SKRIPSI
Submitted to fulfill one of the require ments of Sarjana Sastra Degree
DONNA PRADANA 63708008
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS
INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER BANDUNG
vii
digunakan pada penelitian ini ialah analisis deskriptif yang dilakukan dengan pengumpulan data, klasifikasi dan analisis terhadap data yang diperoleh. Analisis ini membahas tentang bagaimana unit morfologi dibentuk dan berkontribusi terhadap makna. Analisis ini pula bertujuan memecah unit morfologi dan memparkan relasi makna yang terkandung dalam hyphenated compound adjective. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, simpulan yang diperoleh sebagian besar hyphenated compound adjective dibentuk dengan bentukan seperti noun-adjective (NA) dengan relasi meronim dan hiponimi, adjective-adjective (AA) dengan relasi antonim dan hiponimi, prefix-adjective (PA) dengan relasi asosiatif dan hiponim, adjective-noun (AN) dengan relasi asosiatif dan hiponimi dan (Adv-A) dengan relasi asosiatif.
vi ABSTRACT
This skripsi entitled “Hyphenated Compound Adjective in the Jakarta Post” shows the result of how hyphenated compound adjective formed by kind of morphological units and shows what kind of meaning relations found in hyphenated compound adjective. The methods used are descriptive analytic. This is conducted through collection, classification and analysis to the data taken. The analysis focuses on how the morphological units are formed and how it contributes in meaning-making process. This analysis is meant to break down the morphological units and their meaning relations in the hyphenated compound adjectives. Based on result, the conclusion gained is that the most compound adjective are formed by noun-adjective (NA) with meronym and hyponym relation, adjective-adjective (AA) with antonym and hyponym relation, prefix-adjective (PA) with associative and hyponym relation, prefix-adjective-noun (AN) with associative and hyponym relation, and adverb-adjective (Adv-A) with associative relation.
DEDICATION
First of all, praise be upon to Allah SWT for His blessing. Great greeting is highly dedicated to our prophet, Muhammad SAW. The writer expresses acknowledgement for the following people:
1. My beloved parents, mom and dad. Thank you for your sincere prayers and support, both of you always make me strong to face this life. Your loves give a power for me to finish this skripsi.
2. My adorable sister and brother, Norma Dewi and Try Soeharto, thank for your supports to help and guide me for always remembering Allah in every single day. I will never forget the words you guys said to me.
3. Mr. Tatan Tawami, S.S thank you for your words and advice. You let me know and open my mind how to finish my skripsi, thank you so much.
4. My best friends Hary Pratama and Imam M. Iqbal, thank you for being my best friends in giving support and jokes that we’re always having together, especially when one of us makes mistakes or something, you always try to make it better. 5. My beloved someone (R) who always reminds me of being better and thank you
for be there to support me in tough time.
without these guys, I’m telling you, I’ll never get the spirit, thank you very much 8. The last but not least, the writer thanks to several people that involved in my life at
8th semester in UNIKOM, thanks to: Mos, Ila, Tiara Intan, Hany, Adit, Mas Dani, Ucu, Ayom, Bang Osa, Keys, Ojoy, Bangun, Kang Agus, Fahmi, Ibu kriwil dan teteh mie and all the people that I couldn’t say one by one. Hope Allah blessed you all.
ix
TABLE OF CONTEN TS
ABSTRACT vi
ABSTRAK vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT viii
TABLE OF CONTEN TS ix
LIST OF APPENDICES xii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to The Study 1
1.2 Research Questions 3
1.3 Objectives 3
1.4 Significance to Knowledge 4
1.5 The Framework of the Theory 4
CHAPTER II : THEORITICAL REVIEW
2.1 Morphology 6
2.2 Unit Morphology 6
2.2.1 Words 7
2.2.2 Morphemes 7
2.2.2.1 Free Morphemes 8
2.2.2.2 Bound Morphemes 9
x
2.3.2 Compound Words 12
2.3.3 Compound Adjective 13
2.3.3.1 –ing Participial Compound Adjective 14 2.3.3.2 –ed Participial Compound Adjective 15
2.4 Semantics 16
2.4.1 Meaning Relation 17
2.4.2 Measures of Semantic Relatedness 19
2.5 Lexical Meaning 20
CHAPTER III: R ESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Object 21
3.2 Research Method 21
3.2.1 Data Collection 22
3.2.2 Data Analysis 23
CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Noun – Adjective (NA) 25
4.2 Adjective – Adjective (AA) 31
4.3 Prefix – Adjective (PA) 36
xi
4.5 Adverb – Adjective (Adv-A) 49
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion 51
5.2 Suggestion 52
REFERENCES 54
APPENDICES 56
1 1.1Background to the Study
In English, there exist a vast number of words which were produced by compounding. Generally, Quirk (1990:1567) stated, we speak compound, when two or more simple or complex word are combined into a morphological unit. Consequently a compound consists of more than one base (e.g. letter-box,
fingertip, term paper). The bases of compound function both grammatically and semantically as a single word. Compound words also have each function in the part of speech, e.g. compound noun is a noun formed by two or more words and also, compound adjective is an adjective which has function to modify noun.
As slightly introduced, adjective is the one kind of part of speech which has a function to modify noun or pronoun in syntactic role. Quirk (1985:410) stated that in grammatical features, adjective can be categorized as, attributive, for example, beautiful is an attributive adjective in Thebeautiful girl. Other feature of adjective is predicative that adjectives are linked other linking mechanism to the noun or pronoun they modify; for example, beautiful is a predicate adjective in
2
Sometimes, when reading English newspapers or other mass media, there are numerous compound words, especially compound adjective with hyphens, for example, high-profile, well-known, and etc. In mass media, it is necessary to use compound words in order not only to extend the economical value, but also to increase the efficiency in making the news. In this term, hyphenated compound adjective serves its best.
Hyphenated compound adjective is often formed by words which are derived from the other word classes. The hyphen is a mark of punctuation that not only unites but also separates the component words; thus, it aids in understanding to readability and ensures correct pronunciation (Ruschhaupt: 2010). Hyphenated compound adjective also contributes a new meaning or new concept after it combines. Carstairs (2002: 61) states, compound adjective is a single adjective which is made up from two words or more to modify the noun that is mainly formed by NA (noun-adjective), AA (adjective-adjective), and also PA (prefix-adjective). In another case, compound adjective can be formed by other classes such AN (adjective-noun) as long as it modifies a noun.
In relation to that, adjective, particularly hyphenated compound one, shows what a word is explained and how to be explained, and how it is formed from combination of words. It is interesting to discuss the meaning making process based on the formation of hyphenated compound adjective, for example,
A previous research in this field is entitled The Analysis of Compound Noun in ‘Sydney Sheldon’s Bloodline and the Stars Shine Down’ (Nita: 2007), the
case is how to find out and analyze meaning of solid compound nouns found in novel.
Different from the previous research, this research gives some explanations of hyphenated compound adjective, how the word formation process and analysis the meaning of the hyphenated compound adjectives. Thus, this
research is entitled, “Hyphenated Compound Adjective in The Jakarta Post”
1.2Research Questions
To specify the problem, the writer formulates them in the following questions:
1. What morphological units that form the hyphenated compound adjective?
2. What meaning relations expressed by the hyphenated compound adjectives?
1.3Objectives
Based on the research questions above, this study tries to find the answer to those questions, which are:
4
2. To describe the meaning relations expressed in the hyphenated compound adjectives.
1.4Significance to Knowledge
Theoretically, this research is expected to enrich the study of morphology that can be used for further reference, especially dealing with compound adjective and meaning relations.
Practically, the writer hopes that this research is worthwhile in understanding hyphenated compound adjectives especially for English Department students, language learners and the writer himself in improving their ability in analyzing meaning and the construction of the hyphenated compound adjective correctly.
1.5 The Frame work of Theory
This study is focused on the investigation of the form and the meaning of the hyphenated compound adjective in The Jakarta Post Paper Edition since 21 September 2011 until 30 November 2011. In analyzing compound adjective, the writer focuses on the process of word formation and the relational meaning occurs in hyphenated compound adjective. To aid the analysis, the writer uses the theory from Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy: 2002 An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure,and Ingo Plag: 2002 Word-formation in English,.
compound adjective. The hyphen creates a word group that makes it easier for the reader to read and process its meaning. In this approach, it can be determined that compound adjective is a single adjective which is formed by two or more words from other word class (not only an adjective) to modify noun. Furthermore, the hyphen has a function to show the relation between word and other word to create a new concept or idea as a single modifier.
In addition to that, McCharthy (2002:61) states that most of compound adjective are right-headed. Hyphenated compound adjective is mainly formed by NA (noun-adjective), AA (adjective-adjective), and also PA (prefix-adjective). In another case, compound adjective can be formed by other classes such AN (adjective-noun) as long as it modifies noun. This theory supports the form of hyphenated compound adjective is not only made up by an adjective itself, but also it can be made up by other word classes.
To analyze the meaning of hyphenated compound adjective, the writer uses lexical relation theory, “Lexical relations are relationship of the meaning of a
word to other words” (Bolinger, 1968:11). Lexical relations include hyponyms,
6
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter is a theoretical review of this research. This chapter consists of several theories that support the research. This research is actually built and accommodated by some theories. In particular, this chapter explains what morphological units and word formation process in hyphenated compound adjectives.
2.1 Morphology
O’Grady (1996:132) states morphology as the system of categories and
rules involved in word formation and interpretation. In addition to that, from Language Files in Tawami (2011: 14) morphology is defined as the study of how words are structure and how they are put together fro m smaller parts. Carstairs in Tawami (2011: 14) adds that morphology is the area of grammar concerned with the structure of words and with relationship between words involving the morphemes that compose them (2002:16). Additionally, Tawami (2011: 14) adds that morphology fundamentally deals with words and its internal structure.
2.2 Morphological Units
as well as a subcategory (see Ch.2.3) and it must have at least one graphical form (see Ch.2.2.1).
2.2.1 Words
Larson (1984:55) states, word is a ‘bundle’ of meaning components. Word
in general is a sound or a combination of sounds, or its representation in writing or printing, that symbolizes and communicates a meaning and may consist of a single morpheme or of a combination of morphemes. This means words need to be understood in the term that the word’s meaning must be shown in its lexical
form and that a word has its own components in building the meaning of word itself. Tawami (2011:27) stated, this will then lead to an understanding that word is not merely about definition of it. But it is about how a word can stimulate our mind to figure out its meaning.
2.2.2 Morphemes
In analyzing hyphenated compound adjective, the identification of morpheme
8
structure of words, and the processes and rules by which words are formed is called morphology.
Depending on the way morphemes occur in an utterance, they are grouped into two large groups: free morphemes and bound morphemes.
2.2.2.1Free Morphe mes
Becerra (2000:4) formulates free or independent morphemes are those morphemes which can occur alone as words and have a meaning or fulfill a grammatical function; e.g., man, run, and walk. There are two types of free morphemes.
a. Lexical (conte nt or referential) Morphemes
Lexical morphemes are free morphemes that have semantic content (or meaning) and usually refer to a thing, quality, state or action. For instance, in a language, these morphemes generally take the forms of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs; e.g., dog, Peter, house, build, stay, happy, intelligent, quickly,
always. Actually, lexical morphemes constitute the larger class of morphemes. They form the open class of words (or content words) in a language, i.e., a class of words likely to grow due to the incorporation of new members into it.
b. Functional or Grammatical Morphemes
and between sentences. For instance, in a language, these morphemes are represented by prepositions, conjunctions, articles, demonstratives, auxiliary verbs, pronouns; e.g., with, but, the, this, can, who, me. It should be said that function words are almost always used in their unstressed form.
2.2.2.2Bound Morphe mes
Bound (or dependent) morphemes are those morphemes which never occur alone as words but as parts of words; they must be attached to another morpheme (usually a free morpheme) in order to have a distinct meaning; e.g., -er in worker, -er in taller, -s in walks, -ed in passed, re- as in reappear, un- in unhappy, undo,
-ness in readiness, -able in adjustable; -ceive in conceive, receive, -tain in contain, obtain, etc. There are two types of bound morphemes: bound roots and affixes.
a. Bound Roots
Bound roots are those bound morphemes which have lexical meaning when they are attached to other bound morphemes to form content words; e.g.,
-ceive in receive, conceive; -tain in retain, contain; plac- in implacable, placate; cran- in cranberry, etc. Notice that bound roots can be prefixed or suffixed to other affixes.
b. Affixes
10
development, en- in enlarge; non- in non-active’s in John’s; -s in claps, -ing in
studying, etc.
By those explanations above, the writer tries to apply to the analysis of word which is formed the hyphenated compound adjective to show the base, root, and other components of word.
2.2.2.3 Morpheme with Inte rnal Changes
Plag (2002) stated, internal changes – a type of word formation process wherein a word changes internally to indicate grammatical information. In other word, it changes sounds inside a root creates a new word. It is also known as alternations. For example, the word, sang, sung are the internal changes from the word sing.
2.3 Word Formation
Plag (2002:12) states that words are composed by putting together smaller elements to form larger words with more complex meaning. Quirk (1985:1515) adds that based a word-form to which a rule of word formation is applied. It can be affected by three different processes: affixation, conversion, compounding. In some of compound examples, there is a joining of two separate words to produce a single form. Thus, rain and forest are combined to produce rainforest. This combining process, technically known as compounding, is very common in languages such as in English. Common English compounds are bookcase,
All these examples are nouns, but we can also create compound adjectives (good
-looking, low-paid) and compounds of adjective (fast) plus noun (food) as in a fast -food restaurant or a full-time job. This means that there would be several word-formation processes in forming compound word which have grammatical functions. The explanation below describes word-formation process occurs in hyphenated compound adjective.
2.3.1 Compounding
Becerra (2000:4) argues compounding consists in the combination of two or more (usually free) roots to form a new word. .For example, the word
blackboard, heartfelt, brother-in-law are compound words; they are made up of the roots (at the same time words themselves) black and board, heart and felt,
brother, in and law, respectively.
In English, for instance, compound words have the following characteristics: a. compounds words behave grammatically and semantically as single words, b. Since compound words behave as units, between their component
elements no affixes (whether inflections or derivations) can usually occur; inflectional
suffixes can appear only after compound words. For example, bathrooms, school,
buses, waterresistant. Exceptions: passersby, brothers-in-law, courts-martial.
2.3.1.1Compounding with Endocentric
Fabb (1994:67) Compounds which have a head are called ‘endocentric
compounds’. Endocentric compounds, as their name shows, are headed, in that
12
the constituents follows a modifier-head pattern, in which the compound functions as a hyponym of the grammatical head; it represents the core meaning of the constituent, and it is of the same word class. For example, in sneak-thief, thief is the head (a sneak-thief is a kind of thief; thief and sneak-thief are both nouns).
2.3.1.2Compounding with Exocentric
Bauer (1983:1) stated, an exocentric compound, by contrast, is one which is not a hyponym of one of its elements, and thus appears to lack a head or perhaps to have a head (or ‘centre’) external to the compound itself. Look at the way it defines, exocentric compound might occur the new concept or idea from words combined, English examples such as flat-foot is the other of policemen (slang), and egghead ‘an intellectual; a very studious and academic person.
2.3.2 Compound Word
Becerra (2000:4) stated, a compound is a word or word group that consists of two or more parts that work together as a unit to express a specific concept. A compound word is a combination of two or more words that function as a single unit of meaning. According to the theories, compound words can be written in three different ways:
1) Open Compound Word
White House
Canyon head
2) Solid (closed) Compound Word
A solid (closed) compound combines two or more words into one solid word (e.g., breakdown).
3) Hyphenated Compound
A hyphenated compound—also called a unit modifier—is simply a combination of words joined by a hyphen or hyphens. Words are hyphenated mainly to express the idea of a unit and to avoid ambiguity. Compound numbers should be hyphenated when words (as opposed to numbers) are used. Also, fractions should be hyphenated when they are spelled out. For example:
shell-like cloud-to-ground strokes well-to-do jobs roof-to-wall construction two-state 100-meter feet
In this case, the writer focuses on hyphenated compound adjective that will be explain below.
2.3.3 Compound Adjectives
14
Another interpretation of compound adjective, Plag (2002) states, a compound adjective is formed when two or more adjectives work to gether to modify the same noun. Looking at the way it defines, compound adjective is a single adjective formed from two or more to modify noun and it shows a variety of combinatory patterns. In analysis, the writer applies this theory to approach the characteristic of compound adjective.
Sometimes, compound adjective is formed by participle preceding its left-hand in constituent, in this analysis, the writer categorizes the participle adjective into two kind, they are –ing participial compound adjective and –ed participial compound adjective.
2.3.3.1Participial Compound Adjective a. –ing Participial Compound Adjective
b. –ed Participial Compound Adjective
As stated by Conti (2007:139), compound adjective formed by passive participle as left-hand constituents indentifying the passive form of adjective. This pattern, in which an adjective formed by a past participle is to show a passive formed of the derivational of the verb.
As a general rule, McCarty (2002) argues that the words in a compound adjective are usually hyphenated when they come before a noun (a well-known actor) but not when they come after (The actor is well known). For example:
ADJ ADJ ADJ N ADJ ADJ ADJ Pre ADJ nation-wide red - hot neo-classical sky - blue far - fetched antivirus
1) Hyphenated compound adjectives may have been formed originally by an adjective preceding a noun:
"Round table" → "round-table discussion" "Blue sky" → "blue-sky law"
2) Hyphenated are created with an original verb preceding a preposition. "Stick on" → "stick-on label"
"Walk on" → "walk-on part"
16
"middle-aged lady"
4) Hyphenated in a present participle construction: "an awe-inspiring personality"
"a long-lasting affair"
5) Hyphenated in prefix preceding other class: "post-graduate student"
"pre-sharedkey"
Based on explanations above, hyphenated compound adjective is not only formed by an adjective itself, but it can be formed from other word classes as a combination which modifies noun functionally. The most occurs in hyphenated compound adjective is right-headed that the right-handed word modified by left-handed word.
2.4 Semantics
Semantics is the study that investigates the meaning in human language. (Fromkin, 1993: 173) mentions semantic is the study of the linguistic meaning or morphemes, words, phrases and sentences. Goddard (1998:1) mentions semantic is the study of meaning stand at the very centre of the linguistic quest to understand the nature of language and human language abilities.
Looking at the way it is defined, it can be determined that semantic is the study regarding the analysis of meaning. It leads us to understand the meaning-making process and how the form can directly or indirectly represent the concept or the meaning itself through a systematic way.
In accordance to this study, semantic sub-topic to be discussed here are those that are considered to have the impact to access the meaning of the words under study. The materials cover the description of meaning relation and lexical relation within hyphenated compound adjective.
2.4.1 Meaning Relations
18
a. Synonym
Two expressions α, β of a language are called synonyms if they mean the
same. This notion is typically applied to lexical items, including idioms, but it can be used for larger expressions as well, of course. For example:
couch ←→sofa,
homely ←→ domestic;
large ←→ big ←→ enormous
b. Hyponymy
An expression α is a hyponym (i.e. an “undername”) of an expression β if
everything that falls under β also falls under α. For example, ‘traffic-light’ is a
hyponym of light, but not a hyponym of traffic. For example: Rose is a hyponym of flower
Spinster is a hyponym of woman
c. Associative relation
d. Antonym
Goddard (1998:16) states, antonym is incompatibility of various kinds – where meaning conflict; for instance, by being opposite like up and down (complementary antonyms) or hot and cold (gradable antonyms) or by being in a converse relationship with one another like buy or sell (relational antonyms) or by belonging to a set of mutuality exclusive words like red, blue, green and etc.
e. Meronym
Saeed (2003: 70) states, is a term used to describe a part-whole relationship between lexical items. Meronyms vary in how necessary the part is to the whole. Some are necessary for normal examples, for example nose as a meronym of face; others are usual but not obligatory, like collar as a meronym of shirt; still others are optional like cellar for house.
2.4.2 Measures of Semantic Relatedness
A Budanitsky and Hirst (2003:3) mention that semantic similarity is a kind of relatedness between two words that defines a resemblance. Semantic relatedness covers a broader range of relationships between concepts that includes similarity (or difference) as well other relations.
There are pairs of words that tend to occur together more often. Sometimes this is indicative of a semantic relationship between the words. For example,
paper and pencil much more closely related than car and fork.
20
are related to other word in hyphenated compound adjective, for example breast and feeding are related semantically.
2.5 Lexical Meaning
In Murphy (2010: 40), according to Leech (1981: Ch.2), there exist seven types of meaning in semantics; this study focuses on only one of the types of meaning. Lexical meaning is relatively stable. Lexical meaning has two components in form:
a.Conceptual Meaning
Conceptual meaning is often described as dictionary meaning or literal meaning of a word. It is the core of the meaning of a word. It is relatively constant and stable, because it is the meaning agreed upon by all the members of the same speech community.
b.Associative meaning
21
method, including the techniques and procedures of collecting and analyzing the data as well.
3.1 Research Object
The object of the research is hyphenated compound adjective taken from
The Jakarta Post paper edition from Wednesday, 21 September 2011 to Wednesday 30 November 2011.
The writer chooses the Jakarta Post as the data source since there are various data indicating the construction of hyphenated compound adjectives.
3.2 Research Method
In this study, this research is carried into descriptive analytic method. According to Ratna :
Metode deskriptif analitik dilakukan dengan cara mendeskripsikan fakta-fakta-fakta yang kemudian disusul dengan analisis. Secara etimologis deskripsi dan analisis berarti menguraikan. (2006: 53)
22
meaning relation involved on it. Then, the process of this analysis data is analyzed descriptively.
3.2.1 Data Collection
The process of collecting data goes along with some procedures as follows:
1. Choosing Data Source
Firstly, the writer chooses the data source. In this research, The Jakarta
Post paper edition from Wednesday, 21 September 2011 to Wednesday 30 November 2011 is chosen as the data source because the writer finds various constructions related to phenomena of hyphenated compound adjective.
2. Finding the data
Secondly, the writer reads the whole pages to identify the data of hyphenated compound adjective. Then, the writer highlights the construction indicating hyphenated compound adjective.
3. Classifying the data
4. Analyzing the data
Finally, the data is selected to be analyzed to find morphological unit conducting the compound adjective and to find meaning relation involved in compound adjective.
3.2.2 Data analysis
After the data has been collected, there are several procedures which are implemented to analyze the data. First, the writer examines its word-formation to identify word, morpheme and root forming hyphenated compound adjective. In this process, the writer breaks them into parts and analyzes them into the smallest unit. Second, the writer determines the Head of hyphenated compound adjective by analyzing which morphological unit that contributes the core meaning in the meaning-making process. The writer analyzes the meaning of compound based on its Head whether it belongs to endocentric or exocentric process. Eventually, the writer analyzes meaning relation involved in the hyphenated compound adjective.
This process is conducted to describe morphological units constructing hyphenated compound adjective and to show the meaning relation between units in hyphenated compound adjective.
There is an example of data analysis of hyphenated compound adjectives:
Data 1
“To buy duty-free goods from this website you must be internationally
24
{NA = [dutyn]-[free(adj)] + [goodsn]}
In this data, compound adjective duty-free is formed by two morphological units that word ‘duty’ as noun and word ‘free’ as an adjective. Either ‘Duty’ or ‘free’ are free morphemes which have same category as root. While it is hyphenated and it is a single modifier, the formations of two words themselves contribute through the meaning since it is separated into units. The word ‘duty‘contributes the meaning that leads to ‘something must to be fulfill’,
and the word ‘free’ means there is no subject to the rule or control of another.
The hyphenated compound adjective ‘duty-free’ is a right-headed in which
‘free’ is modified by the word ‘duty’. As can be seen that word ‘free’ is an
adjective, it also determines compound word is an adjective. Semantic classification of this compound is endocentric, while it represents the core meaning of the constituent and the head of the compound has similar concept.
In semantic construction of this compound adjective, meaning relation between words ‘duty’ and ‘free’ is that the word ‘duty’ represents the meaning of assigned service or business and the word ‘free’ is having a scope not restricted
by. The word ‘duty’ is modified by the word ‘free’ that represents the new idea of
25
This chapter gives a deeper explanation about the analysis of data based on the classifications of data which the writer takes the data from The Jakarta Post Paper Edition in several articles. Therefore, this chapter is divided into two parts, i.e. classification and analysis.
4.1Noun – Adjective (NA)
These compound adjective formed from two word classes – noun and adjective normally separated by a hyphen. These classifications of compound with an adjectival head combined with a noun as left-hand constituent.
Data 1
Fifty two percent of breast-feeding moms wash their hands properly” said Tjandra.
{NA = [breastn]-[feedv+ingsuffix(adj)]+[momn+ssuffix]}
In this data, compound adjective breast-feeding is formed by free morpheme ‘breast’ and bound morpheme ‘feeding’ which has two morphological units that
identifies ‘feed’ as root and ‘-ing’ as suffix. The unit morphology ‘breast’ is
26
the unit ‘feeding’ contributes through the meaning of present participle form, it shows an active form of this unit that means ‘to feed’ and it is not a passive form that ‘to be fed’
The hyphenated compound adjective ‘breast-feeding’ is right-headed which the unit ‘feeding’ is modified by unit breast. Meanwhile, semantic classification of this compound is endocentric, while it represents the core meaning of that constituent; furthermore, the head of the compound ‘feeding’ and the compound
‘breast-feeding’ has similar concept.
In semantic construction of this compound adjective, meaning relation between units ‘breast’ and ‘feeding’ is hyponym from the unit ‘feeding’ that indicates the act of giving the food, while the unit ‘breast’ represents the concept of the organ
of mom’s breast containing baby’s food for a baby. Since this compound adjective
modifies the noun, the noun of this data ‘moms’ indicates the meronym relationship
between unit ‘moms’ and unit ‘breast’, while ‘breast’ is an organ denotes a constituent part of moms. So it can be determined that ‘breast-feeding’ is an attributive adjective of ‘moms’ that is doing an action to feed milk to her baby. The meaning of ‘breast-feeding moms’ means mom which is feeding milk to her babies from her breast.
Data 2
In this data, compound adjective ‘mosquito-borne’ is formed by free
morpheme ‘mosquito’ identified as root; the unit ‘borne’ is a bound morpheme which
is the passive participle form of the unit ‘bear’ as a root. While the unit ‘bear’ is an irregular form, the morphological unit ‘borne’ has internal changed that indicated as the past participle of the unit ‘bear’. As the result, it contributes through the meaning of past participle form of the unit ‘bear’.
The hyphenated compound adjective ‘mosquito-borne’ is the right-headed
which is the unit ‘borne’ is modified by the unit ‘mosquito’. As can be seen that, the semantic classification of this compound is endocentric, while it represents the core
meaning of that constituent; furthermore, the head of the compound ‘borne’ and the
compound ‘mosquito-borne’ has similar concept.
In semantic construction of this compound adjective, meaning relation between units ‘mosquito’ and ‘borne’ is associative relation that the unit ‘borne’ indicates the act of [something] is transmitted something; the unit ‘mosquito’ represents the concept of a flies which transmit virus by puncture the skin of human and suck their blood that causes some cases vectors of serious diseases. Since this
compound adjective modifies a noun ‘disease’, this indicates the hyponym
relationship from the unit ‘mosquito’ and ‘disease’. So, it can be determined that compound ‘mosquito-borne’ is an attributive of the unit ‘disease’; the lexical
28
Data 3
The agreement was made by the special committee during its deliberation with Administrative Reform Minister E.E. Mangindaan and National Development Planning Minister Armida Alisyahbana in a meeting on Oct. 4, 2011. Both sides also agreed to turn state-owned insurance company PT Askes into a public company to run the healthcare program, while PT Jamsostek would be adjusted to carry out the remaining four programs.
{NA = [state(n)]-[own(v)+edsuffix(adj)]+[insurance(n)]+[company(n)]}
In this data, compound adjective ‘state-owned’ is formed by free morpheme
‘state’ as root and bound morpheme ‘owned’ which has two morphological units that
identify ‘own’ as root and ‘-ed’ as suffix. The morphological unit of ‘state’ is
categorized as noun and ‘own’ is categorized as a verb. Since the unit ‘own’ is modified by suffix –ed, the unit ‘own + -ed’ has changed into present participle form that identifies the participle-ed. The unit –ed in the unit ‘owned’ contributes through the meaning of past participle form and it shows a passive form of this unit that
means ‘be owned’.
The hyphenated compound adjective ‘state-owned’ is right-headed which the
unit ‘owned’ is modified by unit state. Meanwhile, semantic classification of this compound is endocentric, while it represents the core meaning of that constituent;
furthermore, the head of the compound ‘owned’ and the compound ‘state-owned’ has
similar concept.
unit ‘state’ belongs to the concept of the federal government and any of its departments, agencies or components. Since this compound adjective modifies a noun
‘insurance’ and ‘company’, this indicates the hyponym relationship that represents
the new concept of the unit ‘insurance company’. So, it can be determined that the unit ‘insurance company’ is modified by compound ‘state-owned’ as attributive; the
lexical meaning of ‘state-owned insurance company’ is insurance company had by
the government.
Data 4
Earning a permit from the police will be the last requirement that Big Daddy Entertainment must fulfill to ensure that Gaga can stage a show in Indonesia, as the promoter claimed that they have already obtained permits from the Tourism and Creative Economy Ministry as well as from the Law and Human Rights Ministry’s immigration office, which already issued a visa for the Grammy-winning singer.
{NA = [grammy(n)]-[win(v)+ingsuffix(adj)]+[singer(n)]}
In this data, compound adjective ‘grammy-winning’ is formed by free
morpheme ‘grammy’ and bound morpheme ‘winning’ which has two morphological
units that identifies ‘win’ as root and ‘-ing’ as suffix. The unit ‘grammy’ is
30
The hyphenated compound adjective ‘grammy-winning’ is right-headed
which the unit ‘winning’ is modified by unit ‘grammy’. Meanwhile, semantic classification of this compound is endocentric, while it represents the core meaning of
that constituent; furthermore, the head of the compound ‘winning’ and the compound
‘grammy-winning’ has similar concept.
In semantic construction of this compound adjective, meaning relation between units ‘grammy’ and ‘winning’ is associative relation that the unit ‘winning’ indicates the concept of to gain in or as if in battle or contest; the unit ‘grammy’ represents to the concept of the kind of sing competition in the United States. Since this compound adjective modifies a noun ‘singer’, this indicates the hyponym
relationship of the unit ‘singer’. So, it can be determined that the unit ‘singer’ is
modified by compound ‘grammy-winning’ as attributive; the lexical meaning of
‘grammy-winning singer’ is singer who wins the Grammy contest.
Data 5
Some of the lifers and long-termers meeting last week discussed Dannemora's younger prisoners, whom they variously described as still having "a child-like mentality," overriding selfishness, a tendency to respond to difficulties with violence and those "who just don't know how to conduct themselves."
{NA = [child(n)]-[like(adj)]+[mentality(n)]}
The hyphenated compound adjective ‘child-like’ is right-headed which the unit ‘like’ is modified by unit ‘child’. Meanwhile, semantic classification of this compound is endocentric, while it represents the core meaning of that constituent;
furthermore, the head of the compound ‘like’ and the compound ‘child-like’ has
similar concept.
In semantic construction of this compound adjective, meaning relation between units ‘child’ and ‘like’ is associative relation that the unit ‘like’ indicates the concept of the same or nearly the same as in appearance, character, or quantity; the unit ‘child’ represents to the concept of a young person especially between infancy and youth. Since this compound adjective modifies a noun ‘mentality’, this indicates the hyponym relationship the unit ‘mentality’. So, it can be determined that the unit ‘mentality’ is modified by compound ‘child-like’ as attributive; the lexical meaning of ‘child-like mentality’ is having the way of thought like a child or immature.
4.2Adjective – Adjective
These compound adjective formed of two word classes – adjective and adjective normally separated by a hyphen. These classifications of compound with an adjectival head combined with an adjective as left-hand constituent.
Data 6
32
receive technical support, financial subsidy and other resources fairly from the central government and/or the local administration”.
AA = {[religious(adj)]-[basen+edsuffix(adj)]+[school(n)+ssuffix}
In this data, compound adjective ‘religious-based’ is formed by free
morpheme ‘religious’ as root and bound morpheme ‘based’ which has two
morphological units identified ‘base’ as root and ‘-ed’ as suffix. The unit ‘religious’
is categorized as an adjective and ‘base’ as verb. Since the unit ‘based’ is modified by suffix –ed, the unit ‘base + -ed’ has changed into past participle form that identifies the participle-ed. As can be seen, the unit –ed in the unit ‘based’ contributes through the meaning of past participle form and it shows passive form of this unit that means ‘be based’.
The hyphenated compound adjective ‘religious-based’ is right-headed which
the unit ‘based’ is modified by unit ‘religious’. Meanwhile, semantic classification of this compound is endocentric, while it represents the core meaning of that constituent; furthermore, the head of the compound ‘based’ and the compound
‘religious-based’ has similar concept.
the unit ‘schools’ is modified by compound ‘religious-based’ as attributive; the
lexical meaning of ‘religious-based school’ is school having the way of faithful
devotion to a religion.
Data 7
Education activists have cried foul over the meddling of private-tutoring institutions in the school learning process, saying that the agencies’ teaching techniques, which focus on quick-fix solutions, will limit students’ critical thinking.
AA = {[private(adj)]-[tutorn+ingsuffix(adj)]+[instutions (n)]}
In this data, compound adjective ‘private-tutoring’ is formed by free
morpheme ‘private’ as root and bound morpheme ‘tutoring’ which has two
morphological units identified ‘tutor’ as root and ‘-ing’ as suffix. The unit class of
unit ‘private’ is an adjective and ‘tutor’ is verb. Since the unit ‘tutor’ is modified by suffix –ing, the unit class of ‘tutor + -ing’ has changed into present participle form that identifies the participle-ing. As the result, the unit –ing in the unit ‘tutoring’ contributes through the meaning of present participle form; it shows active form of this unit that means ‘to tutor’.
The hyphenated compound adjective ‘private-tutoring’ is right-headed which
the unit ‘tutoring’ is modified by unit ‘private’. Meanwhile, semantic classification of this compound is endocentric, while it represents the core meaning of that
constituent; furthermore, the head of the compound ‘tutoring’ and the compound
34
In semantic construction of this compound adjective, meaning relation between units ‘private’ and ‘tutoring’ is associative relation that the unit ‘tutoring’ indicates the concept of to teach or guide usually individually in a special subject, while the unit ‘private’ represents the concept of restricted to the use of a particular person, group, or class. Since this compound adjective modifies the noun and the noun of this data is ‘intuitions’ indicates the hyponym relationship between unit ‘intuitions’ and ‘private-tutoring’ So it can be determined that ‘private-tutoring’ is an
attributive adjective of ‘intuitions’. The lexical meaning of ‘private-tutoring
intuitions’ means tutoring intuition that independently belongs to individual person or individual company.
Data 8
The defeat was a repeat of the bitter-sweet ending for Indonesia at the 1997 SEA Games in Jakarta, when the host team romped home with the most gold medals but the coveted soccer gold medal went to Thailand after Indonesia was again bested in the final in another penalty shootout.
AA = {[bitter(adj)]-[sweet(adj)]+[ending(n)}]}
In this data, compound adjective ‘bitter-sweet’ is formed two morphological units that both the unit ‘bitter’ or ‘sweet’ are free morphemes and they are identified as root. The units ‘bitter’ and unit ‘sweet’ are categorized as adjectives.
The hyphenated compound adjective ‘bitter-sweet’ is headless that in the
which is not a hyponym of one of its elements, and thus its head has an external meaning to the compound itself.
In semantic construction of this compound adjective, meaning relation between units ‘bitter’ and ‘sweet’ is antonym relation that indicates the headless compound. As this compound is exocentric, so it can be determined that this compound represents the new idea of describing feeling; the compound adjective
‘bitter-sweet’ means pleasure alloyed with pain. Since the compound adjective is
attributive of the noun ‘ending’ in this data, the meaning of ‘bitter-sweet ending’ is
the pleasant ending but including or marked by elements of disaffection.
Data 9
The Palebon procession started with the exhumation of Romo Pandito’s body five days earlier by Shri Beghawan Ratu Gayatri and several Hindu religious figures from Bali. The 1,111-day-old remains turned out to be intact as if embalmed, meaning the one-meter coffin prepared to carry the remains could not be used and a new full-sized one was ordered.
AA = {[full(adj)]-[sized(adj)]+[one(n)}]}
In this data, compound adjective ‘full-sized’ is formed by free morpheme ‘full’ as root and bound morpheme ‘sized’ which has two morphological units
identified ‘size’ as root and ‘-ed’ as suffix. The unit ‘full’ is categorized as an
adjective and ‘size’ as verb. Since the unit ‘size’ is modified by suffix –ed, the unit
‘size + -ed’ has changed into past participle form that identifies the participle-ed. As
36
The hyphenated compound adjective ‘full-sized’ is right-headed which the
unit ‘sized’ is modified by unit ‘full’. Meanwhile, semantic classification of this
compound is endocentric, while it represents the core meaning of that constituent; furthermore, the head of the compound ‘sized’ and the compound ‘full-sized’ has similar concept.
In semantic construction of this compound adjective, meaning relation
between units ‘full’ and ‘sized’ is associative relation that the unit ‘sized’ indicates
the concept of to arrange, grade, or classify according to size, meanwhile the unit
‘full’ represents to the concept of containing as much or as many as is possible. Since
this compound adjective modifies a noun ‘one’ which refers to unit ‘coffin’, this
indicates the hyponym relationship the unit ‘coffin’. So, it can be determined that the
unit ‘coffin’ is modified by compound ‘full-sized’ as attributive; the lexical meaning
of ‘full-sized coffin’ is coffin having full shape in size.
4.3Prefix – Adjective (PA)
These compound adjective formed from two word classes – prefix and adjective normally separated by a hyphen. These classifications of compound with adjectival head combined with a prefix as left-hand constituent.
Data 10
PreA= {[non(prefix)]-[aligned(adj)]+[movement(n)]
In this data, compound adjective ‘non-aligned’ is formed by bound morpheme
‘non’ as root and bound morpheme ‘aligned’ which has two morphological units
identified ‘align’ as root and ‘-ed’ as suffix. The lexical category of ‘non-’ is prefix
that is a dependent affix and ‘align’ is verb. Since the unit ‘align’ is modified by suffix –ed, the unit ‘align + -ed’ has changed into passive participle form that identifies the participle-ed. The unit –ed in the unit ‘aligned’ contributes through the meaning of past participle form and it shows passive form of this unit that means ‘to be aligned’.
The hyphenated compound adjective ‘non-aligned’ is right-headed which the
unit ‘aligned’ is modified by unit ‘non’. Meanwhile, semantic classification of this compound is endocentric, while it represents the core meaning of that constituent;
furthermore, the head of the compound ‘aligned’ and the compound ‘non-aligned’ has
similar concept.
In semantic construction of this compound adjective, meaning relation between units ‘non’ and ‘aligned’ is hyponym relation that‘non-aligned’ indicates the subclass of the unit ‘aligned’. The unit ‘aligned’ represents the concept of the action to array on the side of or against a party, and the unit ‘non’ represents the concept of reverse of or absence of. Since this compound adjective modifies the noun and the
noun of this data is ‘movement’ indicates the hyponym relationship between unit
38
attributive adjective of ‘movement’. The lexical meaning of ‘non-aligned movement’ means movement controlled by a group of states considering themselves not aligned formally with or against any major power bloc.
Data 11
A post-dated check—a check with a date that is later than the current date—is not considered to be currency. Further, the postdated check should not be reported as part of the Cash account balance until the date of the check.
PreA= {[post(prefix)]-[dated(adj)]+[check(n)]
In this data, compound adjective ‘post-dated’ is formed by bound morpheme
‘post’ and bound morpheme ‘dated’ which has two morphological units identified
‘date’ as root and ‘-ed’ as suffix. The lexical category of ‘post-’ is prefix that is a
dependent affix and ‘date’ is verb. Since the unit ‘align’ is modified by suffix –ed, the
unit ‘date + -ed’ has changed into passive participle form that identifies the participle
-ed. The unit –ed in the unit ‘dated’ contributes through the meaning of past participle form and it shows passive form of this unit that means ‘to be dated’.
The hyphenated compound adjective ‘post-dated’ is right-headed which the
unit ‘dated’ is modified by unit ‘post’. Meanwhile, semantic classification of this compound is endocentric, while it represents the core meaning of that constituent;
furthermore, the head of the compound ‘dated’ and the compound ‘post-dated’ has
similar concept.
subclass of the unit ‘dated’. The unit ‘dated’ represents the concept of to mark with characteristics typical of a particular period and the unit ‘post’ represents the concept of after of the period. Since this compound adjective modifies the noun and the noun
of this data is ‘check’ that indicates the hyponym relationship between unit ‘check’
and ‘post-dated’. So it can be determined that ‘post-dated’ is an attributive adjective
of ‘check’. The lexical meaning of ‘post-dated check’ means a check that which has
been written by the drawer for a date in the future.
Data 12
The emergence of ruling groups always relates to their formation. For instance, the ruling group after Indonesian Independence in 1945 was dominated by pre-war nationalists that had been involved in mass organizations since 1920s. Muhammad Hatta, Sutan Sjahrir, Tan Malaka and, to a lesser degree, Sukarno, came from elite families.
PreA= {[pre(prefix)]-[war(adj)]+[nasionalist(n)+ssuffix]
In this data, compound adjective ‘post-dated’ is formed by bound morpheme
‘pre’ and bound morpheme ‘war’ which has one morphological unit that identified
the unit ‘war’ as root. The lexical category of ‘pre-’ is prefix that is a dependent affix and unit ‘war’ is categorized as an adjective.
The hyphenated compound adjective ‘pre-war’ is right-headed which the unit
‘war’ is modified by unit ‘pre’. Meanwhile, semantic classification of this compound
40
In semantic construction of this compound adjective, meaning relation between units ‘pre’ and ‘war’ is hyponym relation that ‘pre-war’ indicates the subclass of the unit ‘war’. The unit ‘war’ represents the concept of a state of usually open and declared armed hostile conflict between states or nations, and the unit ‘pre’ represents the concept of relating to, or being a time before the beginning of the war era. Since this compound adjective modifies the noun and the noun of this data is ‘nationalists’ that indicates the hyponym relationship between unit ‘nationalists’ and ‘pre-war’. So it can be determined that ‘pre-war’ is an attributive adjective of ‘nationalists’. The lexical meaning of ‘pre-war nationalists’ means the candidates of nationalist existing or involving to a time before a war.
Data 13
That are is rife with cocaine-smuggling routes to the rugged jungle coast, where traffickers load the drug in semi-submersible vessels for shipment north to Central America and Mexico.
PreA= {[semi(prefix)]-[submersible(adj)]+[vessel(n)+-ssuffix]
In this data, compound adjective ‘semi-submersible’ is formed by bound
morpheme ‘semi’ and bound morpheme ‘submersible’ which has two morphological
units identified ‘submerse’ as root and ‘-able’ as suffix. The lexical category of
‘semi-’ is prefix that is a dependent affix and ‘submerse’ is verb. Since the unit
‘submerse’ is modified by suffix –able, the unit ‘submerse’ + ‘-able’ has changed into
The hyphenated compound adjective ‘semi-submersible’ is right-headed which the unit ‘submersible’ is modified by unit ‘semi’. Meanwhile, semantic classification of this compound is endocentric, while it represents the core meaning of
that constituent; furthermore, the head of the compound ‘submersible’ and the
compound ‘semi-submersible’ has similar concept.
In semantic construction of this compound adjective, meaning relation between units ‘semi’ and ‘submersible’ is hyponym relation that ‘semi-submersible’ indicates the subclass of the unit ‘submersible’. The unit ‘submersible’ represents the concept of capable of being immersed in water or functioning while submerged, and the unit ‘semi’ represents the concept of precisely half of submerged. Since this
compound adjective modifies the noun and the noun of this data is ‘vessels’ that
indicates the hyponym relationship between unit ‘vessels’ and ‘semi-submersible vessels’. So it can be determined that ‘semi-submersible’ is an attributive adjective of ‘vessels’. The lexical meaning of ‘semi-submersible vessels’ means vessels are capable of operating or remaining under water.
Data 14
Officers from the Cengkareng Police station arrest a non-commissioned police from the Jakarta Police planning and administration unit for his alleged involvement in a drugs transaction in the Kampung Ambon neighborhood, West Jakarta.
42
In this data, compound adjective ‘non-commissioned’ is formed by bound
morpheme ‘non’ as root and bound morpheme ‘commissioned’ which has two
morphological units identified ‘commission’ as root and ‘-ed’ as suffix. The lexical
category of ‘non-’ is prefix that is a dependent affix and ‘commission’ is verb. Since
the unit ‘commission’ is modified by suffix –ed, the unit ‘commission + -ed’ has
changed into passive participle form that identifies the participle-ed. The unit –ed in
the unit ‘commissioned’ contributes through the meaning of past participle form and
it shows passive form of this unit that means ‘to be commissioned’.
The hyphenated compound adjective ‘non-commissioned’ is right-headed
which the unit ‘commissioned’ is modified by unit ‘non’. Meanwhile, semantic
classification of this compound is endocentric, while it represents the core meaning of
that constituent; furthermore, the head of the compound ‘commissioned’ and the
compound ‘non-commissioned’ has similar concept.
In semantic construction of this compound adjective, meaning relation
between units ‘non’ and ‘commissioned’ is hyponym relation that ‘non
-commissioned’ indicates the subclass of the unit ‘commissioned’. The unit ‘commissioned’ represents the concept of to furnish with a commission, and the unit
‘non’ represents the concept of reverse of or absence of. Since this compound
adjective modifies the noun and the noun of this data is ‘police’ indicates the
hyponym relationship between unit ‘police’ and ‘non-commissioned’. So it can be
lexical meaning of ‘non-commissioned police’ means police that a subordinate officer (as a sergeant) in the army appointed from among enlisted personnel.
4.4Adjective – Noun
These compound adjective formed from two word classes – adjective and noun normally separated by a hyphen. These classifications of compound are compound modifiers with noun as head combined with adjective as left-hand constituent.
Data 15
Finance Minister Agus Martowardodjo, representing the government in the deliberation meeting on Oct. 14, retracted the government’s agreement on the proposed establishment of a first social security provider or BPJS I (tasked to manage the national healthcare program) as well as that of BPJS II (tasked to carry out the occupational health, old-age risk, pension and death benefit programs).
AN = {[old(adj)]-[age(n)]+[risk(n)]
In this data, compound word ‘old-age’ is formed two morphological units that either the unit ‘old’ or the unit ‘age’ are free morphemes that are identified as root. The unit ‘old’ is categorized as an adjective and ‘age’ as a noun.
The hyphenated compound word ‘old-age’ is right-headed which the unit
‘age’ is modified by unit ‘old’. Meanwhile, semantic classification of this compound
is endocentric, while it represents the core meaning of that constituent; furthermore,
44
Since the compound word is a modifier of noun ‘risk’ it determines as compound adjective to show the compound word is modifier of noun.
In semantic construction of this compound word, meaning relation between
units ‘old’ and ‘age’ is hyponym relation that ‘old-age’ indicates the subclass of the
unit ‘age’. The unit ‘age’ represents the concept of a period of time, and the unit ‘old’ represents the concept of dating from the remote past. Since this compound word modifies the noun, and the noun of this data is ‘risk’ that indicates the hyponym relationship between unit ‘risk’ and ‘old-age’. So it can be determined that ‘semi
-submersible’ is an attributive adjective of the unit ‘risk’. The lexical meaning of ‘
old-age risk’ means risk having existed for the past period.
Data 16
Kenya's troops are untested and it isn't clear they are prepared for a long-term occupation requiring counterinsurgency skils - a scenario that ended U.S. and Ethiopian interventions during Somalia's 20-year-old civil war. The Somalia operation is Kenya's biggest foreign military commitment since independence in 1963.
AN = {[long(adj)]-[term(n)]+[occupation(n)]
In this data, compound word ‘long-term’ is formed two morphological units
that either the unit ‘old’ or the unit ‘age’ are free morphemes that are identified as root. The unit ‘long’ iscategorized as an adjective and ‘term’ as a noun.
The hyphenated compound word ‘long-term’ is right-headed which the unit
‘term’ is modified by unit ‘long’. Meanwhile, semantic classification of this
furthermore, the head of the compound ‘term’ and the compound ‘long-term’ has
similar concept. Since the compound word is a modifier of noun ‘occupation’, it
determines as compound adjective to show the compound word is modifier of noun. In semantic construction of this compound word, meaning relation between
units ‘long’ and ‘term’ is hyponym relation that ‘long-term’ indicates the subclass of
the unit ‘term,’. The unit ‘term’ represents the concept of a point in time assigned to something, and the unit ‘long’ represents the concept of extending over a considerable time. Since this compound word modifies the noun, and the noun of this
data is ‘occupation’ that indicates the hyponym relationship between unit
‘occupation’ and ‘long-term’. So it can be determined that ‘long-term’ is an
attributive adjective of the unit ‘occupation’. The lexical meaning of ‘long-term occupation’ means occupation occurring over or involving a relatively long period of time.
Data 17
Stephen Gaunt is a founding Partner of Blue-Sky Law and deals with Corporate and Commercial transactions. His experience covers a wide range of transactional and commercial work, including mergers & acquisitions, management buy-outs, partnership and shareholder agreements, corporate restructuring, sponsorship deals, computer contracts, investment and financial transactions.
46
In this data, compound word ‘blue-sky’ is formed two morphological units
that either the unit ‘blue’ or the unit ‘sky’ are free morphemes that are identified as root. The unit ‘blue’ is categorized an adjective and ‘sky’ as a noun.
The hyphenated compound adjective ‘blue-sky’ is headless that in the sense
that its status as an adjective is not determined by either of its two components. Moreover, semantic classification of this compound is exocentric, by contrast, is one which is not a hyponym of one of its elements, and thus its head has an external meaning to the compound itself. Since the compound word is a modifier of noun
‘law’, it determines as compound adjective to show the compound word is modifier
of noun.
In semantic construction of this compound adjective, meaning relation between units ‘blue’ and ‘sky’ is associative relation that indicates the headless compound. As this compound is exocentric, so it can be determined that this compound represents the new idea of describing the new concept; the compound
adjective ‘blue-sky’ means having little or no value. Since the compound adjective is
attributive of the noun ‘law’ in this data, the meaning of ‘blue-sky law’ is a state law
in the United States that regulates the offering and sale of securities to protect the public from fraud.
Data 18
seafood restaurants located along the coast to discuss with the chefs and give tips on responsibly caught seafood. He called on the restaurant managements to be aware of how their suppliers caught the fish.
AN = {[full(adj)]-[day(n)]+[celebration(n)]
In this data, compound word ‘full-day is formed two morphological units that
either the unit ‘full’ or the unit ‘day’ are free morphemes that are identified as root. The unit ‘full’ is categorized as an adjective and ‘day’ as a noun.
The hyphenated compound word ‘full-day’ is right-headed which the unit
‘day’ is modified by unit ‘full’. Meanwhile, semantic classification of this compound
is endocentric, while it represents the core meaning of that constituent; furthermore,
the head of the compound ‘day’ and the compound ‘full-day’ has similar concept.
Since the compound word is a modifier of noun ‘celebration’, it determines as
compound adjective to show the compound word is modifier of noun.
In semantic construction of this compound word, meaning relation between
units ‘full’ and ‘day’ is hyponym relation that ‘full-day’ indicates the subclass of the
unit ‘day’. The unit ‘day’ represents the concept of the time period of 24 hours beginning at mean midnight, and the unit ‘full’ represents the concept of complete especially in detail of duration. Since this compound word modifies the noun, and the
noun of this data is ‘celebration’ that indicates the hyponym relationship between unit
48
Data 19
Police finally arrested high-profile criminal on imported salt that have given the impression.
AN = {[high(adj)]-[profile(n)]+[criminal(n)]
In this data, compound word ‘high-profile’ is formed two morphological units
that either the unit ‘high’ or the unit ‘profile’ are free morphemes that are identified as root. The unit ‘high’ is categorized as an adjective and ‘profile’ as a noun.
T
