REFERENCE OF ELLA’S UTTERANCES IN
CINDERELLA
(2015)
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By:
REKHA KHAIRUNISA
NIM 2123220029
ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
DECLARATION
I have familiarized myself with the university’s policy on academic integrity. Except where appropriately acknowledged, this thesis is my own work,
has been expressed in my own words and has not previously been submitted for
assessment.
I understand that this thesis may be screened electronically or otherwise
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN PANITIA UJIAN
Skripsi ini diajukan oleh : Rekha Khairunisa, NIM 2123220029 Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris
Program Studi Sastra Inggris Strata Satu Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni
Universitas Negeri Medan
Dinyatakan telah memenuhi syarat untuk memperoleh gelar
Sarjana Sastra
i
ABSTRACT
Khairunisa, Rekha. 2123220029. Reference of Ella's Utterances in Cinderella (2015). A Thesis. Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University of Medan. 2016.
The title of this thesis is Reference of Ella's Utterances in Cinderella (2015). This study deals with the analysis of reference based on the theory of Halliday and Hassan in Ella's Utterances in Cinderella (2015). The purposes of this study were to find out the three types of reference, namely personal reference, demonstrative reference and comparative reference in Ella's utterances and how are reference used in Ella's utterances in Cinderella (2015). This research was conducted by descriptive qualitatif method and the data were taken from movie entitled Cinderella (2015) directed by Kenneth Branagh. The result of analyzing found three types of reference are used in Ella's utterances, the total of personal reference was 80,75% (319 items), demonstrative reference was 13, 92% (55 items, and comparative reference was 5,31% (21 items). Personal reference is found as the most dominant type that used in Ella's utterance. Ella used reference to give or asking information to the interlocutors in the form of declarative, interrogative, exclamatory and imperative.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all the researcher would like to express her deepest praise and
gratitude to Allah SWT who has given her His merci and blessings during her
academic year at English and Literature Department Faculty of Languages and
Arts (FBS) State University of Medan in completing the thesis. And also Salawat
and Salam are addressed to the final chosen religious messanger, the Prophet
Muhammad SAW. The researcher is also very grateful to those people who has
given their helps and useful suggestion for finishing this thesis, the researcher
would like to express her appreciation to the following people:
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd, Rector of State University of Medan. Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum, the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Arts (FBS) State University of Medan .
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd, the Head of English and Literature Department and also her First Consultant who has guided her, correcting
her thesis and give suggestion to improve the quality of this thesis as well
as Dra. Meisuri, M.A, the Secretary of English and Literature Department for their encouragement and motivation during the writing of the thesis.
Syamsul Bahri, S.S, M.Hum the Head of English Literature Study Program and Nora Ronita, S.Pd, S.S, M.Hum, the Head of English Education Program for their encouragement to complete the thesis.
Eis Sri Wahyuningsih, M.Pd, the Administration Staff of English Department, who helped her to fulfill this thesis.
Immanuel Prasetya Gintings, S. S., M.Hum, her Second Consultant who has spent a lot of time to give valuable guidance, correcting, advise,
suggestion and patience to finish the thesis.
Her high appreciation and greater thankful to the Examiners Juli
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All the Lecturers of English and Literature Department during her academic year at State University of Medan, who have taught and given
knowledges to her encouragement and invaluable advices to complete this
thesis.
Her beloved parents, Ramli Selian and Sumiati Broeh, who have patiently given her their endless love, motivation, financial support, and
their prayers. Without their constatn support and consideration, this
accomplishment wouldn't have been made possible.
Her partner Ardian Busra, for always encouraging her, give her motivation and always support her in any condition. Without his support,
this accomplishment wouldn't have been made possible.
Her beloved friends Dian Sukma Lestari, Dina Wahyuni, Yeni Novita Sari, Yumi Saniah Lubis and all her friends and classmates in English Literature 2012 for the support her during the academic year.
Medan, September 2016
The writer
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b. Demonstrative Reference ... 17
c. Comparative Reference ... 18
5. Cinderella ... 20
B. Relevant Study ... 25
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CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 28
A. Research Design ... 28
B. The Source of the Data ... 28
C. The Technique of Collecting Data ... 29
D. The Techniques of Analyzing Data ... 29
CHAPTER IV. DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS ... 30
A. The Data... 30
B. The Data Analysis... 30
1. The Analysis of Personal Reference... 32
2. The Analysis of Demonstrative Reference... 34
3. The Analysis of Comparative Reference... 35
C. Research Findings... 37
D. Discussion... 38
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ... 40
A.Conclusion... 40
B. Suggestions... 41
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A... 44
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2.1 PRONOUNS... 15
TABLE 2.2 PERSONAL REFERENCE... 16
TABLE 2.3 DEMONSTRATIVE REFERENCE... 17
TABLE 2.4 COMPARATIVE REFERENCE... 19
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study
In social life, people always communicate with others by using language. Every human uses language to communicate. Language is the system of speech by which human being communicate with one another. They communicate to express their emotions, ideas, feelings, beliefs, and thoughts to other people in spoken or written. Clark and Clark (1977:3) state that communication with language is carried out through two basic human activities: speaking and listening. Speaking is the act of uttering the ideas, and listening is the act of hearing and understanding the ideas. Through language, the speakers can convey their ideas to the listener, and the listener is also be able to understand the ideas of the speaker through the language.
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That’s why the discourse can also be described as one of the most complete
highest or largest linguistic unit.
Saragih (2014:1) state that discourse is define as meaning that is realized in text. Halliday and Hasan (1976:1) make it clear that a text may be spoken or written, prose or verse, dialogue or monologue. People will produced an utterance when they convey their emotions, ideas, feelings, beliefs, and thoughts to other people. In spoken language analysis an utterance is a smallest unit of speech.
Discourse have so many branch, cohesion is one of them. Bloor and Bloor (1995: 94) say that cohesive ties can be classified into four main types: 1) reference, 2) ellipsis and substitution, 3) conjuction, and 4) lexical cohesion. As one of four types of grammatical cohesion, reference have significant role to retrieve from elsewhere the information necessary for interpreting the passage in question. The information to be retrieved is the referential meaning carrying identity of the particular thing which is referred to, what is referred to has to be identifiable.
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written or spoken text, repetition of the participant or circumstantial element is useless and can make the addressee confuse.
In analyzing the discourse, we study how the language users understand the text, and know what the speaker want to convey orally in the spoken language, or know which sentences are coherent or incoherent, and successfully act in the complicated activity.
There are so many conversations or utterance that we can find in everyday life. One of them is the utterance from the character in a movie, because movie concerns with the daily life condition, and also, movie depicts everyday happening that make them as mirrors to the real world phenomena.
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and get the plot of the story. Here, the researcher found an interesting movie which can be too analyzed in this study.
Cinderella is traditional fairy tale embodying a myth element of unjust oppression reward that every people in this world know about the story. The title character is a young woman living in unfortunate circumstances, that are suddenly changed to remarkable fortune. The oldest documented version comes from China, and the oldest European version from Italy. The most popular version was first published by Charles Perrault in Histoires ou contes du temps passe in 1697, and later by the Brothers Grimm in their folk tale collection Grimms' Fairy Tales.
The story of Cinderella has formed the basis of many notable works, such as Opera and ballet, theatre, songs, films or movies, etc. There are so many movies that have been made or adapted by Cinderella classic story from various countries, such as Cinderella (1899), Cinderella (1922), Cinderella (1950), Cinderella (1997), Cinderella, Ella Enchanted (2004),and the last version is Cinderella (2015).
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(2015) Ella met the prince for the first time when she was riding to the forest. While the old version told that Cinderella met the prince at the palace, and that's when the prince fell in love with her.
Here, the researcher interest to use Cinderella (2015) as the data because the last version is more clearly, like in the old version they did not told clearly about the Cinderella's mother and Cinderella's father, but in 2015 version, the cause of Ella's father death was clearly, and at the beginning of the story describe about Ella's mother, that she gives Ella advise before her death that Ella must have the courage and be kind that will help her in life and this is what makes the Ella's characters very brave , strong, independent , and very kind woman.
This movie consists of many types of reference that can be analyzed by the utterances. At this point, the researcher interest in finding types of reference from the main character in this movie. In this research, the researcher choose the Ella's utterances to be analyze. The reason why the researcher choose this character because character Ella is the main character so she is exist in almost scene in this movie and she is more braver, cleverer and independent than the previous version and also characteristic of Ella reflected from the reference used in her dialogues.
Example : ELLA :
Well, you will have to take it with you on your way and
think of me when you look at it. And when you bring it
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ELLA :
Hello Gus-Gus. Go on, Gus-Gus, you can do it.
ELLA :
I looked into his eyes, and he looked into mine, and I just
felt he had a great deal left to do with his life.
Therefore, the researcher chooses this movie to be analyzed using reference in order to better understand the story of this movie. The reason of choosing this theory is because sometimes in produced utterances, people often used a word twice and repeat it again, so with this theory, people who watch the movie needs to use reference as the way to avoid misunderstanding. Therefore, this study will focus on the types of reference used in Ella's utterances in Cinderella movie.
B. The Problem of the Study
The problem of the study can be states as the following.
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C. The Objective of the Study
Related to the problems of the study, the objectives of the study are:
1) To find out the types of reference realized in Ella's utterances in Cinderella.
2) To describe types of reference which used in Ella's Utterances in Cinderella.
D. The Scope of the Study
The scope of this study limited to the main character's utterances, namely Ella in Cinderella (2015). The researcher discusses the three types of reference based on Halliday and Hassan's theory (1976:37), namely personal reference, demonstrative reference, and comparative reference in Ella's utterances.
E. The Significant of the Study
This research is expected to give valuable contribution theoretically and practically. Theoretically, the result of this research is expected to contribute on the development of discourse study, especially on how to analyze text using the types of reference theory by Halliday and Hassan. And practically, the result of this study is expected to be useful :
1) The students especially the student of English department to enrich their knowledge about reference especially types of reference.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
After analyzing the use of type of reference in the main character utterances in
Cinderella (2015), the conclusions are as follows:
1. There are three types of reference mentioned by Halliday and Hasan,
namely personal reference, demonstrative reference, and comparative
reference are found in the main character utterances, namely Ella in
Cinderella (2015). The total utterances from the main character are 288
utterances which contains of 395 items of the use of reference, the use of
personal reference is 80,75% (319 items), demonstrative reference is
13,92% (55 items), and comparative reference is 5,31% (21 items).
2. Ella used reference in order to deliver the message or asking information
to the interlocutor. She used reference in her utterances in the form of
declarative when she makes a statement or tells something, interrogative to
asks a questions, exclamatory to shows excitement, and imperative in
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B. Suggestions
In relation to the conclusions, some suggestions are given as following:
1. The student of English Department especially to the literature students
should learn more about how reference are used in the speech, book, or
literary work such as comic, drama, or dialogue in movie.
2. For the researcher, it is suggested that the research of linguistics especially
to do further studies on the types of reference.
3. To the viewers, it is very important to help them to understand the movie
clearly to get a meaning and by mastering the reference can lead them to
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REFERENCES
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Clark, Herbert. H and Eve V, Clark. 1997. Psychology and Language : An Introduction to Psycholinguistics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanvich.
Creswell, J. W. 1998. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions. London: Sage Publications, Inc.
Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide: New Jersey. Prentice-Hall Inc.
Gerot, L and Peter, Wignell. 1994. Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Sydney: Southwood Press.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar: Second Edition. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
Halliday, M. A. K and Ruqaiya, H. 1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
Meliala, P. R. S. A Study of Grammatical Cohesion: Reference in the Discourse of Nganting Manuk in Karonese Traditional Wedding Ceremony. Medan: University of North Sumatera. Faculty of Letters English Department. http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/17075, Retrieved on March 9th, 2016; 11.02 PM.
Safitri, R. A. 2010. The Use of References in The Jakarta Post by Native Writers and Non-Native Writers. Medan: English Department. FBS.
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Saragih, Amrin. 2014. Discourse Analysis: A Study on Discourse Base on Systemic Funtional Linguistic Theory. Medan: Unimed Press.
