Performance and Milk Quality of the Lactating Dairy Cow
Consuming
Ganoderma lucidum,
Organic
Chromium and
CLA as Feed Supplement
D. Evvyernie1,*, A. Suprihantoro1, M. Roni1, A. Sutiarna1, L. Awaliatin1, T.
Toharmat1, I.G. Permana1, Suryahadi1, D. Diapari1, F. Agustin1,&
D. Taniwiryono2
1Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science,
Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia, *E-mail: erniedwierra@yahoo.com
2Biotechnology Research Institute for Estate Crops of Indonesia, Bogor 16151,
Indonesia
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of feed supplement containing Ganoderma lucidum (GL), orgCr (organic Chromium) and CLA (Conjugated linoleic acid) from roasted soy bean by measurement of performance and milk quality of the lactating dairy cow. Two experiments were carried out in different time based on randomized block design. The first experiment used nine of the lactating dairy cow that consume three rations: R0: control; R1: R0 + GL; R2: R0 + GL + orgCr. The second experiment used twelve of the lactating dairy cow that consume four rations: P0: control; P1: P0 + GL + CLA; P2: P0 + CLA + orgCr; P3: P0 + GL + CLA + orgCr. The parameters for cow performance were consumption, average of daily gain, digestibility and milk production; while milk quality were protein, fat and total solid of milk. The first experiment results were the use of R2 increased as much two times of average of daily gain, 16% of milk production and 22% of milk fat. The second experiment results were P1 significantly increased 13% of the consumption and 18% of digestibility (P<0.05). The highest of milk production 4% FCM (9.09 kg/d) was achieved by consume P3 in which milk fat, protein and total solid significantly increased 29%, 21% and 7%, respectively from control (P<0.05). As conclusion, the performance and milk quality of the lactating dairy cow could be improved by addition of feed supplement containing Ganoderma lucidum, organic Chromium and roasted soybean as a source of CLA.
Introducton
Good management of rearng the lactatng dary cow s an mportant step for contnuty farm to meet hgh qualty product. The anmal n ths perod should get adequate feed to fulfll the requrement. There are some condtons affect to the quantty and qualty of mlk producton such as low qualty and avalablty of forages, nsuffcent amount and qualty of concentrate, and the clmate change. To mantan the stablty of ts producton, there s one alternatve way such as feedng management control by gvng the feed supplement n certan crcumstances lke n transton and lactaton perods. Feed supplement should be approprate to ts functon n anmal body. One of feed supplement whch popular for human s frutng body of Ganoderma lucidum mushroom. Ths mushroom havng hgh capablty as one of pharmacologcal substances lke mmunomodulator due to contanng ganoderc
acid, triterpenoid, β-D-glucan, etc, that function to improve the immunity system of
human (Jn, 2000; Sjabana, 2001).Jn, 2000; Sjabana, 2001).Sjabana, 2001).2001).).
In our prevous research, when sheep consumed 15-30% of G. lucidum mycel-um for one month, blood lymphocyte ncreased around 24% compared than control, consumpton of dry matter, organc matter and ntrogen retenton also ncreased, but the average of body weght gan decrease by ncreasng of mycelum n ratons (Amrroenas et al., 2002). Based on those results, n ths research the use of G. lucidum as feed supplement was enrched by addton of organc Chromum. More-over, source of CLA (conjugated linoleic acid) whch made from roasted soy bean was added also to the supplement for mprovng the anmal productvty. The am of these researches were to evaluate the use of feed supplement contanng Ganoderma lucidum (GL), orgCr (organc Chromum) and/or CLA through measurement of per-formance and mlk qualty of the lactatng dary cow.
Materals and Methods
Two experments were carred out n dfferent tme whch each of experment used randomzed block desgn for 8 weeks. Both of experments used smlar type of dary cow n dfferent number. In the frst experment, nne of the lactatng dary cow wth body weght average 392.74 + 22.7 kg and 3–9 lter mlk producton per day were used, and n the second experment, twelve of the lactatng dary cow wth body weght average 380-450 kg and 3–16 kg mlk producton day were used.
substrate n fermentaton process usng Ganoderma lucidum, whle another orgCr n the second experment was produced by smlar way wth soy bean as a substrate n fermentaton process usng Rhizopus sp. For the second experment, source of CLA was obtaned by dry fryng the soy bean n 15 mnutes. All of supplement substances were added to the lactatng dary cow ratons wth composton as below, R0= basal raton as a control; R1= R0 + Ganoderma lucidum (GL); R2= R0 + GL + orgCr, for the frst experment, and P0= basal raton as a control; P1= P0 + GL + CLA; P2= P0 + CLA + orgCr; P3= P0 + GL + CLA + orgCr, for the second experment. Doses of supplement substances were GL 100 ppm/day, orgCr 3 ppm/kg DM raton, and CLA 5% of raton total fat. All ratons fulflled the requrement of 14% crude pro-ten and 67% TDN for the lactatng dary cow, where rato of concentrate and forage was 50:50. For both of experments, two knds of parameter were measured such as performance that conssted of dry matter consumpton (DMC), average of daly gan (only n the frst experment), dry matter dgestblty (DMD) and mlk producton. The other parameter was mlk qualty that conssted of proten, fat, total sold and sold non fat. The results data of experment were analyzed by ANOVA of random-zed block desgn and Duncan’s test (Steel and Torre, 1993).
Results and Dscusson
The results of feed supplement effect of raton contanng G. lucidum (GL), orgCr and CLAto the performance and mlk qualty of the lactatng dary cows n dfference tme of experment were wrtten n Table 1. In the frst experment, add-ton of GL and also orgCr (R1 and R2) showed no dfferent effect to dry matter con-sumpton (DMC) and dry matter dgestblty (DMD), but sgnfcantly ncreased around 13% of DMC and 18% of DMD when roasted soy bean were added to the supplements (P1 and P2) (P<0.05). Lnolec acd from soy bean can be used as a precursor of CLA n the rumen. Or-Rashd et al. (2011) reported that the major so-mer of CLA syntheszed from lnolec acd was 9c11t-CLA somer and the second largest was 10t12c produced predomnantly by the bacteral suspenson (12 hours of ncubaton n rumen). Bactera and protozoa can hydrogenze CLA somer of stearc acd (18:0) through the reducton of 18:1 somers. However, lpds ncludng polyunsaturated fatty acds (PUFA) that present n rumnant forage/raton undergo extensve hydrolyss and bohydrogenaton n the rumen. Hence, n the presence of
PUFA at 50 μg ml−1 nhbted grow of cellulolytc bactera. Toxcty to growth was
ranked EPA (ecosapentaenoc acd) > DHA (docosahexaenoc acd) > LNA(alpha lnolenc acd) > LA (lnolec acd) (Maa et al., 2007). Increasng of dgestblty was correspondng to ncreasng of the consumpton. In addton of CLA together wth orgCr and G. lucidum n P2 and P3, there were occurred slght decreasng of dgestblty also consumpton.
gan when dary cows consumed R2. Ths ncreasng mght affected by addton of chromum (Cr) to the supplement. As a Glucose tolerance factor (GTF), Cr wll nteract to nsuln and cell receptor, then nduce glucose enter cell, after that change to energy then used for proten synthess, mantanng cell and growth of tssue n the body (Vncent and Daves, 1997).
There was no dfferent effect of GL addton (R1) n the raton to mlk produc-ton and mlk producproduc-ton n 4% FCM than control, but ncreasng percentages of those mlk parameters were occurred n addton of orgCr n R2 as much 16% and 30%, respectvely. These results were more ncrease n the second experment by addton of orgCr and CLA n P1 (72% and 80%), P2 (85% and 102%) and P3 (91% and 112%), and also were hgher than Adawah(2006) when used smlar amount of roasted soy bean as a source of CLA n the raton, and found ncreasng of mlk producton and producton of 4% FCM on dary cow were 14.96% and 17.79%, respectvely than control.
In case of mlk qualty especally n sold non fat for both of experments, there were no dfferent effect, also n mlk proten and total sold (R1 and R2), but ncreased by addton of orgCr (P2 and P3). Mlk proten and sold non fat from the frst experment were sutable to SNI 01-3141-1998 (2.7% and 8.0%), but ther percentages were hgher n the second experment. Increasng of mlk proten of
Table1. Effect of the feed supplement contanng Ganoderic lucidum, organc Chromum and CLA to performance and mlk qualty of the lactatng dary cow
Parameters The Frst Experment The Second Experment
R0 R1 R2 P0 P1 P2 P3
Performance:
Consumpton (kg/d)
14.60±0.46 14.31±0.60 14.65±0.33 7.44±0.32c 8.45±0.69a 8.35±0.43a 7.87±0.65b
Dgestblty (%) 75.10±0.8 78.80±1.0 78.20±0.5 49.40±0.5c 58.20±0.8a 57.80±0.5a 55.20±0.7b
Avg of daly
Total Sold (%) 12.00±0.80 12.30±1.00 12.60±0.20 12.40±0.80b 12.80±0.30b 13.10±0.40a 13.30±0.80a
SNF (%) 8.20±0.30 7.70±0.20 8.00±0.10 8.30±0.90 8.00±0.30 7.90±0.40 8.00±0.60
Dfferent superscrpt n the same lne means sgnfcantly dfferent (P<0.05).
P1, P2 and P3 were 11.8, 17.6 and 20.6%, respectvely. Those results n ths exper-ment were hgher than 11.44% when used the smlar amount of roasted soy bean (Adawah, 2006).
In both of experments, mlk fat showed hgher than SNI (3.0%). The add-ton of GL and orgCr ncreased the mlk fat n R1 (21%) and R2 (22%) than control (R0), and were hgher when added by orgCr and CLA n P1 (17%), P2 (27%) and P3 (29%) than control (P0). In ths case, those results also were hgher than 18.54% that found by Adawah (2006). There are two substances affect to the qualty of mlk .e. orgCr and source of CLA. Cr caused ncreasng of nutrent flow rate from the blood to the cell, avalablty of substrate for mlk producton also ncrease by add-ton of orgCr and then facltate the nsuln to actvate some enzyme for synthesze of mlk component (Pechova and Pavlata, 2007; Mertz, 1977). Addton of roastedPechova and Pavlata, 2007; Mertz, 1977). Addton of roasted soy bean as CLA source n the raton, support ncreasng of proten and energy sources. By roasted process mght protect the soy bean from degradaton by rumen mcrobes then absorbed n the dgestve tract post rumen and transfer the nutrents for mlk synthesze (Adawah, 2006). From those phenomenon’s suggestng the useFrom those phenomenon’s suggestng the use G. lucidum as a supplement should be added by orgCr and/or CLA to ncrease the mlk producton.
Conclusons
The concluson of two experments were the feed supplement contanng Ganoderma lucidum should added by the organc Chromum-Tempeh and roasted soy bean as source of CLA (conjugated linoleic acid) to acheve the hghest of performance and mlk qualty on the lactatng dary cow.
Acknowledgement
These researches were supported by Research Umbrella Strategc of IPB, Year 2008, and IPB Excellent Research-DIPA IPB, Year 2009 under the contract number: 34/I3.24.4/SPK/BG-PSN/2009. We thank Research Centre of IPB for arrangng the proposals and reports.
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