A Case Study of Organic Rice Production System and Soil Carbon Storage in West Java, lndonesia

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ISSN

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HIF

+1,*Ji

(Japanese

Journal of

Farm

\\rork

Research) 44

(3)

: 173-1,11, 200q

@

esea

rch Paper

A Case

Study

of

Organic Rice Production System

and

in West Java,

lndonesia

Soil Carbon Storage

iVlasakazu

Kolrersuzerr* and M. Faiz

Syu.riB**

*

Ibaraki Unlversity,

_College

of Agriculturc

**

Bogor

Agricultural University,

Department

of Agricultural

Engineering

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1.

lntroduction

With

a

population

of

216 mil1ion, Indonesia

is

the

u.orld's

fourth

most populous country,

and

its

population is

growlng

at a rate

of

1.7%

per

).ear'.

Agriculture plays

a

substantial

role

in

the

Indonesian economy,

involrring

more

than

55?J

of the

population, and

accounting

lor

l9?4 of tl're gross domestic product and

nore

than 60ok of the value of non-oil exports. Over the last trvo decades, annual agricultural output

has grorvn

bv

40% (Pertiwi, 2006).

In

Indonesia,

modern

farming

technologies

have kept

pro-duction apace

with

population gro."vth, but

ma-jor

problems witl.r food

distribution

sti1l plague

many communlties and regions (S:'uaib, 2006).

Horvever, increasing

s]'nthetic

chemical

in-put to cropland to meet the increasing demand

for

food

has

led

to

decreaslng

biodiversitl'in

agricultural

areas

(\,iillennium

Ecost'stem

As-+ffizr+5E

7

Eti-l

*dzr+8822?-*rtr

Corresponding author

4.ilt!fr1+-

N{asakazu Kovrrrrsuz,qrrr

=300-03e3 afiRfEl€ifr[[4F,ffitr*

:-zr-r

3-21-1, Chuou, Arni, Inashiki, lbaraki, 300"0393, Japan E-nail : kornachan@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp

sessment, 2005). The soil management system, which is overll' dependent on chemical fertilizers, has also led

to

decreasing soll organic

matter

and degrading

soil

quality

(Komatsuzaki and Ohta, 2007).

After

the

"Green

Revolution" program

was

launched

in

the late

60's,

the

applicalion

of chemical

fertilizer

u,as

dramaticall)'

in...u."O

due to governmental encouragement to achieve food self-sufficienc_v. In the subsequent decades

since then, farmers have been using chemical

f

ertilizer u'ith

the

recorr mended composition

in

conventional farming. Fertilizer

consump-tion

ln

the

agrlcultural

sector increased 5-fo1d

betlveen 1975

and

1990 and increased

slightly

afterwards. However, as a

result of

the Asian economic

crisis,

in

i99B

the

government

re-duced the subsidies

for

fertilizers,

resulting ln

increasing cost

of

agricultural

inputs.

Since

that

time, farmers have been reducing the use

of

chemical

fertilizers

and have started

to

uti-lize more organic

fertilizer

and improve

the methods

for

its

application (Syuaib, 2006).

Public

au'areness

of what

"organic agricul-ture" means and consurrer demand for organic products are

currently

very low

in

Indonesia,

H|E+W+.

ffi44&ffi3tr

lvhere the benefits of organic

farming

are

Lln-derstood

by only a few who

are

concerned about food safety for

their

health. Through the

efforts of

NGOs and the government

of

Indo-nesia, however, the interest

in

organic

farming

is

just

emerged (Hsieh, 2005). Organic

farming

provides a

lot of

benefits

to

the farming

sys-tem

in

Indonesia, because

it

can

improve

soil and food

quality,

and increase the soil organic carbon (SOC) storage

in

the soil.

For global environmental conservation, this

soil

management strateg-v has great potential to

contribute

to carbon sequestration, because the carbon sink capacit-v of the world's

agricul-ttrral

and

degraded

soil

ls

50

to

6696

of

the historlc carbon loss of .12 _{to 72} petagrams (1 Pg

:

1 0t5 g), although actual carbon storage

in

cul-tir.ated

soil

ma1" be smaller

if

climate change

leads

to

increasing

mineralization (Lal,

20041.

lhe

importance

of

SOC

in

agricultural

soil is,

hor'vever, not controversial because SOC helps

to

sustain

soil fertllit-v

and conserve

soil

and

water

clualit_v,

and

these con-rpounds

plal'

a

variet_v

of

roles

in

the nutrient,

water,

and

biological cvcles.

Organic

farming

also has great

poteniial

to

improve

soil

carbon storage (Pimentel et al.,

2005 ; \4ariott and Wander, 2006). Horvever, onl_v

a feu, studies have been conducted

in

Indonesia.

and there are ferv data

for

comparing soil car-bon storage betr'veen organic

farning

and con-ventional farming. In addition, the organic

farm-ing

systern and associated

farm

work

had not

been studied

in

Indonesia. Therefore,

this

re-search was designed to evaluate the

abilitl'

of soil carbon storage and make comparisons

be-trveen

the

conventlonal farnring

sJ:stem and

organic

farming

system

for

rice production on

the island of Java.

2.

Materials and Methods

1) Study Area

The

study

area

was the

citl'

of

Bogor,

io-cated

in

the

Cisadane u'atershecl, West Jar.:r, Indonesia.

The

Cisadane

River

flol's

throLrgh

urban areas

from

Bogor to Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, and is a

rrajor

rice and vegetable

production area. Soil type is Lotosole. Organic

and conventional rice farmer groups

for

the

study

rvere selected

from

the Situgede

district

of

Bogor.

2)

Field lnvestigations

Field investigations rvere conducted

in

March

and September

of

2008 and details of

farming

practices

and

the

amount

of

chernicai

or

or-ganic

fertilizer

application were obtained from interviervs

with

conventional and organic rice

farmers.

For organic rice production,

farmers

use

a

self-produced

organic

fertilizer

called

"bochashi",

which

is

composed

of

1096 rice

bran,20a,4 rice chaff, and 70ol cow manure (in

volume).

Nutrient

values

of this

organic

ferti-lizer

are 28.29%

for

carbon, 0.35% tor nitrogen, 0.17%

for

phosphorus, 2.314,4

for

potassium,

'1.87a%

for

calcium,

and 0.4241

for

magnesium

(in

dry

base). Based on the

intelvier'v

data, the cost

for farming

and amount of labor required

for

farn-ring were calculated. The prices of

ma-terials

were also obtained

through interviews

with

merchants.

3) Soil and Crop Yield Analysis

Topsoil samples (from a depth of 0

to

10 cm) were taken

from

3 conventional and 3 organic

rice fields

in

September 2008. Soil samples were

taken from 3 points

in

each

{ield and

were

mixed

before analysis.

Both

fie1ds

of

organic

and conventional rice production were located

in

the

same

area.

Organic

flelds were

con-verted

to

organic farming

from

conventional

farning after

August

2003, and we examined

the

13th

rice crop grown

after

the switch

to

organic management. Conr.'entional fields

con-tinued to be fertillzed

with

chemical

input

rvith no organic

fertilizer.

Triplicate

air-dried

{

2 mm particle size

sam-ples were anal-vzed according to stanclard methods.

Organic carbon

content

u'as analyzed

by

the

Wal lr le_v-l3lack Proced ure (Nelson and Sorn rners,

--A. casr: Stuc11- of f)rgar"ric

Itce

Production S]-stcm and Soil Carbon Storage

in

\\'rest Java, lndonesra

1982)

and soil

organic carbon

storage (SCS)

\\;r< crlcrrlato.1

I-

[n]lnivinS.

SCS (NIe

ha

r)

:

BD x SC x DP

x

100

lv here.

BD :

bulk density

(g

rnl-t)

SC : soil carbon content (,a/o\

DP : soil depth (m)

Rice

vicids

t,erc

also measured b1. a

quad-rate sampiing

in

Septen'rber 2008

in

the

3

or-ganic fields and 3 conventional fields.

3.

Results

and Discussion

Table 1 shows a comparison

of

the soil

car-bon

content

and

carbon

storage

in

the

soil

between

organic and

conventional

farrning.

The soil in organic

farming

sholved l'righer soil

carbon content than conventional soils after .1

years of continuous organic

farming

; hou'ever,

there

rvere

no significant

differenc:es

in

soil

bulk

densit_v betr,veen

the trvo farming

s,vs-tems.

Soil

carbon storage

in

organic

farming

significantly

lncreased compared rvith

conr-en-tional

farming.

Using

this

data,

rve

can

estimate

that

the

ability

of

soil

carbon

sequestration. Olganic

farming

can increase 1.85 N4s C

ha

r1-ear

lin

soil carbon storage compared trrith the

convell-tional farming

s-vstem.

This

value also agrees

with

the data

that

Shirato et al. Q005) obtained

from

paddy fields

in

Thailand. The rate

of

in-crease

in

SOC

stock lesrrlling lrom

changes irr

land-use and adoption

of

recommended

farm-ing

practices, follor'vs a sigmoid cunre

that

at-Table

1

Comparison

of

soil

carbon

seques-tration

between organic and

conven-tional rice fields

in

the

top

10cm

soil depth

Soil

Buik

Carbon

Soil Carbon

density

content

Storage

gml

r

%

Ntlgha'

Organic

0. 88

Conventional

0. B0

Significance

NS

NS indicate sigliificance

at

1?6 and 5% ievel and not signilicancc, respectivcly.

tains the nraximum

5

to

20 years

after

etdop-tion of

recommendcd

farnring

practices (Lal.

2004).

In

addition, the amount of organic

car-bon stored

in

paddy soils is greater than

in

d11'

field soils because of different biochernical

pro-cesses and mechanisms specif,cally caused b1'

the

presence

of

floodlvater

in

paddy

soils

(Katoh. 2003). These results shoi,v organic rice

farming

lias a

lot

of

poter-rtial

to improve

soil carbon sequestration

in

Indonesia.

Figure

1 shows

the

costs

for

conventional and organlc rice production. Organic

farming

helped

to

reduce

the

cost

of

rice

production. For example, conventional farmers had to pay

1,,110,000Rp

(rupiah)

for

chemical

fertilizers,

'"r-l'rile organic farmers

onll'

had

to

pay

30,000

Rp

for

the bochashi. organic

fertilizer,

with

the

result

that

organic farming could cut

90% of

total

cost of rice production.

According

to

the latest

data,

the cost

o{

farming

rvith chemical fertilizers ls on average tr,r'icr

J: cxpcn.i\e

as the use of organic prod-ucts, rvhile production _{levels are the same (The}

Jakarta

Post, 2 N.{ar, 2009).

This

indicates

that

the economic crisis helped to boost the grorvth

of

Indonesia's organic

farming

sector.

Figure

1 also compares the iabor

inputs

at-rd methods of conventional and organic rice

farm-ing

s1-stems.

The organic farming

s1-stem

re-quired more labor to apply the organic

fertilizer

ar-rd weeding. The

anount

of organic

fertilizer

applied

r.vas 2 N4g

ha

I

for

each

rice

growing

season, '"vl'rich g,as 4

times

greater

than

con-ventional

farming

due to the lack of

appropri

ate technology

for

applying

the organic

ferti-lizer. \Veeding

in

Indonesia is mainl1- done

by

hand, and r,r'hile there are also

traditional

weed-ing

tools cailed "landak"

(Fle. 2), these tools

stlll

require a

lot

of

manual labor.

Total

labor

time for

rice

cultivation

was

768

man

hours

ha

1

for

_{the conventional s-vstem}

while

it

_was

alnost

tr,vice as high, 1,406 man hours

ha

1

for

the organic system.

Table

2

sl-rows

the

gross

profit

and

wages

per

r'r'orking

hour

betr'veen

the

organic

and

2. B9

2.22

25.0 17.6

H{F#6fin

'ffi

44,8

ffirE

0

200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000

i200000

1400000 1600000 700

600

Fig.

2

Hand weeding

is

the

most

contmon

method used to

control

weeds

in

pad,

dy

rice fields (A),

but traditional

rveed_

ing

tools

called

"land.ak',

are

_{some_} times used

in

West Java (B ancl C)

conventional

farming

systems.

The

I,ielcl

of

organic

farming

was

lot'er

than

in

the conven_

tional

farrnir-rg, rvhile tl-re

price of

organic rice

tvas

ISaZ

higher than

_{conventionalll._groil,n}

nutrient

tillage

management

pudlling

nursery

Weedings &

prepare

insect

nursery trans plating management Harvest

I

Conventionai

n Organic

Table

2

Comparison of gross benefit and hour_

I1' rvages betiveen

organic and

con-'

\ cn liona

I

ia rnr

ing

s].slem

Gross

Hourl,v

benefits

n'ages: (Rp. ha-

')

lRp.l

Organic

3.2

\lg

Cor.rventional -1.1X{g

20, E00,000 2,955

22,550,000 5.872

r _{Yields s'ere obtainecl b5. quadrate samplir.rg}

on

September', 2008.

zrT{ourly _{\,vages were calculated}

b-v take account

of

the cost share

of total

benefit

to

the land-owner, manager and r,l'orker.

rice, resulting

in

almost the sante gross

profits

frorn organic and conventional farming. The wages per

working

hour

in

the organic

s1-stem, hor,vever, were

significanily

lorver. on11.

about

half

those

in

the

conventional _system.

The iorv labor

productivitr,

_{in organic}

farming

is

a rnajor

factor

of lirniting

_{the expansion of}

lhis

Ianling

s1'sterr

in

\\Icst Java.

;\ccolding lo

the soil anal\:sis, orsanic farnt,

Yieldr

\l;,trrgem-nt (ri.llrout t- rtre

1ii''k;-

IiP kg

500

400

300

200

i00

0

d

a,

fr

b!

q o

O

o

F tr

o

b!

o

nutrient tillage

nursery

prepare trans plating tr'fleedings

&

Harvest

management

pudlling

nurser).

insect

management

Flg.

1

comparison

of

costs

for farming

anci rnan-hours needeci

for

each far.ming

procedure between organic and

conve'itional

rice

farming

in

\\rest _Jar.a

6,500 5.500

[image:5.595.14.518.51.795.2] [image:5.595.24.515.64.426.2]

A case

Studl'of

Organic Rice Production Svsterr and Soil Carbon Storage

in

West Java,

Inrlon

.La

t:

il

$

ri

i:

g

al

s

# F_*

!. f: s

f;;

t:

ing

shou'ed

significantll- higher

SOC stolage, so

it

ma1' help not onl,v to

inpror.e

soil carbon

storage,

but

also

to

estabiish

a

sustainable

food

production

system

in

Indonesia. h-r Indo-nesia, organic

farming {or paddl' rice

cultiva-tion

also has a 1ot of

potential

to improve soil

quality,

reduce the cost of chemicals

that

have

recentll.

been increasing

lvith

the plice

of

fossils f uels, and increase farmers' incomes due

its

higher price. Horve,,'er, organic

farming

re-quires intensive

labor

such as

rveeding and

applying

bocctshi

fertllizer to

the flelds.

The

biggest difference was observed

ln

the

sharecropping s1-stem

of

organic

farming

in

Indonesia compared

rvitl-r Japanese organic farmers.

Lr the studl'

area,

profits

from

rice

productlon

u.ere shared among the

land

olvn-ers, farmers

(managers),

and

workers,

but

workers

could receive

only about

20%

of

the -vield base

of

rice

production.

This

suggests

that

b-v

conr.erting conventional

farming

tcl

organ'r'farnring,

lattJ ou ners and [artners cen

increase

their

profits,

tvhile lvorkers

must

t'ork

harder

at

organic

farming but

receive

relatir.ellr

little

added benefit. Thus,

while

or-ganic farrning has a great potential to improve

enr.ironmental

qualitv,

it

also has

problems

regalding

social justice

in

Indonesia.

As local enr.ironmental

qualitl.

becomes

in-creasingl-v degraded b1' agricr,rltural practices, the importance of protecting and restoring soil

resources

is

being

recognized

by

the

lvorld

comrnunitl'

(Lal, 1998 ; Barford et aL., 200I ,

Lal,

2001). Sustainable managenent of soil received

strong support

at

the Rio Summit

in

1992 as

q'ell

as

at

Agenda 21 (UNCED, 1992),

the

UN

Framervork Convention

on

Climate

Change (UNFCCC, 1992),

in

articles

3.3

and

3.4

of

the

K)'oto Protocoi (UNFCCC, 1998), and elsewhere. These conr.entions are

indicative

of the

recog-nition

b1' the

world cornmunity of

the strong linkages betrveen soil clegradation and

deserti-hcation on the

one hand and loss

of

biodi-versity, threats

to

food securit-v, increases

in

por.erty and

risks

of

accelerated greenhouse

effects anci

climate

chan.ge on the other. -l lris

situation

suggests

that a

global suppor|

rcl-r'vork system

is

needed

to

conserve

the

loc:ri

environment such as Indonesia's organic

far-rn-1ands. Therefore, new

farming

system resear ch

and farm machine development

will

be nec'r1cd

to

establish

a

sustainable

and

fair

org:rnic

farming

system

in

Indonesia. Special emphasis

must

be placed

on

developing tools and

nra-chinery for

weeding and

applying

organic

ler-trlizer to

establish

sustainable

agricuiture in

terms

of

both

the

local and global

environ-mental

levels. Based

on

these social and

t:co-logical

situations

and

understanding,

appro-priate technology should be deveioped

to

con-serve

the

ecological environments

in

the

tropics.

Acknowledge ments

This work

was supported

in

part by

N4EXT

through

Special

Coordination

Funds

for

Pro-moting

Science and Technology, as

part

of the researcl'r

ploject

for

"Sustainable

agriculture

practices

to

n.ritigate

and adapt

to

global

warming" undertaken

by

the

institute

for

Global

Change

Adaptation

Science,

Ibaraki

University.

Summary

Organic

farming

provides a

lot

of bene{its

in

Indonesia, because

it

can improve soil

quality,

food quality and soil

carbon

sequestration.

This

research r'vas designed

to

evaluate

the

ability

of

soil carbon storage

by making

com-parisons between conventional

and

organic

farming

systems

for

rice production

ir-r West Java, Indonesia. The results

from

soil analysig

indicated

that

organic farming had

signifl-cantly higher

soil

carbon

storage

capacity

than

conventional farming. Organic

farrning can also

cut

sonte costs

for

farming,

but

it

re-quires

about twice

as much labor. The

share-cropping

system

of

rice

farming

in

Indonesia

is

highly exploitatlve

of

u,orkers;

therefore,

research

should be

conducted

to

develop

a

-r77-HIF€0+fr

+445

+38

*

g

*

ql

c

i

li

c_* :l

*

t

i

fairer

organic

farming

s)'stem

that

can

en-hance both loca1 and global

sustainabilitl'.

Key Words

organic farming, rice

farming

system, soil car-bon sequestration, weeding tools, working time, appropria te technologl

References

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