Reducing Methane (CH4) Emission of Sheep Fed a Diet Supplemeted With Coconut And Palm Oil

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361 Proceeding of the 2nd_{International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012}

Reducing Methane (CH

₄

) Emission of Sheep Fed a Diet

Supplemeted With Coconut And Palm Oil

Asep Sudarman1,*_{, Komang G. Wiryawan}1_{, & Agung Purnomoadi}2

1_{Department of Nutritional Sciences and Feed Technology,}_{Sciences and Feed Technology,}_{Sciences and Feed Technology,}

Bogor Agricultural University,,

2_{Faculty of Animal Science, The University of Diponegoro}_{of Animal Science, The University of Diponegoro}_{Science, The University of Diponegoro}_{, The University of Diponegoro}_{The University of Diponegoro}_{e University of Diponegoro}_{of Diponegoro}_Diponegoro

*e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation on the methane (CH4) production and performance of sheep. Twenty sheep with the average body weight of 20 kg were used in this experiment. The sheep were randomly divided into four groups and each group received different ration. There were four treatments tested in this experiment i.e., R0 (basal ration + 3% coconut oil/saturated fatty acids); R1 (basal ration + 2% coconut oil + 1% crude palm oil/unsaturated fatty acids); R2 (basal ration + 1% coconut oil + 2% crude palm oil); R3 (basal ration + 3% crude palm oil). The basal ration consisted of 50% grass + 50% concentrate with nutrient content of 14% crude protein, 5% fat and 70% TDN. Experimental results showed that the supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids into the rations tend to reduce methane production in the rumen. The supplementation also increased the body weight gain, and digestibility of the rations, but it decreased feed consumption. It can be concluded that the addition of polyunsaturated fatty acids into the ration could improve the efficiency of energy utilization of sheep, and consequently improve the animal’s performances.

Keywords: coconut oil, methane, palm oil, polyunsaturated fatty acids, ruminants

Introducton

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To nhbt the formaton of methane the addton of ol nto det seems to be more prospectus wll not leave resdues n anmal products. Supplementaton of unsaturated ol nto rumnant det perhaps wll reduce methane emsson from anmals. Unsaturated ols may serve as an effectve H snk n the rumen by bndng H (Byers and Schellng, 1993). Palm ol contans 50% unsaturated fatty acds (APOC). Therefore t s a good source of unsaturated fatty acds. The objectve of

ths experment was to nvestgate the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acds (palm ol) supplementaton nto rumnant det on the rumnal methane emsson and the performance of the sheep.

Materals and Methods

The experment was conducted in vivo usng twenty sheep wth average body weght of 18.26 ± 1.94 kg. The anmals were randomly dvded nto four groups consstng of fve anmals each group n completely randomzed desgn. Each group of anmals receved dfferent raton, and the length of anmal experment was four months.

The basal raton conssted of 50% grass + 50% concentrate wth nutrent content of 14% crude proten, 5% fat and 70% TDN. Four levels of ol supplementaton were tested n ths experment, .e., R0 (basal raton + 3% coconut ol/saturated fatty acds); R1 (basal raton + 2% coconut ol + 1% crude palm ol/unsaturated fatty acds); R2 (basal raton + 1% coconut ol + 2% crude palm ol); R3 (basal raton + 3% crude palm ol). Parameters measured ncludng: rumen methane producton, rumen fermentaton products, feed consumpton, body weght gan, feed converson and nutrent dgestblty (dry matter, organc matter, and crude proten, crude fber).

Methane gas was determned usng a closed-crcut respraton chamber. Meanwhle, nutrents dgestblty was determned usng total collecton method. Concentraton of rumnal VFA was measured usng steam destlaton method, and concentraton of rumnal NH₃ was measured usng Conway mcro-dffuson method (General Laboratory, 1966)

Data were subjected to ANOVA (Steel and Torre, 1980) usng SPSS computer program.

Results and Dscusson

Feed Intake and Body Weight GainBody Weight Gain

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al. (2002) reported that feedng unprotected fsh ol (unsaturated ol) to sheep caused a decrease n feed ntake and body weght gan. Ths agrees wth the present results, especally wth the results of sheep fed R1 and R3.

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Fgure 1. Effects of addtonal fat nto the dets on (a) dry matter ntake and (b) body weght gan of sheep. (R0: basal raton + 3% coconut ol/saturated fatty acds; R1: basal raton + 2% coconut ol + 1% crude palm ol/unsaturated fatty acds; R2: basal raton + 1% coconut ol + 2% crude palm ol; R3: basal raton + 3% crude palm ol).

Addton of unsaturated fatty acds mproved body weght gan of sheep (Fgure 1), eventhough statstcally was not dfferent. The hghest body weght gan was acheved by anmals fed R1 (Basal det + 2% saturated ol + 1% unsaturated ol), followed by R3, R2 and R0. Body weght gan) s nfluenced by level of feedody weght gan) s nfluenced by level of feed ntake and characterstcs of feed. Except sheep fed R2, those sheep fed unsaturated of feed. Except sheep fed R2, those sheep fed unsaturatedof feed. Except sheep fed R2, those sheep fed unsaturatedsheep fed unsaturatedfed unsaturated ol (R1 and R3) had lower feed ntake than those fed saturated ol (R0). Ths may ndcated that hgher body weght gan of sheep fed R1, R2, and R3 was due to the supplementaton of unsaturated ol by mprovng feed effcency (low methanesupplementaton of unsaturated ol by mprovng feed effcency (low methaneton of unsaturated ol by mprovng feed effcency (low methaneeffcency (low methane producton).

Ruminal VFA and N-NH₃

Rumnal VFA concentraton was not sgnfcantly (P>0.05) affected by the treatments and t ranged from 65 to 120 mM (Fgure 2). Ths range s n normal concentraton and s suffcent to support rumen mcrobal growth and to supply energy for the anmals. There s no negatve effect of unsaturated ol supplementaton on the carbohydrates fermentaton n the rumen, and yet the R3 (raton contanng 3% unsaturated ol) had the hghest VFA concentraton n the rumen. Other research results also showed that total volatle fatty acd concentratons was not affected by source and amount of ol (Ohajuruka, et al., 1991).

The concentraton of N-NH

3 was n normal range (4–18 mM) and enough to

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result also means that proten degradaton n the rumen was not affected by the supplementaton of unsaturated ol nto the ratons. Ths s n lne wth Ohajuruka,

et al. (1991) who reported that ammona-N was not affected by source and amount of ol.

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Fgure 2. Effects of addtonal fat nto the dets on (a) rumnal VFA and (b) rumnal N-NH_3. (R0: basal raton + 3% coconut ol/saturated fatty acds; R1: basal raton + 2% coconut ol + 1% crude palm ol/unsaturated fatty acds; R2: basal raton + 1% coconut ol + 2% crude palm ol; R3: basal raton + 3% crude palm ol).

Feed Digestibility

Effect of ol addton nto the det on feed dgestblty was shown n Fgure 3. Feed dgestblty had tendency to ncrease by the addton of unsaturated ol nto the det. Eventhough t was not sgnfcantly dfferent. In contrast, crude fber dgestb-lty reduced by the addton of unsaturated ol nto the ratons. Ol supplementaton may decrease forage dgestblty by dsturbng normal condton of rumen mcrobe when gven at level above 5% of the raton (Preston and Leng, 1987). Ths s more pronounced wth unsaturated ol, because unsaturated ol s more toxc to the mcro-bal rumen than saturated ol (Henderson, 1973). The ncrease n feed dgestbltes n ths experment ndcated that the addton of 3% unsaturated ol nto sheep ra-tons dd not cause negatve effect on the fermentaton process n the rumen.

Methane Production

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rumen of lnolec acd (18:3 n-6; 85-90 %), lnolenc acd (18:3 n-3; 88-93 %), doco-sahexaenoc acd (22:6 n-3; 91 %) and EPA (20:5 n-3; 92 %) was extensve.

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Concluson

The supplementaton of polyunsaturated fatty acds nto sheep ratons mproved feed utlzaton and effcency ndcated by hgher body weght gan and feed dgestblty, and lower methane producton. Addton level of 3% of polyunsaturated fatty acds dd not cause negatve effect but t s not suffcent to show sgnfcant results on the sheep performance.

Acknowledgement

We would lke to thanks the OGFICE (Osaka Gas Foundaton of Internatonal Cultural Exchange) that provded the fnancal grant for conductng ths research.

References

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