i ABSTRACT
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LITERARY VS NON-LITERARY TEXTS THROUGH CRITICAL READING APPROACH
ON THE READING COMPREHENSION
IRMAYA NURROHMAH
The present study is aimed at (1) investigating whether there was a significant difference between the students’ reading comprehension achievement who were taught by using literary text and those who were taught non-literary text through critical reading approach, (2) identifying student’s responses after being taught by using literary text and non-literary text through critical reading approach. To achieve these goals, the researcher carried out quantitative study with pre-test-post test design. The population of this research was the second grade students of MA Tri Bhakti at-Taqwa Lampung Timur in the second semester. Two classes have been taken as the sample of this research: class XI Science 1 which consisted of 30 students as the experimental class one, and class XI Science 2 which consisted of 30 students as the experimental class two. There were two instruments used in this research: reading test and interview.
The results of data analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the students’ reading achievement who were taught literary text and those who were taught by using non-literary text through critical reading approach. The mean score in the post-test in experimental class one was 75.67 and the mean score in the post-test in experimental class two was 67.67. Then, the result of hypothesis test showed that the significance value (2- tailed) was 0.000 (p<0.05) and T-value was higher than T-table (4.402 > 2,002). It can be concluded that H1 is accepted. Thus, the null-hypothesis is rejected. Then, based on the interview result, literary text was has more positive response from the students than non-literary text. It can be concluded that non-literary text is better than non-non-literary text for encouraging students’ critical reading.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The writer would like to acknowledge her countless thanks to the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful, Allah SWT who always gives her all the best of her life and there is no doubt about it. Shalawat and Salam are given to the Prophet Muhammad SAW and his family. This script is presented to fulfil one of the requirements in accomplishing the S-1 Degree at the Department of Language and Arts Educational Department of Teachers Training and Educational Faculty of Lampung University.
It is important to be known that this script would never have come into existence without any support, encouragement, and assistance from several helpful people. Here are the writer would like to address her gratitude and respect to:
1. H. M. Ujang Suparman, M.A., Ph.D, as the writer’s first supervisor, for his willingness to give ideas and encouragements within his time during the script writing process.
2. Dr. Muhammad Sukirlan, M.A, as the writer’s second supervisor, for his willingness to give ideas and encouragements within his time during the script writing process.
vi
5. Dr. Ari Nurweni, M.A, as the head of English Education Study Program. 6. Dr. H. Bujang Rahman, M.Si, as the dean of Teachers Training and
Educational Faculty.
7. Drs. Mulyanto Widodo, M.Pd, as the Chairperson of Language and Arts Educational Department.
8. Dra. Hj. Binti Amanah Adnan, as the headmaster of MA Tri Bhakti at-Taqwa, Rama Puja, Lampung Timur, for allowing her to conduct the research, and to Mr. Komarudin, S.H., for helping her during conducting the research.
9. All students in class XI, academic year of 2014/2015 of MA Tri Bhakti at-Taqwa Rama Puja Lampung Timur, for your greatest welcome and your best work.
10.My beloved mother and father, Suyono and Rusmini, for your love, patience, support, and pray all this time. May Allah give our little family never ending blessing.
11.My beloved brother, Muhammad Irfan Hanafi, for your love and support me when I was in the deepest sadness.
vii that you gave. You are all the best.
14.My best boarding housemates, Emilda Mustapa and Anita Citra Dewi, for your support in my happiness and sorrow.
15.My friends in KKN Karang Brak, Mahmudah, Emilia Yuliani, Hesti Apala, Nina Indayana, Agnes Yopi P, Nur aziz Rahmad Putra, Tomy Rinaldi, M. Elcho B, and Ichan Prastika. Thanks for the happiness, love and beautiful memories that we have made together in karang Brak.
16.My friends in ED 2011. Thanks for the happiness, love and beautiful memories that we have made together.
17.Anyone who can not mentioned directly who has contributed in finishing this script.
The writer realizes that this script might not perfect yet. Hopefully, this script would contribute positively to the educational development or to those who want to carry out further research.
Bandar Lampung, April 2015 The writer,
ii
CURRICULUM VITAE
The writer’s name is Irmaya Nurrohmah. She was born in Rantau Fajar, Raman Utara, Lampung Timur on April 14th, 1994. She is the first child of the two children of a happy couple Suyono and Rusmini.
She began her study at TK PKK in 1998, after graduating from TK PKK in 1999, she continued at SD N I Rantau Fajar and graduated in 2005. In the same year, she continued to MTS Nurul Huda Seputih Raman Lampung Tengah in 2006 and graduated in 2008. Then, she continued her study at MA Nurul Huda Seputih Raman Lampung Tengah in 2008 and finished in 2011.
iii
DEDICATION
By offering my praise and gratitude to Alloh SWT for His blessing to me, I proudly dedicated this piece of work to:
My beloved parents, Suyono and Rusmini. My beloved little brother: M. Irfan Hanafi.
By
IRMAYA NURROHMAH
A Script
Submitted in a partial Filfillment of The Requirements for S-1 Degree
In
The language and Arts Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF LAMPUNG
xii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendices
1. Research Schadule ... 99
2. Lesson Plan 1 ... 100
3. Lesson Plan 2 ... 106
4. Try Out Reading Test ... 112
5. The Pre-test in Experimental Class One ... 124
6. The Post test in Experimental Class One ... 129
7. The Pre-test in Experimental Class Two ... 134
8. The Post test in Experimental Class Two ... 140
9. Reliability of Try Out Test ... 146
10. Level of Difficulty and Discrimination Power of Try Out Test ... 147
11. Pre-test and Post test Score in Experimental Class One ... 149
12. Pre-test and Post test Score in Experimental Class Two ... 150
13. Normality test in Experimental Class One ... 151
14. Normality test in Experimental Class Two ... 152
15. The Increase Students’ Comprehension Achievement Pre-test and Post-test in Experimental Class One. ... 153
16. The Increase Students’ Comprehension Achievement Pre test and Post-test in Experimental Class Two. ... 154
17. The Analysis of hypothesis Test in Independent Group T-Test ... 155
18. Student’s Pre-test and post test Score in Experimental Class One (the highest score) ... 156
19. Student’s Pre-test and Post Test Score in Experimental Class One (the lowest score) ... 158
20. Student’s Pre-test and Post Test Score in Experimental Class Two (the highest score) ... 160
21. Student’s Pre-test and Post Test Score in Experimental Class Two (the lowest score) ... 162
22. The Interview in Experimental Class One ... 164
23. The Sample of Students’ Responses in the Interview in Experimental Class One ... 166
24. The Interview in Experimental Class Two ... 168
25. The Sample of Students’ Responses in the Interview in Experimental Class Two ... 170
26. Surat Izin Penelitian Pendahuluan ... 173
27. Surat Keterangan bahwa Telah Melakukan Penelitian Pendahuluan... 174
28. Surat Izin Penelitian ... 175
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LIST OF GRAPHICS
Graphics Page 4.1.An increase of Mean Score of Pre-test and Post Test
in Experimental Class One ... 60 4.2.An increase of Aspects in Reading Comprehension in
Experimental Class One ... 65 4.3. An increase of Mean Score of Pre-test and Post Test
in Experimental Class Two ... 69 4.4.An increase of Aspects in Reading Comprehension in
Experimental Class Two ... 74 4.5.The Difference of Mean Score in Post Test of Experimental
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table Pages
3.1. Table of Specification ... 39
3.2. Level of Difficulty of Try Out Test ... 43
3.3. Discrimination Power of Try Out Test ... 45
4.1. The Results of Pre-Test in Experimental Class One ... 58
4.2. Results of Post Test in the Experimental Class One... 59
4.3. Result of Identifying Main Idea Aspect... 61
4.4. Result of Identifying detail aspect ... 62
4.5. Result of Making Prediction aspect ... 63
4.6. Result of evaluation aspect ... 63
4.7. Result of Determining Inference/Conclusion ... 64
4.8. Results Pre-test in the Experimental Class Two ... 67
4.9. Results of Post-Test in Experimental Class Two ... 68
4.10. Result of Identifying Main Idea Aspect... 70
4.11. Result of Identifying detail aspect ... 71
4.12. Result of Making Prediction aspect ... 71
4.13. Result of evaluation aspect ... 72
4.14. Result of Determining Inference/Conclusion ... 73
4.15. The Increase Students’ Comprehension Achievement in the Pre-test and Post test in Experimental Class One ... 76
4.16. The Increase of Students’ Comprehension Achievement Pre-test and Post test in Experimental Class Two ... 77
4.17. The Analysis of hypothesis Test ... 79
4.18. Interview result in experimental class one ... 81
iv MOTTO
Life is simple!
If you want to be smart, you have to study hard. If you want to be rich, you have to work hard.
And if you want to be happy, you have to make other people happy too.
(The writer)
“Acquire knowledge and teach it to people. Do not be an arrogant scholar, for scholarship cannot subsist with arrogance.”
(A Script)
By
IRMAYA NURROHMAH
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF LAMPUNG
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ... i
CURRICULUM VITAE ... ii
DEDICATIONS ... iii
MOTTO ... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... viii
LIST OF TABLES ... x
LIST OF GRAPHICS ... xi
LIST OF APPENDICES ... xii
I. INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of the Problems ... 1
1.2Idenification of the Problems ... 4
1.3Limitation of the Problem ... 5
1.4Formulation of Research Question ... 6
1.5Objectives of the research ... 6
1.6Uses of the Research ... 6
1.7Scope of the Research ... 7
1.8Definition of Terms ... 7
II. THEORITICAL BACKGROUND 2.1Review of the Previous Research ... 9
2.2Review of the Related Literature ... 13
2.2.1 Reading Comprehension ... 13
2.2.2 Aspect of Reading Comprehension ... 16
2.2.3 Teaching Reading ... 20
2.2.4 Literary Text ... 21
2.2.5 Pros and Cons of Literary text ... 23
2.2.6 Non-Literary Text ... 25
2.2.7 Critical Reading Approach ... 27
2.2.8 The Procedure of Critical Reading Approach ... 30
2.3Theoritical Assumption ... 32
2.4Hypotheses ... 32
III. RESEARCH METHOD 3.1Setting of the Research ... 33
3.2Research Design ... 33
3.3Population and Sample ... 35
3.4Research Question 1 ... 35
ix
3.4.2 Try-out Test of Resesarch Instrument ... 36
1) Validity ... 37
2) Reliability ... 39
3) Level of Difficulty ... 41
4) Discrimination Power ... 44
3.4.3 Research Procedure ... 47
3.4.4 Scoring System ... 50
3.4.5 Data Analysis ... 51
3.4.6 Hypothesis Testing ... 52
3.5Research Question 2 ... 53
3.6Research Schedule ... 54
IV. RESULTS OF DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1Results of Data Analysis ... 56
4.1.1 The Difference of Students’ Reading Comprehension ... 57
4.1.1.1Result of Reading Test in Experimental Class One ... 57
4.1.1.2Result of Reading Test in Experimental Class Two ... 66
4.1.1.3Normality Test ... 75
4.1.1.4Hypothesis test ... 76
4.1.2 Students’ Responses... 80
4.2Discussions ... 84
4.2.1 The Difference of Students’ Reading Comprehension ... 84
4.2.2 Students’ Responses... 90
V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1Conclusions ... 93
5.2Suggestions ... 94
REFFERENCES ... 95
1. INTRODUCTION
This chapter is concerned with the background of the problems, identification of the problems, limitation of the problems, formulation of the research question, objectives of the research, uses of the research, scope of the research, and definition of terms.
1.1.Background of the Problems
Reading is one of the most complex skills of English by which the students understand what they read and response the ideas of the author. Reading can increase our ways of thinking. Reading can provide opportunities for the students to get the message and information given in form of written text. Reading is an active cognitive process of interacting with print and monitoring comprehension to establish meaning. For most foreign language students, the major problem in reading will simply be the gap between what they know and what a comparably educated native speaker knows in relation to the language and the content of written text.
reading text after interviewed the teacher and the student there. There are some factors that may have caused the students to have difficulties in comprehending the text: first, there are lack of source in school library, English book is rarely found in school library, second, most of students do not have book or other sources to study English, then, most of materials that are used by the teacher are not interesting, next is most of students are not motivated to read an English text because they think the text is difficult, after that, most of sStudents get bored while learning English. It might be caused by the teachers who use less interesting materials, then, teachers do not use some interesting materials which encourage student to learn. They only take the materials from the English course book, besides, most of the instruments that are used by the teacher to evaluate the students’ achievement is not suitable for the students, then, most of students are unable to comprehend an English reading text because they cannot catch the main idea and specific information from the text, and most of students do not use the effective strategy in comprehending an English text, and the last is that most of students get low achievement in comprehending an English text. They are not capable enough in answering the question which is given by the teacher. There are many factors that are faced of the students and teacher. It made them difficult in teaching and learning English especially in reading comprehension.
meaningless. Comprehension is not only intended to know what the letters stand for, but also involved power of fully understanding.
So far many language teaching methods and techniques have been developed and many different types of materials have been proposed by great figures in the field of English language teaching especially in comprehending an English text; such as PQ4R, Skimming, jigsaw, inquiry technique, critical reading approach and many others. But for all those techniques which is appropriated for this research is critical reading approach. Learners through critical reading are given authority and voice to judge about what they read. Teachers, also, teach learners how to make reasonably critique and draw inferences about what they read and defend their ideas critically and logically. Critical reading requires scrutiny of the language in order to see what the writer means by the text. Researcher asserts that for students who are growing up in world saturated with media and messages, they need to experience a critical pedagogy for analyzing or evaluating these messages.
reported “to the extent that the students enjoy reading literature, it may increase
their motivation to interact with a text and thus, ultimately increase their reading proficiency”. It was because literary textprovided meaningful contexts, appealed to imagination and enhances creativity, developed cultural awareness, and encouraged critical thinking. Meanwhile, non-literary text is concerned with information, facts and reality. It can be article, document, scientific text, issues and many others. This text has simple language that can make it easy for the students in comprehending a text.
Some teachers use literary texts as the basis for critical reading while other teacher use non-literary texts. Each text has its own effect in the reading comprehension. Therefore in this research, the researcher conducted this research to compare the text that has the most significant effect on reading comprehension. In teaching reading comprehension, the teacher and students should find a better strategy and materials that more interesting. Student’s critical reading using literary text and non literary text is absolutely sure to become a solution of this problem.
Based on the statement above, the researcher conducted a research entitled “The Effect of Literary Texts Vs Non-Literary Texts through Critical Reading Approach on the Reading Comprehension” and this research was conducted at MA Tri Bhakti at-Taqwa.
1.2.Identification of the Problems
1. Lack of source in school library, English book is rarely found in school library.
2. Most of the students do not have book or other sources to study English 3. Most of the materials that are used by the teacher are not interesting.
4. Most of the students are not motivated to read an English text because they think the text is difficult.
5. Most of the students get bored while learning English. It might be caused by the teachers who use less interesting materials.
6. Teacher does not use some interesting materials which encourage student to learn. They only take the materials from the English course book.
7. The instrument is not suitable for the students.
8. Most of the students are unable to comprehend an English reading text. They cannot catch the main idea and specific information from the text.
9. Most of the students do not use the effective strategy in comprehending an English text.
10. Most of the students get low achievement in comprehending an English text. They are not capable enough in answering the question which is given
1.3. Limitation of the Problems
1.4. Formulation of the Research Question
Based on the limitation of the problems above, this research was addressed the following research questions:
1. Is there any significant difference between the students’ reading comprehension achievement who were taught by using literary text and those who were taught by using non-literary text through critical reading approach?
2. What are the student’s responses after being taught by using literary text and non-literary text through critical reading approach?
1.5.Objectives of the research
The objectives of this research were as follows:
1. To find out whether there is any significant difference between the students’ reading comprehension achievement who read literary text and those who read non-literary text through critical reading approach.
2. To find out the student’s responses after being taught by using literary text and non-literary text through critical reading approach.
1.6.Uses of the Research
The results of this study were expected to be beneficial both theoretically and practically, as follows:
2. Furthermore, practically, this research is intended to help teachers and material designer have better views on using critical reading pedagogy and selecting texts.
1.7.Scope of the Research
This research is focused on investigating whether there is any significant difference between the students’ reading comprehension achievement who read literary text and those who read non-literary text through critical reading approach and finding which of two materials-literary and non-literary texts that is more effective for the students in learning reading comprehension. This research was conducted at MA Tri Bhakti at-Taqwa Rama Puja Lampung Timur. The population of this research was in the second year students. The researcher chose the senior high school students at the second grade because they had more capability in understanding their own personality and these learners have relatively high performance in language components, so the research would be more reliable.
1.8.Definition Of Terms
2. Literary Text is an authentic material. It is generally those “imaginative works of poetry, prose, short story, and play distinguished by the intentions of their authors and the excellence of their execution.
3. Non-literary Text is an authentic material that covers a wide range of texts from administrative, legal and other official documents, via economic and business texts, scientific, technical up to publicist texts.
4. Critical Reading Approach is the application of critical thinking in a reading activity. In this sense critical reading can be defined as an active and purposeful process of comprehending, questioning and evaluating printed material and in order to react intelligently to the writer’s ideas.
5. Comparative study refers to examining two (or more) cases, specimens or events. The basic target of this study was to investigate whether there was any significant difference between the students’ reading comprehension
II. THEORITICAL BACKGROUND
In this chapter, the researcher uses several theories to support this research. It covers reading comprehension, teaching reading, literary text, pros and cons of literary text, non-literary text, critical reading approach and the procedure of critical reading approach.
2.1.Review of the Previous Research
Many researchers study about the effect literary vs. Non-literary text through critical reading approach on reading comprehension. Here are some of finding researches related to this research.
can be manipulated by writers, and then language learners need to build this awareness.
Some teachers use literary texts as basis for critical reading while other teacher use non-literary texts. However, selecting texts for critical reading is a difficult procedure. Teaching critical reading is regarded as particularly important when learners are more vulnerable, for example, school children reading literature who may have insufficient experience to challenge the views of the writer (Clark, 1993).
The second is the research done by Mochtari from Department of Language Teaching, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran (Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 163-174, January 2014). His research is “The Comparative Study of Literary vs. Non -literary Text and Iranian EFL Learners’ Performance on Cloze Tests of
The third study is done by Levine, Glenn S from University of California – Irvine. He has done a research entitled “The Study of Literary Texts at the Nexus of Multiple Histories in the Intermediate College-Level German Classroom” (2012). Addresses the teaching of complex representations of history through the study of literary texts in the college-level intermediate German class, employing the categories and tenets of Scollon and Scollon’s (2004) nexus analysis (see also Scollon, 2001). The curricular proposals based on two literary works by German-Jewish authors within a conventional intermediate-level German language course provide the frame work for curriculum and teaching that allows learners at this level to engage with multiple, intersecting and overlapping historical, literary, and cultural issues and questions. It further involves consideration of multiple levels of analysis and multiple timescales in order to raise learners’ critical historical
consciousness.
The next study is done by Khotib (2012) from Department of English Language and Literature Allameh Tabataba’I University, Tehran, Iran. The title of his research is “Critical Thinking Skills through Literary and Non-Literary Texts in English Classes”. The finding of his research is that employing a teaching method
based on critical thinking regardless of the type of the material used in the class improves learners' critical thinking ability. Literary texts, however, much more properly lend themselves to critical thinking and reading comprehension development. Although this study advocates the employment of literary texts in reading comprehension classes, it never downgrades the importance of non-literary texts. Instructors can use a mixture of both in their classes, if it’s not
The last research was done by Shokrolahi from English Department, Islamic Azad University Damavand, Iran (Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 215-220, January 2014). Her research is about “the effect of literary text Vs Non-literary text through critical reading approach on the Reading Comprehension Development of Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners”. The research is aimed to investigate the effect of literary texts vs. non-literary texts through critical reading approach on the reading comprehension development of Iranian Intermediate EFL learners. The result of his research is that the performance of those who had used literary texts as their material was much better than those who had used non-literary text. Therefore, literary texts through critical reading play an important role in the development of reading comprehension of the Iranian intermediate EFL learners. In this study, the researcher tried to show the effect of literary vs. non-literary texts through critical reading approach on the reading comprehension development of Iranian intermediate EFL learners.
The results of the research above can be concluded that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups on the post-test of reading. Thus, it can be claimed that teaching critical reading techniques through literary texts have a statistically significant effect on the development of EFL learners‟ reading comprehension.
research: identifying main idea, identifying detail, making predictions, evaluation and determining inference or conclusion. Then, on the fourth finding research above, it can be concluded that for Iranian EFL students, those who use literary text through critical reading approach is better than those who use non literary text. Therefore, in this research, the researcher was highly motivated to investigate what the result of the fourth and fifth finding research above also applies to Indonesian EFL students especially in MA Tri Bhakti at-Taqwa Rama Puja Lampung Timur. Then, the fifth finding research focuses on the approach perspective; that is critical reading approach. Meanwhile, this research was focused on the texts that used critical reading as its approach.
Therefore, this research was conducted to deal with the unresolved issues above. The researcher was highly motivated on what kind of text should be selected for reading skill: identifying main idea, identifying detail, making prediction, evaluation and determining inference and what sort of text can have more significant effect on critical reading? The purpose of this study was increasing student’s reading comprehension using literary vs. non-literary texts through critical reading approach in MA Tri Bhakti at-Taqwa Rama Puja Lampung Timur.
2.2.Review of the Related Literature 2.2.1 Reading Comprehension
text. For students who are learning a Second Language/Foreign Language, reading is very important. Grabe (2002) states that reading is ranked first among the academic skills that they wish to gain mastery over and reading is the most crucial skill to master due to several reasons. First, students can usually perform at a higher level in reading than in any other skills. They can quite accurately understand written materials that they could not discuss orally or in writing with equivalent accuracy or thoroughness. Second, reading necessitates very minimum requirements. Different from speaking which requires opportunities to interact with sparring partner, or from writing which needs a lot of guidance and time to practice, reading necessitates only a text and motivation. Third, reading is a service skill. It means that after learning how to read effectively, students will be able to learn effectively also by reading.
Moreover, reading is a process of interpreting or understanding the text in terms of the question what the reader formulates about the text (Smith: 1983). It means that the reader will understand the text by making some question in his min dealing with the context. Consequently, the reading process involves what the reader wants to know about the text by consulting questions appear in his mind. In line with the clarification above, it can be understood that reading is a very important skill for students. Actually, reading is an active process. It needs thought and the ability in making sense of the text that is being read.
involving a number of abilities. Two major abilities involve word meaning and verbal reasoning. Without words meaning and verbal reasoning, there could be no reading comprehension; without reading comprehension, there would be no reading (Brown, 2001).
Reading comprehension is a function of the nature of the text itself and of the extent to which the reader possesses, uses, and integrates pertinent background knowledge, or schemata. Schemata can be loosely defined as patterns which represent the way experience and knowledge are organized in the mind. Rumelhart (1980) put forward the concept of schema theory basically as a theory of how knowledge is mentally represented in the mind and used. Schema plays an important role in reading comprehension.
Psychologists have generally distinguished three kinds of processing: bottom-up model, top-down model and interactive model.
a. Bottom-up model of reading process holds the view that reading is a process of building symbols into words, words into sentences and sentences into the overall meaning, which reflects traditional attitudes toward reading. The point of view of bottom-up model is the accuracy in understanding linguistic units is very significant and the lower-level processing skills in reading are important. b. Top-down model emphasizes the use of readers’ real world knowledge in
memory. Goodman (1967) said that “The goal of reading is constructing
phrases. Top-down processing occurs as the system makes general predictions based on higher level and general schemata.
c. Interactive reading processing, both bottom-up and top-down processing should be occurring at all levels simultaneously (Rumelhart, 1980). Readers may employ bottom-up process as a base for comprehending a text and then turn to top-down process to execute high-level interpretation of the content of the text. Prediction of the content will be confirmed, revised or rejected through further data analysis. Interactive model of reading process is the combination of bottom-up and top-down models, and thus absorbs their merits and avoids the limitations to a great extent.
From the statements above, it can be concluded that in reading it is not enough for readers to understand a set of words in a sentence only. The reader also must be able to comprehend the reading text in order to get the message and information from what they have read.
2.2.2 Aspects of Reading Comprehension
There are many researchers that explained about the aspect of reading, one of them is Milan. According to Milan (1998), there are some essential skills in reading, that is:
1) Comprehension and Retention
of reading, comprehending main idea and distinguishing between main ideas and supporting details.
2) Inferences and Conclusion
An inference is an educational guess or prediction about something unknown based on available facts and information. It is the logical connection that you draw between what you observe and what you do not know. In making inferences the readers are required to “read between the lines” to make
deductions based on the information given. It means that the readers need to know the meaning of a word by considering its context. The readers will be able to do this by making use of the context in which the word occurred, in other to give a rough idea of its meaning. In reading activity the readers should make inferences from what they are reading and also make conclusion toward the text has been read.
3) Critical Thinking and Analysis
In this term, the readers should distinguish the text they are reading, whether it is the text of fact or opinion. Text of fact is a reading text which is written based on real occurrences or based on something happened. While a text of opinion is a reading text which is written based on someone’s point of view. So
in reading, the readers should analyze whether the text they are reading is a text of fact or opinion, then they also should think critically whether the information or message in that reading text is important for them or not.
comprehension that was used in this research: identifying main idea, identifying detail, making prediction, evaluation, and making inference/conclusion.
1. Identifying Main Idea
Main idea of a reading selection is what the passage is mostly about. The author often states the main idea in the first or last few sentences of the first paragraph. However, the author may state the main idea anywhere in the passage. Sometimes the author only suggests the main idea by leaving clues within the passage. Longer reading passage can have more than one main idea. Sometimes the main idea of a literary passage is called theme. The example of finding main idea can be illustrated into a question as follow:
What words state the main idea of the text?
2. Identifying Detail
3. Making Prediction
Making prediction is guessing what things are are about to happen using a few facts (Suparman, 2012). In making prediction, the sudents will predict what will happen in the text using the information about the facts that is stated in the text. The question of making prediction is as follow: what will happen if the beauty did not come back to the beast?
4. Evaluation
Critical reading is the ability to apply relevant criteria in evaluating a selection. In critical reading, the reader is given right to evaluate and to be decisive (Thistlewaite 1990). In this evaluation, the students evaluate the text based on their own idea. They make a judgement in evaluating a text. The question of evaluation is as follow: what is the writer’s interpretation of the
main character in the story?
5. Making Inference
2.2.3 Teaching Reading
In teaching reading, the teachers should be able to control the class activities in order to make the students master the material. It is in line with Alyousef (2005) who says that in reading, contemporary reading tasks, unlike the traditional materials, involve three-phase procedures: pre-, while-, and last-reading stages. The pre-reading stage helped in activating the relevant schema. For example, the teachers asked the questions while previewing the text. The aim of while-reading stage (or interactive process) was to develop students’ ability in tackling texts by
developing their linguistic and schematic knowledge.
The aim of teaching reading is to develop students’ reading skills of English texts effectively. To be able to do so, the students should have particular purposes in their mind before they interact with the text. Teaching reading should use the effective material, i.e. literary text and non-literary text, and the efficient technique and approach, i.e. critical reading approach.
In short, in teaching reading the teacher should provide the effective materials to the students along with the purpose for reading to be interesting. Then, the teacher should treat the student by the efficient technique or approach in reading in order to develop their reading comprehension.
This research is aimed at increasing the students’ reading comprehension by using
2.2.4 Literary Text
Literary text is one of many kinds materials which can be used in reading comprehension. There are many literatures that have discussed about literary text. Below are some literature theories about literary text.
Literary texts are subjectively transformed reflection of the objective reality in tune with the aesthetic-emotional intent of the author: he/she endeavours to convey his/her ideas, thoughts and emotions, which is enabled by his/her orientation towards experience such as literature works. Despite the fact, this term encompasses all genres (i.e., folktales, biographies), all formats (i.e., bilingual, chapter books), and all ages (i.e., adults, young adults, children).
Spolsky (1989) argues a case for teaching resisting reading with reference to the use of literary texts in high schools. She suggests one of the purposes of using literary texts is to widen students‟ horizons, and to introduce students to unfamiliar cultural values.
Justifications for the incorporation of using literary texts in EFL/ESL classrooms are numerous and the great number of authors, researchers, and teachers who have written and applied literature in defence of it tells its own tale. The grounds for such decision are almost common among many: Literature is interesting, cultural driven, authentic, and a good source of linguistic knowledge.
interest learners take in reading literary texts. McKay (2001) reported “to the extent that the students enjoy reading literature, it may increase their motivation to interact with a text and thus, ultimately increase their reading proficiency”. In that
sense, reading proficiency is in close relationship with motivation which is in turn the result of the interest one takes in reading. Motivation is undisputedly a driving force to fulfil any action and reading proficiency is no exception. In this regard, Bagherkazemi and Alemi (2010) have noted out that “in order to interact with,
rather than react to a text, reader motivation is of critical significance and literature, when approached in the right way, does guarantee this motivating effect”. In addition, literary texts enjoy characters which readers easily identify with and so saying they share emotions and feelings which finally lead to personal involvement cited in (Thom, 2008).
Literary text can be short story, poetry, play/drama, novel, prose and the others. For example short story of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, novel by JK Rowling entitles Harry Potter. Below is one of literary texts: short stories by William Shakespeare.
Romeo and Juliet
There lived two families, the Capulet’s and the Montaques. They engaged in a bitter feud. Among the Montagues was Romeo, a hot-blooded young man with an eye for ladies. One day, Romeo attended the feast of the Capulets’, a costume party where he expected to meet his love, Rosaline, a haughty beauty from a well-to-do family. Once there, however, Romeo’s eyes felt upon Juliet, and he did not think about Rosaline anymore.
Day by day, the vision of Juliet had been invading his every thought, unable to sleep, Romeo returned late that night to the Juliet’s bedroom window. There, he was surprised o find Juliet on the balcony, admitting her love from him and whishing that he was not a “Montague”, his family’s name. “What’s in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet. “Romeo was ready to deny his name and admitted his love. The two agreed to meet at nine o’clock he next morning to be married.
Friar did a ceremony and prayed that someday Romeo and Juliet might be the way to end the feud between the two families. He advised Romeo kept the marriage be a secret for a time.
One the way home, Romeo chanced upon his friend Merquito arguing with Tybalt; the Capulet. That fight caused Merquito died in front of Romeo. Romeo did not regret to drew his sword and slew Tybalt died. He realized he had a terrible mistake before his marriage. The Romeo came to Friar Lawrence and told him everything that happened in that night. The Friar Lawrence advised Romeo to go to Mantua until the situation was calm down. He promised to inform Juliet.
In the other hand, Juliet’s father had decided the time for her to marry with Paris. Juliet told that plan to the Friar Lawrence and asked him to make a sleeping potion for Juliet that could stimulate the death for three days. Then they do the plan and Juliet was sleeping in death.
Unfortunately, the Friar Lawrence’s letter failed to reach Romeo. Romeo stands in front of Juliet that lied in death. Romeo was very upset. Without much thinking, he wanted always together with Juliet in life or death. So Romeo decided to die by drinking potion. Meanwhile, the effect of sleeping potion was over, and Juliet saw Romeo next to her lied in death, with a cup of potion in his hand. She tried to save him but she was late. The Juliet put out Romeo’s dagger and plunged it into her breast and died.
(http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0117509/synopsis)
2.2.5 Pros and Cons of Literary Text
There have been growing interest in literature and its usage in language classroom but some scholars are against literature and literary texts. There are many arguments against inclusion of literary texts will be mentioned and then the answers to these arguments will be given.
may be quite difficult for students (Makey, 1991). The last argument, Widdowson (1978) said that literature has potentially disruptive influence in well-ordered world of controlled language course.
In answer to the first argument, Widdowson has answered this criticism and says that everybody has two levels of linguistics knowledge, one is "usage" (the knowledge of linguistic rules) and the other is "use" (the knowing how to use these rules). Literature has traditionally been used to teach language ''usage" now it is used for language "use". In other words, a close textual analysis of particular extracts from a novel might help to alert students not only to how particular meanings are conveyed by playing with the conventions, but also the certain overall generalizable features of language in this case the nature of collocation.
The second criticism is in reference to the uselessness of literature in academic/ occupational needs. Answering this question, Makey says literature can foster an overall increase in reading proficiency, so it will contribute to these goals. In fact, the main contribution of literary texts, to language learning is in the field of reading.
foster an overall increase in reading proficiency, so it will contribute to these goals. In fact, the main contribution of literary texts, to language learning is in the field of reading.
The last argument, literature has a" disruptive influence" in language course. Widdowson said that in fiction and drama, events reveal something of significance which we have recognized as a kind of everyday life. But the pedagogy presentation of language does not exploit the possibilities of creativity that are opened up by dissociation from context, and creativity is a crucial concept in language learning.
Based on some arguments above, there are some argument that against literary text in pedagogy presentation. But in the other hand, lessons that include critical literacy perspectives help learners examine biases and purposes of texts; assess the broader societal messages about values, attitudes, and power relationships that are being conveyed through the text.
2.2.6 Non-Literary Text
There are many literatures that explain the definition of Non-literary text. Below are the literature related to the non-literary text.
often attempt to find texts which are readable, i.e. texts with lexical and structural difficulty that will challenge the students without overwhelming them (Brown, 2001). Some teachers use literary texts as basis for critical reading while other teacher uses non-literary texts namely, newspaper articles and the others.
Non-literary text is concerned with information, facts and reality. Non-literary text comprises the world of the mind, i.e. ideas and feelings and is grounded on imagination. The label “non-literary text”, as broad as it may seem, covers a wide range of texts from administrative, legal and other official documents, via economic and business texts, scientific, technical up to publicist texts. If the style of non-literary texts were to be analyzed, one of their quintessential features would in all probability be represented by nationality, being the consequence of their thematic structuring since pragmatic content requires precision and unambiguously stated terms. Accordingly, non-literary translation in its essence stands for a “stylistic operation which is based not on the transfer of aesthetic but
pragmatic information”.
There are many examples of non-literary text. Below is one example of literary text. It is an article about no English in elementary school.
No English in Elementary Schools
Recently, the Education and Culture Ministry is setting up new curriculum. In the new curriculum there is one hot debate on the plan to eliminate English from curriculum for elementary schools. I have very clear stance: English should not be taught in elementary schools in Indonesia. Why? Children learn a language by imitating real examples. The real examples are taken from society. Society gives children a model in talking and writing. Children see how to talk and how to write then they will copy as a model to talk and to write. That circle needs to be repeated so many times.
means they will lose English that they have mastered during school hours.
Simply to say that English is a foreign language that is not being used in Indonesian daily life. I think most children in Indonesia do not have good facilities to learn English similar to their friends in big cities. It is not fair if children in rural have to compete with children in big cities.
Children in rural area have no good facilities like their friends in big cities. They have no time to go to or money to pay teachers to give them extra courses. That is why we do not have to teach English in primary school. The first reason, children are still in concrete operation that needs models.
On the other hand, they do not have a real model. The second reason, children does not have time to learn English outside school hours. The last reason is the facilities that children have in rural and big cities are not equal, that is why they could not be competing.
(Source: http//www.english for Elementary school.com)
2.2.7 Critical Reading Approach
Critical reading is one of many kind strategies in English reading comprehension. There are many literatures who discuss about critical reading. Below are some literature theories about critical reading approach.
First theory stated that in critical reading, the reader is given right to evaluate and to be decisive and reader plays the role of a filter not to accept passively what is found in the text as seemingly being presented to them as obvious (Thistlewaite 1990). Through critical reading students learn how to have a critical eye all through reading it and not “passively accept what is found in reading texts simply
because it is so often presented as obvious” (Wallace, 1990).
and logically (Edelsky, 1999). Paul & Elder (2004) believe that critical readers recognize that they have been wrong in the past and may be worried now. They recognize what they would like to believe while at the same time realizing that they may be prejudiced by that very desire. Moreover, critical readers read all texts with equal sympathy. They read to discover and digest a wide range of points of view, especially points of view that tend to be ignored in the mainstream of culture. To enhance their breath of vision while avoiding ethnocentrism and sociocentrism, critical readers search out dissenting media sources. An analysis of the text should be concerned not only with the way stories are constructed but also with who is and who is not allowed to speak (Herman & Chomsky, 1998).
The reason of researcher using critical reading approach in increasing students’
reading comprehension is that many researchers assert that for students who are growing up in world saturated with media and messages, they need to experience a critical pedagogy for analyzing or evaluating these messages. In addition to choosing, the right material for EFL/ESL classes is an important concern for most language teachers. They often attempt to find texts which are readable, i.e. texts with lexical and structural difficulty that will challenge the students without overwhelming them” (Brown, 2001).
1. Making Questions. Reading is a process of interpreting or understanding the text in terms of the question what the reader formulates about the text (Smith: 1983). It means that the reader will understand the text by making some question in his mind dealing with the context. Consequently, the reading process involves what the reader wants to know about the text by consulting questions appear in his mind. In this step the student arrange questions before reading a text. Those questions are what is the topic talking about? Why does it happen? How can it happen? And what are the examples? Then the students have to answer the question above. This step can lead the students to read comprehend.
2. Previewing. The preview is strategy activities background knowledge and establishes predictions about the text by scanning the pictures, captions, graphics, title, heading, subheadings and key words. The objective of the preview strategy is to stimulate the students’ background knowledge about the topic, to encourage students’ interest and motivation to read the text, to make
informed predictions about the text.
3. Making Predications. After previewing, the students think critically to make a prediction about the answer of the questions that they made in the first step. 4. Reading between Lines. After the students make questions, previewing and
making prediction, they start to read the text between lines. This step will help them to comprehend a text.
6. Pair Discussion. After the students done all of the steps above, then the students discussed their own conclusion in pair. Its purpose is to measure their understanding about the text.
2.2.8 The Procedure of Critical Reading Approach
The researcher’s purpose was to make it easier for the students to improve their reading comprehension using literary text and Non-literary through critical reading approach. The researcher took some step in teaching reading comprehension as follow;
1. Pre-activities
a. The students paid attention to the teacher’s introduction of the topic about short story as the literary text or an article as non literary text.
2. While-activities a. Pre-reading 1. Making Question
The students set some questions by themselves related to the topic. It can be WH Questions. For example, what is the topic about? What is the problem of the topic? Why does the problem happen? How does it happen? 2. Previewing
3. Making Prediction
The students think critically to make a prediction about the answer of the questions that they made.
b. During reading
1. Reading between Lines
After the students answering question, previewing and making prediction before they read a text, they began to read between lines. They read the text critically line by line. This step helped them in comprehending a reading text.
2. Analyzing
After the students read the text between lines, they started to analyze the text. They analyzed the main idea, analyze the details, determining inferences, and analyze the vocabulary and reference.
c. After reading 1. Pair discussion
3. Post-activities
a. The students were given some test of reading comprehension based on the text they read, and then they were asked by the teacher and they discussed the result together.
b. The students was asked by the teacher the difficulties related to the topic c. The students together with the teacher summarized the materials.
2.3 Theoretical Assumption
The literature review above had made the researcher predicted that there was a significant difference between the students’ reading achievement who were taught
by using literary text and those who were taught by using non-literary text through critical reading approach. Critical reading approach can bring the students to a critical process in order to construct the meaning from the text. Then, in choosing the appropriate text can lead the students was more interesting of their reading. It was assumed that the problem which were usually faced in teaching reading comprehension can be reduced or even by using critical reading approach and appropriate text: literary or non literary text. Logically, the students’ reading comprehension achievement can be increased.
2.4 Hypothesis
III. RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter discusses setting of the research, research design, population and sample, data collecting technique, try-out of the research instrument, research procedures, scoring system, data analysis and hypothesis testing.
3.1Setting of the Research
The setting of this research was in MA Tribhakti at-Taqwa Rama Puja Lampung Timur. It was the second grade students at the early of second semester. Eight meetings had been conducted in both of experimental class. One meeting was administered to try out the instrument, two meetings were administered for pre-test for both classes and six meetings were administered treatments for both experimental class. Then one meeting for post test for both classes, after that the researcher administered interview.
3.2Research Design
In this research, the researcher intended to find out whether there is any
significant difference between the students’ reading comprehension achievement
the research questions in this research, the researcher carried out qualitative and quantitative study. In qualitative study, the researcher administered interview to
find out the students’ responses after being taught using literary text and non-literary text through critical reading approach. Meanwhile, in the quantitative study, the researcher carried out pre-test-post test design. The researcher selected two classes, one as the experimental class one and another as the experimental class two. According to Hatch and Farhady (1982:22) the design of the research was described as follows:
G1 : T1 X1 T2 G2 : T1 X2 T2
Notes:
GI : experimental class one G2 : experimental class two T1 : pre test
T2 : post test
X1 : treatment for experimental class one (using literary text through critical reading approach)
X2 : treatment for experimental class two (using non-literary text through critical reading approach)
Referring to the design above, it stated that there were two independent variables: that is literary text and non-literary text. Meanwhile, the dependent variable was
This research answered the first research question by comparing the mean score of post test in experimental class one and the mean score of post test in experimental class two. Then the researcher make conclusions based on the results of that comparison.
3.3Population and Sample
The population of this research was the second grade students of MA Tribhakti At-Taqwa Lampung Timur in the second semester. There were four classes in XI Science and each class consisted of 30 students. Two classes have been taken as the sample of this research; the first class as the experimental class one, and the second class as the experimental class two that is class XI Science 1 which consisted of 30 students and XI Science 2 that consisted of 30 students. The two sample classes were selected randomly.
3.4Research Question 1
3.4.1. Data Collecting Techniques
To collect the data, the researcher administered reading comprehension test (pre-test and post (pre-test) and interview. Then, she analyzed the result of those activities which can be clarified as follows:
1. Reading Comprehension test 1. Pre-test
The pre-test was administered in order to investigate the students’ reading entry point before the treatments. The type of the test was multiple choice in which the students was asked to choose one correct answer from the option a, b, c, or d. In this pre-test the students was given 20 items of reading comprehension and it was conducted within 60 minutes.
2. Post test
The aim of this test was to determine the effect of the treatments towards the
students’ reading comprehension after being give the treatment. This test consisted of 20 items of multiple choices for 60 minutes.
3.4.2 Try-out of the Research Instrument
pre-test and post pre-test to the class. A good pre-test should meet four criteria: a good level of difficulty, discrimination power, validity and reliability.
Practically, to determine the reliability, discrimination of power and level of difficulty in order to determine the quality of the reading test, the researcher used ITEMAN. According to Assessment Systems Corporation (ASC) (1989-2006), ITEMAN can be defined as one of the analysis program that compares
Assessment Systems Corporation’s item and Test Analysis package. Basically, ITEMAN can be used to analyze test and survey item response data and provide conventional item analysis (e.g., proportion/percentage endorsing and item-total correlation) for each item. The input data in order to be analyzable by ITEMAN should be formatted in ASCII (text-only) files. This can be completed successfully through the use of the ITEMAN for windows text editor, Notepad, a word-processing editor that produces true ASCII output, or a program written specially to format the data. The ITEMAN program can work only with multiple choice items.
1) Validity
A test is considered valid if the test measures the object to be measured and suitable with the criteria (Hatch and Farhady, 1982).
There were four types of validity that were:
1. Face validity, concerns with the layout of the test;
2. Content validity, depends on a careful analysis of the language being stated; 3. Construct validity: measures certain specific characteristic in accordance with a
4. Criterion-related validity, concerns with measuring the success in the future, as in replacement test;
Based on the types of validities above, the researcher used content and construct validity. It was to measure whether the test had a good quality or not because the other two were considered to be less needed. Both of them can be explain as follows:
a. Content validity
Table 3.1. Table of Specification
Aspects of Reading Number of Items
Identifying main idea 6, 12, 18, 23, 27, 33, 36, 40, 43, 48 Identifying details 1, 2, 3, 13, 20, 21, 35, 42, 50 Making predictions 10, 15, 25, 29, 31, 44, 45, 46
evaluation 4, 5, 9, 11, 14, 16, 17, 22, 26
Determining
inference/conclusion 7, 8, 19, 24, 28, 30, 32, 34, 37, 38, 39, 41, 47, 49
b. Construct validity
Construct validity was concerned with whether the test was actually in line with the theory of what it means to determine the language that will be measured. If a test had construct validity, it would have capable of measuring certain specific characteristics in accordance with a theory of language behaviour and learning. This type of validity assumed the existence of certain learning theories or constructs underlying the acquisition of abilities and skills (Heaton, 1988). This research used five aspects of reading: identifying the main ideas, identifying the specific details or information, making prediction, making evaluation and determine the inference.
2) Reliability
that was scales that are made up of multiple individual measurements (e.g., different items, repeated measurements, different measurement devices, etc.) Numerous statistics can be computed to allow building and evaluating scales following the so-called classical testing theory model.
Reliability can be defined as the extent to which a test produces consistent result when administered under similar condition (Hatch and Farhady, 1982). The test can be determined by using Pearson Product Moment which measures the correlation coefficient of the reliability between odd and even number (reliability of half test) in the following formula:
rxy =
√
where:
rxy : coefficient of reliability between odd and even numbers items
x : odd number
y : even number ∑x2
: total score of odd number items ∑y2
: total score of even number items ∑xy : total score of odd and even number
After getting the reliability of half test, the researcher will use “Spearman
Brown’s prophecy formula” (Hatch and Farhady, 1982:247) to determine the
reliability of the whole tests, as follows:
rk =
where:
rk : the reliability of the whole tests rxy : the reliability of half test
(Hatch and Farhady, 1982:247)
The criteria of reliability are as follows:
0.701– 1.000 = high/good
0.401– 0.700 = Average/sufficient
0.000– 0.400 = low/not sufficient
(Suparman, 2011)
Practically, the reliability of the test in this research was analyzed by using ITEMAN. The result of the reliability can be seen in Appendix 9. It was 0.781. The criteria was 0.701– 1.000 = high/good, 0.401– 0.700 = Average/sufficient, 0.000– 0.400 = low/not sufficient. So that, it can be concluded that the reliability of the test was high/good.
3) Level of Difficulty
an item right, the easier the item. The higher the difficult index, the easier the item is understood to be. Matlock-Hetzel (1997) states that to compute the item difficulty. The examiner can divide the number of students answering the item correctly by the total number of students answering item. The proportion for the item is usually denoted as p and is called difficult. An item answered correctly by 85% of the examinees would have an item difficulty, or p value, of .85, whereas an item answered correctly by 50% of the examinees would have a lower item difficulty, or p value, of .50%.
The easiest to measure the level of difficulty of an item is by using proportional scale or proportion correct (p), that is, the number of test takers answering correctly on the items under analysis is compared with the total number of test takers. The equation was as follows:
P = Where:
P : the proportion of test takers who answer correctly a certain item under analysis
: the numbers of test takers who answer correctly N : the total number of test takers
The criteria were as follows:
0.000 – 0.099 very difficult/need total revising 0.099 – 0.299 difficult/need revising
0.300 – 0.700 average/good
0.700 – 1.000 easy/needs dropping or total revising
The results of level of difficulty by analyzing the data using ITEMAN can be described on Table 2:
Table 3.2. Level of Difficulty of Try out Test
Number Items Total Remark
2, 4, 8, 11, 14, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 33
11 Easy items (0.700-0.1000: need revised)
1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 25, 26, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50
27 Average (0.300-0.700: good)
46, 45, 43, 38, 37, 35, 30, 28, 22, 19, 9, 6
12 Difficult items (0.099-0.299: need revising)
Based on Table 3.2, the difficult items and easy items were revised, while the average items were administered in pre-test and post test without any revision. Here are the examples of easy, average and difficult items.
1. Why did Malin’s mother curse him?
a. Because she did not realize that Malin is her son.
b. Because Malin was shy to recognize that the poor woman was his mother. c. Because Malin became a rich man and the mother hated it.
d. Because she hated Malin for getting married without her permission.
The item above was the item number 2 in try out test. It was an example of easy item. The level of difficulty was 0.73. Then, the criteria is 0.700 – 1.000 = easy/needs dropping or total revising. It means that the item was total revised.
2. Why did the girl want to leave the guy? a. Because her parents did not like the guy. b. Because the girl did not like a poor man.
c. Because the girl did not want to see the guy sad because for her illness.
d. Because the girl wanted to make the guy become a rich man after he leaves her.
3. Below are some factors that the landslide often destroyed many houses and buildings and sometimes there was many victims in this accident, except?
a. There is no warning before that there will be a landslide. b. The landslide happened in sudden and unpredictable. c. The landslide is natural disaster.
d. The landslide often happened in short time.
The item above was the item number 46 in the try out test. It was an example of difficult item. The level of difficulty was 0.23. The criteria is 0.099 – 0.299 = difficult/need revising. It means that the item was difficult and it needed to revise.
4) Discrimination Power
Discrimination power referred to the extent in which the items were able to differentiate between high and low level students on the test. Discrimination power was used to differentiate between the students who had high ability and those who had low ability. A good item according to the c
