SPEECH ACTS IN PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA VICTORY SPEECH 2012
A THESIS
BY:
ERNA JANUARINI REG. NO 090705017
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
SPEECH ACTS IN PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA VICTORY SPEECH 2012
A THESIS BY:
ERNA JANUARINI Reg. No 090705017
Supervisor, Co-Supervisor,
Dr. Eddy Setia, M. Ed. TESP Drs. Umar Mono, Dip. Trans. M. Hum 195704121984031001 196001221986011001
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Literature
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara ( USU Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra
Examination.
Head, Secretary,
H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M. Hum
Accepted by the Board of Examination in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara on 4 July 2013
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatra Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA
NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners:
H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS,
Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M. Hum
Dr. Eddy Setia, M. Ed. TESP
AKCKNOWLEDGEMENT
Assalamualaikum Warrahmatullahi Wabarakatuh,
First of all I, would like to give my biggest gartitude to almighty ALLAH
SWT for blessings my life. Nothing is possible to happen without His permission.
I am also grateful to the dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of
Sumatera Utara, Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A., for giving all students facilities to support
our study. The gratitude is also expresses to the head of English Department Dr.
Muhizar Muchtar. M.S. and secretary Dr.Nurlela, M.Hum. for all things that you
give for me during my study. The gratitude is also express to Bg. Am as
adminitration matters who often helps me during my study.
I also would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP as
my supervisor and Mr. Umar Mono, Dip. Trans. M.Hum. as my co-supervisior
respectively for helps, guidance, and contributions in my thesis.
I would like to thank Ms. Drs.Persadanta br.karo-karo as my academic
advisor. My gratitude is also expressed to all of my lectures in English Department
who taught me much and contributed the knowledge during the academic years.
My lovely thanks to my parents Zulnaidi S.S. M.Hum and Ermiati S.S. They
are my biggest motivators who always support me in every condition and give me
anything I need during the making of this thesis. I am really thankful and I love them
so much. To my really lovely younger sister Septiarini Zuliati who often remember
me about my thesis, my older brother Sabriandi Erdian and her wife (kak Eka) who
husband (bg. Husnel). For my lovely nieces (Syaza, Durra, Futlah, Oyya, Aqila,
Imuf) and nephew (syafiq). And for my cousins which can’t mention one by one ^_^.
Thanks to my best friend who always beside me in every condition Dewi
“latdong”, Sinta “wecai”, and Dyah “emak”, I’m nothing without you friends.
Thanks to all friends in 2009 (izal, dinda, ade”mamak”, ai, rini, bayu, arif, yuda, tai,
heni, mita, winda, ina, nur, yuni and another which can’t mention one by one. For all
people who often stay in Sekret (kk Syari, Ayu, Ridho, Fani, wina, rizky, etc).
Thanks to another friends like Mida “minong”, Nonie, July “preman bali”,
etc. My cyber friends like Fabri, Nici, Rosi, etc. For all people in Spirit, MJD,
Gajepol, grup Koro, G2 and another community which I join there. And the last, I’m
thankful to all people who always question me “kapan wisuda?, udah sampe mana
skripsi?” and another question like that.
Medan, July 2013
Erna Januarini
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NAME : ERNA JANUARINI
TITLE OF THESIS : SPEECH ACTS IN PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA’S
VICTORY SPEECH 2012
QUALIFICATION :S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
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ABSTRAK
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
1.1.Background of the Study ... 1
1.2.Problem of the Study ... 4
1.3.Objective of the Study ... 4
1.4.Scope of the Study ... 5
1.5.Significance of the Study...5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1.Pragmatics ...6
2.2.Speech Acts ...7
2.2.1.Locutionary Act ...8
2.2.2.Illocutionary Act ...9
2.2.2.1.Illocutionary Classification ...10
2.2.3.Perlocutionary Act ...15
2.3. Direct and Indirect Speech Acts ...16
CHAPTER III: METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1.Research Design ...21
3.2.Data and Source ...21
3.3.Data Collecting Method ...21
3.4.Data Analysis ...22
3.4.1.Data Reduction ...22
3.4.2.Data Display ...23
3.4.3.Conclusion and Verification ...23
CHAPTER IV: THE ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1.The Category of Illocutionary Acts ...25
4.2.Direct and Indirect Speech Acts ...46
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1.Conclusions ...50
5.2.Suggestions ...51
ABSTRAK
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the Study
In social life, people always communicate with each other by using language.
Every human uses laguage to communication. They communicate to express or to
say something to other people. Language is one of tools for communication. May
(2001: 6) mentions that communication in society happens chiefly by means of
language. However, the users of language, as a social beings, communicate and use
language on society's premises; society controls their acces to the linguistic and
communicative means pragmatics, as the study of the way humans use their language
in communication, base itself on a study of those premises and determine show they
affect, and effectualize, human language use.
While people communicate, they use utterances to express what they have in
their mind toward the listener. Utterance produced by speaker does not only function
to explain the speaker mind toward the listener but also means to show the
relationship between them. Yule ( 1996: 47) states that actions performed via
utterances are generally called speech acts. In English, are commonly given more
specific labels, such as apology, complaint, compliment, invitation, promise, or
Austin (1962: 101) proposes that there are three related acts in speech acts.
They are locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts. Locutionary
acts is the content of the utterance itself, illocutionary acts is meanng intented by the
speaker, and perlocutionary acts is the interpretation of the message by the listener.
Speech acts are points out that when people use language, they are
performing kind of action. Speech acts has some classification system lists types of
general functions performed. Yule (1996: 53) state that there are one general
classification system lists five types of general functions performed by speech acts:
1) Declaration are those kinds of speech acts that change the world via their utterance
(example: I name this ship Oasis). 2) Representatives are those kinds of speech acts
that state what the speaker believes to be the case or not (example: the earth is flat).
3) Expressives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker feels
(example: thank you!). 4) Directives, are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use
to get someone else to do something (example: don’t touch that!). 5) Commissives
are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to commit themselves to some future
action (example: I’ll be back).
Another of those classification, there are direct and indirect speech acts. Yule
(1996: 55) state that whenever there is a direct relationship between a structure and a
function, we have a direct speech acts. For example: Whenever there is a direct
relationship between a structure and a function, we have a direct speech acts.
Whenever there is an in indirect relationship between a structure and a function, we
have an indirect speech acts. For example in direct speech acts: “I hereby tell you
acts. In indirect speech acts: “I hereby request of you that you close the door”. This
utterance like a comment/request and function as an indirect speech acts.
Speech acts are found in many works such as film, play, novel, speech and
short story. The writer is interested analysis the speech acts from a speech. Speech is
communication by one person in front of many people called audiences. In speech,
there is just one people talk and many another people hear about his utterance.
Person who speech is called speaker and the audiances is called hearer. In this
analysis, the datas are taken from speech by the first people in the United State of
America (USA) that “Barack Obama”. Barack Obama is the
Barack Obama is the first people in this world in 2012 version of Forbes. As
President, he often speech for his people. The utterances in his speeches influence his
people and country. One of his speeches which is very interesting to be analyzed is
his speech in his victory 2012. Obama gave his speech when he become President of
USA for twice. His speech usually talks about politics about his country, about Iraq,
Pakistan and religion. But in his speech, he focus about the future of America. There
are some of his utterances which show classification of illocutionary acts. There are
examples of some classification:
• Representative classification “ Tonight, you vote for action, not politics as
usual”. In this utterances, Obama states that in that speech he will show his
action for USA which usually he often show about the politic. Paradigmatic
• Expressive classification “ I want to thanks every American who participated
in this election”. In this utterances, Obama shows his express feeling that
thanking. Paradigmatics case of thanking in illocution is part of expressives.
• Directives classification “In the weeks ahead, I also look forward to sitting
down with Governor Romney to talk about where we can work together to
move this country forward.”. In this utterances, Obama uses paradigmatic in
directives illocution like inviting that he want to cooperate with Governor
Romney about future of USA.
1.2 Problems of the Analysis
Based on the background stated the problems that appear in this research are:
1. What classification of illocutionary acts are found in this speech?
2. Which acts are the most dominant one in this speech?
3. Are there direct and indirect speech acts in this speech?
1.3 Objectives of the Analysis
From the problem analysis, the writer will take some objectives to answer the
problems of the analysis, they are
1. To find out about the classifications of illocutionary acts in this speech and
2. To find out what kind of classification of illocutionary acts which are
dominant in this speech.
3. To find out if there are direct and indirect speech acts in this speech.
1.4Scope of the Study
The analysis of this research is based on pragmatics that is to discuss the
speech acts on the speech of President Barack Obama’s Victory Speech 2012. In this
analysis, the writer limits on the types of illocutionary act which consist of
declarative, representative, expressive, directive, and commissive, determining the
meaning of each utterance, and the direct or indirect illocutionary act.
1.5 Significances of the Analysis
The writer hopes that the result of this analysis can help out the readers to be
familiar with pragmatic analysis especially in illocutionary acts. The researcher
hopes that this research will give more understanding especially in the pragmatics
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Pragmatics
Yule (1996:3) states that pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning
as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). It
has consequently, more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their
utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might means by
themselves. Peccei (1999: 2) states “pragmatics concentrates on those aspects of
meaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and takes into
account knowledge about hte physical and social world”.
One traditional distiction in language analysis consists pragmatics with
syntax and semantics. Syntax is the study of relationship between linguistic forms,
semantics is the study of the realtionships between linguistics forms and entities in
the world, pragmatics is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and
the users of those forms.
In this three parts distiction, only pragmatics allows human into the analysis.
The advantages of this studying language via pragmatics is that one can talk about
people’s intended meanings, their assumptions, their purpose or goals, and the kinds
of actions ( for example, request) that they are performing when they speak.
2.2 Speech Acts
Speech act theory is attributed to the Oxford philosopher J. L. Austin. The
basic ideas, which were formed by him in the late 1930s, were presented in his
lectures given at Oxford in 1952–1954, and later in his William James Lectures
delivered at Harvard in 1955. These lectures were finally published posthumously as
How To Do Things With Words in 1962. In that book, Austin ( 1962: 94) told that to
say something is to do something, or in saying something, and even by saying
something we do something.
Speech acts explain when people want to express themselves, they do not
only produce utterances containing grammatical structures and words, they perform
actions via those utterances. If you work in a situation where a boss has a great deal
of power, then the boss’s utterance of the expression is more than just statement.
(1)You’re fired.
The utterance in (1) can be used to perform the act of ending your
employment. However, the actions performed by utterances do not have to be as
dramatic or as unpleasant as in (1). The action can be quit pleasant, as in the
compliment performed by (2.a), the acknowledgement of thanks in [2.b], or the
expression of surprise in [2.c].
(2.a) You’re delicious.
(2.b) You’re welcome.
Generally, Speech acts are actions performed via utterances, in English, are
commonly given more specific labels, such as apology, complaint, compliment,
invitation, promise, or request.
Austin claimed that all utterances, in addition to meaning whatever they
mean, perform specific acts via the specific communicative force of an utterance.
Furthermore, he introduced a threefold distinction among the acts one simultaneously
performs when saying something, as illustrated in:
(i) Locutionary act: the production of a meaningful linguistic expression.
(ii) Illocutionary act: the action intended to be performed by a speaker in uttering a
linguistic expression, by virtue of the conventional force associated with it, either
explicitly or implicitly.
(iii) Perlocutionary act: the bringing about of consequences or effects on the
audience through the uttering of a linguistic expression, such consequences or effects
being special to the circumstances of utterance.
2.2.1 Locutionary Act
In Austin (1962: 95), a locutionary act is the basic act of speaking, which
itself consists of three related sub-acts:
(i) a phonic act of producing an utterance-inscription;
(ii) a phatic act of composing a particular linguistic expression in a
particular language; and
The first of these three sub-acts is concerned with the physical act of
producing a certain sequence of vocal sounds (in the case of spoken language), or a
set of written symbols (in the case of written language). The second refers to the act
of constructing a well-formed string of sounds/symbols (a word, phrase, or sentence
in a particular language). The third sub-act is responsible for tasks such as assigning
reference, resolving deixis, and disambiguating the utterance-inscription lexically
and/ or grammatically.
2.2.2 Illocutionary Act
The illocutionary act refers to the fact that when we say something, we
usually say it with some purpose in mind. In other words, an illocutionary act refers
to the type of function the speaker intends to fulfill, or the action the speaker intends
to accomplish in the course of producing an utterance; it is also an act defined within
a system of social conventions. In short, it is an act accomplished in speaking.
Examples of illocutionary acts include accusing, apologizing, blaming,
congratulating, declaring war, giving permission, joking, marrying, nagging, naming,
promising, ordering, refusing, swearing, and thanking.
The functions or actions just mentioned are also commonly referred to as the
illocutionary ‘force’ (or ‘point’) of the utterance. Illocutionary force is frequently
conveyed by what Searle called an ‘illocutionary force indicating device’ (IFID), the
most direct and conventional type of which is an explicit performative in the form of
(a) (where Vp stands for performative verb). Indeed, the term ‘speech act’ in its
narrow sense is often taken to refer exclusively to illocutionary acts.
2.2.2.1 Illocutionary Classification
Peecei (1999: 52), there are five classification of speech act:
1. Representatives
Representatives (or assertives; the constatives of the original Austinian
performative/constative dichotomy) are those kinds of speech acts that commit the
speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition and thus carry a truth-value. They
express the speaker’s belief. In performing this type of speech act, the speaker
represents the world as he or she believes it is, thus making the words fit the world of
belief. Paradigmatic cases include:
1. Asserting: to state a fact confidently and forcefully
2. Claiming: to assert that one has gained or achieved and state something without
providing evidence or proof
3. Predicting: to say or estimate that will happen in the future
4. Affirming: to declare a fact publicy and for support, uphold or defend
5. Retelling: to tell again something with another way.
6. Informing: to give somebody about information about something.
7. Concluding: to bring something to and end.
8. Stating: to express something definitely and clearly.
9. Explaining: to make clear to someone by describing more detail and account an
event by giving reason or justification.
Example:
• That’s what make America great (asserting)
2. Directives
Directives are those kinds of speech acts that represent attempts by the
speaker to get the addressee to do something. They express the speaker’s desire/ wish
for the addressee to do something. In using a directive, the speaker intends to elicit
some future course of action on the part of the addressee, thus making the world
match the words via the addressee. Paradigmatic cases include:
1. Inviting: a friendly request to someone to go somewhere or to do something.
2. Commanding: to make somebody what they must to do
3. Ordering: to tell somebody to do something. Ordering is more polite than
commanding
4. Requesting: to act politely asking for something
5. Suggesting: to put an idea to someone’s mind
Example:
• Let me said this publicly (requesting)
• We can do this for our country (ordering)
• Go there! (commanding)
3. Commissives
Commisives are those kinds of speech acts that commit the speaker to some
future course of action. They express the speaker’s intention to do something. In the
case of a commissive, the world is adapted to the words via the speaker himherself.
1. Hoping: a demand something to happen or to do something
2. Refusing: to show that one is disagree or unwilling to give, accept or do something
3. Promising: a spoken that one will definitely gve or do or not do something
4. Offering: to show willingness to do or give something
Examples:
• No, Thank you (refusing)
• I’ll make this country great ( promising)
• That’s the furute that we hope ( hoping)
4. Expressives
Expressives are those kinds of speech acts that express a psychological
attitude or state of the speaker such as joy, sorrow, and likes/dislikes. There is no
direction of fit for this type of speech act. Paradigmatic cases include:
1. Congratulating: to express about praise or something that somebody get
2. Complimenting: an expression of praise, admiration, approval, etc
3. Thanking: to express gratitude to somebody
4. Believing: to express belief about something or somebody
Examples:
• I believe in you (believing)
• Thank you (thanking)
5. Declarations
Declarations (or declaratives) are those kinds of speech acts that effect
immediate changes in some current state of affairs. Because they tend to rely on
elaborate extralinguistic institutions for their successful performance, they may be
called institutionalized performatives. In performing this type of speech act, the
speaker brings about changes in the world; that is, he or she effects a correspondence
between the propositional content and the world. Paradigmatic cases include
(officially) opening a bridge, declaring war, excommunicating, firing from
employment, and nominating a candidate. As to the direction of fit, it is both
words-to-world and world-to-words.
I now pronounce you husband and wife (declaring)
I name my baby “Dila” (naming)
To more understanding about the similarities and differences between the
speech act categories that we have been discussing will show in this table below
based on the relation between ‘words’ and ‘world’. (Peccei, 1999: 53)
Speech Acts Category Relation Between ‘The Words’ and ‘The World’
Who is Responsible for The Relation
Representatives The words fit the world
(‘outside’ world)
Speaker
Expressives The words fit the world
(physiological world)
Speaker
Commisives The world will fit the words Speaker
Declarations The words change the world Speaker
After the table above, there is also a table which describe how the direct
interretation comes from other linguistic features of the utterance which we
recognize as typical linguistic expressions of speech acts. ( Peccei, 1999: 54)
Speech Acts Category Typical Expression Example
Representatives Declarative structure Tom’s eating grapes.
Directives Imperative sentence Si down!
Expressives Declarative structure with
words referring to feelings
I’m sorry to hear that.
Commisives Declarative structure with
speaker subject and future
time expressed
I’ll call you tonight.
Declaratives Declarative structure with
speaker as subject and a
performative verb in
simple present tense
We find the defendant
guilty.
2.2.3 Perlocutionary Act
Perlocutionary act concerns the effect an utterance may have on the
addressee. Put slightly more technically, a perlocution is the act by which the
illocution produces a certain effect in or exerts a certain influence on the addressee.
Still another way to put it is that a perlocutionary act represents a consequence or
by-product of speaking, whether intentional or not. The effect of the act being performed
by speaking is generally known as the perlocutionary effect. There is an extensive
literature on the differentiation between locutionary, illocutionary, and
perlocutionary acts.
The understanding between locution, illocution, and perlocution can be found
in this example:
“could you make a cup of coffee?”
Locution: The speaker uttered the words which semnatically mean requesting the
listener to make a cup of coffee.
Illocution: The speaker performed an act of requesting the listener to make a coffee.
Perlocution: The speaker persuaded the hearer to give a coffee, and as response, the
listener gave a cup of coffee as the speaker wishes.
2.3 Direct and Indirect Speech Acts
Languages have three basic sentence types: declarative, interrogative, and
imperative and the three general communicative functions (statement, questions, and
illocutionary force, we have a direct speech act. In addition, explicit performatives,
which happen to be in the declarative form, are also taken to be direct speech acts,
because they have their illocutionary force explicitly named by the performative verb
in the main part (or ‘matrix clause’) of the sentence. On the other hand, if there is no
direct relationship between a sentence type and an illocutionary force, we are faced
with an indirect speech act. Thus, when an explicit performative is used to make a
request, as in (a), it functions as a direct speech act; the same is the case when an
imperative is employed, as in (b). By comparison, when an interrogative is used to
make a request, as in (c), we have an indirect speech act.
(a) I request you to pass the salt (Declarative) ( statement)
(b) Pass the salt. (Intterogative) ( question)
(c) Can you pass the salt? (Imperative) ( command/request)
Yule ( 1996: 54) tells that whenever, there is a direct relationship between a
structure and a function, that is direct speech act. Whenever there is an indirect
relationship between a structure and function, that is indirect speech act. A
declarative used to make statement is a direct speech act, but a declarative used to
make a request is an indirect speech act.
Example:
(a) I hereby tell you about the weather. (direct speech act)
Indirect speech acts are generally associated with greater politeness in
English than direct speech acts. In order to understand why, we have to look at a
bigger picture than just a single utterance performing a single speech acts.
2.4. Relevant Studies
In analyzing the speech acts in thi thesis, some relevant studies to support the
analysis, they are:
Banjarnahor (2011) analysis the illocutionary and perlocutionary acts
produced by film script of Margareth Tate and Andrew Paxton. The illocution
becomes representatives, commissives, directives, expressives, rogatives, and
declaratives. Rinandes use the descriptive method and the data collected by applying
the library reserach method.
The result for her thesis are found 365 utterances that consist of 190
representatives (52,21%), 72 directives (19,72), 66 rogatives (18,08%), 20
commissives (5,4%), 13 expressives (3,5%), and 4 declaration (1,09%). Rinandes
also found 14 perlocutionary acts by Margareth and Andrew.
Banjarnahor’s thesis and the writer thesis is relevant because her thesis
analyzing illocutionary acts classification too. The similarity between Rinandes’s
thesis and this thesis is the theory from Searle’s theory. But there are several
differences between this thesis:
a. Banjarnahor’s thesis analyzed the illocutionary classification on film script
on speech by Barack Obama when he becomes to be President of USA for
twice in 2012.
b. Banjarnahor’s thesis analyzed about illocutionary classification and
perlocutionary and this thesis analyzed about illocutionary classification and
direct indirect speech acts.
c. Banjarnahor’s thesis use rogatives illocutionary from Peccei.
Damanik (2012) analysis the illocutionary and explanation for the finding
dominant acts produced by film Slumdog Millionaire. The illocution becomes
verdictives, exercitives, commissives, behavities, and expositives. She printed movie
dialogue script and get certain picture of what the dialogues talk about are.
The result for her thesis are found 370 utterances that consist of 227
expositives (61,35%), 81 behabitives (21,89%), 36 exercitives (9,7%), 18
commisives (4,86%), and 8 verdictives (2,2%). She also found the expositives is
most dominant act because every people who utter something, as long as their
utterances are fit to the conversation, they have created an expositives.
The writer uses Damanik’s thesis as relevant study because her thesis is the
current thesis analyzing illocutionary act classification too. The similarity between
this thesis and Damanik’s thesis is subject both of this thesis is illocutionary acts.
This thesis and Damanik’s thesis use similairy method is from Huberman and Miles
with qualitative method. But, there are some differences between this thesis and
Damanik’s thesis:
a. This thesis and Damanik’s thesis use different theory. This thesis uses
calssification acts to be “ verdictives, exercitives, commisives, behavitives,
and expostives”.
b. This thesis analyze about illocution classification and explanation for finding
the dominant illocution act. While, this thesis analyze about illocution
classification and direct and indirect speech act.
d. The object of Damanik’s thesis is film entitled Slumdog Millionaire and this
thesis analyzed the illocutionary classification on speech by Barack Obama
when he becomes to be President of USA for twice in 2012.
c. Damanik’s thesis is analyze about lowest class who lives in the society.
While, this thesis analyze about the highest class who led the power country
that is USA.
Purba (2012) analysis the hedges and presupposition which found in Brack
Obama Speeches. The hedges become passive voice verb, hypothetical construction,
epistemic verbs, adverbial construction, modal verbs, cognition verbs, and questions
construction. The presupposition become existential presupossition, counterfactual
presupposition, non- factive presupposition, factive presupposition, lexical
presupposition, and structural presupposition. Purba uses descriptive qualitative
method and use Grice and Yule theory.
The result of his thesis are found 1 data for passive voice verb, 36 datas for
hypothetical construction, 12 datas for epistemic verbs, 13 datas for adverbial
construction, 38 datas for modal verbs, 4 datas for cognition verbs, and 5 datas for
questions construction. For presupposition found 22 datas for existential
presupposition, 13 datas for factive presupposition, 1 data lexical presupposition, and
5 datas for structural presupposition.
Purba’s thesis and this thesis are relevant because also talk about pragmatics
and same object that is Barack Obama Speech. But there are some difference
between this thesis and Purba’s thesis:
a. Purba’s thesis uses three speech of Obama. While, this speech uses one
speech of Obama.
b. Purba’s thesis talk about hedges and presupposition. While, this thesis talk
about illocution acts and direct and indirect speech acts.
c. Purba’s thesis use descriptive qualitative method. While, this thesis use
CHAPTER III
METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1 Research Design
The writer will use qualitative method in doing this analysis. Qualitative
procedures provide a means of accesing unquantifiable facts about the actual people
reserachers observe and talk or people represented by their personal traces (such as
letters, photographs, newspaper accounts, diaries, and so on). As result, qualitative
technique allow researches to share in the understandings and perceptions of others
and to explore how people structure and give meaning to their daily lives.
Researchers using qualitative techniques examine how people learn about and make
sense of themselves and others.
3.2 Data and Data Source
The data source of this thesis is the victory speech of Obama in 2012. The
data are speech by “Barack Obama” in English that is in the form sentences. The
source of this speech taken from internet. The text got from google and the video
from Youtube (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nv9NwKAjmt0). The theory
which will be used in this analysis is Peccei’s theory which included representatives,
declaratives, commisives, expressives, and directives.
3.3 Data Collecting Method
Data collecting method used in this study is reviewing a document by some
1. Collecting the data: by picking out all the sentences of the speech.
2. Transcribing to classifiying the data.
3. Classifying the data: classifying the important data based on the scope of the
analysis.
4. Identifying the data: characterizing the utterance based on which belong to
one of the categories of illocutionary act.
5. Describe the data: making a description of the final result of the research in
the form of numbers and tables.
6. Conclusion the data: making a conclusion of the final result of the research.
3.4 Data Analysis
Data analysis can be defined from Huberman and Miles (1994) as consiting
of three concurrent flows of action: data reduction, data display, and conclusions and
verification.
3.4.1 Data Reduction
Qualitative data need to be reduced and transformed in order to make them
more readily accessible, understandable, and to draw out various themes and
patterns. Data reduction acknowledges the voluminous nature of qualitative data in
the raw. It directs attention to the need for focusing, simplifying, and transforming
raw data into a more manageable form. This data reduction and transformation
In this speech, there are some words do not part of classification of illocution
and direct and indirect speech acts which the writer analyze. So, the process of
reduction is removing the some words which unnecessary in this analysis.
3.4.2 Data Display
The notion of data display is inteded to convey the idea that data are
presented as an organized, compressed assembly of information that permits
conclusions to be analytically drawn. Displays may involve tables of data; tally
sheets of themes; summaries or proportions of various statements, phrases, or terms;
and similarly reduced and transformed groupings of data. These displays assist the
researcher in understanding and observing certain patterns in the data or determining
what additional analysis or actions must be taken. As with the activity of data
reduction, the development of displays is not really a separate step but rather a
component of the analysis process.
After the writer did the reduction process in this speech, the data display will
show the data which will be analyzed to get the conclusion.
3.4.3 Conclusion and Verification
The last analysis activity will discuss is conclusion drawing and verification.
Throughout the reserach process, the investigator has been making various informed
The data in this analysis will be analyzed one by one by Searle’s speech acts
theory and adding with rogatives classification which found in Peccei as basic to get
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 The Category of Illocutionary Acts
There are many utterances found in the speech of Barack Obama in his
victory speech in 2012. The category of illocutionary acts in Victory Speech of
Barack Obama is discussed as follows:
1. Representatives.
Representatives are those kinds of speech acts that commit the speaker to the
truth of the expressed proposition and thus carry a truth-value. Some
utterances that represent representive illocutionary acts in this speech:
Asserting
1. That's what makes America great. 81
Obama assert that America great country. He states a fact after he shows
some proof in the previous sentence about university, military, and wealt
than any nation. He says that with confidently and forcefully.
2. That's where we need to go – forward. 54
Obama asserts that the American people need to move forward. It is assert
because he state confidentely and forcefully.
3. It's important. 39
Obama asserts about election. After he tells facts of politics and election,
4. That's why elections matter. 37
Obama asserts that the election is important. Election is one part of
politics. Obama state election and politics confidently and forcefully.
5. That's who we are. 90
Obama asserts that they are had bond each other with forcefully after
show about girl who suffer leukemia..
6. We've got more work to do. 72
Obama asserts that they have more work to do for their action for future
in America.
7. That's what politics can be. 36
Obama asserts about what politic can be. After tell the fact and support
his people, Obama state that confidentely and forcefully.
Claiming
1. We are greater than the sum of our individual ambitions and we remain
more than a collection of red states and blue states. 103
Obama claims that the American people would become great on their
individual ambitions and they are part of the blue states and red states. He
doesn’t show a proof in this speech.
2. We may have battled fiercely, but it's only because we love this country
deeply and we care so strongly about its future. 11
Obama claims that his people love and care about the future of USA but
he doesn’t show the proof in this speech.
Obama claims that each of them will not agree on how each of them got
it. By saying “sometime” and he doesn’t show why they will disagree in
this speech.
4. I know that political campaigns can sometimes seem small, even silly. 29
Obama claims that political campaigns small, even silly. By saying
“sometime seem” and he doesn’t show about the proof of the political
small, even silly in this speech.
5. Our economy is recovering. 62
Obama claims that their economy is recovering but he doesn’t show proof
about economy in this speech.
Predicting
1. But if you ever get the chance to talk to folks who turned out at our rallies
and crowded along a rope line in a high school gym or – or saw folks
working late at a campaign office in some tiny county far away from
home, you'll discover something else. 31
Obama predicts that if people ever speak to folks working late in
campaign office so they will find something else and different. Obama
estimates what will happen to his people after they talk to folks working
and predict about politics.
2. You'll hear the pride in the voice of a volunteer who's going door to door
because her brother was finally hired when the local auto plant added
another shift. 33
3. You'll hear the determination in the voice of a young field organizer
who's working his way through college and wants to make sure every
child has that same opportunity. 32
Obama predicts that they would hear the organization work through
college and ensure their children have the same opportunity in
employment.
4. You'll hear the deep patriotism in the voice of a military spouse who's
working the phones late at night to make sure that no one who fights for
this country ever has to fight for a job or a roof over their head when they
come home. 34
Obama predicts that they would hear the patriotism of military.
5. And you will have the lifelong appreciation of a grateful president. 26
Obama predicts that he was grateful to be president of the U.S and he will
feel that all his life. He estimate what will happen in the future about his
people.
6. As it has for more than two centuries, progress will come in fits and
starts. 57
Obama Obama predicts that after two centuries the progress will start to
be created.
7. No matter what you do or where you go from here, you will carry the
memory of the history we made together. 25
Obama predicts that his campaign team and volunteers will carry the
memory of the history when they made together with Obama. He
8. And together, with your help and God's grace, we will continue our
journey forward and remind the world just why it is that we live in the
greatest nation on earth. 105
Obama predicts that he and his people went on ahead each of them live in
the greatest in the world.
Affirming
1. And when we go through tough times, when we make big decisions as a
country, it necessarily stirs passions, stirs up controversy. 43
Obama affirms that when they pass time difficult then they will make a
big decision as the people of a country. It is a affirms because he support
his people to make their decision for the USA.
2. And tonight, despite all the hardship we've been through, despite all the
frustrations of Washington, I've never been more hopeful about our
future. 92
Obama affirms that he will continue to hope about their future despite
many difficulties experienced.
3. That's the vision we share. 53
Obama affirms to his people about vision that they are must be share.
After saying about hope and believing in previous sentences, obama
declare a fact to support his people about vision of the USA.
4. It moves forward because of you. 5
Obama affirms that his people who moves forward about their destiny in
America. By saying “you” which show to his people, Obama tells a fact
5. That's why we do this. 35
Obama affirms that the reasons why they do politics. After show the fact
and predict about future in previous sentence Obama support his people to
do politics.
6. But that common bond is where we must begin. 61
Obama affirms his people that they must begin. After saying facts about
his refuses, he supports his people by saying “we must begin”.
7. And whether I earned your vote or not, I have listened to you. 65
Obama affirms that he was listening to the people even if the people voted
for him or not. By saying “I have listening to you”, he gives support to his
people about the vote.
8. To the best campaign team and volunteers in the history of politics– the
best – the best ever – some of you were new this time around, and some
of you have been at my side since the very beginning.23
Obama affirms his campaign team and volunteers are the best in the
history. He declare fact about his campaign team and give support to them
by saying they are “the best ever”.
Explaining
1. It moves forward because you reaffirmed the spirit that has triumphed
over war and depression, the spirit that has lifted this country from the
depths of despair to the great heights of hope, the belief that while each of
us will pursue our own individual dreams, we are an American family,
Obama explains that the spirit, hopes and beliefs that led to the American
people get the progress in the United States. After support his people in
previous sentence, Obama explains about some proof that have done by
them to move America forward .
2. These arguments we have are a mark of our liberty, and we can never
forget that as we speak, people in distant nations are risking their lives
right now just for a chance to argue about the issues that matter the
chance to cast their ballots like we did today. 46
Obama explains that their argument is a sign of their freedom. Obama
also describes about the people in other countries who fought so that their
arguments be heard as the American people do when it. It is a explain
because he describe more detail about something with give reason.
3. It doesn't matter whether you're black or white or Hispanic or Asian or
Native American or young or old or rich or poor, abled, disabled, gay or
straight. 100
Obama explains the suject as varied as having black or white skin,
hispanic or asian or native american, rich, poor, able, disable and other.
Obama describe more detail about various people in America.
4. What makes America exceptional are the bonds that hold together the
most diverse nation on Earth, the belief that our destiny is shared that this
country only works when we accept certain obligations to one another and
to future generations, so that the freedom which so many Americans have
fought for and died for come with responsibilities as well as rights, and
Obama explains that bond, belief, freedom and the things that happen in
the United States conducted by the American people made a tremendous.
Retelling
1. That's where we need to go. 55
Obama retells that American must go forward from previous sentence.
3. And it shouldn't. 45
Obama retells his statement from previous sentence.
4. Thank you. 2
Obama retells to thanks the audience. He repeats again to said “thank
you” from first sentence.
5. Thank you so much. 3
Obama retells to thanks the audience. It is twice repeting after he says
thank you for two times and he add “so much” to express that he really
thanking to audience.
6. Each of us has deeply held beliefs. 42
Obama retells about democracy and politics which each of their belief.
Informing
1. Tonight, more than 200 years after a former colony won the right to
determine its own desti
4
Obama informs that in antiquity there were colonies that won the right to
advanced. Obama gives information to audience about what happened in
America 200 years ago.
2. And with your stories and your struggles, I return to the White House
more determined and more inspired than ever about the work there is to
do and the future that lies ahead. 68
Obama informs that he returned to the White House with more inspired
about the future of its people thanks to the struggle of its people.
3. I've seen it in the family business whose owners would rather cut their
own pay than lay off their neighbors and in the workers who would rather
cut back their hours than see a friend lose a job. 83
Obama informs that he had seen such sacrifices in the family business
work better and cut his salary workers who cut his working hours.
4. I've seen it in the soldiers who re-enlist after losing a limb and in those
Seals who charged up the stairs into darkness and danger because they
knew there was a buddy behind them watching their back. 84
Obama informs that he had seen about soldiers returning to a dangerous
place, knowing there is someone who expects him back and help him.
5. I've seen it on the shores of New Jersey and New York, where leaders
from every party and level of government have swept aside their
differences to help a community rebuild from the wreckage of a terrible
storm. 85
Obama informs that he had seen the leaders along the beach to help the
community to clean up storm debris and put aside their differences.
6. And I saw it just the other day in Mentor, Ohio, where a father told the
nearly cost their family everything had it not been for healthcare reform
passing just a few months before the insurance company was about to
stop paying for her care. 86
Obama informs that in Ohio he saw a father who told him about his eight
years old daughter suffer leukemia and insurance company stop to pay
for her treatment after a few months financing.
7. I had an opportunity to not just talk to the father but meet this incredible
daughter of his. 87
Obama informs that he was not just talking to her father but also her son
who suffer leukemia.
8. That's the principle we were founded on. 76
Obama informs about why their principle that they find.
9. And when he spoke to the crowd, listening to that father's story, every
parent in that room had tears in their eyes because we knew that little girl
could be our own. 88
Obama informs of the events where he visited a father whose daughters
suffer leukimia and many people cries after heard that. He inform about
something.
10. Tonight, in this election, you, the American people, reminded us that
while our road has been hard, while our journey has been long, we have
picked ourselves up, we have fought our way back, and we know in our
hearts that for the7
Obama informs that the best is yet to come for USA although they have
11. From George to Lenore to their son Mitt, the Romney family has chosen
to give back to America through public service. 12
Obama informs about Romney family chosen too in America’s election.
12. And that provides plenty of fodder for the cynics who tell us that politics
is nothing more than a contest of egos or the domain of special interests.
30
Obama informs that there are provides plenty of fodder who cynical that
politics is an ego contest and special interests. He informs to his people
about cynicism in politics.
13. We have our own opinions. 41
Obama informs that everybody has their own opinions. Obama give
information to his people and to show the proof of democracy.
Concluding
1. America's never been about what can be done for us; it's about what can
be done by us together, through the hard and frustrating but necessary
work of self-government. 75
Obama concludes that America is not about what has been done people
tersediri but together and through hard work.
2. Whether you voted for the very first time or waited in line for a very long
time by the way, we have to fix that, whether you pounded the pavement
or picked up the phone, whether you held an Obama sign or a Romney
Obama concludes about the things that made people in voting. It is a
conclude because Obama bring something to an end that the voice made a
difference.
Stating
1. And I wouldn't be the man I am today without the woman who agreed to
marry me 20 years ago. 16
Obama states that he would not be what it is today without the woman
who has been married for twenty years. He expresses about his feeling to
his wife definetely.
2. Michelle, I have never loved you more. 18
Obama states that he loved his wife. It is a state because he expresses his
feeling definitely and clearly.
3. Democracy in a nation of 300 million can be noisy and messy and
complicated. 40
Obama states states that democracy noisy, messy, and complicated.
Obama express his feeling about democracy with 300 million people.
4. I have never been more hopeful about America. 93
Obama states he never expects more about America. he express his
feeling about America.
2. Directives.
Directives are those kinds of speech acts that represent attempts by the
speaker to get the addressee to do something. Some utterances that represent
Suggesting
1. You can make it here in America if you're willing to try. 101
Obama suggests doing so in the United States if each of them wants to
try. He put an idea to his people.
Requesting
1. But I will say that, for now, one dog's probably enough. 22
Obama requests that having a dog is enough to his family. Obama act
politely to just has one dog for now.
2. Let me say this publicly. 17
Obama requests to states something in general. It is a request because he
ask to audience politely.
3. And I ask you to sustain that hope. 94
Obama requests to the people to maintain their hopes.
Inviting
1. In the weeks ahead, I also look forward to sitting down with Governor
Romney to talk about where we can work together to move this country
forward. 14
Obama invites to the governor Romney to sit together in order to work
with Obama to make America a more advanced. It is a invite because
3. Commisives
Commisives are those kinds of speech acts that commit the speaker to some
future course of action. Some utterances that represent directives
illocutionary acts in this speech:
Hoping
1. We want our kids to grow up in a country where they have access to the best schools and the best teachers a country that lives up to its legacy as
the global leader in technology and discovery and innovation with all of
the good jobs and new businesses that follow. 48
Obama hopes that the children in America grow in the shade of the school
and the best teacher, a leader and innovate in their work. Obama hopes
that by saying “want”.
2. We want our children to live in an America that isn't burdened by debt, that isn't weakened up by inequality, that isn't threatened by the
destructive power of a warming planet. 49
Obama hopes that each of them children is not burdened with debt, equity
and not gets threatened by global warming. Obama hopes that by saying
“want”.
3. We want to pass on a country that's safe and respected and admired around the world, a nation that is defended by the strongest military on
Earth and the best troops this – this world has ever known but also a
country that moves with confidence beyond this time of war to shape a
peace that is built on the promise of freedom and dignity for every human
Obama hopes that the country would be a safe country and admired other
countries, countries that have military defense of the strongest in the
world, and countries that build peace on an agreement that respects
freedom and human dignity.
4. That's the – that’s the future we hope for. 52 Obama hopes about the future of America..
5. I am hopeful tonight because I have seen this spirit at work in America. 82 Obama hopes he saw the spirit in every workplace in America.
6. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching
out and working with leaders of both parties to meet the challenges we
can only solve together – reducing our deficit, reforming our tax code,
fixing our immigration system, freeing ourselves from foreign oil. 71
Obama hope that they have a lot of work to be done such as reducing our
deficit, reforming our tax code, fixing our immigration system, freeing us
from foreign oil. He demand something happen about America.
7. But despite all our differences, most of us share certain hopes for
America's future. 47
Obama hopes future of America although their country has differences.
Refusing
1. I'm not talking about the wishful idealism that allows us to just sit on the
sidelines or shirk from a fight. 96
Obama refuses that she spoke of wishful idealism.
2. This country has more wealth than any nation, but that's not what makes
Obama refuses their people rich because their nation wealth.
3. I'm not talking about blind optimism, the kind of hope that just ignores
the enormity of the tasks ahead or the road blocks that stand in our path.
95
Obama refuses that he was optimistic that kind of blind hope that just
ignores the enormity of the task ahead.
4. Our university, our culture are all the envy of the world, but that's not
what keeps the world coming to our shores.
Obama refuses that the world came to their shores because the world
jealous of universities and each of them culture. 79
5. By itself, the recognition that we have common hopes and dreams won't
end all the gridlock, resolve all our problems or substitute for the
painstaking work of building consensus and making the difficult
compromises needed to move this country forward. 60
Obama refuses that even though the American people have the same
dreams means they will resolve about all problems in America. He
refuses that by saying “won’t”.
6. But that doesn't mean your work is done. 73
Obama refuses that people work is done by saying “doesn’t”.
7. It's not small, it's big. 38
Obama refuses that the election is small. By saying “not” Obama
unwilling accept it.
8. We have the most powerful military in history, but that's not what makes
Obama refuses their country strong because it has a powerful military in
history.
9. That won't change after tonight. 44
Obama refuses if the opinion will change after tonight. It is a refuse
because he unwilling to do make change.
10. It's not always a straight line.
Obama refuses if the future is always running straight. He refuses that by
saying “not”.
11. It's not always a smooth path. 59
Obama refuses future always run smoothly.
12. The role of citizens in our democracy does not end with your vote. 74
Obama refuses that the role of citizens in the voting does not end only
sound that they give.
13. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. 70
Obama refuses that people choose for their interests and not the interests
of political.
14. Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. 69
Obama refuses that the American people chose to see action not politics
as usual.
4. Expressives
Expressives are those kinds of speech acts that express a psychological
attitude or state of the speaker such as joy, sorrow, and likes/dislikes. Some
Believing
1. We believe in a generous America, in a compassionate America, in a
tolerant America open to the dreams of an immigrant's daughter who
studies in our schools and pledges to our flag to the young boy on the
south side of
the furniture worker's child in North Carolina who wants to become a
doctor or a scientist, an engineer or an entrepreneur, a diplomat or even a
president. 51
Obama believes that America is a generous, has a sense of compassion,
and in American immigrants children can realize his dream even as
scientists, engineers, entrepreneurs and even president.
2. America, I believe we can build on the progress we've made and continue
to fight for new jobs and new opportunities and new security for the
middle class. 98
Obama believes that each of them can build on the progress and fight for
jobs, new opportunities and a better safety in the middle class.
3. I believe we can keep the promise of our founding, the idea that if you're
willing to work hard, it doesn't matter who you are or where you come
from or what you look like or where you love. 99
Obama believes that each of them may hold the promise of its
predecessor to work hard no matter who they are, each of them origins,
what they see and they love.
4. I have always believed that hope is that stubborn thing inside us that
awaits us so long as we have the courage to keep reaching, to keep
working, to keep fighting. 97
Obama believes that something better awaits us as long as we are still
working and struggling.
5. And I know that every American wants her future to be just as bright. 89
Obama believes the American people that America who wants a bright
future.
6. I believe we can seize this future together because we are not as divided
as our politics suggests. 102
Obama believes that each of them will seize the future each of them are
not divided.
7. God bless you. 107
Obama believes that the Lord blesses his people. He belief about
something.
8. God bless these United States. 108
Obama believes that God bless the United States. This utterance shows
that Obama belief about something.
Complimenting
1. And I am so proud of you guys. 21
Obama complement that he proud of his daughters. It is a state because he
express about praise and admiration to his daughter.
2. I have never been prouder to watch the rest of America fall in love with
Obama complements his wife. By saying he is proud of his wife as a
woman made number one in the nation. It is a express of praise.
3. Sasha and Malia before our very eyes, you're growing up to become two
strong, smart, beautiful young women, just like your mom. 20
Obama complements his daughters because by saying each of them smart
and beautiful women like their mother. He express his admiration to his
daughters.
4. And that is a legacy that we honour and applaud tonight. 13
Obama complements Romney family by declaring it an honor and a
legacy of the family. Obama also asked the audience to clap their hands
as a form of praise. It is a complement because Obama praise to
Romney’s family.
5. You lifted me up the whole day, and I will always be grateful for
everything that you've done and all the incredible work that you've put in.
28
Obama complements his people and he feel proud of the people who have
lifted up him the whole day. Obama praise his people by saying “always
be grateful”.
6. And you've made me a better president. 67
Obama complements people by saying each of them make Obama a better
president. He praise his people.
7. That's the country I'm so proud to lead as your president. 91
Obama complements the people, say that he was proud to be their
Congratulating
1. I just spoke with Governor Romney and I congratulated him and Paul
Ryan on a hard-fought campaign. 10
Obama congratulations to Paul Ryan as it has struggled in the America
presidential election campaign in 2012. He express about his praise to
him.
Thanking
1. Thank you. 1
Obama thanks the audience was present to witness the triumph and await
a speech and thanked him to audience applause for coming to speak about
his victory.
2. I want to thank every American who participated in this election. 8
Obama expressed his feelings which want to thank in the elections and for
having chosen.
3. I want to thank my friend and partner of the last four years, America's
happy warrior, and the best vice-president anybody could ever hope for,
Joe Biden. 15
Obama express his feelings of gratitude to his partner Joe Biden as vice
president of her best ever expected.
4. Thank you for believing all the way to every hill, to every valley. 27
Obama express his gratitude to all the people of America who believe
him.
Obama thanks to the America nation. He express his feeling about
gratitude.
5. Declarations.
Declarations (or declaratives) are those kinds of speech acts that effect
immediate changes in some current state of affairs.
1. A decade of war is ending. 63
Obama declares decade has ended.
2. We are, and forever will be, the United States of America. 104
Obama declares American people will always be a part of the United
States.
3. A long campaign is now over. 64
Obama declares that the long campaign has ended.
4. But all of you are family. 24
Obama declares that his campaign team and volunteers are family.
4.2 Direct and Indirect Speech Acts
Direct Speech Acts
1. A long campaign is now over. 64
This is a direct speech act because it is a declarative used to make
statement. Obama declares about statement that long campaign is over.
2. A decade of war is ending. 63
This is a direct speech act because it is a declarative used to make
statement. Obama declares about statement that decade of war is ending.
This is a direct speech acts because it is a declarative used to make
statement. Obama declares about statement that campaign team and
colunteers are family.
Indirect Speech Acts
1. We are, and forever will be, the United States of America. 104
This is indirect speech act becasue it is a declarative used to make request
to his people that they will be the United States of America.
After analyzing each of the utterances of the speech in Barack Obama
Victory 2012, it is found 108 utterances which can be included as illocutionary acts
and determined into its own category. Below is the conclusion of each illocutionary
act category:
a) Representatives : 57 times
• Asserting : 7 times
• Claiming : 5 times
• Predicting : 8 times
• Affirming : 8 times
• Explaining : 4 times
• Retelling : 6 times
• Informing : 13 times
• Concluding : 2 times
b) Directives : 5 times
• Suggesting : 1 time
• Requesting : 3 times
• Inviting : 1 time
c) Commisives : 21 times
• Hoping : 7 times
• Refusing : 14 times
d) Expressives : 21 times
• Believing : 8 times
• Complementing : 7 times
• Congratulating : 1 time
• Thanking : 5 times
e) Declaratives : 4 times
• Declaring : 4 times
From the conclusion above, representatives is the dominant category in the
utterances of speech Barack Obama’s victory speech 2012. The writers will show in
a Table 1.
There are 5 direct speech acts and 2 indirect speech acts which are done by
Table 1. The Dominant Category of Illocutionary Acts in Barack Obama’s
Victory Speech 2012.
No Types of Illocutionary Acts Total %
1 Representatives 57 52.77%
2 Directives 5 4.62%
3 Commisives 21 19.44%
4 Expressives 21 19.44%
5 Declaratives 4 2.7%
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