CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR ANALYSIS IN GEORGE W. BUSH AND
BARACK OBAMA INAUGURAL ADDRESS
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for
The Degree of Strata One
YULIANA KUSLAMBANGNINGRUM NIM. 1110026000014
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
i
ABSTRACT
Yuliana Kuslambangningrum, Conceptual Metaphor Analysis in George W. Bush and Barack Obama Inaugural Address. Thesis: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, December 2014.
The purpose of this research is to analyze the conceptual metaphor of George W. Bush and Barack Obama inaugural address, which metaphor is mostly found in formal speeches such as inaugural address. In this case, the aims of this research are: (1) to convey the concepts and meanings of the metaphorical expression, (2) to convey the functions of the metaphorical expression used by George W. Bush and Barack Obama.
The method of this research is using qualitative descriptive analysis. The research questions will be answered in analytical description. The collected metaphorical expression have picked up randomly then classified based on the same concept. The concept of metaphorical expressions are analyzed by using George Lakoff and Mark Johnson theory which the concept elaborated into mappings to see the relations between source domain and target domain that leads to understand the meaning and also to convey the function of metaphorical expression by Leech.
The result of this research shows that there are eighteen data collected from random sampling. Those collected data showed nine concepts which mostly found based on the metaphorical expression mapping. The mapping process had proven that the meaning of metaphor can be easier to understand so, the message of the speech delivered successfully to the listener. The functions of metaphorical expressions consist of five functions, but only four of five functions found in those speeches.
iv
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
Jakarta, February 6th, 2015.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim
In the name of Allah, the most Beneficent and the most Merciful.
All praises be to Allah SWT, the Lord of universe, for the opportunity to be in this level of life, becoming a bachelor of arts. May peace and salutation be upon the honorable prophet Muhammad SAW and all of his family, companions and adherents.
Deepest gratitude goes to her beloved parents, Joko Susanto and Sri Mulyani, for all their great love, patience, support and prayer. Thanks for becoming the greatest strength and supporter of her life. The writer also gives the highest appreciations to Mr. Hilmi Akmal, M.Hum and Mrs. Yenny Rahmawati, M.Ed, as her advisors for their precious time, help, patience and motivation from the beginning to the final step of this research.
In addition to those listed, the writer also would like to give appreciation to the following friends and people, namely:
1. Her room companion, Laila Fajriah, who always listen to her up and down life experiences. Thank you for sharing everything.
2. English Letters B and Linguistic A, thank you for the cooperation in studying English together in the last 4 years. Success for all of us! 3. KELUARGA HAHA consists of Debi Novianingrum, Fithria
Luthfiyani, Bagus Putra Ramadhansya, Rana Meisara, Thia Askayuli, Fahmi Fahrurroji and Muhammad Sazali, thank you for the unstoppable laugh sharing in every meeting. Hopefully, our friendship will last forever.
4. KKN BARISTA 2013; Ipeh, Fera, Okta, Uung, Ummi, Kiki, Vale,
Aceng, Bewok, Uda, Murdok, Mul, Bang Wahyu, Kopet, Icang, I‟am.
Thank you for the laugh, tears, togetherness, and every unexpected journey in Sukajaya.
5. Yahya Arian Dani, thank u 4 sharing every single thing in the last 5 years.
6. Marc Márquez, who entertain every races with passion and ambition of
a young rider. Mas rapido, Mas Marquez. Gaaas!
Jakarta, February 2015
vii
LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1 :Elements of Metaphor ……….
Table 2.2 : Mapping the relation of ARGUMENT IS WAR ………
Table 3.1 :Metaphorical Expression, Conceptual Metaphor, Meaning and Function from George W. Bush and Barack Obama Inaugural
Address ………..
Table 3.1.1 : Mapping of NATION IS PERSON ……….
Table 3.2.1 : Mapping of CRISIS IS SICK ………..
Table 3.3.1 : Mapping of NATION AS FAMILY ………...
Table 3.4.1 : Mapping of PROBLEM IS STORM ………...
Table 3.5.1 : Mapping of FIRE IS ATTACK ………..
Table 3.6.1 : Mapping of SPIRIT IS FIRE ………..
Table 3.7.1 : Mapping of LIFE IS JOURNEY ………
Table 3.8.1 : Mapping of RELATIONSHIP IS PLANTING ………..
Table 3.9.1 : Mapping of TIME IS PERSON ……….. 13 18
viii 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 10 12 13 15 iv 1 vii v 7 iii ii i 5 1 4 7 10 viii 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ……….……....
APPROVAL SHEET ………..………
LEGALIZATION ………..…….……
DECLARATION ……….….……..
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……….……...….
THE LIST OF TABLE ………. TABLE OF CONTENTS ……….
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ………..
A. Background of Research .……….………
B. Focus of Research ………
C. Research Questions ………..…
D. Significance of Research ………..
E. Research Methodology ………...
1. Objective of the Research ………...
2. The Method of Research ………....
3. Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analysis… 4. Research Instrument ………
5. Unit of Analysis ………..
CHAPTER II . THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION ………
A. Previous Research ……….
B. Concept ……….
1. Discourse Analysis ………..………
2. Metaphor ………..………
23 28
23
56
55
55
58
60
2.2 Function of Metaphorical Expression ………
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH FINDINGS ………..………
A. Data Description …..………….……….
B. Data Analysis ………..………….………..
CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ……….
A. Conclusion ...………..
B. Suggestion ..……….…...
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……….………….
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Research
Kridalaksana defined language as a system of arbitrary symbols used by members of social group to work together, communicate, and identify
themselves.1
Generally, language has two terms of meaning, literal meaning and
non-literal meaning. Literal meaning assumed to be conventionalized. It doesn‟t
need any special interpretation effort to understand. On the other hand, non-literal meaning is assumed to be non-conventionalized. Thus, it needs a special interpretation effort to understand. The term non-literal meaning is used to differentiate from literal meaning, a meaning that is derived from the latter and, in a sense has a secondary status. Therefore, it is traditionally assumed that in terms of the enfolding of the interpretation process, the literal meaning of an expression is processed first, whereas any potential non-literal meaning
are processed afterwards and only if the literal interpretation doesn‟t fit the
given context.2 Non-literal uses of language are traditionally called figurative language and described by a lot of rhetorical terms.
The most common rhetorical term used in discourse is metaphor. Generally, metaphors are not literally easy to understand, because they have a
1
Harimurti Kridalaksana, ”Bahasa dan Linguistik” in Kushartanti, Untung Yuwono, Multamia RMT Lauder (Ed.), Pesona Bahasa; Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik, (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005). p. 3
2
special character that literal expression doesn‟t.3
Although metaphorical meaning has a special characteristic that distinguish from the literal meaning, it has the same basic function to understand as in literal meaning. Metaphor is hard to understand by most of people, but in political discourse metaphor is commonly used by politicians to inform political events, because it assumed to be easier to understand by using metaphor instead of using the literal one. Moreover, metaphor usually used for aesthetic or rhetorical purpose, such as in inaugural address.4
Inaugural address is a formal speech which is delivered by the president of United States, on Inauguration Day, January 20; soon after swear the oath of office. The president delivers an inaugural address to the people for the new administration.5 In political speeches, such inaugural address, metaphor is important to help the listener easier to understand the complex matter in political ideas. The used of metaphor as a part of figurative language aims to help the listener to visualize what is meant by a phrase or expression, although for most of people metaphor is hard to be understood. The goal for politicians is not only to present facts, but also to be persuasive. The speaker needs to use their language to show emotions and affect the audience. The orator
doesn‟t have to modify the facts when using metaphoric language, the
3
William Croft and D. Alan Cruse, Cognitive Linguistics (Cambridge: 2004). p.194 4
David L. Ritchie, Metaphor (Cambridge, 2013). p. 5 5
Ida Vestermark. “Metaphors in Politics Essay; A Study of The Metaphorical Personification of America in Political Discourse”. Department of Language and Culture, Luleå
response to the address depends on the interpretation in the mind of the listener.6
Metaphor is pervasive in our daily life not only in language, but also in thought and action. We understand them immediately so that we do not need to pay attention to their metaphorical expression. Metaphor are conceived and grasped with the same facility as our ordinary literal vocabulary. There is no problem in understanding metaphor; the problem is to explain how we understand them. According to Lakoff and Johnson metaphor is a property of concepts, so metaphor can be understood by elaborating the conceptual metaphor. In conceptual metaphors, one domain of experience is used to understand another domain of experience.
The characterization of conceptual metaphor is set of mapping, in which this set of mappings obtains between basic constituent elements of the source domain and basic constituent elements of the target. To know a conceptual metaphor is to know the set of mappings that provide much of the meaning of the metaphorical linguistic expression that make a particular conceptual metaphor manifest7. By this mapping process we can comprehend the meaning of metaphor easier.
Therefore, in this research, the writer try to find the conceptual metaphor that can explain how the metaphor can be understood by using conceptual metaphor theory conducted by Lakoff and Johnson, in two inaugural addresses
6
Ibid.p.1 7
delivered by George W. Bush and Barack Obama in their first and second term of presidential. Conceptual metaphor theory elaborates the correlation between two conceptual domains called mapping which also leads to understanding the meaning of metaphor.
B. Focus of the Research
This research focused on how the metaphor can be understood by elaborating the conceptual metaphor found in speeches; explained the meaning and the function of metaphorical language used by George W. Bush and Barack Obama on their Inaugural Address.
C. Research Questions
1. What are the conceptual metaphors and what are the meanings of the metaphors used by George W. Bush and Barack Obama? 2. What are the functions of the metaphorical expression used by
George W. Bush and Barack Obama?
D. Significance of the Research
1. To convey how metaphor understood by elaborating mapping process from conceptual metaphor theory conducted by Lakoff and Johnson and also to conveying the meaning of metaphor which much more seen in the mapping process too.
E. Research Methodology
1. Objectives of the Research
The objectives of this research are to elaborate the conceptual metaphors that lead to understand the meaning and also to
convey their function of George W. Bush and Barack Obama‟s
Inaugural address.
2. Research Method
The method of this research is using qualitative analysis. A research with qualitative method is a research relying on verbal and non numerical data as the basis of analysis and of solving the problem appears8. The result of this research will be described in analytical description. Meanwhile, this research will be analyzed with conceptual metaphor theory by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. The analysis will be elaborated the conceptual metaphor that lead to find the meaning and the function of metaphorical expression based on conceptual metaphor theory.
3. Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analysis
In this research, the technique of data collecting will use bibliography technique (teknik kepustakaan). According to Subroto, this technique used written sources to collect data using semantic field in data collection. 9 Therefore the relevant data will be included with the context sentence in each data. The
8
Muhammad Farkhan, Proposal Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra (Jakarta: Cella, 2007), p.2 9
metaphorical expression will be observed directly. It will be noted into data cards based on two inaugural addresses delivered by George W. Bush and Barack Obama. When collecting data cards are complete, then data cards will be shuffled and picked up randomly. After that, the chosen data will be classified based on the concepts which are found in the metaphorical linguistic expression. The next step is finding the mapping to see the relation between source domain and target domain in the concept. The meaning of the metaphor will be much more seen from this mapping. The last is identifying the function of the metaphorical expression used in four inaugural addresses.
4. Research Instrument
The research instrument used on this research is the writer herself by using chosen data card taken from four inaugural addresses that has metaphorical language.
5. Unit of Analysis
7
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION
A. Previous Research
Research about metaphor has been analyzed by many people, such as Ida Vestermark entitled Metaphors in Politics: A Study of the Metaphorical Personification of America in Political Discourse. This paper observed the conceptual metaphors of personification in American inaugural addresses, for what the metaphor are used and what do they suggest to the audience. The analysis proved that all presidents used metaphors in personalizing America to activate the emotions of the listener. The analysis also revealed the importance of interpreting metaphors based on the context, because sometimes the language not always interprets metaphorically.10
The same theory has been used by a student of Indonesian Studies in University of Indonesia, Eko Prasetyo Rahardjo entitled Metafora Pengungkapan Cinta Pada Pantun Melayu, which observed the metaphor of
love expression from a chapter of Malay Pantun named “Cinta yang Berjaya”.
The objective of the analysis is to identify the metaphorical terms of love expression and describe the relation between source and target domain by using conceptual mapping. The analysis discovered that metaphorical language which describe abstract things and difficult to explain can be much more understandable. Identified words and phrases also explained metaphor
10
that used by Malay society. Context of culture may influence the mapping process of conceptualization of metaphorical phrases from Bahasa Indonesia with the theory based on English which has a different language and culture background from Bahasa Indonesia.11
Another analysis about metaphor wrote by Aizul Maula, a student of English Letters in State Islamic University Jakarta, the research is a comparative analytical study about the translations of metaphors in the Holy
Qur‟an, using the concept from James Dickin that divide the types of
metaphor and the techniques of translations to find how metaphors in the Holy
Qur‟an are translated into English by the four translators. The analysis resulted
that the five techniques from four English translators of the Holy Qur‟an are
accurate in one verse, but inaccurate in the other verse because of their variety of background. The beautiful form of metaphor sometimes lost when it is translated into sense only. It is not always guaranteed that one technique would be the best for translating metaphor without any classification.12
Not so different from the previous analysis, Lailiyyatuz Zuhriyyah, a student of English Letters in State Islamic University Jakarta, also focused on types and added the meaning explanation of metaphor and metonymy in the
Breaking Dawn novel using Lakoff and Johnson theory to show how metaphorical and metonymical expressions may give understanding deeper
11 Eko Prasetyo Rahardjo, Unpublished Bachelor Thesis: “Metafora Pengungkapan Cinta Pada Pantun Melayu”, (Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya, University of Indonesia, 2009).
than literal one because they are more expressive and evokes a particular sense which can help the readers to conceive what the author means. This research concluded the usage of metaphor is not completely different from the literal meaning because it is just the matter of meaning extension.13
The last analysis wrote by Bintarti Mayang Sari, with the title
Metafora Dalam Pidato Charles De Gaulle Pada Perang Dunia II. The analysis focused on metaphor categorization and its meaning from an independence speech delivered by a French politician named De Gaulle, using Lakoff and Johnson conceptual metaphor theory to show how a politics speech can be easier to understand by the listener and also can be easier to deliver by De Gaulle to share his concepts and point of view toward the actual situation in France. In this analysis, there are several concepts of metaphor used by De Gaulle to made French society easier to access De Gaulle‟s message. Metaphor in his speech showed the concept of his state of mind as a leader of French, toward the complicated actual situation in World War II to achieve real independence.14
The previous researches above haven‟t mentioned the function of
metaphorical language; therefore this is the obvious reason why this research will be seen as newer and interesting research to analyze.
13Lailiyyatuz Zuhriyyah, Unpublished Bachelor Thesis: “An Analysis of Metaphor and Metonymy on Stephenie Meyer‟s Novel Breaking Dawn”, (Faculty of Letters and Humanity, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2011).
B. Concept
1. Discourse Analysis
According to Untung Yuwono:
“Wacana adalah kesatuan makna (semantis) antarbagian di dalam suatu
bangun bahasa. Wacana dilihat sebagai bangun bahasa yang utuh karena
setiap bagian di dalam wacana itu berhubungan secara padu.”15
Based on opinion above the definition of discourse is a complete unit of language, it is more than text or stretch in written or utterance. It consists of more than one sentence and those sentences combine to form a meaningful whole. In a meaningful form, discourse can be seen as a complete set of language, because each sentences or each part of discourse related coherently. Therefore, discourse can be easily understood because of the coherent sentences combination that leads into meaningful form.
Discourse analysis is concerned with the knowledge about language beyond the word, clause, phrase and sentence that is needed for successful communication. Therefore, the main focus of discourse analysis is both to show and interpret the relationship between the meanings and purposes expressed through discourse.16 Discourse usually refers to a form of language use, public speeches or more generally to spoken language or
15
Untung Yuwono, “Wacana” in Kushartanti, Untung Yuwono, Multamia RMT Lauder (Ed.), Pesona Bahasa; Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik, (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005). p.7
16
ways of speaking. However, language use is not only limited to spoken language but also in written language, communication and interaction, textbooks and others which refer to the same meaning. Communicative event is the function aspect that embodies in discourse. That is the reason why people use language to communicate their ideas or beliefs (or to express emotion) as part of more complex social events.17
However, sometimes we found metaphorical expression in some discourse in order to gain successful communication especially in speech.
The used of metaphor as a tool to uncover people‟s idea, attitudes, and
values can be observe through discourse analysis.18 It is because the used of metaphor expression has an attractive function to avoid the listener getting bored easily by using indirect expression. Also, in discourse studies, metaphor attracts to be analyzed about how we see and understand something in reality through language.19 Lakoff and Johnson viewed metaphor as a cognitive device for understanding or experiencing one kind of thing or experience in terms of another. For instance, in the sentence
that cost me a lot of time, we can see that time is often viewed as economic factor; the TIME IS MONEY metaphor is illogical in that sentence since
“time” which consider as abstract concept can be understood as “money”
17
Teun A. Van Dijk, Discourse as Structure and Process, (London: Sage Publications, 1997). p. 2
18
Lynne Cameron; Maslen, Robert; Todd, Zazie; Maule, John; Stratton, Peter and Stanley, Neil, The Discourse Dynamics Approach to Metaphor-Led Discourse Analysis and Symbol (Journal Article), (The Open University, 2009). p. 3
19
which has more concrete concept. This metaphor in discourse attracts the reader or listener because it has unusual way to communicate but still has the same meaning as the usual way. Moreover, in understanding a concept of metaphor it needs context to support the idea of the metaphor concept that leads to understand the meaning.
Context refers to an ever-widening set of factors that accompany language in use. Context is the other characteristic of the social situation or communicative event that systematically influence text or talk.20 There are two types of context. The first is the linguistic context, the language that surrounds or accompanies the piece of discourse under analysis. The second is the non-linguistic or experiential context within which discourse takes place.21 Non-linguistic context include: the type of communicative event (for instance joke, story, lecture, greeting, conversation); the topic; the purpose of the event; the setting, including location, time of day, season of year and physical aspects of the situation (for instance, size of the room, arrangement of furniture); the participants and the relationships between them; and the background knowledge and assumptions underlying the communicative event. In the case of discourse analysis, the main purpose is to show and to interpret the meaning and purposes which expressed through discourse.
20
Ibid. p. 3 21
2. Metaphor
[image:23.595.144.516.316.586.2]Metaphor is one of the usages of figurative language, when a speaker use an expression figuratively he or she feels that no literal use will give the same effect.22 Metaphor allows us to understand one domain of experience in terms of another. To serve this function, there must be some grounding, some concepts that are not completely understood via metaphor to serve as source domains. To analyze metaphor there are three things to be consider, they are the metaphor (a word or phrase or longer stretch of language), its meanings (what it refers to metaphorically), and the similarity or connection between the two.23 There are three ways to identify metaphor they are vehicle, topic and grounds.
Table 2.1 Elements of metaphor
Context Be prepared for the mountain of paperwork
vehicle/metaphor Mountain
topic/meaning a large amount
grounds/connection
ideas of size, being immovable, and difficult to deal with
Vehicle is the comparison concept or the analogy, whereas a topic is the starting point or described concept. Grounds is the relationship
22
William Croft & D. Alan Cruse, Cognitive Linguistics, (Cambridge, 2004) p. 193 23
between the literal and metaphorical meanings which provide the key to how effective that vehicle is.24
There are some kinds of metaphor; creative (novel) metaphor, and conventional metaphor.25 Creative metaphor or novel metaphor is often correlated to literature which is using literary language is the characteristic of this kind of metaphor. It is when which writer or speaker constructs to express a particular idea or feeling in a particular context and which a reader or hearer needs to deconstruct in order to understand the meaning. For instance, Shakespeare and Yeats create poetic effects by creating new images with all the world is a stage, the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune and dolphin-torn, that gong-tormented sea. Conventional metaphor is the metaphorical usages which are found many times to refer to a particular thing. For instance, in the metaphor of cells fighting-off
infection and micro organism invading and the metaphorical meanings of
divorced as completely separated and field as specialized subject or activity.26 These kinds of metaphor are known as a part of the language. In fact, they are metaphorical usages that hardly to recognize and sometimes used to refer to dead metaphor which people do not recognize as metaphorical in ordinary usages.
24
Ibid, p.7 25
Ibid, p.7 26
2.1.Conceptual Metaphor Theory
Lakoff and Johnson describe metaphor as follows:
“The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of
thing in terms of another”.27
The conceptual theory of metaphor is primary to find metaphorical mapping between domains and how they guided human reasoning and behavior. The concepts that our ordinary conceptual system includes structured what we perceived, how we get around the world, and how we relate to other people.28
When one conceptual domain is understood in terms of another conceptual domain, we have conceptual metaphor. This understanding is achieved by seeing a set of systematic correspondences, or mappings, between the two domains. Conceptual metaphors can be given by means of the formula A IS B or A AS B, where A and B indicate different conceptual domains.
These following examples are conceptual metaphor:
ARGUMENT IS WAR
TIME IS MONEY
LOVE IS JOURNEY
THEORIES ARE BUILDING
IDEAS ARE FOOD
27
George Lakoff & Mark Johnson, Metaphor We Live By, (Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press, 1980) p. 5
28
From the example above, ARGUMENT, TIME, LOVE, THEORIES and IDEAS are called as target domain. WAR, MONEY, JOURNEY, BUILDING and FOOD are called as source domain. Target domain is the domain that we try to understand through the use of source domain. Source domain is the domain which supports the literal meaning of the expression, whereas the target domain is the domain that the sentence is actually talking about.
The main type of evidence given for the existence of conceptual metaphor called metaphorical linguistic expressions. Metaphorical linguistic expressions are words and expressions come from terminology of the conceptual domain that is used to understand another conceptual domain.
(1) “He attackedevery weak point in my argument”
(2) “I demolished his argument”
(3) “Your claims are indefensible”
(4) “He shot downall of my arguments”
(5) “His criticisms were right on target”
The underlined words are linguistic expressions which refer to how the argument can be reflected as a war. When we use attack, demolished,
win or lose in an argument, to win an argument they have to use a strategy
and if they don‟t have a strong strategy or weapons they will lose and their
weak argument can be easily defeated. Many of things we do in arguing are partially structured by the concept of war.29
Correspondences/mappings
There is a set of systematic correspondences between the source and the target in the sense that constituent conceptual elements of target domain correspond to constituent elements of source domain.30 In short, there is a connection or correlation between concept areas in correspondence or mapping terms. For instance, in the source domain WAR is a defensive barricade or line of soldiers which is this concept area is represents idealized, traditional and notions of war. In the target domain ARGUMENT this corresponds to the data, facts, or belief which someone has and uses to reinforce their position. The weak points in barricade or line of soldiers which enemies are looking for to attack in order to win the war is just the same as the weak points in argument for instance incomplete data, incorrect information and false beliefs that might leads to defeat. Here are the mappings to support the conceptual metaphor of ARGUMENT IS WAR
29
Ibid, p. 4 30
Table 2.2 Mapping, the relation of ARGUMENT and WAR31
Source: WAR Target: ARGUMENT
War contenders People arguing
War strategies (tactics, high technology weapons, strong
fortress)
Strategies for arguing (strong argument, facts, and beliefs)
To win or lose a battle To win or lose an argument To stop fighting To stop arguing
Highlighting and Hiding
Not all concepts from source domain can be applied to target domain. When a source domain is applied to a target domain, only some aspects are brought into focus. Highlighting refer to the selective mapping of source domain features onto target domain.32 For instance, in the metaphor ARGUMENT IS WAR, only partial features from WAR can be applied to ARGUMENT. This metaphor highlights conflict and business of winning or losing (such as attacking, defending, and making strategy to gain victory) and hiding other possibilities such as agreement, reconcilement, armistice and compromise. The other features opposite from highlighting called hiding.
31
Lakoff, George, The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor in Andrew Ortony (ed),
Metaphor and Thought (2nd ed). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1993
32
Moreover, a source or target domain may have multiple mappings that represent different sets of concepts in each mapping.33 For example, the target domain ARGUMENT has three source domains besides the source domain WAR. ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY, ARGUMENT IS A CONTAINER and ARGUMENT IS A BUILDING, those metaphors represent different sets of concepts. The JOURNEY metaphor focuses on progress and content, the CONTAINER metaphor highlights the content and the basic of an argument, the BUILDING metaphor captures the aspects of the construction of an argument and its strength. This means, when a concept has several aspects and the metaphor focuses on one or some aspects, the other aspects will remain hidden or out of focus. Such as in WAR metaphor highlights aspects of control over argument and hides aspects such content, construction, and progress. Therefore, different metaphors may highlights different features of the same target concept and at the same time hide its other features.34
2.2 Function of Metaphorical Expression
The only function of language would be to expound knowledge and pass information, in order to facilitate cooperation between members of society. Information much more be conveyed by using metaphor through implication and connotation, than through straightforward or
33
Ibid, p. 33 34
literal language.35 When using metaphorical expression, listeners interpret less narrowly than they would literal language. Therefore, meaning is communicated between speaker and listener in a less precise way, even though the metaphors may seem concrete and vivid. It is imprecision, which makes metaphors such a powerful tool in the communication of emotion, evaluation and explanation. According to Leech there are five functions of metaphorical language, they are: information, expression, direction, aesthetic and phatic.
1. Information
The used of metaphorical expression has the function to convey information which everyone tends to assume it is important that deliver from speaker to listener. The characteristic of this function is the implicit characterization in the message that conveyed. This function is usually contains an idea, belief, certainty, anger, fear, anxiety and courage.
2. Expression
The used of metaphorical expression has the function to
expressing the speaker‟s or writer‟s feelings or attitudes- swear
words and exclamations are the most obvious example for this function. The content of metaphorical expression contains the
speaker‟s expectation and desire to the listener. The
35
characteristic of this function is the implicit intention that indicates direction, suggestion or expectation.
3. Direction
The used of metaphorical expression has the function to influence the behavior or attitudes of others. The characteristic of this function is shown by command and request, instruction, threat or question. This function of social control places
emphasis on the listener‟s end, rather than the speaker‟s end of
message. 4. Phatic
The used of metaphorical expression has the function to maintaining social bonds. The characteristic of this function is by keeping the communication lines open between social members (speaker and listener) and keeping the social relationships in good condition.
5. Aesthetic
The used of metaphorical expression has the function to creating artistic effect.
23
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. DATA DESCRIPTION
Table 3.1
Metaphorical expression, Conceptual metaphor, and Meaning From George W. Bush and Barack Obama Inaugural Addresses
No Metaphorical
expression
Speech
Source
Conceptual
metaphor
Meaning Function
1. And to all nations, we will speak for the values that
gave our nation birth Bush, 2001 NATION IS PERSON Freedom and liberty Aesthetic and information
2. And I can pledge our nation to a goal: When we
see that wounded traveler on the
road of Jericho, we will not pass to
the other side
Bush, 2001
NATION IS PERSON
3. We remain a
young nation,
… Obama , 2009 NATION IS PERSON Existed in long time Direction
4. Our economy
is badly
weakened…
Obama , 2009
CRISIS IS SICK Crisis situation
Information
5. An economic
recovery has
begun
Obama , 2013
CRISIS IS SICK To enhance economic
situation
Information
6. Our founding
fathers faced
with perils…
Obama , 2009
NATION IS FAMILY
Leader of a nation
Information
7. … the father of our nation
ordered these words be read
to the people.
Obama , 2009
NATION IS FAMILY
Leader of a nation
Direction
8. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst
gathering
clouds and
raging storm.
9. …let us brave once more the icy currents,
and endure
what storms
may come…
Obama , 2009 PROBLEM IS STORM Nation‟s problem Aesthetic and expression
10. And then there came a day of
fire
Bush, 2005
FIRE IS ATTACK 9/11 Attack Aesthetic
11. By our efforts we have lit a fire as well; a
fire in the minds of men
Bush, 2005
SPIRIT IS FIRE Resistance of attack
Aesthetic and information
12. And one day this untamed fire of freedom
will reach the darkest corners
of our world
Bush, 2005
SPIRIT IS FIRE Revolution Information
13. And even after nearly 225 years, we have
Bush, 2001
LIFE IS JOURNEY
The long process of
freedom
long way yet to
travel.
14. So, let us mark this day in remembrance of who we are
and how far
we have travel.
Obama , 2009 LIFE IS JOURNEY The long journey of Black people Expression
15. Now, it is a seed upon the
wind, taking
rootin many nations. Bush, 2001 RELATIONSHIP IS PLANTING Influence other nation Aesthetic
16. To those leaders around the globe who
seek to sow
conflict… Obama , 2009 RELATIONSHIP IS PLANTING Spread conflict Aesthetic
17. Much time has
passed since
Jefferson arrived for his
inauguration.
Bush, 2001
18. The time has
come to
reaffirm our enduring
spirit…
Obama , 2009
TIME IS PERSON Happened Information
B. DATA ANALYSIS
The analysis begins with conceptual metaphor categorization using capital letters which is the outcome of the classification from metaphorical expression that consisted in metaphorical text. Then, analysis continues with the mapping from source and target domain of conceptual metaphor that lead to the analysis of meaning and its function.
3.1NATION IS PERSON
There are three data represent the concept NATION IS PERSON. The conceptual metaphor NATION IS PERSON is derived from the mapping process based on the metaphorical expression found in data card number 3, 4 and 32.
a. Datum 1 no. 3:
“And to all nations, we will speak for the values that gave our nation
Explanation:
In datum (1) the metaphorical expression nation birth described that the nation reflected as a person. Officially, birth is used to explain the very
beginning process of a person‟s life, but here the metaphorical expression
„birth‟ is used to „nation‟ which nation is obviously not a person. Nation has
the similar process, in which comprehended as a person‟s birth experience.
NATION and PERSON are two things that have different conceptual domain. Therefore, there is a cross domain conceptual mapping between these two.
Birth is the beginning part of a person‟s life understood as the same starting
point of nation‟s life. The target domain NATION is conceived in source
domain PERSON. NATION is constructed as a person and conceptually can experience the same process as PERSON do.
The metaphorical expression nation birth here does not literary mean the birth of a nation, but the existence of something in the nation. Based on the context, the nation birth means the existence of liberty, because America is strongly believe in freedom and liberty. It is seen from the previous explanation of Bush statement saying that America will strive against other nation which does not support freedom and liberty. Bush also emphasized that America will only accept cooperation with other nations that give a big
opportunity to America‟s freedom. Moreover, Bush also assumed that
This metaphor has the function of aesthetic and information. The information function is to inform a certainty to American citizens that America still remains as the land of liberty.
b. Datum 2 no. 4:
“And I can pledge our nation to a goal: When we see that wounded
traveler on the road of Jericho, we will not pass to the other side.”
Explanation:
In datum (2), the metaphorical expression we see shows that the
„nation‟ is perceived as a „person‟. Nation is constructed as a person who has
the basic ability to see, hear, smell, touch and taste. NATION and PERSON are two things that have different conceptual domains. Therefore, there is a cross domain conceptual mapping between these two. The target domain NATION is conceived in source domain PERSON. NATION is constructed as a person and conceptually can experience the same basic and social ability as PERSON do.
The origin of this sentence comes from the bible about the Samaritans who help the wounded traveler from other region. According to the previous explanation, this statement indirectly saying that America will conveniently
help when there‟s another nation that needs some help without seeing other
nation‟s differences. Jericho is a town of Jordan near the Dead Sea. Ancient
because this metaphor is originated from bible that usually has a lot of metaphor
c. Datum 3 no. 32:
“We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has
come to set aside childish things.”
Explanation:
In datum (3) the metaphorical expression young nations shows that the
„nation‟ can experience the same way with „person‟ who remains as young
and old too. Officially, „young‟ is used to indicate the age of a person, but in
here „young‟ is used to „nation‟. NATION and PERSON are two things that
have different conceptual domain. Therefore, there is a cross domain
conceptual mapping between these two, in which nation‟s age usually
counting from day of independence. The target domain NATION is conceived in source domain PERSON. NATION is constructed as a person and conceptually can experience the same way as PERSON which day of
independence comprehended as nation‟s day of birth.
of this metaphorical sentence is direction function, because Obama gave the instruction to the citizens that American needs to be mature in order to give great participation in their country.
Table 3.1.1 Mapping of NATION IS PERSON
NATION PERSON
The independence day of a nation is
the starting point of the nation‟s life
The day of birth of a person is the
beginning part of that person‟s life
The age of a nation counting from the independence day
The age of a person counting from the day of birth
Every nation has different culture that leads to different way of thinking
Every person has a different personality
The mapping in table 3.1.1 above explained the relations between the source domain PERSON and the target domain NATION. The mapping highlighted the human attributes in source domain PERSON which applied to target domain NATION.
3.2CRISIS IS SICK
d. Datum 4 no. 19:
“Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and
irresponsibility on the part of some but also our collective failure to make
hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age.”
Explanation:
In datum (4) the metaphorical expression badly weakened shows that
the „crisis‟ is reflected as „sick‟. Officially, weakened is used to describe the
lacking physical strength of body that leads to sick, but here the metaphorical
„badly weakened‟ is used to „crisis‟. CRISIS and SICK are two things with
different conceptual domain. Therefore, there is a cross domain conceptual mapping between these two. The target domain CRISIS is conceived in source domain SICK. CRISIS is constructed as sick and conceptually can experience the same condition as SICK, which showed that economic crisis can be described as the condition of sick body.
The meaning of metaphorical expression badly weakened is crisis condition in economy. It can be seen from the previous sentence which explained that economic situation in America is on crisis, because of the invasion to Iraq commanded by former president George W. Bush. Therefore, this crisis would be the main duty for Barack Obama in his first presidential period and immediately prepare to start a better age. The function of metaphorical expression here is to inform anxiety about the crisis situation of
e. Datum 5 no. 33:
“An economic recoveryhas begun.”
Explanation:
In datum (5) the metaphorical expression recovery shows that the
„crisis‟ is reflected as „sick‟. Literally, recovery is used to describe a return
process to a normal state of health from sick condition, but here the
metaphorical „recovery‟ is used to „crisis‟ which crisis is obviously not related
to human body that needs to be recovered, but the process of recovery can be understood conceptually in economic process. CRISIS and SICK are two things with different conceptual domain. Therefore, there is a cross domain conceptual mapping between these two. The target domain CRISIS is conceived in source domain SICK. CRISIS is constructed as a SICK and conceptually can experience the same condition as SICK.
Table 3.2.1 Mapping of CRISIS IS SICK
CRISIS SICK
Crisis is a disease that can infects to an economic situation in a nation
Sick is lack physical strength that can weaken the immune system of body
To reform economic crisis needs some regulation to control the economic situation
To cure a disease needs a suitable treatment to heal the body
Unstable economic condition may leads to the economic crisis in a nation
Weak physical condition of human body can easily infected by many disease
The mapping in table 3.2.1 above explained the relations between the source domain SICK and the target domain CRISIS. The mapping highlighted the physical condition in source domain SICK which applied to target domain CRISIS.
3.3NATION AS FAMILY
f. Datum 6 no. 23:
“Our founding fathers faced with perils that we can scarcely imagine,
drafted a charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, a charter expanded by the blood of generations.”
Explanation:
In datum (6) the metaphorical expression fathers indicates that the
nation reflected as family. „Father‟ is literally means the leader of a family, but
in here „father‟ is used to „nation‟, which nation has totally different concept
with „family‟. NATION and FAMILY are two things that have different
conceptual domain; therefore there is a cross domain conceptual mapping between these two. The target domain NATION is conceived in source domain FAMILY. NATION is constructed as family and conceptually can experience the same function as FAMILY.
g. Datum 7 no. 30:
“At a moment when the outcome of our revolution was most in doubt, the
father of our nation ordered these words be read to the people.”
Explanation:
In datum (7) the metaphorical expression shows case of metaphor by
using noun „fathers‟ for its object „nation‟. It indicates that the nation reflected
as family. Father is literally means the leader of a family, but in here „father‟ is
used to „nation‟, which nation has totally different concept with „family‟.
NATION and FAMILY are two things that have different conceptual domain. Therefore, there is a cross domain conceptual mapping between these two that is a nation conceived as family, in which a family consists of some members to form a family, such as father that has the same function to lead a nation. The target domain NATION is conceived in source domain FAMILY. NATION is constructed as family and conceptually can experience the same function as FAMILY.
influence the citizens of America to follow the instruction from the father of a nation when the nation situation is in doubt.
Table 3.3.1 Mapping of NATION AS FAMILY
NATION FAMILY
Homeland is the place where citizens are stay to live
Home is the place where a family stay together
Government is the leader of a nation who has the authority to make such regulations and decisions
Father has the highest status in a family and also responsible to his family
The citizens have to follow the rule that government has made
The children of the family has to obey the rule from their father
The mapping in table 3.3.1 above explained the relation between the source domain FAMILY and the target domain NATION. The mapping highlighted function of family member in source domain FAMILY which applied to target domain NATION.
3.4 PROBLEM IS STORM
h. Datum 8 no. 18:
“Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging
storm.”
Explanation:
In datum (8) the metaphorical expression gathering clouds and raging storms usually refer to a bad weather situation. STORM and PROBLEM are two things that have very different conceptual domain. Therefore, there is a cross domain conceptual mapping between these two. Storm is a violent disturbance of the atmosphere with strong winds and usually rain, thunder, lightning, or snow, but in here the metaphorical expressions „gathering clouds
and „raging storm‟ are used to describe the „problem‟ which problem is
obviously not related to „storm‟. The target domain PROBLEM is conceived
in source domain STORM, which some experiences in problem are described by storm. The literally indication of bad weather that may come and usually seen from gathering clouds in a region and then lead by wind, rain, and thunder that cause storm.
The metaphor meaning in this sentence seen from the previous sentence which explained about the recent situation of the nation that refers to the problem of social and leads to economic problem as a consequence of
America‟s invasion in Iraq which has the strong perceptions as gathering
an artistic effect and information function which shows his anxiety about the inaugural address held in a complicated socio-economic situation that has the representation of bad weather.
i. Datum 9 no. 31:
“America in the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our
hardship, let us remember these timeless words; with hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come; let
it be said by our children‟s children that when we were tested we refused
to let this journey end, that we did not turn back nor did we falter; and with eyes fixed on the horizon and God‟s grace upon us, we carried forth
that great gift of freedom and delivered it safely to future generations.”
Explanation:
In datum (9) the metaphoric expression storms has the same meaning as the previous data. STORM and PROBLEM are two things that have very different conceptual domain. Therefore, there is a cross domain conceptual mapping between these two. Storm is uncontrolled atmospheric condition, but
in here the metaphorical expression „storms‟ is used to describe the „nation
problem‟ which problem comprehended or has the similar concept with storm.
Storm has a strong perception of a bad weather in some areas that may cause some problem. Metaphorically the storms meaning is the problem in that may encounter by this nation. This metaphorical expression has the function of aesthetic to create an artistic effect expression which Obama‟s main purpose is express an exclamation to the people of America to always remember the timeless words delivered from Thomas Paine in 1776 which explained the same crisis condition when America was planning to have revolution and struggling to get independence from British, although the
America‟s recently crisis is actually different from what Thomas Paine
[image:51.595.132.517.310.621.2]experienced, but Obama emphasized that people of America have to keep their courage when enduring and facing the crisis that may come.
Table 3.4.1 Mapping of PROBLEM IS STORM
PROBLEM STORM
Problem is a harmful situation that can effect political situation in a nation
Storm is an extreme weather condition that can damage a region
Problem in a nation has some indications that may cause crisis
Storm has some indications such as gather clouds, winds, thunder etc.
3.5FIRE IS ATTACK
There is one datum represent the concept FIRE IS ATTACK. The conceptual metaphor FIRE IS ATTACK is derived from the mapping process based on the metaphorical expression found in data number 17.
j. Datum 10 no. 17:
“And then there came a day of fire.”
Explanation:
In datum (10) the metaphorical language a day of fire described that the fire reflected as an attack. The target domain FIRE is conceived in source domain ATTACK. FIRE is constructed as attack and conceptually has the same experiential bases with ATTACK. The target domain FIRE is conceived in source domain ATTACK, which both of conceptual domains has the similarity in destructive attributes.
Table 3.5.1 Mapping of FIRE IS ATTACK
FIRE ATTACK
The character of fire is caused destruction and dangerous if the fire has huge capacity.
An attack always caused serious destruction in the area of attacking.
Destruction effect of fire always physical and also can be emotional if the destroyed things have possessive quality.
The effect of an attack can be both physical and emotional toward the country that been attacked.
The mapping in table 3.5.1 above explained the relation between the source domain ATTACK and the target domain FIRE. The mapping
highlighted the characteristic and effect of source domain ATTACK which applied to target domain FIRE.
3.6SPIRIT IS FIRE
There are two data represent the concept SPIRIT IS FIRE. The conceptual metaphor SPIRIT IS FIRE is derived from the mapping process based on the metaphorical expression found in data number 10 and 11.
k. Datum 11 no. 10:
Explanation:
In datum (11) the metaphorical expression lit a fire described that the fire reflected as spirit. The target domain FIRE is conceived in source domain SPIRIT. FIRE is constructed as spirit and conceptually has the same experiential bases with SPIRIT. The target domain FIRE is conceived in source domain SPIRIT, which both of conceptual domains has the similarity in fire flaming attributes which burning fire can be easily spread by substance combine chemically with oxygen that the process of spread comprehended as provocation.
The meaning of the metaphorical expression is the continuation of the 9/11 Attack. Based on the context sentence, the meaning of this metaphor is preparing resistance. It is the American spirit of resistance as a consequence of the 9/11 attack. This attack heated up the situation, because it caused not only great destruction in the most influential building in America, but also so much innocence victims. This metaphorical expression has two functions, information and aesthetic. The information function is to inform the courage of America in fights against the terrorism. The aesthetic function is to create an artistic language that may attract the listener.
l. Datum 12 no. 11:
“And one day this untamed fire of freedom will reach the darkest corners
Explanation:
In datum (12) the metaphorical expression of untamed fire literally means that this fire will spread easily when the fire has strong enough of chemical power. Untamed fire described that the fire reflected as spirit. The target domain FIRE is conceived in source domain SPIRIT. FIRE is constructed as attack and conceptually has the same experiential bases with SPIRIT. The target domain FIRE is conceived in source domain SPIRIT, which both of conceptual domains has the similarity in strength.
[image:55.595.142.517.595.738.2]Metaphorically this untamed fire means revolution. America insists the revolution of freedom and liberty in many countries to fight against the act of terrorism. According to the later paragraph that America is trying to spread freedom in every country and also in Middle West country and fight against other countries which refused to get in a way of freedom in America. The function of this metaphoric language is to inform the people of America about the idea of freedom revolution around the world.
Table 3.6.1 Mapping of SPIRIT IS FIRE
SPIRIT FIRE
Spirit can be raised Fire can be made Spirit can affect others widely from
one person to another
Fire can spread widely even it begins from small fire
The mapping in table 3.6.1 above explained the relation between the source domain FIRE and the target domain SPIRIT. The mapping highlighted the characteristic of source domain FIRE which applied to target domain SPIRIT.
3.7LIFE IS JOURNEY
There are two data represent the concept LIFE IS JOURNEY. The conceptual metaphor LIFE IS JOURNEY is derived from the mapping process based on the metaphorical expression found in data number 5 and 27.
m. Datum 13 no. 5:
“And even after nearly 225 years, we have long way yet to travel.”
Explanation:
In datum (13) the metaphorical expression we have long way yet to travel shows the concept of a journey that described the nation‟s journey. The
metaphorical expression described that the nation‟s life reflected as journey.
Officially, the expression „we have long way yet to travel‟ belongs to the long
process of a journey, but here that metaphorical expression is used to describe
nation‟s life. Which nation‟s life is obviously not a journey. LIFE and
The journey of America as democracy nation which is believed in liberty and freedom as their principle is assumed too early even after 225 years of independence when they reach liberty in America. Therefore, the meaning of the metaphorical sentence is America still has to keep their energy to spread the liberty principle to other countries. This meaning is supported by the previous paragraph explained that America as the country of freedom that wants to introduce their principle to other country to get involve in order to build strong cooperation between nations. The function of this metaphorical sentence is to create artistic effect about the political journey and express the
next expectation of America‟s future.
n. Datum 14 no. 27:
“So, let us mark this day in remembrance of who we are and how far we
have travel.”
Explanation:
In datum (14) the metaphorical expression „how far we have travel’
indicates the process of a journey that used to describe the nation‟s life. The
metaphorical expression described that the nation‟s life reflected as journey.
The expression „how far we have travel‟ belongs to the length process of a
journey, but here that metaphorical expression is used to describe nation‟s life.
LIFE is constructed as JOURNEY and conceptually has the same experiential bases process as JOURNEY.
[image:58.595.133.520.330.558.2]The meaning of the metaphorical expression contained on the sentence is how long the black people had their freedom from slavery and received the equality with the white man in America. This inauguration is the proof and also the remembrance of progress that black people today can lead this nation too as the result of their struggle through freedom on their own. This meaning is based on the previous paragraph which showed the struggle of black people and assumed to be the real liberty in the land of America. This metaphor has the function of expression, because Obama as the black people exclaimed this inauguration day as a remembrance of their struggle.
Table 3.7.1 Mapping of NATION LIFE IS JOURNEY
LIFE JOURNEY
Life has a start and an end A journey has a start and an end Life has a goal A journey has destination
Problems when achieving the goal Obstacle during the journey
3.8RELATIONSHIP IS PLANTING
There are two data represent the concept RELATIONSHIP IS PLANT. The conceptual metaphor RELATIONSHIP IS PLANT is derived from the mapping process based on the metaphorical expression found in data number 2 and 25.
o. Datum 15 no. 2:
“Now, it is a seed upon the wind, taking root in many nations.”
Explanation:
In datum (15) the metaphorical expression „a seed upon the wind,
taking root’ indicates the process of planting. However, this expression is used
to explain the „nation relationship‟ reflected as „plant‟. RELATIONSHIP and
PLANTING are two things that have different conceptual domain; therefore there is cross domain conceptual mapping RELATIONSHIP IS PLANTING, which is the target domain RELATIONSHIP is conceived in source domain PLANTING. Here, the relationship is constructed and conceptually has the same process with planting.
Bush compared the process of planting with the process of how to make relationship with other nations. Seedsymbolizes America‟s involvement
this principle by getting involved in some other countries. The function of this
metaphor is to express the expectation of America‟s future in enlarging the
power in some nations. And also this metaphorical expression has an aesthetic function in creating artistic effect on the listeners.
p. Datum 16 no. 25:
“To those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict or blame
their society ills on the West, know that your people will judge you on
what you can build not what you destroy.”
Explanation:
In datum (16) the metaphorical expression sow conflict here compared
with the sowing seeds in planting. Officially, „sow‟ is used to explain the first
process in planting, but here the metaphorical expression „sow‟ is used to
„relationship‟, which „relationship‟ has different concept as „planting‟.
However, this expression is used to explain the „relationship‟ reflected as
„planting‟. RELATIONSHIP and PLANTING are two things that have
different conceptual domain. Therefore, there is cross domain conceptual mapping RELATIONSHIP IS PLANTING, which is the target domain RELATIONSHIP is conceived in source domain PLANTING. Here, the nation relationship is constructed and conceptually has the same process as planting.
The meaning of the metaphorical sentence is the leaders of Middle
West countries who spread the bad issue about America‟s involvement in
problem in their country. In the next explanation Obama also claimed that the crisis in the Middle West country is because of their dictatorship in their country that caused corruption and irritated their citizens. The functions of this metaphorical sentence are aesthetic to create an artistic effect and to inform the courage to other leaders that America has no responsible with the crisis that occurred in their country.
Table 3.8.1 Mapping of RELATIONSHIP IS PLANTING
RELATIONSHIP PLANT
To make a strong relationship with other nations it need a good cooperation first
To grow a good plant it need a good seed to be grow
In enlarging a good relationship with other nations, needs a trust between the nations
Sowing a good seed will produce a good and strong plant in the future
3.9 TIME IS PERSON
There are two data represent the concept TIME IS PERSON. The conceptual metaphor TIME IS PERSON is derived from the mapping process based on the metaphorical expression found in data number 5 and 21.
q. Datum 17 no. 5:
“Much time has passed since Jefferson arrived for his inauguration.”
Explanation:
In datum (17) the metaphorical expression passed described that „time‟ reflected as a „person‟. Officially, passed is used to explain the movements in
a specific direction of a person that goes by, but here the metaphorical
expression „passed‟ is used to „time‟ which time is actually not a person who
can move. TIME and PERSON are two things that have different conceptual domain. Therefore, there is a cross domain conceptual mapping in the target domain TIME that conceived in
