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AN ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL COHESION USED IN “EMBARRASSING SHORT STORIES: ONE NIGHT WITH A MAID” BY SILVESTER
GORIDUS SUKUR
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve Sarjana Degree in Education
By:
DOLFINUS MOKTIS
07360005
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
This thesis written by Dolfinus Moktis was approved on July, 31 2012
By
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This thesis was defended in front of the examiners of Faculty of Teacher Training and Education of University of Muhammadiyah Malang and accepted as the partial
requirement to achieve Sarjana Degree in English Department
on July, 31 2012
Approved by:
Faculty of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Malang
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
“I CAN DO ALL THINGS THROUGH CHRIST WHO STRENGTHENS ME”
(SEGALA PERKARA DAPAT KUTANGGUNG DI DALAM YESUS YANG MEMBERI KEKUATAN KEPADAKU).
(Philippians 4:13)
“NOBODY RISES TO LOW EXPECTATION”
(ORANG YANG MENETAPKAN HARAPAN YANG RENDAH TIDAK AKAN PERNAH BANGKIT)
(Calvin Lloyd)
THIS THESIS IS DEDICATED TO:
MY BELOVED FATHER AND MOTHER
MY FAMILY
MY FRIENDS
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thank God, all praises be to Allah, the Lord of the universe who has given the
writer. He is beneficent so that I am able to finish this thesis. Peace and Salam are
always blessed and poured down upon our beloved Prophet Jesus Christ as the last
prophet that has shown us the right ways. We will always be in the shelter of Allah
from now and until hereafter life. Amen. This thesis would not have been completed
without some supports from many people.
Firstly, he wants to express his deepest gratitude to his advisors I/II Drs.
Hartono, M.Pd & Munash Fauzie A, M.M. Thanks for the guidance, correction, great
attention, motivation, and patience, which finally enabled him to finish his thesis
successfully.
Secondly, the biggest thank goes to his beloved parent, Moses Mosioi, Dorsila
Mandacan and Dolince Kasih. Thanks for the supports, prayers and love.
Thirdly, the biggest thank also goes to his best friends, Reza Andika and Agus
Arianto. Thanks for the supports.
Finally, he really realizes that this thesis still needs constructive critics and
suggestions from the readers in order to make it perfect, and hopefully it can be
useful for the readers, especially for the students of English Department of University
of Muhammadiyah Malang.
Juliy, 31 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL ... i
LEGALIZATION ... ii
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... iv
ABSTRACT ... v
TABLE OF CONTENT ... vi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ... 5
1.3 Purpose of the Study ... 5
1.4 Significance of the Study ... 5
1.5 The Scope and Limitation of the Study ... 6
1.6 Definition of Key Terms of the Study ... 6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Text ... 8
2.2 Cohesion Devices ... 9
2.1.1 Types of Cohesion Devices ... 10
2.1.2 Lexical Cohesion Devices ... 11
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2.1.2.1.1 Repetition ... 12
2.1.2.1.2 Synonymy ... 12
2.1.2.1.3 Hyponymy ... 12
2.1.2.1.4 Metonymy ... 13
2.1.2.1.5 Antonym ... 14
2.1.2.2 Collocation ... 15
2.3 Short Story ... 16
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design ... 19
3.2 Object of the Study ... 19
3.3 Research Instrument ... 20
3.4 Data Collection ... 20
3.5 Data Analysis ... 21
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Research Findings ... 22
4.2 Discussion ... 33
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION 5.1 Conclusion ... 35
5.2 Suggestion ... 36
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REFERENCES
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Melbourne: University of Cambridge.
Djamila, L. (2010). Shifts in Translating Lexical Cohesion from Arabic into English.
Algeria: University of Constantine.
"Embarrass," The Oxford English Dictionary, (1989) <http://dictionary.oed.com>
[Accessed February 15, 2006].
Finegan, E. (2004). Language: Its Structure and Use. USA: Wadsworth
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Halliday, M.A.K. & Hasan, R. Cohesion in English. Beijing: Foreign Language
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Kiswanti, 2006. A discourse analysis of the short stories. Published in Januari-May.
Lestari, Z. (2009). Lexical cohesion Found in The Lyrics of Avenged Sevenfold’s
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Lewis, M. (Ed.). (2000). Teaching collocation: Further developments in the Lexical
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Investigationes Linguisticae: Poznan.
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Setyowati, R. (2008). A Study of Cohesive Devices Found in The Main Character’s Utterances of Drama ‘’Macbeth’’ by William Shakespeare. Malang:
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The Lyrics of Creed’s Song: Malang: Unpublished Thesis of Muhammadyah
University of Malang.
Tanskanen .Sanna Kaisa. 2006. Collaborating towards Coherence. P. Cm:
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Tursini, U. (2005). An Analysis on Cohesion Devices Used in The Lyrics of Britney
Spears’ Song: Malang: Unpublished Thesis of Muhammadyah University of
Malang.
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Yarmohammadi, L. (1995). Fifteen Articles in Contrastive Linguistics and the
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the introduction of the research is discussed. It consists of
background of the study, statement of the problems, purpose of the study,
significance of the study, scope and limitation, and definition of the key terms.
1.1.Background of the Study
Cohesion is part of the system of a language. Cohesion occurs where the
interpretation of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another.
Cohesion is an important aspect of discourse analysis as it creates coherence.
According to Halliday and Hasan (2001) concept that cohesion is expressed partly
through the grammar and partly through the vocabulary; therefore cohesion includes
two types namely grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. It means that the
existence of two types of grammatical and lexical cohesion and the differences
between both types are: (1) grammatical cohesion leads to the assessment unit of
meaning in the sentence. Whereas (2) lexical cohesion focuses more on the discussion
of systems of meaning contained in words.
Cohesion is a potential for relating one element in the text to another.
Cohesion, therefore, is part of the text-forming component in the linguistic system. It
means that the elements that are structurally unrelated to one another are linked
words, that the relationship between words, sentences, or paragraphs, they are
interconnected with one another reply.
Lexical cohesion is a group of words which is lexically cohesive when all of
the words are semantically related; for example, when they all concern the same topic
(Halliday and Hasan in Lestari, 2009). Lexical cohesion can also form relational
patterns in text in a way that links sentences to create an overall feature of coherence
with the audience, sometimes overlapping with other cohesion features. The
understanding of how the content of sentences is linked helps to identify the central
information in texts by means of a possible summary. This allows judgments on what
the text is about. Furthermore, lexical cohesion has two functions: first, to link
between a word and a word, a phrase and a phrase within a text, then it can be divided
again to indicate a repetition, synonym, hyponym, to metonym, and antonym; second,
it is used to indicate co-occurrence of words in which their meaning is related in the
same environment, (Halliday and Hasan in Lestari, 2009).
This study focuses on the lexical cohesion. According to Halliday & Hasan
(2001:287), lexical cohesion is a cover term for the cohesion that results from the
co-occurrence of lexical items that are typically associated with one another because
they tend to co-occur in similar environment. The cohesive effect of lexical cohesion
is achieved when two or more lexical items within a sentence or across sentence
boundaries are associated with each other. The association may be one of related or
equivalent meaning or may be one of contrast or may be one of co-occurrence. And
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words use the semantic description of languages. Semantic rule includes agent,
theme, instrument, experience, location, source, and goal.
From the functions of lexical cohesion above the researcher wants to analyze
the text in the selected short stories by Silvester Goridus Sukur. Lexical cohesions
always appear in the short stories. The short stories often used repetition, synonymy,
antonym, metonymy, and hyponymy, in words or sentences. By analyzing lexical
cohesion, the researcher will know the kinds and the functions of lexical cohesion
used in the short stories, especially Embarrassing Short Story “One Night with a
Maid” by Silvester Goridus Sukur. Furthermore, lexical cohesion which consists of
reiteration and collocation is very essential in order to get deep understanding of short
stories.
One Night with a Maid is the third collection of a series of embarrassing short
stories. These short stories are chosen in this study because they are different from
other English short stories in that several kinds of lexical cohesion like reiteration and
collocation are applied in those short stories. Silvester Goridus Sukur shows his
genius by writing about interesting topics in his short stories. The topics such as
incidents or events which are so embarrassing will make the readers smile, giggle, or
even roar with laughter. They will make the readers happy. It means that every
selected short story is very funny. Furthermore, these stories can improve the readers’ grammatical knowledge. The researcher interest with word ”embarrassing” in the title of the short story. The researcher feels, it is very funny and the researcher want
A previous study on the analysis of the use of cohesive devices on the short
story has been conducted by Kiswanti (2006). In her study, she analyzed grammatical
cohesion and lexical cohesion in Short Stories in Annida Magazine Published in
(18,79%), ellipsis (9,5%), and substitution (0,08%). Beside the grammatical cohesion,
the result of the research also shows that lexical cohesion among sentences in the
short stories in Annida magazine published in January-May 2006 can be classified
into two types. They are reiteration (repetition, synonym, antonym, hyponym and
metonym) and collocation. The frequency of the occurrence of the lexical cohesion
from the highest to the lowest is collocation (0,83%), reiteration (synonym (0,61%),
hyponym (0,47%), and metonym (0,44%) ).
In this study, the researcher will also investigate more about the use of
cohesion devices on short stories. But there are some differences from the previous
study mentioned above. In this study the researcher will only analyze lexical cohesion
used in English short stories. The application of lexical cohesion within this study
will be focused on the analysis of reiteration and collocation.
Based on the reason above, the researcher is interested in identifying every
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wants to analyze and classify each type and frequency of lexical cohesion in the each
short story.
1.2Statement of the Problems
Based on the background of the study above the research problems are stated
as follows:
1. What types of lexical cohesion are found in the selected short stories of “One
Night with a Maid” by Silverster Goridus Sukur?
2. What is the frequency of each type of lexical cohesion found in the selected short
stories of “One Night with a Maid” by Silverster Goridus Sukur?
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The objectives of this study are stated as follows:
1. To describe types of lexical cohesion are found in the selected short stories of
“One Night with a Maid” by Silverster Goridus Sukur?
2. To describe the frequency of each type of lexical cohesion found in the selected
short stories of “One Night with a Maid” by Silverster Goridus Sukur?
1.4 Significance of the Study
This study is expected to have theoretical significance and practical
important application of discourse analysis and to give contribution toward the
building of knowledge, especially in pragmatic study concentrated in lexical
cohesion. As practical significance, the result of this study is expected to enrich the
information for the people who concern to discourse analysis especially in lexical
cohesion, and also it will help the next researchers, including the students of English
Department University of Muhammadyah Malang, when they are going to do the
research in this area.
1.5 The Scope and Limitation
In this study, the researcher only focuses on the analysis of lexical cohesion
devices in the selected short stories of ” Embarrassing Short Stories “One Night with a Maid” by Silverster Goridus Sukur”. The researcher limits only five out of thirteen stories available in “One Night with a Maid” by Silverster Goridus Sukur released in Yogjakarta, October 2008.
1.6 Definition of the Key Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding, the terms used in this study are defined as
follows:
a. Analysis is the identification of the separate parts of (this correspond toughly to the notion of tearing it to pieces), to determine the relationship among the parts,
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b. Cohesion refers to the grammatical and lexical elements on the surface of a text which can form connections between parts of the text (Tanskanen, 2006:7). It is
the network of lexical, grammatical, and other relations which provide links
between various parts of a text.
c. Lexical cohesion is a group of words that is lexically cohesive when all of the words are semantically related; for example, when they all concern the same topic.
d. Reiteration is one type of lexical cohesion which involves the repetition of a lexical item, the use of general word to refer back to a lexical item, and a number
of things between the uses of repetition, synonimy, hyponimy, metonymy, and
antonymy.
e. Collocation is the second type of lexical cohesion that collocation deals with the relationship between words, or the basis of the fact that these words often occur in
the same surrounding or are associated with each other (Renkema in Lestari, 2009)
f. Short story is a short piece of prose fiction, having few characteristics and aiming at unity of effect (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English language).
g. Embarrassing is an emotional state of intense discomfort with oneself, experienced upon having a socially unacceptable act or condition witnessed by or
revealed to others. It is similar to shame, except that shame may be experienced for
