E-Learning Implementation: Its Opportunities and Drawbacks Perceived by EFL Students

til

JOURNAL

OF

IUEIH

M

TEACHING

&

ffi

E+

i4in*noe;EqFdtud

6mmi66te9[5E46(ffirdGldhy

&fu6Es.orrEdb&4d!d

0Jissflab,tEEhEdEddePhldd

5Ms,Frcpeib,ds!mpEMclo

dngrMMlJiqbd4fur

Ercr

'Fi@@

o*rdtxuiry

sdkh4$&g6fulrd@nds

Joum

oaFodsnL:nsu.!eTe.chine& r-minsnpublishedl,EnglhhEdu.rtionDeprmenr, Faculty

ot

Laneulge Educatio!. U.iveBibs Muhamna'liyih YoEyrkrrb. In ,qcso.iation wnn

APSPaL Arri.les rhii hrre not ben published

re

invited.

Tlr

Editot in Chie(Asso.irte Edito6, md the R$ieseis Nill

diew

th. riti.les rnd rhey .an nilic chmses the aomar without chineing

]OURNALOF

,,'

t

:il1

c

EOIIOI &ADXrXrsTl

rfl

E TDDnESS,

Ilt

Editoriat

\v.rr

rlerscJ

b

mr.un.c

ih.( En:l,sh

Eiu.rrtnr

I)qrxi.r.nt

LlnnrEita:

Muhrmmalilah Yo$nkrtx hrs publishld rhr

rn$ Nuc oI _lounal .a Forign L,npuxneTcr.l,.

i'r!Nl L$n

rg. Tlis .d.rccJ

jou

rLisn,mtn

xrcn..uDsirss.\.16i. rhcrrci.inn.isn

lri!rr!.

to

slur dur

lno*ldsc

w(h

othdl

ia,n

tu.rnc

n.l,t ofstu.lyrml

br1

,!.

Thirdrt.

.isnL..i.snrcxrlo,.rwnl.mxf

olk,fi6 h

English lincuicc tcx.hns rDd

!cr.'

r!,nrh

rs

rccl

"l,rsf,

'nitLin.\aluainr,

!\l

i.xclrns

krhrs

fnrii

R,,lmN)ri,

itcxrnrnl..

dc.us$

thc imrLcnrunarnt

.f...lnolor}

nl

hEh+

lcimnrs Itum

{rJrnrr'

r$N.rir$.

\6i1cre.hn.logl hAtccn r L,rztre"r,l

$ l,nl

gulc

nrllln!

rd lcini,rs

nr

,.

fN

f.- rtm

-q.c.i

lyl.

tl!.

liJ.nsiin..ntux6,nrdc's'

l

{:r!ni!!s

hNe

t(tr,tui..

s*(lr

r$ur.hd

IIcr {udy rc\rJcd

tulrilns

tinJnrqi sith

'.g:dn,

dr.

tu.llknf$

rn,1 LDsugc f.inrnrs

(l(Nnnrrl. I

(ni.sics

m.q$ul.ir.

whensrrrkn,s Enlll.h

rr" i..,nifri\:d

l.)

ruthriA,dLrntu

Urn!

rlr

lntdhnluur

ra\-:is, Plthrr Lund

ft.

lrnoni

jri.!

.i

ns.d nl

rtJ."s

Enslnh..NrNnui

M.r.'lll.,

r

r(Rh.r

dLool

txtb.ol

r'rs tv]lurt..l

l,t

PofrrArtLrnlh

ri

Sl1.

relhl,ll L.oltirxrrr

!n[Lr

liN

hys.h..l

E'slish

tcr.L.*

unh rhc

iinnmun,c:inr

Lrgnr$

Tcr.Li'ra ((irD, rhe

r(onnn.rJcd txch,ng merh.d.nrsy lor

tlt

s..onnirr

s.h..l.o.rst.

Mrryrm

S"d,nl

.xfl,ncll stuJcnti extc.i.

cn.s

i

hcn _terlom,nlg

.nl

Ns.smcnt. She

ldn

thii oftl asesnrd$, nr rlrtn

.frion,

r,r,vld.d rdvrntases xnd

ll*llcnsNt

rc samc

im.

E\i lusp

nNri,

r.n' lly lool.J r

r

rc

Liftrrnftbrs.d

Ar[orrh

(tbA)

r

_terth]n!

icadiry ro unnr^in_*ud.r$. Sh.

rxfldcJ

rh.

ulc oIa

).u!

tr,llh

lo.k

r

RxJnrs.lisci

rrJ

nudcnti

!e(.l.ridr

nrsrni

rlrt

(

nrsrdivi-Ertor $rLlsis,n $ndenti luiri'tgNis

!r

rl(mrl

Ir N..r

Q.mxrir

AgNilrr

Snlic.lverLl

i!,.dn!*

{,s

$m nony

iand

in

*rdoF

wrnnr!,ind n, nri\ru$rNas ]mllucd

lsiis

tun..LJr.e

r(,grr

saf

4.05. \gith

(!

ti

ti.hing

rrregu,llu

\(!litrt

l.nan

iiNt$i'

!trnd

$

t!!it"

usd l,}

rcidt.n

i'r ti.lrLnq

:r,rilinr.

rht $unl n)

ni

rl

rfilr

tur.hnrq

$rltcsitsrtft

pkfurdl]r1l

sn

.nc

Lirbut

..rl$$,."lLlo

nn !vntn){ _-,s

iu.ii..l

Ll Sn

Rcrck'

nntr

ihssih whLL

..llaL"rri\t

w.rk

wN

rnnrJ.Rl

t.

h.

m.i.

Fofo L.u n,

.tcrl

i'r!,

IV

Submission

Guidetines

:

A

irlessluLl,l Leorign l,

h$n"{

bdr

rullishLl

.ltrh.rt',

xrd/'i

hi\ bten stnr

t'

L. t_uLl-lergth

tncks

shorld b'

Lt''a'n

4't00'

6,000,.d:

in.]u.lhg r'luen'es

.

AtshG

JuLld

not.x(cJ loc$onls'Thr

rl-.nrx( n,rLu.l6

liirtr"^t

J. Artnls

nr.rl.l

\.

writl'n irf _{'lonLlc'pr'c'l}

\khTi'nts

NcN R.nrxs. l:l

bn

i:c' anJ

*irh on. in.n

Drli'rr

!r

rll

rdc'

.

tl.trso

lo-ifellrlinssr

"ritnnr

I

-tl I

, (

l$ier..l,

F.ldt(.,

UpNtuis'

dJ

Lo\tLA!

I

le

liig:

I..!cl

I

Lcr.alLlicJ, B'l'lIxtc,

Uf|['rst'

rnd I

N.tuis.

H.trJnrs

Le(l

r

, InJerrdJ,

t'.Llh!t.

l$"r'N'

Itrl,ns

ir[

r _Friod'

B'gr

I'!'h r!\t

t.!tt'l ,I

ilnrkl, rtu/n<, trdl'('rdl

lotlr'ar

hdJi4

'.nd InnrJ. Bqrln

b'Jf

r'1t

rft'r

t.

R. rircn.r lN\

r.

$fltt.n

ii

Jdll(nrll

.

,Y lnLl prt.cftu.l

ii

iG{J r"{irl\AIA

tuLrut,n!:Ncnr

6'

_'rn{r

hrlL

M.l

l,

u rrunr|hiLli' I

(lcot)

Th.

flxt oIrhr. lstrntr

trrln

nnlif: is.:rm.tt

5rr'm5

url'dl

larl!)'

V}1.6k,

L S (1r7S) Min!]

ri$'n!:

Trtr

,}'"lotnut

,/ hLsid ts'l$bsL'nl

I"'1tr

Camb lec,IrLA

Hi

rd Usntrsiq

trcs'

L,niolf,

l

, & Tli.nrc,

s

L (li]O7)'

So'k''!l-6rrlrhe.$

a d seioD'l

hn-ffs'

leuni']!'

ln B. vin

Pskt, I(

J

Villirn$,fltdLln

ffoi{l

lztr$ds r.rhisn@r

(Irt

l0l'll1)

Mrhsih,Nl,

Lnvrcn't ErlL nn'

g

lleN

r$d

rffNnus.n$ind

x L'ni olno

mor th^n 100 \$nls

t.

]OURNAL

OF

FOREIGN

LANGUAGE

TEACHING

&

LEARNING

Vol.

,

I No.

I

January

20{6

Joumrl

ollinrigr

l.{igutrs. retuhins

rn

J

crfl}

[g

ir

frl]l'dulLy

Enlhh Eduotitn\

Deprr

nr.nt, hculry oa Lansus. Edu.fiion, Unninirxs

lvuluNnilirh

Yogrrkrtrr.

h

dsso.irion Nith

APSPRI,

i(id!sdrxrh r

not L,.d prblishcd

irc

iDviti

Thc EJironn (rnirl,dr$.iate Edror,

nrLlthc

R.\,e\rr

Nillr.!is

ihe

rndcs

i

,lry.rnmiherhxnlesrheformaisirhD _.

.hrnhreihc..n

15olarti.lcs

CHIEF EDITOR:

ASSOCIATE EDIIORS:

REVIEWERs!

sEtDlfre&,u46Neuftiifuida|fu'in[

}furt64{!,usn

snflM5RndqElmJb4(MK5lifuardML4@

$tu M i

a!

hs

E ery r Ni@ P&mb4 here$

8ululhu&(h,a+ituFbnmd5

3$#h a,

fts

EI'ITOR AI{D ADI'INISTRATIVE AODRESS: luddfore9ibigd!.ta6ru&cdn4E4$tdNmtr?nl

6.Midf]hqJJ[I

rnelrrtu erhi

& diolrrhh$rs

hm.10r4lrz$/

lt

Tabteof

Contents

Vol.

I

-

No.

l.

January 2016

f. .r

tr.i

r.,ri .rr'li'

a.U:t$Ern!

*riring

h

an EFL conrexi

{Ein*9qbdituiD

ll-Lc n,np

inrlun.ni{n,,:

tsoN.rtunidcsm,l

Jrnvl.i.lc}.rr.i\.J r}

FFI-$trd.n.

(io.unnni.iiionimrcsL.shrErqlGh..n{rq rNoldbynnllrnsolnrcEnrltrlr

l)epi'nn..r.lun^r6itrI,luh

nmxdi}?hY.,

]rI:tr)

rurH(

^rDrirq h! $

b44

r&h E

D

Elrlnitnrs the

cLLr.$

oa lltrhlsr ll,sgrr nrn'li

sMd/M!,/SMVMA(

krlxr x

srn.kr

l.ou6cLo.k lor

rtr,rrr.onJir]s.hooL

nu,ltnts ni ltul,,rc!.i

()

1A$..ucnts

r

Irglisl]

t,l,'..dD I).f,.n!frolUnnrLirrs

l\n'h,mnidn.,L dh@[ydLts@+ftd4h!{'trstr

sntr1cr6'f.ref

D n,$,nl dr.

imf[N.ffx,n otii(

tuc LAld

[rn,ns

h

]rnil.l

rlln

in.

f,rrr!n

l.\

ilos[s

I](F*turr {!Jf$

olUDv.ntr

::1 .j r,, t. 1,;:.(ir

[du.bnim|u4'6[+nfun.l![)

i4@r6edrdi.!dhl

5tMofumuidirq&hi6!]sE

@ro _r

rds

, !6c. rr hbndirtrh

cd@dkemrPi6henD9d

n6diErki,mirkrarc r6Bd

ABSTnACI

lechfo osy16,dsoere@6o$Gbn<TIored(dbn,poncuqy{or onsuqsel&dd!. ByrEe

prcEo@ o1€(hoooq, nldsib sd s

qe 9,en +qDGb b€ qPsed b q nqe

h€ql

io ona

reo.hos b.hirqleswhihemptuersruaenhro[ehoredd!e oisudseGe6.lhrnudyhior,

,!<ledi p*ceprbN on,hd oppodun

rs

ond do-5q*5 eleqo"s 6iigs ro rher o^svqre leqDne. Ih5

ildr

nyo€d o prlde !i!fl5ir, vhnh oH{ed Doe.ous6 rmpene ie e

rsmis

Duoq rhe.o,reat rhe dudetu v,e eq! rcd ro _aodr.@b r s e4flos hside ond

qd5ierheco$rcon

lheBd!trsi(

odho ro orhs

,!det'

commcd or !o*, br ns poll5,

dons qea6, oad o(.onp shns o p,oFd

lhelodh+iroF

ep€aoerhesnpod.o. s

Esorsd sone

La*

ieloreJ ro h@ rh4y perce €d rrEoppodu,r.slhde eoiihq prcv doir onJ clso rhe da,bo.k rhd e.req,bs qeded

nryo&

E _{homhe, riGner} 6oseJ olovooe eonis, !e6 56ed

odlq

opponlnG5 oid

E-Learning

lmptementation:

Its

0pportunities

and

Drawbacks Perceived by

EFL

Students

-15

BACKGROUIID

(\.r,1.I'i{Ls}.irs,dr!r1n

r..rrL$l,tr.1,,$ln\riLrl.lrgdic

)

Dxrsl,tr,n, Saeed,

\

rv1.hcik,

lOlli

r$,

t..(,

(lhq

S

_{N{r^_r,slt, 201l).}

orr

.r:isnirr.in.'s

dr

r..Lnol.e-'brirqs

nr.

[r!ris.

Limiig

h

dftt

i.hcN.itu rUN roJclL\trlcs.rs

n\r.

dlcs,vd}] Thr

de\el.pm.nroir,[n!lo$

]r.N

rls.si!

ln.antirrnr.ui,s.l

teiJre6r.

b. morc

r.r1i{

nr urilnnsr$hron)$ ro.!rch

*r![n.r'

!.{h

ngourom.s Allditi.nall}i

i.rl

oli*.

ros{lu

wit|

rhe

alnni.lntt

lff.nrt,

LmNr

rr nrti,rhrtnD

$o

mnriimn\

ind

i.$nol.!,

(rail,.rcitc:

n.s.r1)o

_niris

Li

_hngu,g.

+!itr6.

Th.ic is)

* $t\o

b.Lilln,r l(iT

tr

nr'N tul|i,rg rnl

l.mrs

_Fr.r5:e.

ftr

L.nr! nirrlrlr

tur.lkrJ.miMd

to

{kl.ni-r.tr((d

Thr trxnstirrnrnnr

rh.l(:r

Lnnls Nill

d'!,

r.r'L

nrjnJ.nc

nrms.d

lon,tfs

I|iurDtntiLlrl'n:Il.fu$.n

xll(nBll)fortu-nii

s

nr

$uLl.n$

b

n$

!l.f

n,.ii

l ,!ri+

:k

L,..Dnnnni.tu

r skilLs, _{[tu1lmnnvii]s}

ibiliriN, aDJ

.riri.il

nrL i,rs skills (or ntl.tun, 1999r

L.r1&

Kcnncnr,1005i L.ry 2010).

Th.,x|n1

nd(r{nn..r.!

lriI

Iftemd

uhf

.logirs,

url

\l/.1!6rsrJ

ifl.ln&r h*

i,rtrhtuJnn...ti,rN nnnnrhri$allrnnrnl

nr

qrld

to

inr

.tr,rnt elcao n!

*r.g

f..

Si,n,L.trh,

th(

hrs lcur

i!n)--n,r

irrcrnni

J.\rl.rrrg

Nn

e-lc,mnB:yi(n

il

trrntrrnA.r

nrJonsinn

(rrcxN

Univcrsi\-iJmN$r,r.i\

Ll.slsi polj.,.s

nrr jnn)rlr

.Nrtrr$

trrlrtrs

t!

rnd|ii)r.

!l!.'nnns

r

rl,.nsulr.$,

,l

nrrxh

rinirkn

l ir\oalotrrr!(d!

t\\,o-t'r.

.lis

m..nngr)

.ft

$LLl

f.rrL- lr

.](nr,

drp.ftndns f,,r mrn

imn'

, {, ,trnl

.Lll(iii.

b,!s.r n'n,l ni

ririN(

rl,r

nnrlondin,r

oa.-lom,fs

si,ltln thr

J!utunf.

AnnnLgl)nr.r

is

jrJiuanrinn

n,

n'l\

J$al!+.

llcxnri,!

_r:ions, !Lcrnji,,q

i'n!lmm-hd.n, ir g.)drl,

isnLll\.n

ou$

nr ns

marrrt

Th.

nnl.lonofiion.lc

llrnrnq l).,s n.t tu,

.entd

D

cquiL _{lro{tr,r funrrmng} nr n,c

L\.n

hr.l$nii'r!

lr

hirpmi

L..rns..l.xmi,rq n1

fn)i

rr.!.s,. i: u!rLt onb nn

it\tirioml l.:ui,rr:

(lf'.1, nr.fN

d

ttrisusr.l

asas'rflc'n.rtrrv

lurnn!n\n

Id

r[.

ralitnnul

firln,tr

l.innng

\\/ini..g.

roiLc

ii.t,

tlxJ. i:a

n(d

i&

hntrln.

rmirrirnh

()

$r..N!

rhir

undui,nnlLng,mJ

liro\lclls.

on rln su.n$rnl

xJofftr

xn!lJLrnrilr

orel.xrnine

(Drrl.rq

&

1 lo.lly, 1007). Thrs .trnrl.,

rh.r.6n,

itustu

t,rcsdr $nJrrtsi

|fuFn,n

.n

.l\.

ixrrilon.nrx-ti,r

ol.-I.{nnrl

nri

h !!

Lgc

l.ioliju rrficrr

Sulori

|cLr.Fi.ns

,&

n? nnf tul:rrJ n,

orrNrrtrMr.s

rnlih\ti.Ls

otnrc

c.trrr

ng

nnrrl.odmrn[

Rcv]clvs

oatulsi {f

Jk\,

rhr,tri.s unJ.nnrnig ns

rtrJi rlldt

itrJ,ns:

olrh.rudl;,r

Ji.r\\rl

(D

_Lrcr. LITERAIURE REVIEW

Tl,.

(rL.fr

.i..L!mnr!

n nnrc$ nr

rlr

nant rLlng!.

Tl.

dl,\nrqt

n

drrrDitr^

or

r-t!.mnl!

fr.foiet

tl

$mc s.h.ltr^. I

(

rnJ Lee

(1006)l.nnrcl.iflnn!,sxs.liir..Jorrr.n-rnn.

Jrltrrrl

dlnriD!'g

r du.r..rotu |

ltu

rt

nr.,

Nd

i\!i.t

Li,N,nrl

tn

(1008)

Jci n. .

l.m

i,,s ,a cfu..rion ,l.Lr

qcl

.r

l.rrir!(nnh'd.!

tr

\tl,

rJurnlncs, whn.

AloNo, L6N:, MiniltL,r, xnJ

\an.s(100,

[.1'L\r rhrc-L..trnn]rr is tln

n{

1)an.NrnuIinr

I

r t(hnol.g,!s

r rlt

Lr(r

u

n,

,mfrv.

nl

qurl,n .aL.x,n,nr 1.\

i,.

hi,rii!

x-ri

n, re nnmc! r

{

!

rvi..:,

i:

rall rs

hllrhnrn{r.

TLc

.nl.r

J.hnitdr

!It].innD{

ir

fr)r,.i

Lr\

l]nnl.t.,

Otu.r,

rJ

W.oJs

(l0lr)

rln)

j.

rt

3

nt

sli.l *ud.$

r.cNr

s.mr.r

rll

"arh.h

u.riof

oEr x

n.N.rk.d

syr.m

{.h

rs

N.nd

(..6i)

A..odi.s\,

el.rmnrs

d,lJ

l)c dcti,r.Ll rs rny use of \qeL'

rnl l,n

mct

tuJm.k'

g'Ns

h.rcrrc

lcfrrs.xpcricr$

'Ihc Iircrtrurc r&noNLcdsc\

fi\t

t]fcs

.r.,

lemnn!

nrcnkrn,n.ontcxt

I'dn,!rl.r.

l..nu'r.

fa.ili,r.l "l"d-,i!,

ilr,rdo.Ld

r L

.-,"{,

.^t,,1./.lanriir,

and

pl"*"b*,l

ri'd,u{or!

-".r'i"r

(H.rior

S

l]orton,200r)

I[c

lintl]Ft

.rl[l

luin.rted

e-ler.nns tr rls!

ltr.un

A

'rin

1!r..r

s.ltnLLe.tel

c-lciniis (rllr.m

&

lloit.r,

100r,1.. L1) Lvhi.lr _l(,'i,.1c'

rnmc

mrknaliton

.ns mJ trLLomnrcnr

o

$$Yr

cr.r

,ndclcnldn lerflrn,g Tht

kxt qB

ot

..

L.xmnrg Ls

tnlitrterl

e.lr trnnr!, shi.h

nr.lRi

..lhb.rrnt

lcarnnrg Thh rrjc ol

!'Lc

rnrq

rrolds

ai.Lltics shL.L iLlo,sn,Juts

toJis('s

wirh orLd ruJcn6 xs scll

ft rcrJic(vii

ronLnrs

i

(ihr\

rlriir.

rcl,tcd

n,anrlsilrntdn

ltr.

rliRl *lentiDs.lr\c,.,...rdnrg ro

llnnI s

I]fm,

(1003), ir

irriu.tor

lcd c-l.rnrn,q

!li.l

.on:in5

oii$ru.kn

prs.Dn.ons vir

rc

lii

r

stL.Nr te.hr.losl,

^rl

..ull

i,r.lL

truJio!fl

vid.o

onrcur.$,

sp&l<nrc,

rcr.cnrifns

r

,lti(l.(rrJ

u

i.rtunr

strll(niini r0rtri.!

Iri,r,

h,tu h vii iud,o,

r e.ori,lirn$.n

.rg$

Thr.,lw mr

is

.nbiJr.l

U*$nrs.

k N

whol tui.h

rs

.

"$..1 vidcor

[J

w.t,

ta!..

n,

.nhrrc

nndoils'

lcinus

lir6urnot

Ltii

Ls

,hIdotr\cnn,rd.-lci.nnrq"hnh

li!.1\rs,

!on,r.ii'

iL[.i.1i$nr!]c;nnrganllrl\'trs!.1

rahnol,$.

l.ir$rir

.,$nJrn$

N

qtrr,

frn

cJ

mrtmrl

rJ nrcn

lnsn'!n:

rbvnlr

drn,\i,hfrtr!tr

.r.rxnJn,n{n,trIi,

il,.nr

rln\

n,erln

vlf \

rl,r

n,niur.rs.

nrrrt

msrrcs

andnncnetfl,.ds((n,txhxr,

l00r))

E-luntii)s is

l.q

nnrlcnrxrcJ

n

ryin

wi.!s

nmN

Nl

dn.uph

!r

n{:

un!

or

nnnvm _"tri.h

l)&

6..n cmrnrou"lr

.r.{ed

r\l.icrcd

somc

!lt|. n

:mnnsing6om

.mili,

61.ss wiks, cf

ortili,s,

minritur,

rdN

Ln\15,

b

niiil

n.NorL, nss, lik. Yr lioo

Mcs.r-!.r,

l::!drNl

TtrntrL. You'lL'lic, MooJL.,

Edm.no,\ini,.r,

rnl

s.Lroolo$.

E,nil

is r

\eb

nR

rhi.h

rniuli

nul.nF

i.

.onrnnmi.ti. wit|

rltr.rJrcranl.tl,crntrJu

s rJ

s.

.mll$

sn'JtrG tu a [n]k n,nfL.tuJ

asiqr

m.n6

A l,los

is.srnt

l\

'

trd,

Dscwth

rcgrlrr

Jila

.r

jdtrnrl onrirs

(u

Nct

&

I n,.!lr,100?). k is,nd.trnrqll licii)g n.cd Ll

,nfovitnt tlrrl).ri

b

fl.rr

du*tni,i

!irdn-)ls.1Ls

s,

!x!^lnr, nJ rsi!rnr.n..

Tltc

"rL.r

rin

Lrwiti

t\ .,.y,allloJ<\

(1007),lcri,i.

Vriki

Ni

_NLhr

-.l.nn.r

ful'l,.qtL|i!c.

wh.ltvistr.':-$

rJJ,

dir,!r

m.J,$

tLr.xnr

inq.oiicn. rs nr$uish. ln r l.iniinE

unext,

sLk,

!u

l)c tr{J tu

i..

u0

r.lNr.rurin

$ritr!

frcj..i

lchor

flJ.n6

\$rk ,n

!d\i

tu

.r.ir.

.r

un.nr olr

\tn,:ii.

bri!

unl

oilu

lnmF

rcvist

.r

Nrlilf

n (H!

\

l.liNnrl.

l0l1)

in rc.crt I Ns,

.c'F,l

$.lirr

hNt

b!.,

ruLLisLt.d

!\rl,ir!

fcr

rtri,

r

.l

clunli,,g

,m!lL\ftrur

$

l,truorso LumiDs.ont.xt Stuni$ rcgrtuLirq !Lunrnu i,ntlcmdnntur

r

l;

$

(Pm,IN

Lr,loC{)

tr, H.ns Konq

(l

m,

_Lcc,a,htrnl\

]\tNrighi,:0ll),

_in

()Di

llrnlcr,

l0ll),

n

EslN ((l nn,n sr

tur,l0ll).

rnl

n

(ilu

i, (Ti!oc,l0ll),

onin thttL.

f'n

n,ror,r

l)fnr. nrJuns

l,N

I

tu In..$

n,

Rl!.i.

L)1.(1l).ru,.n

nmrur.r\

r\d mL

tirrlr.

xrl

hm

rL.n

lN'

lt

.nnJisiui

n.vL..: Tl).r rln,

N.

i

nnlc

!{r+.t

J,gitil

4

.itlr.r lor

$m

nnifliioDornr I(rmiDI$.ill

n..yorls A iudy

l,

Ti,nr.cr (1011) _{i.\rxls thn}

.-l.innns

illdv\

ruJenG ni [c

intron.u:,

ollcrs vtrLons x.tiltics, f ronnt.i rtrnnsi.

Notivrnr

nr lcxrni ii.lLihie!

ntturdrnuJrnb

ro

iNeri(Ictcr,

pcmits srnrnrs Druninslul

Ndy exp$.n.c xnd

tift

.,rniscm.ni skilG,

ind illous rcallrrs nr

hrt

a

nur

$uJsn'

.cntrtJ

form oll.anri',g

E-l.rnirg, in sprc

!lh

rlnitl.anr.s,

t

lln)

hxs n,mc

d

-Lrr.ks. A iunv

nrdun.l

1\ Ku

r

l.hr

(1001)d.

s

d*r.trr.lrhc,rc

qrentlf

r.oortcdJisiJvrtrg.s,)i.'hrn

r!h.n

icJ

ic,l rn)N.ms

ftcl

lf iuJo$

lvhil.

qnrs

nr i..dsr

th

\vlb

lllclr)![ms

nr.ldr

tu-qu.orJisn\tnn' k,nrc

l

.nr.rronn.\tnnr

sl.w

loinrs,

N.l in.oD\,riLril,q_ of

'oisri!

rnl

L-,!.rrt.

Iv6Ro'!r, K.llcr in.l C.rndntrl (1001)

r.!xcJ

tht

th. mos

orr(ublcltrltcscs

tuhr.d to th.

!\.

ol!'leanrirg itu nl..nrkrcnt

trs..1.-Lumnrs in ditf.ft

nt.urs, tr.lii.n

rr,lJ.ns,na,

nnL.li

J.p.rJun,

_"n

nnnp0t"i

anll1{1irihuman.on.i

THEORETICAL FRAMEWONK

SLn.e

i!Jcrt:'

Nr.qrrl.r

N Lghi l)c

nrll*

.n.cJ rrr

s.\srl

rin.L,lld.l,

rh.rc

tr(

sduil

.hr.ij.sdrtL

!

lcrpfl:d

r.!xi(lingthr lnin-snn, or tu.Lfol.-ql ni l!rsrrge

l.rfi'rn.ont.i,

Frt,.rhr\

il.N.rrg.

S.r(.Ith

\rri,n)lcs wltirL

l,m

Lrr..

i,lcnri.J

is mrlorpkJLcti\t linois

il6r,ngnr.

ntr.l.nF'

n(q,in,n

rt

rgc srnd.i

fnir'.

r$rnrn.t

"l

kJnnn.gr, tu.lrt.L.gr

i.rqtur.

N1

ftli'i.nrl

Lintnrg

s!-1." (Kdl.. in.l

(r.mt

nl, 100:).

T{.

rhuies

u tr.ldl,nur! ilN J

r.lf m

the Trrhn.logl

A.tl,

hnrr 11,,J.1

(lAI!

)

d$.l,liJ

Ly l)rvc (lL)tr'r)

an.l

dr

Diftrdr

oil,nr.\rnon

Th.rr

!l

The lctnins

rlt.rl

thxt

'

l.:r

r.ph! " !

lfrnnrg is d\c T.dnrolos

A.(rhn.r

[n\!tl

(IAM)

J.\!loI[J

Lv

thi\

( lgs'r)

T{\1

hr

bon

idclyrf

i..l ih ihc

ir.i

oiuhn.l.q\

Nr

TAM, is _rtun"sd

[t

trx\ is (193r),

J.s(iii.s

rLt

a _Frson's

L.hrwntril

nfunh.n

ou*

cl.inriry

n

dddnin.d

l, l[:.,

nl _'fliLnids ann

|ttu1t1

a&

or& P{..n!J rtulfts

is rne

bcli.frhr

ulns x

fdi.ulir

ic.hn.logysill

inrPro(.r.\

NrLrmru, rhil.

|[r.cntd

eN..lus.

n dr.

l.Ji.lilit

ushg

i..hnno$sil

Le.ftirtl.ss

(ItihLliich,

Lrnin nN, & N{tnJcr, 10031 Al-tlnNsll TArl's

!Li$ri.

son

ii.n

F

r.turl

ni,pr, tr

c.rld

ilv, Lr K.d

.i .tflrnr

.'hv

nrJi-!n]rhLs mishi

r...F

or nor ic..pt )

|rti.ulr

tu.lnoltis{'rhrs.-Lrniir]r0unq,Iorix,

Nlo.iLlli.l&Sil\i,lo0S).1'r^JdituI,inthir

NnL.l,

p....\td

car.

olNc

i51,.1i.\d n,

ilii.r

fcr..iKn

N.tuln$s,

ri

l,orh oi

dtn

rtrin

rhr

n,mf

rcrtc.ht.Los)

lrli.n

Anodrr

itfli.rLle

d,rorf r. c-1.!niirg

r

thc

l),fi$n,,

oI

I

nnanor

Tl.orr

fRro.{d

b}

R.q.r

(1995).'inhen

i'Msi*ri'r!

tL. iirlf sn)n

.ln..hnol()gr

nr.Lhritn

,

tsnriillv

r

hishtr

cdu.ridrs.dns,l),ilLrif iollnnoriinnx

Th..rr

n.nr

oliltc

Lr.i

if|t,|nit.

nlrl.ls

R.scF (1195)

|nl{i

J

I

nunrl,.r

ofued'

per.cfriurqlrirh

_{miqhr 'Lficd}

ilt idq..n

oa

i'n$*i,r1. llk

Nrr.rnon. inrlLd. tLn. _"

dlh(

xrj.,

n,,lwil{i

$,

rnd.onl,r"'!

li!.l.li..s

^

"

L

lin!

il.xtrr,!

r. tln J.gtu. n, $LL.h rn

Nrniion

is

|..tndxrt, (!

thu

llt..mIrI

ral,L

rr.JuJ

ir o\afukr\. trh'1.

llt nlnf

lf

ilL!-is rs rLc

J.skc.t.onsi$.n\r

riih.\i'nre

5

.r

rltr

iL

danon

Th.1i$Frr$non is.rg

J,

i'rs

tl.

..ndcxiq

whitl\ lic J.nner xr nrc

l*tu.

!,*hiJ\

r

nnvrvr,.r

n pe..nLd N

J,rn.ulr

l

uJcNin,lin(l

us.

Ihcrcnt,

tu

ntrdfuscs

r. n\o n.dels nr

r'crlg,ting

tlk

ruduii

per.ltrions on tlle e-lcanlhrE nnflcm.ntraon nr

lansulg. l.irn,ng. Th.

lc(.|to$be'ns

nMsi,

e,kd

&

rc!, rdLns dre olrLtrnr Lncs

'n tems or

tcrrcrtd

usehnncss

Nl

ssc

ot$c

N

fro|tred

ty llrvn{1989)rnd

th.dr$bi.ks

(grJms

tu

..mflcyi.r ?s p()!os.d 6y Rog.rs (1995)

METHODOLOGY

Sr$ulcnt:

!Im

Erylish dcll

tmrnt

m x

prilr.

unNlr:lg ln lDJoncra

ptrti.Lrf.J

u

rhis

rr$r.h

Thr

dq

itncnas

(ml.rlu

:ho{eJ thri

nr

nq,rnnont srons\

.fnnng.J

rl1.useof e-lcnn,lns

Tl^unbco!r'*Jt.nr

som. oIthe.ousls.fictullLY rhc

JcFr

r,d

,

n,.h^s l(iT nr

L

rgurs.

L$

i'r!,Inn.vtrn(

Te.hn.l,i$rrd

D,gitrl

li.lnr,l"!tr L

qtilc

L*nnns

()tl\.r

breG xL. nncgarcJ th!

u*

.ic-l!rnrin!*

rdJitnrnxl Lernirig

o

r:iJc thr

rla.".

Ths:ixst',i.|$,

Rrti,

lh,l,

DNi, Rtrr,. Srs4, rnd

Lrtrfu*.r!

s.nds

rtih.rnnc

rh. Jirr

!tr. $Ll(ttl

and

*d

urdl.d

nr

nx

(t\!r

m.nn.ncd

clllier

lnrt.si!!

$m[]in!

!vr5 nntLrmNcd

t.

s.l.!t th.

trlirf

rts.

A.lmlii\gni(]l.$.LL(10L:l),

Irfuro$t

;,mFl,ns, rhe

rri-.Icr

NurnullY

nl!t:

ln.1tr i,luxL"

Nl

sn!5

t,

lQm

.i

t n.lchtanJ 1n.

flr.nomcn.n

(..106) St

lrtrF

!lrD

iorrlt

lmi.il)arrl

i|

r|c !-lcmn)g n(ni,,ts

Nu.

rL.:en. ln rln:

ntr.:, ,q

lrhorrn.\

gNt i.slnNcs,

rcnlLcdturLr.l\slsjrrt..nun.

\

r.!.lhrlG xtr.L xho hdt

d

,l"

.du

LLrn,l.

sin c

irl(lr !l

) 1k rc xntrt inJ

.fnfllntri

ihenN.l\cs

n

thr

lii.trrinn

wcr

ornlrtu!

nr

hx\r ri.hLr

crfdior.

tl-n

nr..drcrs. TLui,

rlrq.rDFiornLr mor! nllonnrrnnr

Nl

petrl'

r rtnt

rlrl

ll.rnnrq

,mrlcdi.nifii.n,

r

$l,rrtcJ

b

(las.lL {l0l:)

fiar

"rhc$indi

$ .hdor ns ol

Frtiil-ns

rnJ sit.s c

wldl]cr

drq

ar.

nnn.nrt,oFn1].

(,

106). Tl!,

nli.|rh

,nr.rvi.!vs trrrc rll

re..d\l

r ord

ctcd

r

&lLtrd i)rlm6i,

{th

shidr thc _ofiit4r?nts iclt

.n\u,ent.

All

rrncs\.re

F.td.nYms

Qurtih.vr

rrl|lis

invol!$.

,.lotutunr

rnl

i,,t.rpr.tlti,nr

oalrr

$ i.ms

ofninnx,r

nrn$

i,r nie qar n so\ts th.

ow

lln.trflii

oi

iln.sc

((i.hrn, _[tu!km.

\

N1l)[is.f ,

]0tl)

lir

dr

!n:s.niiud\,

tl,...s n{na\.is

"t(

nLrnnncrl

r...r

Hulinr

oIlli.

niler",e";

d.fts

I

rl,crronl,

Jri,ltls.rcd

G.m tln

i't.r!,.!v

r

cr ,r$r.nLri

!arl,ri'n,

thcn.t!go'

ri:el iD n, dr.

(ficr,.ndr[

tl](

rc hr gcnenL,

Ll&$(.inilI?cJ

ii

r.nns.lnrc

rj,tu. mxjor

rh.n$

*1,.n wetu

tL.rr,l.nri $r..f'nr).n,

nN,6r

$.

oi.nLif.lrrnlnr

tuqa

rhr

$L Jon.'

Lnluqcilill!;

!..., ih

u.cor

.,Nl,tri'r!roNrJtl,.iud.ns'l.nr!!x:r.

rtitlsi

NLl,rr

ljhr JrrsLrli.l,rnns

mflq

n ni l

A,lJ

.niLlf

{(rrlr}inits

\wr

Drt(

kjiJJRs!

trtqind

r.liiiiLl$

Nr.:

ur

nie (tutlhrn r (1,t, ,f,nvs s

lt\!l,lr

li.tLkL

.mrln

di!

Nr^r." ,lri

..o. .li(L.J

ll

r.s-.h(ln,!

Tlr|

tLnNnlid

iitrurL.ls

\rct

\lrh.tud nr rtr\h

prnrLl..rt,i,r

r.\ L.$

FINDING5 AI{D OISCUSSION

with il,c nnoprn.c

oirLt

lni.nN

ral

n.Lr

dL,not.!i.:,

clrinrfg

Lris

l...fr,!

.n. oi

r,.nrillnnrnu..ns nr

r[r

LiLlnrF rir! $hL.h

,c

6

rlursr.

INNLlarins

iuJ!Ns

p{!rt)1id,

rNrnl

c-l.

ni,is

trJNn.!,.s

s

mfodrt

L,r.au{ n h

.n..iihcm{i{.tui.tiw

hrtY:

Lr

fic tr'r.csnLl

Uerrln!

nnplcm.nrrtiorlt;1nr

\Arir, l0lli

K.llcr

&

Cmrd'd,l00z)

S]UDENTS' PERCEPTION ON TIE OPPOF TL]N T ESOFE LEARNING MPLEMENTA.

T ON IN LANGUAGE LEARNING

wrh

rrsxld

t,

dr!.'l.miig

nnrlcDcnuno.,

111.

nrn.,n

ns.lrhe

nudy.lain.J D

hr.

n\rnrJ.rr.iiunri.storclernrn(

Il,t!ltl

:lx\ys

rlnc.l.rnin!

i]IIc'cd

ihxiLiliq",

'lrc

v

tn trpnri(l

nrfonn{idi,

rni!tr]cd

.iJr

unlimtrtd

r!nN(!i, '.n.o(

lcdsnlrnr

nl

rdJ",

h.l|.lllcsirn.iJu$Lro

.

n.

xnn.",inn'rastr$rnJ

lim

u".

Elh

i.s.r,is

flcxil.il,q

I'r,n

iI.

irn.r

ucws,fldil.il,t\

Le.rn,e

r

n\nr.fp.

u,r!_

nrtr c-Lcnnnrg.iircd.

[Lit'ilit]

rrcncJ

r.

rlrr

csr

or)irN

n, $hL.h

fllcn6

.nuld

rr..s

r

inl

aocr

tu.m

xnluh.,r

Rtriri,

t)ini,lr.i,

Srsn, Irl,ir,*l,.ir.-irlir.]cinnns

fiireJ

fl.rn iliry i,r funn:

fa ftinnfli.r

lir

Or

oi otl,o, mtriA

Lllqihirr

r

lur

r!

nu

a.or

rlLnnu{nmrD

nrrr,

rIdr.,n',

drl

hL,r\nirrioi

Nao r

Ei

ni

r!k!(rls{dn{l

iitr,,Ld

tur(ni!r

L:r<m'q tr fo. i,'nnal,o

r1(r.

nD? So, ir o

ino!Iail'L

lilldl

1,!.ulr,,r,

n,l.lffriqrn(anq.ll.aibLD'

,.mr 4

rmrr

l plL<, di

ir..i l,riorrMl

.nr

rrl

&{trlrnn.lDanl

Tr,!,i't,onfl'h o/ r l.,r,trq n rlvt a! <h

[d,i

/mm

(nlt,L(

in

onlr

h[

nv

Jatu,n

,\

lon{

di

(r

lnr rtr

-n,n

*

r.n[d]tr

iJ].,l

EI4nu{

i'n-? _{li.ailrlr. w!} io f dr

irJ'o,or

to.,r.la$

iLro,

uinlD

tr

nr.r1u,rt

Tlt orrlonrii!

ri!

Ld,nq olr!r,]]nr. J.

ri

1,.

Jon! dranr,irunn/

i

drydL,.

('

ldL6:rid<

h n _/Lii],L

ii

hL

an,l _l,LLl

Tllc

l)ir,.,t)]nFn*dc

rne

rnn,g foi'ns

ng?

nrgih.i'lrriNliryinl-lcrn,ng.

fisi,

c.

l.rnirgmr

noilin,lt.n

t,{rr. r

.imc

Sc..nd,6] hrvns e-lr i nr nr!,

nuJunr..ul.l

lcanr

nlr.Lrrrltr.es, n.tonlr

fr.

.lxs..m.

llc

hs,

o

6. rH.

6

rr.es .-lcrnir,g, ,

tlirH.

N.nrd.on

(ti.n

Nis,nForti!!.

Tlft

c'

lrm,njr

ptr!

$

flcribillt|nr Lrtrn,n!

isrur-t| i

[!

sinirt & C,'f.,rl (]006)

Nl. )llrcd

n

tc'lunrlnglijngsrL.

ncxibiliq.

rtd

.rrt

rrn.c

bc.ausc

c].mn!

rlld$

$lJuts

to

rrr.s

die

lcson

))li'n. rn,] r

qrh.re,

r

iul.trN.m.ompl(

tL!

l.snf

uts f

nrei. Elcamnrs

roiics

urdxicd

n

ontnr llc

scu .rf.dnirr

.l

c

[fning

p.Rntn

L\ ilrc

l,r

ti.iFn$

\us dut it ftuviJcd urditoJ mrt.rirl

and

lili,trmIi.n.

RMi,

L)c!i,

J Rifu slrmJ

$dr.xr.mh!.

nr,t

rh$..ul.l

immdit

lr$r

trNit.J

nrlfnrfu

or

mrlrriil

lrom

th.

UErP(l,ild,

aior

ir

oIrrtIah4

_@riJd

r/,Jdnr nr;n^trriDn,

ntr rnJr.,

trllAn{!

lvr l,@n'!

,(,(

([].r&l

So, iI

,r

l?dra xnn

ifldmdon 0 dlumdtr,

k

nn

Jtr

,tr

i'ut

,

rr

n*

s

r

tro'ri,dir

so,

u

Jo

rt

frri b

Nd

,lll

l{iniraiJlo

tu,!rJ

roun

rtrrilrr

rr,i

'\

rt

no,

h!^".iur

r' k*

!,.ru

.",("

\

xsrncJ by Allf (1008), _rhc

nr&

Ls i'r

c

l.rning.an

beuNrcd,

indnudo

s un

r..cs

nl :ee ihc

.liriler nnmediir[

lirlt- !

_]

aLsoc _{ilf sn(}

$udoilsdirrtDarr

rtrrnnbNcd on dr.n rcclls reltcd ftr dr.

nu$

and thc

mrt.riris. Thus, Leedcs g{rnu

'r.rr

ornlcflil:

ftlfi.d

ro rhc _{.oun., $uds\$}

.

r

xli

!d

.nrcr

rnJard

n6mitn,

ftum the rnrcn.r

Elearni.s _.hrillcs

..h,

uDlimitu! r.!o(tu$. The ne* or0o(trnLq.

ole-l.rri,is

rhc ntrJenb Fdr.LvcJ

r* rlt

etr,mrns pnniLl({ rilh

ral

u.linnr.J

(\M..\

N DxnL

r\lRnrr

iaren

u.L

rs tu1iru).ci

tu

Nsisrhon, lcr ning

nrrchls, and exmpl.s or qui:es aor

lin!!i!.

![i]|

t.n.riccs. D.mi rN!trleJ

d

trsi,r,r. Lrrn.

ng, nrJcnb 6.dDr. n..rxs ir Lv$ nor

fut

n)

rx.. ln.lerrnnr!,l.

iddd,

rhcy.orld

ii..lr

cxfhftEsour$.

IounJ

kn.L

\lgr

E-l(arning pmvi\l\

frcc.n

crsy

r!tc$

larruJenB

tu nlrd

ourihc.e$11.N\Iirh

f.

_hclpnrLfd

dr.m

in.ohrtc

rE

xsigmi.nr

A:inL.r

.oNncrl

war nudc _{b, Riiu,}

lho

rtuted

rlDt.

lsinntxalR,

rturJlJ

un

rirhri.h unl!$,rl

Iris

i

nnNi,{n$nr.

'nnn\.

tu(nr,tr

Nnrs.'L.rrri!

i'r leauhg f

b(s

f ruriJer

nd

only tcar|u\ ll| t rllo

$uJor

wnh rL rnd

r

lrl

tscrLLl

r.u'ftcs.

E-lornrrr

qt!rnrrs{s

_icrlnrn

o$r Ml,riics, rnJ

nhr{ra..cs

rh.s!

ti{rr.!

orelcarnnrgrnL.\cJ

npiJ:r.sr

h

n\r

_tucs, )nJ rand.Dr )r.esstu

rnnrNiiob !rLlprlLnL.

E-lo nti,,q ur.our

r$:

rx\lir!

.\nodru hnJiig on

tll! ofr.mtrn$

oi!l,.onr!na:

n[i

ir rn.ounscJ nuLlrntrbtu.d.

Rdinrirl(

r

iRnr!r.n

ilort

[tr

.flr

rru Ln.,. shc

p.n

i

our

rlr

r]omns

ni,LLl rn..urag. *trd.ns r

!

turl

ro(rs$hcn

drqj.iLicJ c]crnms, dtq w{rLLlfi,nl tirh

r.s.nr..!

Slie

tlr.r

xrlJcrl .,.rivrL.i nr t lcxntij)l.r!ou.rscd tL.nj n) llxrt

riir oihrr iD a,nr.tnlr

.r

s.rrt\

.n'

\nl

_he

tii,m

Si,f.r *l.rninrg

Nirnit.J

*ullob

to

list

otlu$uJuni F!.:,

.ltc!.oul.l Lcim

ri.D

IfrlnNr

uDrrx'ii'!

llicn Giuds \yor[

b

rllke

imru cnur

..

1lr.ir orvn

tuft.

I]csi(16,

c-l.rnr!

)lnN(,1 _tua.h{ ro phviJc tuld.lnonxl

sLlgstuJ

turli|si

whnhntrc ssnf

r..

edby

run.n6 n,,

r\,{ka!

nJi|g

xnJ.ffi.h

(-Ju

i

Lnlul.J(.n

x p.fti.i.uL,r

l(\$n

(,N.

R,trii'\

15l\,Ir

rnnL.,rcJ

rlfbr,onlirs

e

l.xnr nq,

r.foLi.n..ui!.

h.rr)

hN! nr..c

(anq.

Srnf,

nN..arhf

nrR.riur

n

c-L.innngsdcn.[\rrc.r]nvnrcDtunns,

ftt

mon ol

tL..rni,ni

{rr!

romm.nnn!, qn)i,,g,

.n

rtsl[mlIrj

i,r I

\li:.u$].n

n{nm, rtrJ,,15

m'crlrir bili

inonl.rni

lc.lJh

bno

r|.i.N[

n,nrttrtuJ

l;ri

ir

!nl.rn)h.'Ucn,

rnin, r r$i!.m.nf..ii(,lj:

n nrs neGsxrf

nr{oJ.n$ o.a!Lr1r.,uri'nr

rnn'(

r

. rrdiLlb: S...nJl),

r

rl'!

Ji.n^.n!,

ntr!m

iudcnr:

ltro,.q,

nql k, !.onn.nt on l

rcrrn

nu.

rnn[.]

hy,n,

tutrli.r

-lltn,ii

.rN

r.'!.Lri

'.qr

Rl

n) rarrlnn

b

rh. .rh.r

{r

!l.rri'.!

!n.1tr ThnlLi

.-lr.r

nrs arr]n&s

vrnrI

lx

ir!f!.

:tLll' .rN trirs.

on..ir|on

Lr

n:^tli',q.t{nDfu

hu\ur

I'r rl\. i.tivnl:

rrhcr

fu

c.lsdt,J

lI\,

!..

rrl.rcJil, ih. Lcsdl

turir, NliLl. r

rlcrtr

qt!-.

r.qfni

n,n,npnr

hdnl tln: n.rtinn

hi\r

l

dLnh:

otr.tr

i,

[.Ir.)]nq

L.\'s l$r

i.n\t

srJ!

ni l,noDr

u,\-.

x(trr

'rh.

hnlilg.iL\,

(\.iLr(lnri.-orn,i,,!t,nivnl!l

,

$,rn(

ir

LN.rn1!

dnJ.n:

r)

l,.nnc

rxtr

rtna.

l'1

tlu

n,]Lr,

Lr's

rr\t

pfti.iFtc

n, tl,..hss

rri\irl Ii(rllil$

i.fre$rt

idcnt

sLo *.tu

h.llia

rl.gcr!

uf

,Lltlurs\

rlN

L..s

Lr

io s,f rs

i

uuse of tL(

lnJ.n$iD

_-'lntrcs.

Rrtitui

rk.d

fit

c

l.rnii'r!lrt

nrorc

rl

Ncs

fr

less

i.ii'r $!'

ncn^ *1.1v.tu

N,,nl

not _{roniid.nr FerI(ru,ifr}

r

tl,r

rli\$..r

bx.inrlycn$!.

in oDlin. J,s.ussi.m tutun. Sh.

\rlinrcl,

RritJ

tu

I'do

niry, 1r! _ii,riJ Iotu ldr

r.(!

n

ctrL\,n

tu.ln!.

S.rht

rlm li.,? L$ iariltd@n, rhlr _{d

nr<J n!!tlLtr.',,

trd,idn

tr

d(nlng Enu

,r!h ;, !

[s.

,/ i,L

r]t rlds ,'rr

ll.

J'] tr

^o..o'r,l.

r,"nEi,r

dli,r

i,Du(llard/fidd)

Li. filli't!

i\ ln llnc

\kh

s.l,min (1014)

rl( {g

G rlut

cl6i.'g

rll.ws

rul.nb

Nh.

rrc

ntouts

tu

iak x.hin.r

ni

iitrurriDx

\,trurllydnnulh nnunN

in(l.l),t'

{hlrh

l.rl

nl .i1rl n..

..nnnuniu.n .dnpduNl

lir

Ji-tn,r,dx

rr

ni1un6 ni T.n\..1s

(lcll)

jnJr

ilso..ntun,cd thrt U!trm i,,g r11,,*s th.m

b l,!

xunnxnnous,.llirsnri.us xdilitir5, f

nu.t

s

nnrinr.N.rivn.n

6ltrn, r

t'.ilirt.s

i.h.r(

$tr([nr\

',,

i]tr.

r

ircifcr

Th.i.

orl.rtunnic].tu

rhin.l.ln.c

c

Lrn

in

r.nnts J,tircnr tlr,. oI

unnN

rn

n,, {hirLl

rn,Ucs rud.nr:

b

rt!r,.i1rrh

thln

p(i

Nklt.nrri..rnr!i.c

h6r

nl

ritl,.ur

Lrliru

\ar)

oib.n,s

Lullid

lithu

n

ltc mistul.

E

Lrx,nins

tNt rnd lnrtnrr. The lx$

nrJltr!

.n

rltr ol.tio

urnr,ofcldniiig

prrrn\rdLytln

ftr

trntrrv}

n

tnwrshnrininrtn.'

R,$i

mNi: rtrtLl

rhr.

Lc),n,np

rri:

ttrt sirn.

{'

!lc

n:

ru

Jirdhn

o(t

ulJIri..rrs.

d.nnrnDr

l,i.\n1.d[!cnhuarnt,rhc..rthrir.LN'

nraN

ll.'irlt",

n rln,

rnirnlrLf'sl]nf

n.ri]i*

ftlrliril\ tn,q

nr rLc onli,rc.lrs, nr.L N

notiliation .n

rh.

drr.rilr

nrnreturJ

or

r.flid

r _|on

or{ht

niron.dn

\x!

(knrlY

r.ri.

Th. s nn.

fonn{i:

cx$\\lLr

Sr\.

(h.

ii,r{m\.J l])it

pl.

ni.s dd not

tak

rnnc,

is

6r

h.r, ifsh! trci ltc.

t,lx.c,

sLr. n..dcn &)

sp.nJsont nnks

ondr

trit

Tlurtu

, drr

..rd

d.J

tLtre[]unswa;

snrd{

Si'n1'1(

meN

tlst

itNN.rf

r. us. inn \yr:l'1.pli.xlilc

orn}.ont

xt

I tu

i,)glnlcrithitc-l.rni'rn

l.ncrit(-d ihem as n provnlci

ci\.ntirl

.or*c

irf.rn

iioq

ii{r

Besm.i thc

lointr.\.1

llumiif

s xlL.,trrJ

i

nmrlcwiyoidfl,rrt

STU DENTS' PEq C EFTIO N ON]HE DRAW

BACKOF E LEARNING MPLEMENTAT|ON IN

LANGUAGELEAFNING

Ar rvnl, rtrr

ifttr.rrh

r.

L.rnng, thcft

R

ilso !mitation: nJrotsnLi n\siLlc

dhvLi.fs

ni$lrcJ nr nrn.vition parti.r

ld)

u(l

nr

hrsurgc l,,ii,rnrs :h.uld not l.e utufur$rmarcJ

rhus, thc od,.r

fnrFs.

olthn $udy

rqra

rnq drc usc oI elearnir!

sr

i,t$risfnrs

rhc

d

*"

blk

or

lomFl*iq

thatc-lerni.g

lixd..c&d

llr.rnrLl

try

{ud.nr

Irurnrs dre

nt

r!l.Ns, drc

rrn.|

B

slrcJ

Jr.n

{.,ics

lsth

rrgnl

tr

nrc.l

\'l,r.lc

oI..lunri'r:t nrf

lc.,cnhh..

I[cf.\fr$sd

tlui

Urr,i',!,

ii

rurN

clurl

i,tr\

.iion, d.isscJ

Jmd

in(n,.ti{rN"

rJ

d.&^i

o

l..nnnurudoD"

I.

.litnn,, ir

\is$dr"

Orhcrdralvl,r(ltl\.r

r.mllld

is i,r

tunnJ

!inJniJl

nanncDr:,

ru$

a:.Lun,nr,r

Rqun(l

qLhrd .erhtr.l.si.xr

sl

ls'anrl "go.d Nrnrct

r..r$

,

r

.rnu!rrri'.

lsi

btt

r.t [N,

c,l.r

rs

ilnl

not alldr

t(Ln.r

Jnrtur.hth'

ir.Jtrrl"rnJ

nrdar.J

fo"sil.iL

n,!it[!i.'.sn:nd.h.tnrs"

I)rni, De!i, Dd

s

1*

rcn*[.!ln r!r'fri'rs

Jlkrcds..xL i,furr{i.tr

Thqars!.ddrr

rom|ituJ n,

r|.

rhs$oom r.ri!rv, th. nnen..

!,

*nro:drcrt.,n e-lernnssN

l'mr.J

N,6c

idivnd yer ronduicdlntuL\:

Rli N

rL?nkd

drt

tk

Jhw[r.L

or!.l.in,nljr!N

rht

r

JLI rot

xllolvti.c{.i.r

nkr&i.n

rtno-sphdc x mo ns

$rdcn\

inn

eJr6

Shccx-rLiir

nhhcr that.n onc nnc, c-l.annnr:(x: !o.1,

lui

!n

tL. .rhcr sdc, tcrrLrc^

.xnr..

iliselxd

Ii.!

nr

trc

l.rning

TM:r'nd

Nln,

sa!lvericn.cdbyr):n,wL.n,,imriJ

\:.

Lrnnrg J.scscn

iftor.ri, xiuir iulcnri

llcih..xrh'..J'isilci,rcri!innrlyishnir&1,

drrn

its!!m.J

rA\nr"

Ll..onn.lctu.l

tltu.-i$nh!:gdnrrd

r

|l$trt

Nerrh.'r

N

r:

rn.

LLi{,\yrs liortui tu

rrnr.n

l.w

'!.

lr

rnJir

!n

n) RrirL inJ lrrn,, rlevi exfL.ny$.tr.!1, ''r\o, nr myoprion, ele.fnrng lcJu.s

nr

auLr.n.y oa mreinrg up

$ir[

nicrls int] $irh

rlict.r.h.r,nr

irr.Jk.srl,r!).irlnre.rh.n"

The Lx$

rrn.ifr* ,lt.

igrcd

nrt

cl.rri'rq

deuuscd

ti.orlr^.(

n&n.

r

srs Srs\.. Sh.

i.u.J

Dnr rlut

dlrnDs

hrJcr.J

Lu

lrm

tlirrd

$.irl

nftm&m.

SLc nr.n,nsn.J

niji

rim!

r

1$

i vml'L

L.rinrs sl.

ri'lJ

tr.r nrean

6..{0.rr[

n] rhfi

dt .dl(l

rl, \!

fa.ial.xor.srn

Th!f)rit,tql(snDi)ct,rlin)

Lodf Lrsn.r!.

rniJt

ir

silntri.t'

$n,ii

Ir

l,.lt'noJ

rt

urJcrrtrn.l

trii.

n.c"

'lhc

nlidr!

ift!n

_{ih, r c.kn.)i,,!,}

b

_sonc

r\iu\

nnivnlLLl

L,Dnd,(rcs

n,r

$uJori

inll

nr.n rNrl,.h

r.

i,rm.r

r\ n a don.

vinully

Thr nndirg

r

r

nr|f.rr

{illi

Yr'trg i (1997)

$uJ!,

{hirlt

bLt'rc\rrl,s

oN.inlr

nur

ni.iifn

n\ailn.sls.apL.1mnrsnnpLenuh-no. i: nlr rtrslnrr or

Jrcr

tucn$i.n,

r.1.nrf

li.nR.r

iudenF rnd icx.h.6,

lu.

)ls.

,n! !

dlcreocsnJ!.ts

FnD

nr

ftxli'Es,

rrx

rhotrrLtsrdorr

!

krher(ul.l

exp{,eD.e

n'.e({t.!

()mmuni.rihn _vnnruy l.y thc

:urp.(

oavd.o .xll apfLiration: sudr A Yxfioo

Mcs{nscr, Skvfc, (l.oglc I hnsour,

riJ

Trn!:to.

tlrc

tturfhcr N

Jiititun., JLI

w*

rill

limitcJ

[r t &hr

4sl!,$e rhd

u.l.rvoi..

Jq,.nln,g.r

rL.n"n(ri,h

Elcrntnis

n(

rctrr$ orrl ( om'nr niction. _l

tr

:c,ontl JrN|,1.1 oi.-l..rnriir-"

ttr.eild

Lythe

l,f .ilrtr \$

n,*

n dNsscd

oral.omnnri

!r(m.

Ritinot.i

rLt

cld

nnr! Jcftxs.J

orl

.omn

nnrLr\

$mrg

rlN

iurulh:l,c

6uLd

tu.i,rsirh

h.r rlssm,tr.s xnd hcr

i.i.hu

Junne

rl.

cLc.rning

r(

dn.(

(mmnni.rion.

sl.

xJJ.n,

\ndcr^inn

tr.h$\.n

l.rketl.l

o

lcommrnndni'.for

h(,nudurbnn,uld

alo

hrr

hi{n

erpcnonal

fto

r.rion shL.h

rllov

rhcnr

oknow[.yro

nrnNr

nn.k

, n n.nr |corLc dncnly so tlDr iLcf

rommuni.te rcther

otrLvr

,.irl

mcJLx,

nlr

l.chinJ ihc:.enc. Rtrr) rDJ Lihs,.i hrd thtsxm.

.f

N.n

,Imtr

.-ll..i

in!

(hirh

J.ftis$

.rrl

nmirrnir.trr Rln,,$if,l'ln

yofi',n

_,c.

l(,nii,fg

iun?nn

oi'l

.ouNntirrnD,"

*1)ilf

lJk,l,r

Nlor(l!

r

rl,r'thc 1l

trixkol.

Irmn,q ws

rl,r

ii

d..rus.,l'lk.r

li.clcn..

nmNrni.tril

n sitL

tr.nJ!

h

1$s.lurs

nrx.$n,l.rtr s, r.

r.t,nn.

'"

l,Nr

Ji(l o l.ouDrni.tn[r

t]n

rrhtr&

!ft,f,

nr..-l.rn,n,!rr.!nl.J\N

n, n,e furn',n

w,irtn

Lrsnr{! TLt

e-l.i nn n! .lc. r.r seJ

i

'

rldtri

!r,1,.' nnirL.r ni

r!rnh

!.tr.

.nLli

w$

!rri.l.rJ

unl,r rn

cl)\,l,c

t)innitrnrrr

r n)

n).oN-10

mnrl.ite n, rexlsiturnon

lhNnndir!

ss't'

rortcJ

ll|

Zhxo Sr

M.l).trlxll

(1003) who

(rc

dut.-1.-hln!.ann.r

mLan.c

nuJo.ri.nL

Ensli:h (

ommuri.tur

_rrofi.icnN

L..rR

_ir s

ELcrnring i\.onl}! lhe iudvalso tu\trled

lhtn . lcinrnlr vrs

(^id.rc!l

.oslf

b

.nr

firti.iDrnt.

Rrn

nrd.

i $rcn!

N,nrdDr:lr

lr

tusp.nJ

cxu

m.nr[

n, dl)cricN(

c-|.{h-ios sh.

{if.J,

ir is..$ly. Ei.ar.nrsRqun

'nftn.rr!r

ntr

tl[

Nr$ral

mt.r.et&rcs.ii

E-lr,nir!u

nd

suJ$.

tu

ro*

,r thur

.$r

rr(!

r

rpi.c. flrus,ex.h $rncnihrJ

6

Irovnl! drems.l$ \r(h

lnt(rct.onnc.rior

$Liih rlLos.J

rl'.m6 nroln indr.c.isnrrs

i.ri\iq. Ho!t!!ri

thn

nki,rt

nnuc(Lor

*r

..nsmRJ

losu

Thc aNi.r drc

ntur.i

c.nn..

rnn,

rhryliJml

to

llrt,nt

nucnrcc.d,Icy

El..n,in!

!-(luirri ic.Lnolo!+rl st,Ll.

-th

n.yr

iNlxlt

per.enlJ

br$.

rrn.,prnN

rsrJ

n!

rtr

nnpl.nent.riLlr oill.xrnnrg

s*

tl

rhistuchniquer.qutrcdi

nc..n

..hrnoqi.

$l

skill. t).vislMrd

lt.r.xtiqi.nrc

iIjonrnrs

!-l.i

i',!

S|\! *frc5sen,

inihctcqrnnsoa.-l.:ninr!,l

tecl l,rk olt!JnnnogL.iLsLLll. "

H(

l.LkoIrcJm.l.gL.ilrlilLs

n

c

hi]sh[c.

tcirL...r

h.i .hsmxrcs r) 1i(Ll!

hr J.rlru(h

tL. t!rlnn,1og.r1 iinr$, nr.h as L.1y to

oferiit

l

\iiurc

uxpflL.rion

1nJ h.$ nr Jo

xn..Lni.

n*I

or.Nsisnmc rnr I

lirri.llar:n..

rhis tus.rn, Iitul,ng nLqs$rcJ

il,i rrL.N

n.d

to _ftuviJ.

iuJ.'sunL

n'inrLrnr

li.(1.

ldsc inJ :hLlls ilnrtr th. n)Ts.tr(,r rf

tnnrnr

'L\cn r,r

cl.{nms

li.tu1.L

oxsutudrcn,.'ss

nLL .lr.trnirg nnrldnrntrnnr,

([[.r5

stu'ld

lnii.Ju.(

rh!

rprliuft

n)r[!

$uJ!n$

u

th.

6.9i'n,i'rg.itl\c

i'\flomw,nn

\.

!l!nnnlr.&

rl\em how n)

.Niiic

tr, ann

fd

Ll.

qn .lnts

rb.ut\Lh

drenuJcrr

r..i

n, r..onrflirh, s. dur

tu

sn,dcrN b.comc rxmilif

riJ.r

rot

.onh:d

Bes cs, elexrnnrg

:.nu

ar a fuol

.r

mrdrx to hclp

*ud.ns

in

lcrnng

Ensln\

i..$.N

*,ll

plD signtri.xnr nn.s

r

drc l.rming

i.rivi\-, dr.icLr., rh.y sl.uld _rnNnl. ronrirnL .us

lnc.tion

xl $LpcNNion io thetr $uJcnb.

E-ler.rnrs rcqunes

nttrn.i

rr.es or

..nn..

nor

ltu.mct lonncdion hc.orcs

oft.f

rh. Ju.irlclcmcnh

inlt.iilir! [.n$

s

(1.

rl n..1b,:.r.c(

r. rorn!,trt.r

nt.

oh.

oi*

learniq

d,ls

or

rtbsitls

I L,werr

ntnier

!onnc.tiornrrns,ntoxt.hri.xlrnnncm

lrcLrolrd [y

rk

I]Mn-i]nMs

Duiig.llc

nr*

tir\1

Rx ij D.vi, s$tr,

lrl

LNL.ira sxrrNeJ

t|cirJisrf|.ln,mcff

rcsa(l r! ih( n.w

i

enret

onrc.tnm

Thly

*rt.d ihii

it sN r

Ligld'lcm

shen

dq\rr

loinrn! ..Lcmi,tg, rs

s..

hihe

Lii,ndr.,..sr

idnn.

a pmbl,Dr,

dtdallr .l

G

r{r

Jurry i'!,

ddir,'d

'n r

lidfli(

rlui

,,/ld,l)

itu.onnid'on n!r

"dtrllLJ. Nurigndl

fruln n

io(LlI

r]uo

In londunr,

&

lai!4d.t.ua

uo? on nB rnLi,(ll)ml,lr"s lT,r

lae,rr.k

o/ I lxrniry

!r,

ldll ,irrsilri U'i s.Ltrnins n tuatr

ri

f., rrrnn

V&

r

nr

rd"

i'liL,rl,ifl.",n --,-,i,"

nr.rar!ta!t

r,a rtr!

!,!nu,Ll

Jrdr! _{oal

lor ed{51., il

u ..r

{,,

I

ro d

r.ndr.r4

rJtln

r.ollJ

,!

( _tirrltan w,,.1

11

i.JFr.

nr.

ipfrr.nt

x,lLinhlrs

oI*l.imnrs

it

f

t:.nrel..rtii'r

icclirL.xL _{DrcLlcnxuith tu!trd}

!!iliinr itnr!du!rtid

Li"n,ns.Biroh-Tdns.

Vol{r

s (1000)$udy nlc'nlrirl nrxrshile

i..i:rs

n\ohd

nr c.l.rning sA

o,ilJttd

rNirdrs, moroilti\

r.spondcnts Jm n.r rLnly

latrr. |)m in rhee-letrnii.!

Llu.n]uhniriL

rnnilcmi

vhrhled

b

frNr$idr

r

tlir)snJ

.nDnci

nd

uiilrc ihc

ne.$il

wrdns.

Morr

.\ti

Kl'

r,J

l.hr(100,1)aise

tlld.ccLr.togi

.rl

_{rrlblcms ()Nnonlv n.cJ} Lf $trddns

m.

L!,Lnnrg

rLId!

hrtrcnt disn,$d, b

rhc

nt.i,rt..nncdnr,

no$ l.ind'ng, inJ

i'r.omrF

i|ili.loisoimir!

LrJwrc.Ilcn.e,rl$c

k.luiu

L ffuLLm!,

'st,clirllr r11. sl.u

,n(nu

.onn..dr,wctu

r Jrrrl.i(l<

nr

hxmfo

df

'mt,ltdi.nhlnm ot

ll.anri,is

E-ltr.ii!

n..s noi

iil,N

a\n')1.'

Jrcs

rlr.he ir

br.k Anothd drttL,rrlt

ol!'

lcin

is the

paitiril,rts

rer..trd

ivr\

ot

ntc lxrh

.t

imil

turLrc^' iic.lLtr.k

ll,N

I"i,\.J

.rr dft

lI

did nor

s{ J$rLtlcJl)i.kul,rn

i.

sNJrlnrL.Jrln.nghd.rnitrs

l-utlu,ltr

$rllitr.J

rlrit

tNis.rnr ri

rl.irlr

to

Li\c

IedLi.k

lLr ht

fur;.c l.rm

n,g

lcr

thtr n

nn.urh.lcrni0s

Hc rrr)ndcJ,

"li

t.l.:nni!,

s!

dnl nor

!(

Jlrill

rcJl)irli

6om

!!r

Ls.n'u

r: thc

trdLr.k

M:

onl!

i

$niicn

f.dl,xrt

LTLLL.

I

rrturJ

der l

litJl)i.l

rs in

ri.ct',,u'

.L.Ns'

Thrdmi,r!rLr.nr!.!l

nr.

rf

h.Nl.rnlu

lris..nlltr!tud,\,

!l

itrLrlnlr h,q

[.Jl]i!k

$rsl.Ln

r

.

C(nnrr.J

( rx*nrl,'..luri

ng.

'h(rr.J6r.k

|r.v

en Ll}

brh.r:

$is

irnuJ

lmr(l

, ) lvi,rcn

n{m.A\lJrtrniLli

irlr{n!

trml'.rno's

.r .iG,

ntcir brit\i.li

tr.Jn,l

.arhnr nrn$cr ol

Jrin.i\

Tlli:limird

wrirttn

ii$rh

m,ghr.r.N

!)ntusnnr

6r

!rn.

ntdcnrs sn'doni mislr

r.d

r o

.lxrit b

nrrn

tur.Lcr

!'l,r

nrc

tdLi.k

or

r\

hi!,r

nrtDi

r

.d!r

noi

i, r.nc

ms!id.rstr\li,r:

ror:o'n.

irlotr.

who

su.

n..ronJ.

aLrleui(hvntui

fed6r.!,

tlqmisl,l

tl'r!l ir

J,*,(lt.

F-lcxrning

n.r!rsd

_1,.\i6Lliiy oI

tlqirris'n

uJ.L.[ins.

Ls$! thi

{0Jy nrJi.at.,]

thii

fhqiarinn r ntl

.lkrnig wN

noinN .merg(l

Juirg

rhe nt.rv icss resr rJ ins thc .lmvbi.ks of

.-L.rhnrg inplrn,cnhrnm

Rn

SN.r

l,!li.\tJ

thai nr.l.imnrg, $unents

tur.

r1,1. ro

[..!s

rcnnm$

f(rlf

bt!unn!

!)it

sir.:,.h.tr

n"rrN,lrr.rid

ihJ _fNtrd

th.ir$rnn!

uul(

N.

c.l.trnins rarun! or.rLnr!

rscsnr.tr

lvtrLro r

l9rlrhitrq

or \ n ii,!

rlt

onlnral*oi(

RiD

rrnrk-l

cLernin: n,rlics $ud.n6

.hcs

!,rilf

b.!d'.c

$ltD

annvcturg I quc$trD,

nt

dds

.i n

ci.ilt

q,cr

.rlcr

:it(

fi'nldt

rn.u..

usinrilir m

rrit'l\,

r .oNtr$.th.

uNrtr

n

.

rhcrli{usnon

nflN'

lD idditnn,

roRm,

Srs\.

c.dLritlrntcn, r.n"'llt

thcre."rs,$

r

c

,nc-l.rnln!rl

$u\1.tri nn'lJ cisilt ol\v

r*i.

"uL

S.,

nvN

r.latcl n) tlx:rir.sn." Sh.ntcn

trJJe.l, \lrrLc,.nne

sud.t'\

rho*re

h+

ni

,hii,h, _{ios .ofn} J mJ

fr$.J

n,.

rns\tr

iom

,lnir a..nJs

orlrth..l

nnn .'i"lti.Ln

rndnd.

nror _N$ct1nr.

Dsltrl)r\r!1on

drlir

Tlic ti,rlinr

rNul.(l

nnr

!L.ln,iIg

nr.lcrnJ

.lt nf\

I' Liq.t tLxsi,tri.m

r.n rhctnrs

lr ir

rlni xrqne.l

t\Ar[.'n,Lrtul

AIiinl,Jo (]01+)

rli(

.1....-Lcinnnq

i'

J,,lntrcndrcugl.,hc

ur

oi

'frn), irrNsl,\\oa(!tr)tor(luLrulrn

rhr

.orr\r

.t

t trJ

r

tl'i.'..

I

!.

dkrnts

Ths

dfJfnr*rNi tm

onlr.

k'rNmL:c

rl,.

.hr"..a

0l.,gLxn"r

rtl

Jrciii,,g,,.r.lr.rs

2

ii

ih.!.gin,solrh.c-lunnn!nnfl,inuni-ln

!_,dr.rmor,

rh.

urltrslu1,1.h.i!

drr $uJon6'

lorl

i'r .rJcr n,

r

onl

rrh N

! nr

.

lcrnhg.

lex.h.rs

Nl

dr.luns.(

ilni iJriscd

nr

m!L.in

,lremrnt

!l.ot t

fnnnhmcntnf

studcrr\h.

irc

Jors

_fLrliarirn

c0NcLU5tol{s AND ll,iPLlcATlol5

E!rl..c.

G.m rhn

rc{

r

sln"\d

rlrt

riri.il].uts

lrl

Jn!n.

n.r..Nnnrs

i^kLls

c-f.itu in! rrgnrs ltunr liishLr

p.:iult

n, h!

hn..

olr!lynrg

heallyot

i,:

s.. (;cnerillr,

ruJcnri

$fu.inJ nrI

cll

n]rs.r6tunnc\lL,il

4

n,ovnl.d ol)llrr.tl

nnn,n

rf,,lhvnl.dn.h

,nl

ulLNii&l tu:ourn\,

cn.ou.i{J

r.rli'rg,

inJ

lclNJ

lcss

xd!!

{'J.t$

L.{onrr

utr.

i.iir.

rn.l$s

arixnJritfl.r.

HoN.\!r

n,.firc

"irl"

l.nrtus nr tudons

.'ltr

. lcxmnrs

^

in(,pontcJ

i,t,,

nthi

ig xn.]

l

mnrg,

lhur

r.

$nr

J rxn Li.k5 {lt

itli

n!.dcd

nnmdir.

rtnri.,r

Thr

dr$ba.Ir

lil,c

J.rcisng

so.i 'l

ii*oi.ri.r

ind d.n

()n.r

trniwknr, LI$lv,

la.l

.I

t!.hn!l.nii!

slrnh, i.,.i(

olnillul

i.s.ututs, ,ou,

nrJnf

rts\ornron..non.hrl.lr$nxl

orJlnlr

tux.Lcn'iiedL .L,

r

susnrx

fosiL

litr.r

fl.igix,isn

rnl.1,.i.i.s,:(

is

trnrFtu,,\'nr.nrLllitunri,,LoacLcxrnnl:n,

rn

n r

ntfttJ Tlr"..

ulrs xre i,,

lnt

$rh

dr

hnJr!:.Irn,nr

i(

nlcs..nJu(d

t

$.r.r

nNtuinn,.

rnl

ilhFnr.

n,r

nu,.nin.c

ole

\virh,qrJJ

r(.

fi!

nnrlr

urrnr

oa.'

l.trinu,

nii\ dtrJf iLrr!.rs nnn. $m,s not$ li,r

rl[

.].rnnrg

unF, in.h'in\jr tuirhe.

!rl

un,!u:iN'ni,,irif.tr.,: IiLrL,'rncfl.lcnt5

ini!hr n.i l,r

nmihr

lvirli nr. uso

oi!lomii,s

\io.,,lN

un.

ri.nr

\rnr:

n..irl

l.i.lqrari!l

rml i..lmolosr lLrr

.r

l.kk

Tllrfon

,

r.;.h.r

ar.

rt\\,Nitl.

to

rnr

\lcnniNtirnr

or:trid.,

Lnrc

h

suJcn'r dulnrsvtrh n.$

r.

ot mte rl)is

.lcdnnnq Se.ondli us]ns!:rn\N

q|ts

of lcinihg,

cs

nrngc-leti,rins lnn

ia.rt

6rc,is

*mg\

ton

nnurdtul. Bv

J.hlr

n,,

fl.lon"

r

.nlrin.c L.ilr

.

1..'n$un,.ition

nr

tr.n-hcc

ki$nre

iNl

n.

\

cn}l

lom'nunndon

TLnIU

tci.h.is slurld dL.us

rlt

$r.riils

shl.ll

rh.v Jn(ssc.l

i.

rLxs iic-leinln,g s.ssion more

i'tosirel)

b

!.r

l.tic

nDJ.r{mdnrg Thor,

turthft .ould trlnr _f

rolidc.lirifi

ri.n irihcrc

v!ft

arr

mr.oNepnlr

nwns

rht

nteial

Bdnlc\ i.a.Lss

n

NssNi

n,Jr\i$r

thrn

cl.rniIg

lvirh virious nitoi,iLs,

icn!ni$,

Dd ntu! nr

mirlni:.

n'.noion.h r..viti.s

anJ

(

_fr,vide mrannrgrrLl l.ri,n ng exp.rnir.c

neqi

nrs

dr..!onl ftr.lrll

tlnrd turJn'ls,

tuirhcr mar !rry or tunbnr! rh. n\t

drttco{

ttf.s.l.-lcimi,,gis

nnrl.oad

b

H.(.n

n

t](flm

(lool), n,

rlu lt

{rd.nN

nlrds rm b.

lx.rli i.

Lr*ll:

tei.h!(

nr.d n,

rh(t

tn,l

l.Idrn.

.trrin,(M

frdl'.k

.n $udona

,.rhs

nr

ods

n,

rr.i.l

rhsnnq rn.l fhgixrisn.

ln

o

ertoolunr.

rL!.aiii,.l

or.,lcrNnq

ctrriomcnt,

unr.rs

^tJ

ml.rts

mu$ 6r

r.ouJ|J uirh imt,lc

i'r]l\trtr

br

unt$itl

)Jnnninntor. Tlns ruJv al!,

.tl|hxrzcJ

ih{t

tlr

trni\rrrsrll ri,fi$

nnsl

lJNyN.r!

fn,Io$(l

inr.,r$s

NI

slnrN

h

pfonir)qtli.

c.l.rnnrq

nnf1dn.n.ti.n

inr

lunlns

1l

is{

.J Lr

lntrl.i{ inl

llLr.U}(100,r),

nrcr.L

i

ne.J

nr

unn.rit}inn'lnis.,tr.F

nr

nt.r'r

ihcir under$nJins xn.l

tr."1.rl!..n

tln

i'..rsiir

I

rlonh.n

rnl

J

iinrnn

,,t

il!

r flf

r!

lhc

fIn,r

\evs tu nn n),

Nr'cntJ

L\

nr'rd.!

13

tupN

nr: rhc

imrl.m.nix

{ol.-lcxrnn1g,

.sf..iil\

on m.re

trfJ,t

d c.nrprtrinnnuLe

inJ

fi*

i$cmei

onh&rn

Aldroush

n.$ rriciFin6

lu,l

iscrtld

d.r' c.lomnrg

c$i

.ci t.r$nr!

rnn

lcrmiq,

thcl

al$ itrritutcd sonr. .onfLlxtics n,wards its

mplctr,crun.r

Bet.r urdeEtrndn,g.f drc

.ont!rt.r..l.rn,nq

toadnr.s rnn

F!Nf

rion

slxnLlJ

d

llc unirusiq-rll$irisiiturs o

ad' Jrcs

dretriud.n6

n(ds moE

n,l[

l,Mllx

iL.hough .-L!rnirig lrtrs

i

lor oiFot.rtixls rnd rnrini,ses,

ur.l

rlr! cLcxnnng .lull.ns.s

h^{

li.cn

hkor

t.

.oriJcrtrnnr,

tr

ftLl\

pr.niini

rd

rdlinhlcs

.rnnot bc

..mrhdt

rrqrftd

bv

REFEREI{CE

Al\:

M.(1008).

FouJ.(i.nioi'r.ridul

rli-rf

n r oninie lermnrg lnT.

ArJdnn,

nr

rroD rnJ

t,rn(

iy'onliE Lannn..

(l'i

EJ).

a:xnrdr, AU Prcs,

AiLrtinr

UnnrNt):

Alonn),

f.lot)ci

(i,

Mrffnlr'., D. SVn1.5,l

M

(loot)

An

lnrrudnul

m.tl.l

6r \vrtl

LNc,l c-L!rniIg

..1u.

n

vith r LlcnJ.n

[D

i'tg _rntrcsr

irl,r]r.L

srnr[/or&n,i

El((ndul

l.lniolob-. 16(l)

ll7-lri

ArLo.iul. V, & Ab,uJ.o,

N

(l0l+). ah!

"n..i!

Lurnn,g n\cx,l\?nrrscs r1

.lind'rnt,gs

.i

its o$

riihLgh{

rtrri,n

lnr,rnr&rl

lo,n

loIaJ,ntron

rklr{.r.ii

2(11), r9i

-'110

Irlnlcttr, P _J,

crccr,lr

L,& wi^lr,

K

I

{loll)

K1l

,ini'r. l.mtrr!

!"lifJot

"nl'

(1r:rb,Lin.:,

l'({clint

n.N

nre

.nrri.n du.rtron

dtr..tu^

,o ,nul ui

A.!'rhDn'

Lr."trnnMn,",L,

li(1).6t

il

(ll)li.n,I-.,luinnn,,

l.,\N1rm

.K (l0ll)

Rb.ad.

i*tr-,l,

n

"l,rt."

7" !1. Lonl.n,

G$(tLl,

M

lall.

Elk.lon(l'aadn

l,

r'l,tr'

fn(, <,rultroi,'s drllariig,

,Il.nlnlrn

arJ ,rtrdl'nn(s

Ekh.l!.'l'r'.J. B.{.n;

P.unm l)tr.ghrnr, _J, Siccd, l).,

M.lrik,

H

(2012)

E

t.rnins t\thool

l.!el' Cl\iLLcnges

rnl

lcncilb. Tr"

Ir

J,(dMno*l Anl, Con/"."d

on Inronr.ion T{]rulos. ACITzo L2 L)e.

10-ll,

ISSN, l8ll-085?, 10!1.

Divn, F.

D

(l9il9)

Per.ir-l

usctnlness,

1[r

cild

cxc.lusc,

rnlru i..rft[r

ol

i .rmtn

tullnlolo$ MIs

QMn.ir,

Ir(r),

U\i.fcri

(j,

&

Lllrkl},

N

(]00?).

rlot,oi/.1

Ensh/L (itlL

tdrrlos.

icw

Y(

, Pu$on

Chn

, S E., & A:i:, R.A E

(l0ll)

Tlrc

t)cr.cp-n.n.lruJcnb rr:rali.s.-lilnrnrg

inrtL!

m.niti(n)

ir

E$trinn Unntrsitrer

.LErL

2011:

f[Tn ltuikno (i!4! id,tr

Morii.,Ilrli

,0 ()

N

L<in,i,is.

i

irfi(nn.

R. ( _1999).

I'tcn.ivi$

in

Ll

*l>

t,s.J

r.rdnrs

Ii

R

L)tl.ski

&

M

L.w(Ens), \trorlJ(lAlli L,lol

ltrr&.,.

o,

(;npd.r

Asai.J

L-!,"'{.

Lr,^",s

h

49-66). LLs.,nre

NcnrnrrJs,

s\ts

&

Tcnnnn[

(nnLxhrr, _Y (1009).

eldrqr

lillkev, Pcscnl

lLrn,,,

w. ind

H,nru,

(

(lo0l) Ellolnls

reL

{rlkJ,ulo(.

I

ltnrkn,

NJ,Y/LL.Y

lh',

Q.,&JL,Lhof

L

(l0ll)

Urnrrsiril'

lN.J

nN!

d.rsn

r..tut, r$!.1$r

.cDitdl l.m)n!

rtvifl

meN Strrt.gi.s

rnl

lcs.nr

J-,-lt

Dl1\J,1. Ari,

^

!JK,L-'

271t1), 15 65.

Jurs, M, Lorii, K, \1o$Aghel,

Rt

Srhi

l'

(1008) E-lianrihg, l,

&{is

irg tItri lrJi1)

Sn'ilcnh

A.rtrtin.c

ol Tclhh.logr E!rcFn" JomrlolOD.", Dir.dne and Elainnig l.nlLncl

ht!,/,/sr

dtr{l1..rg,6tcnrlr,/onriV

1008/lurs

L.r

lio{rlhcl

S

u.h

n Kcll.r, (1,

&

(rcrncn'J, L. (1001) Siudcnts

pcr.qfinr

.l

.-l.r in i ng nr

urit^i4.dn.x-Ku,

H.Y,&

Lohr,

L

i-

1100r).Assc$!.lI.a

CLi'r$e

rurlmis iititulcsn,si.d

dr.n fiNt

o

ir.

l.xmnrs

e$trieDtr EJ-d,i.int1!.,r

fdloxr RriaEh

d

DA"lopfl.nr,

JI(l)

95

l0l

Lin,

P,

tc.,L

Ch,,

Ivl,&

M.Nd-!hi, ta.

(l0ll)

Snkl.nd us.

.f c.L.rNn! srifulic\

mJ nrcr

pu.cf

nrs ol r-l .imins tsetuln$s

Ii

S.M

Riri.n,l

IlcJLers,

&

K Sna'li,

(t.l:.), lntoc'li!rgs

olol,lal

L.m

A",

Pa.iri.

l0ll

(nf. 1l?!-1183),Mdb.umcAu nJia,

28

Mrdl

I AFril.

Cl$rt.il.VA:

A$litr.

ld

dr. Advan.onefr ol (irmFntcs

r

hc,T.,&

Lre,J.{1006l Quxlitr

rsntr

rrc.l

trtb bisd c-lei..nrs

Iusxrisri.n

edui'tnnr CO'IPSIAT

ftDrkJiq

in

Conl

dti,nal

SntrtrLoi 17,1, srnlori,,4 Rome

Ls]'

lvl (2010) _D.v.lofnrg rlrc linqurs. shiLts,

Allsning dre rc.hnolosi.rl

nrl

t.

ih!

$da-!o!i.xlfurn.sc.

ho.

\X(

(E!

I

T/t< l,'!tdd

,I'li.lu

op on L,n{uxe r?dini^s r&l T?a[usi

s'lrt,

Hor dn,l Why. Atlh.losy Senci

tl

(.

1l}17)

SirsrNn,

SEAMIO

R.4.mlLD

L!\,

N,l,

&

K.rD.dr

o

(1005)

Lrrtrn

kalHn

Ii

mol,ilc SMS IrAsncs Kuluh*tr.Htrl'n.

rnJJdmliixlcr(Ed!),Mo,Lr!]Nd,tr,trs A

lxmdl,oot _lor E l..a bn dnl

Im,io,

1,.n.1.t

LiN, H.,

&

l-u,I l. (2008).

ni.i^s *rla

p(r,

Lonr rnr@lsnL d,

t&ioloo

i.lolion hDJ(i lor

ELdn'ins

*l'!r'

Rcti.rd

irom

ht!,//

Jx

lli

.rsl10 1007/978 t540{5013-t

l

Mrhdi,,,1.1t, H., Lnenxns,

H,&

lvluucr, M

(2008) _Dcrciiniiin!

L.ton ofrlc

ulc

oac-bii,rnrg cDrnorment 1)r/

nnildiq

ta,hes

ConDlLr & tli!.arion,

tl,

141,154.

OrsrnirtiJn aor Econonri.

Ci{r|Istn,n

nal

rr.Lllorncnr (()EarD)

(loot)

El.ht,!

r,

tni.rr

&lndrcn.

v,ut

/o

ft

$dnlrOE(lll

tiru.lr, K.A,

&

Lec, \'. (1004). _{TL! ,nfluor..}

.l

s)5tcnr

.hmstrisiic

oD

c.l.roi'r!

f{.

contrn

r^l

EJ"(ioi

,7(1006)

lll

111

Rolus,

E.I,t

(1995) _{Dirridioi ol nmlnnou} N.N Snrd,

(

L,

&aipNl,J

J. (1006) stud.nh'

pcrqri,N.IorLnrlciflling

A.ontu

ir

$udr (C. al.l)c. EJ )

loe

l

,l n,i,nd0tr

n.lmioc, Eir.ntion, 5,

l0l,l19

Solnnxn, N A. {1011). Urii)s ..ltitnnrg m

dt-nL,!EFI-$ud.rF'Lmsuistrlill\ind.ni

\

. then

nrl.Icnllcrt

lcimnrg. CEd,rc

ELM.ioq J, 75175?

R.ei.kJ

nonr

htf,//

dr J.i.o'g/10 4216/re

l0i4

5100s8

Trsoc,

V

(1011) Stulcn('

ru.qii.ns

.n

in.oqnxtirl-s cr

[nins

inro tux.hins lnd

l.mi'rg.trhe unlvFirt!f

(ihr

.

lftitrd

noml lo'mlll ol E/n.d on

nrl

Dddl])nun id

,[

ItrlonM,o^ !",1 (1,--",nnri!D

lid

,l,0 tuEDICa),3(1).

'l

-

lor

Tm\tcr,l\4 (l0l

l)

Itucsi'tnrs .'l dninP ,n

Jfno.*LrsuJ hngulr

rc,rlnnq,

Pc..r-n,r, .luucn+s in.l

irt.gi.: J(rIIdLf

sk'{r

Lxninr

4d, Alron.

Rciii$rl fr(n

t5

hiif ,//corlcrc!c..pixcLonl,nc.mt/ ta_T,1LLl0l

1/onmoi/d.wnloav

h.r

pJ/lECl41-l52

Fl:rirrcr

ICT]LL20lr

df

\'.Lcry T. (2000) Criri.il su.res ai(ors i11

onLnredustion

Tt

t"krdtinaL1o"-tt.f

E

l,..tirMl

Manaq.*"r

14(51:16

-

lll

\i.tr!g,l

R. (199fl. RethinLio! rhe rule

oft|c

Pofcs.r in xn xg.

oihisht..h

bols

Tlt