LEXICAL COHESION AND FIELD IN NEWS STORIES TEXT OF THE JAKARTA POST.

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LEXICAL COHESION AND FIELD IN NEWS STORIES TEXT

OF THE JAKARTA POST

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

By:

RAHMAT FAJRI

Registration Number: 8136111050

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

MEDAN

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i ABSTRACT

Fajri, Rahmat. Lexical Cohesion and Field in News Stories Text of The Jakarta Post. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Postgraduate School, State University of Medan, 2015.

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ii ABSTRAK

Fajri, Rahmat. Lexical Cohesion and Field pada News Stories Text di Jakarta Post. Sebuah Tesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Universitas Negeri Medan, 2014.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to extend writer’s endless gratitude to Allah SWT who has given me strength to finish this thesis as one of the requirements to gather the degree of Magister Humaniora.

The writer would like to express his sincere gratitude to Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A, Ph.D his first adviser for the valuable time spent in giving suggestions, comments and criticism to qualify the content of this thesis. He also would like to express his deep and sincere gratitude for Dr. Rahmad Husen M. Ed as his second adviser who has spent his time for giving support, advise and idea to complete this thesis.

He also extends most sincere gratitude to the board examiners Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd., Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., Dr. Syahron Lubis M. A for their constructive comments, suggestions and valuable time for the improvement of this thesis.

The writer also would like to express his sincere gratitude to the Head of Applied Linguistics Study Program Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed.. and Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S as the secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program, for her assistance regarding the administrative procedures and all lectures who have taught her valuable knowledge and attitude.

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Mursyida and all my friends at LTBI Reguler XXIII, who had given her supports and suggestions for completing this thesis.

Medan, January 2016

RAHMAT FAJRI

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...v

LIST OF GRAPHS ...viii

LIST OF FIGURES ...ix

LIST OF APPENDICES ...x

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ...1

1.2 Problems of the Study ...6

1.3 Objectives of the Study ...6

1.4 Scope of the Study ...7

1.5 Significance of the Study ...7

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Systemic Functional Linguistics ...8

2.2 Metafucntion of Language ...9

2.2.1 Ideational Metafunction ...11

2.3 Cohesion and Coherence ... 12

2.4 Types of Lexical cohesion ... 16

2.4.1 Repetition ...16

2.4.2 Synonymy ...17

2.4.3 Antonymy ...17

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4.1.2 The Realization of Lexical Cohesion in News Stories

Text ...40

4.1.2.1 Repetition ...40

4.1.2.1.1 Direct form ...40

4.1.2.1.2 Indirect form ...41

4.1.2.2 Synonymy ...42

4.1.2.3 Antonymy ...43

4.1.2.4 Hyphonymy ...44

4.1.2.5 Meronymy ...45

4.1.3 The Reason for the Use of Lexical Cohesion in News StoriesText ...47

4.1.3.1 Repetition ...48

4.1.3.2 Synonymy ...48

4.1.3.3 Antonymy ...49

4.1.3.4 Hyhponymy ...49

4.1.3.5 Meronymy ...50

4.2 Findings ...50

4.3 Discussions ...53

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 CONCLUSIONS ...57

5.2 SUGGESTIONS ...58

REFERENCES ...59

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LIST OF GRAPHS

GRAPH Page

4.1 The Patterns of Lexical Cohesion in News Text ...32

4.2 The Pattern of Lexical Cohesion in Politics Tex ...33

4.3 The Pattern of Lexical Cohesion in EconomicsText...35

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE Page

2.1 Conceptual Framework ...23

3.1 Research Design ...26

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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A. The Distribution Of Lexical Cohesion In News Stories

of Politics, Economics, And Culture ... 60

B. News Story, clauses, and analysis of Lexical cohesion

Politics Text 1 ... 62

C. News Story, clauses, and analysis of Lexical cohesion

D. News Story, clauses, and analysis of Lexical cohesion

E. News Story, clauses, and analysis of Lexical cohesion

Politics Text 4 ...102

F. News Story, clauses, and analysis of Lexical cohesion

Economics Text 1 ...113

G. News Story, clauses, and analysis of Lexical cohesion

H. News Story, clauses, and analysis of Lexical cohesion

I. News Story, clauses, and analysis of Lexical cohesion

J. News Story, clauses, and analysis of Lexical cohesion

Culture Text 1 ...160

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K. News Story, clauses, and analysis of Lexical cohesion

L. News Story, clauses, and analysis of Lexical cohesion

M. News Story, clauses, and Analysis of Lexical cohesion

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

In the era of globalization, informantion become very important for people

because it plays a great role in modern society. Newspaper is one of the media of

information which reader can get the information in everyday life. Halliday

(1985) states that newspaper language can be seen very much as a ‘social

semiotic’ which, in its generic range, draws particular social groups into

particular styles of presentation. It means that the informational function of the

newspaper have always been ideological implications in the transmission of

information for particular audiences. Similarly, Crystal and Davy (1969:173)

claim that everything that happens to be printed in a newspaper or written by a

journalist is not going to be linguistically homogenous. In other words, the

function language of newspaper are to inform about events and conditions in

society and the world.

Text is a complete linguistic interaction of spoken or written. Halliday and

Hasan (1976:1) point out a definition of text that is any passage of language,

spoken or writen, of whatever length, that does form a unified whole. In systemic

functional linguistic (SFL), a text has texture which holds the clauses of a text

together to give them unity. Two dimensions of paragraph to make text hang

together coherence as contextual properties and cohesion as internal properties.

Cohesion is thinking process as syntactical process of drawing conclusion.

According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2004:532) cohesion refers to the

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resources within language that provide continuity in a text, above and over that is

provided by clause structures and clause complexes. Furthemore, cohesive

relations are nonstructural relations, which help the text hang together. These

kinds of relationship refer to reference, conjunction, and lexical cohesion.

Lexical cohesion refers to the relationships between or among words in a

text. According to Halliday and Hasan (1976:297) lexical cohesion is as the name

implies, it involves a kind of choice that is open ended, the selection of a lexical

item that is in some way related to one occurring previously. Lexical cohesion is

concerned with content words and primarily related to field. Field is discovered

through the content words within a text. It tends to have specialized vocabularies

and tends to engage in specialized activities. Moreover, the field is concerned with

the content, topic or subject matter of text. The field is specifically constituated

by three elements of arena or social activity, participants’ characteristic and

semantic domain (Saragih, 2014). Additionally , Saragih (2014: 25) points out the

field of text affects language variety in the sense that the use of language is

affected by what is being talked. From that statement, it can be inffered that

different topics of text are differently realized in language use. Then, every field

of knowledge has its own way of coding experience to indicates authonomy of the

discipline. For example, the field of politics discipline has different of language

use from economics discipline because they have different criteria for indentifying

and categorizing the of object of study. As a result, the different field of text has

different language use in to identify and categorize the object of study.

Furthermore, Halliday and Hasan (1976:288) point out five categories of

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1. Repetition (including inflection and derivation)

example: leave – leaving - left

2. Synonymy (similarity of meaning)

example: leave - depart

3. Antonymy (opposite or contrastive meaning)

example: leave - arrive

4. Hyponymy (classes / super ordination and subclasses)

example: flower - rose

5. Meronymy (whole-part relations)

example: flower – petal, stem

The Jakarta post is one of a daily national newspaper in Indonesia, which

is printed in English language. It is firstly published on 25 April 1983 in Jakarta,

which involved in a publishing industry. News story is a factual, prose story for

print or broadcast media about a person, place or event answering these five

questions: who, what, when, where, why and how. Some example of lexical

cohesion are exist in news stories text of politics, economics, and culture in the

Jakarta Post.

1. Lexical cohesion in politics text

a. repetition

example:

clause 1

The President said despite his promise lastweek to issuse a comprehensive

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clause 2

He had abundant urgent problems

(Thursday February 12, 2015)

b. synonymy

example:

clause 1

President Joko”Jokowi” Widodo is likely to again delay his final decision

on the conflict between the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK)

and the National Police (Polri)

clause 2

As if to find another excuse to again postpone the decision on who should

become the new Polri chief and how to meet monitoring public pressure

2. Lexical cohesion in economics text

a. repetition

example:

clause 1

Indonesia banks plan to generate ate least Rp 49.3 trillion (US$3.85

billion) from the capital market to finance credit expansion this year,

according to the Financial Services Authority (OJK)

clause 2

Some banks have outlined their plans

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b. hyponymy

example:

clause 1

Some banks have outlined their plans

clause 2

Bank International Indonesia (BII) comes second with Rp 8.4 trillion in

the targeted bond issunces, while CIMB Niaga is next with Rp 6.9 trillion.

3. Lexical cohesion in culture field

a. repetition

example:

clause 1

The island’s Greek and Turkish communities are trying to overcome

their differences and find an unusual common cause: halloumi cheese

clause 2

The cheese has been made in Cyprus for centuries by both its Greeke and

Turkish communities

protected Europea Union (EU) status have raised fears

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clause 2

That Turkish Cypriot producers will be excluded

Additionally, the writer found research of lexical cohesion in newspaper.

For example, Yoan (2010) in An Analysis of Lexical Cohesion in the Cover Story

of Tempo found that there are some of lexical cohesion occur in the cover story of

tempo. From this research, repetition is the most dominat lexical cohesion in the

cover story of tempo. However, the reseach does not explain the reason the use of

lexical cohesion in the cover story of Tempo. This research are used as a reference

for the writer to find more the use of lexical cohesion in media.

In brief, based on the explanation above the writer interests to do the

research in lexical cohesion and filed in news stories text of the Jakarta Post.

1.2 Problems of the Study

1. What patterns of lexical cohesion are used in news stories text in fields of

politics, economics, and culture?

2. How is the lexical cohesion employed in news stories text?

3. Why is it used the way it is?

1.3 Objectives of the study

In line with the problems, the objectives of study are

1. to determine the pattern of lexical cohesion are used in news stories text

in fields politics, economics, and culture.

2. to describe realizations of lexical cohesion in news stories text.

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1.4 Scope of the study

In this thesis, the writer would like to focus only on the lexical cohesion

namely repetition, synonym, antonym, hyponymy, and meronymy based on

Halliday and Hasan’s theory (1976:288) in news stories text in field of politics,

culture, and economics in the Jakarta Post newspaper. Lexical items are limited to

cover four kinds of words or parts of speech namely noun, verb, adjective, and

adverb.

1.5 Signifinace of the study

The findings of the research are expected to offer both theoritically and

practically in some respects.

1. Theoritically, the findings can be useful for enriching the theories on

lexical cohesion particularly for understanding the processes, and the

reason of lexical cohesion are used in news stories text of Jakarta post

newspaper.

2. Practically, the finding can be useful for those who have focus on

linguistics study especially the lexical cohesion in news stories text of

newspaper. Moreover, the ideas and the point of views of the the findings

can significantlydy be useful to beused as

a. review of literature for the next researcher,

b. reference for teacher in teaching English particularly related lexical

cohesion, and

c. material for helping student particularly in comprehending and

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

With reference to research problem, some conclusions are specified as the

following.

1) It was found that the patern of lexical cohesion in news stoeies text of the

Jakarta Post. In politics, the major patern of lexical cohesion is repetition,

while in economics, the major patern of lexical cohesion are repetition

and hyphonymy. On the other hand, in culture the major patern of lexical

cohesion are are repetition, hyphonymy, meronymy, and meronymy.

2) The realization of lexical cohesion in news stories text of the Jakarta Post

newspaper namely; repetition, synonymy, antonymy, hyphonymy, and

meronymy. Repetition, in which lexical items is repeated, sometimes in

diferrent grammatical form. Synonymy, in which a similar experiental

meaning is shared by a different lexical items. Antonymy, in which two

lexical items have opposing meaning. Hyponymy and meronymy often

work together in the development of text, as when some entity is being

subclassified into subclasses by reference to properties of their parts.

3) The reason for the use of lexical cohesion in news stories text are initiates

or expands on the field of the text, and this field expects a predictable

range of related lexical items to follow. Lexical cohesion between lexical

items are interpreted in terms of the field, as the reader or listener

understandant it such as repetition is particularly useful resources where

the text is very complex. It enable the writer to keep one or more lexical

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string relative simple, while complex lexical relations are constructed

around them. Synonymy used by the writer to avoid the repetition, and it

may also differ in attitude their express. Antonymy an important resource

in many genres for construing classifying taxonomies in which one class

of phenomenom is distinguished from another. Antonymy are also

important resource for construing arguments and interpretations, in which

one position or set behaviours and qualities is preferred over another.

Hyphonymy used by the writer to develop by means of elobaration.

Meronymy used by the writer to develop by means of extending domain.

5.2 Suggestions

In relation to the conclusions, suggestions are staged as the following;

1) It is suggested to the other researcher to use all types of cohesion in doing

the research in textual analysis such as newspaper.

2) In newspaper where lexical cohesion is used, it suggested for language

teacher to use the types of lexical cohesion in teaching english especially

in reading in order to expand students vocabulary.

3) It is suggested to the newspaper editor to distinguish the types of lexical

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