Figure 2.5 below shows the general wind turbine component.

Figure 2.5: Wind turbine component[3]

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