Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris

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LEARNING MODULE

ENGLISH

PROGRAM DIPLOMA III KEUANGAN

MUHAMMAD AGUNG DARLIANTO

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F O R E W O R D

Alhamdulillahirabbil‘alamin, Praise Allah SWT, The Lord of the universe, for

His precious blessing and ni‘mat that finally the author managed to finish publishing

this Study Module of English exclusively for the students of Sekolah Tinggi Akuntansi Negara.

Sincere gratitude has to be addressed to The Director of Sekolah Tinggi Akuntansi Negara, Mr. Kusmanadji, for the opportunity given to the author to develop

himself by pouring the ideas, thoughts, and knowledges combined with all supporting materials from the online and offline sources into this module dedicated to all readers who are in need of information of English Grammar and especially to all

students of STAN. The greetings also go the author‘s supervisors and coleagues at

STAN, Mr. Fadlil Usman, Mr. Budi Setiawan, Mrs. Aisyah Nur Kustiani, Mrs. Nancy

G. Saija, Mrs. Dessy Bernawati, and also Titis and Ichsan who have been burdened with so many questions and requests by the author regarding the writing and

compiling process.

Biggest thanks to all mates at Room C-108 (the Room of Inspiration) where

the author spent most of the time while working on the module, Mr. Bambang Widjajarso for his restless spirit and precious motivation; Mr. Izzudin, Heri, Diah, Ira,

Vera, Mas Agus for being the very friendly buddies; and absolutely, Jeni Wardin, the

author‘s best man, for all his never ending accompanying the author, even on extra-hours-working on holidays. To the author‘s family; parents (Darmojo and Erlina Yusni), little brother (Chandra Kusuma), beloved wife (Risma Afriani), and the adorable Princess Nada, the author thanks them so much for their all endless

supports. This hard work could not have been victoriously done without all of them. Learning module is one of supporting materials in determining the quality of

the learning process standardization for subjects taught at Sekolah Tinggi Akuntansi Negara. The presence of this learning module is expected to ease students in

understanding and comprehending the English subject in accordance with GBPP (Teaching Program Outlines) that had been developed in such a way as to further

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This module contains ―minimum requirements‖ to be met by readers and

students who would like to know, comprehend, and try to develop English language as one of the crucial things to be mastered in this highly competitive era. That

includes important subjects, rules, and knowledges of English Grammar.

All materials in this module are written in English to encourage the readers

and the students to start using the language from the very first as learning by doing is

more likely to be better to improve one‘s verbal skill. The Review Exercises are also

provided at the end of every chapter to measure and evaluate the understanding of the materials given. This module is also equipped with some useful supplements to

help the readers and the students to gain more for the knowing in learning.

Due to the great number of materials and discussion in English language, of

course, it takes time toward the completeness and the perfection of this module. Improvement, additions and updates of the contents will continue to be performed.

The author welcomes all criticism, suggestions and constructive ideas to assist the development of this module in the future. At the end, may this work be a great

contribution to Sekolah Tinggi Akuntansi Negara in particular and education world in general.

Let‘s speak up in English!

Jakarta, 20 April 2011

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CHAPTER II TENSES ... 31

Present Tense ... 31

Present Simple ... 31

Present Progressive ... 32

Present Perfect ... 33

Present Perfect Progressive ... 34

Past Tense ... 35

Past Simple ... 35

Past Progressive ... 36

Past Perfect ... 37

Past Perfect Progressive ... 38

Future Tense ... 38

Future Simple ... 39

Future Progressive ... 40

Future Perfect ... 40

Future Perfect Progressive ... 41

Past-Future Tense ... 42

Past-Future Simple ... 42

Past-Future Progressive ... 43

Past-Future Perfect ... 43

Past-Future Perfect Progressive ... 44

Chapter Review Exercise ... 46

CHAPTER III DEGREE OF COMPARISON ... 48

Introduction ... 48

Positive/in-Line Comparison ... 48

Comparative Comparison ... 49

Superlative Comparison... 50

Common Exception ... 50

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CHAPTER IV PASSIVE VOICE ... 52

General Pattern ... 52

Stative Passive ... 53

CHAPTER V QUESTION TAG ... 55

CHAPTER VI CAUSATIVE ... 58

CHAPTER VII CONDITIONAL & SUBJUNCTIVE ... 60

Conditional ... 60

Future Conditional ... 60

Present Conditional ... 61

Past Conditional ... 62

Zero Conditional ... 63

Subjunctive ... 64

Expressing Hope, Desire, and Regret ... 64

Emphasizing The Importance of Doing Something ... 65

CHAPTER VIII DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH ... 67

Direct Speech ... 67

Indirect/Reported Speech ... 68

Indirect Statement ... 69

Indirect Command/Order/Request ... 72

Indirect Question ... 73

CHAPTER IX DEPENDENT CLAUSE ... 75

Introduction ... 75

Classification ... 76

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Adjective Clause ... 77

Adverb Clause ... 78

Reduced Adjective Clause ... 79

CHAPTER X GERUND & INFINITIVE ... 83

Introduction ... 83

Gerund ... 84

Infinitive ... 86

CHAPTER XI PARAGRAPH WRITING ... 90

Introduction ... 90

Writing A Good Paragraph ... 92

SUPPLEMENT 1 READING COMPREHENSION ... 96

SUPPLEMENT 2 CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE ... 125

SUPPLEMENT 3 AMERICAN & BRITISH ENGLISH ... 143

SUPPLEMENT 4 LIST OF PHRASAL VERBS ... 146

REFERENCES ... 161

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Certain Plural Forms in English ... 11

Table 2. Pronoun List in English ...... 13

Table 3. Examples of Tenses-Changing Verb ...... 14

Table 4. Examples of Adverb Usage in Sentences ...... 15

Table 5. Several Commonly Used Prepositions ...... 15

Table 6. Several Examples of Interjection ...... 17

Table 7. Forms of Quantifier ...... 26

Table 8. Forms of Quantifier 2 ...... 26

Table 9. Basic Rules of Tag Question ...... 55

Table 10. Imperative Tag Question ...... 56

Table 11. Exceptions in Tag Question ...... 56

Table 12. Tenses Changes in Reported Speech ...... 70

Table 13. Pronoun Changes in Reported Speech ...... 70

Table 14. Adverb Changes in Reported Speech ...... 71

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Illustration 1. Coordinative & Corelative Conjunction ...... 16

Illustration 2. Subordinative Conjunction ...... 16

Illustration 3. Conjunctive Adverb ...... 17

Illustration 4. Noun, Adjective, Verb, and Adverb Forming with Affixes ..... 18

Illustration 5. Simple Sentence Formula ...... 20

Illustration 6. Compound Sentence Formula ...... 20

Illustration 7. Complex Sentence Formula ...... 20

Illustration 8. Complex-Compound Sentence Formula ...... 21

Illustration 9. Present Simple Tense Formula ...... 31

Illustration 10. Present Progressive Tense Formula ...... 32

Illustration 11. Present Perfect Tense Formula ...... 33

Illustration 12. Present Perfect Progressive Tense Formula ...... 34

Illustration 13. Past Simple Tense Formula ...... 35

Illustration 14. Past Progressive Tense Formula ...... 36

Illustration 15. Past Perfect Tense Formula ...... 37

Illustration 16. Past Perfect Progressive Tense Formula ...... 38

Illustration 17. Future Simple Tense Formula ...... 39

Illustration 18. Future Progressive Tense Formula ...... 40

Illustration 19. Future Perfect Tense Formula ...... 41

Illustration 20. Future Perfect Progressive Tense Formula ...... 41

Illustration 21. Past-Future Simple Tense Formula ...... 42

Illustration 22. Past-Future Progressive Tense Formula ...... 43

Illustration 23. Past-Future Perfect Tense Formula ...... 43

Illustration 24. Past-Future Perfect Progressive Tense Formula ... 45

Illustration 25. Positive/In-Line Comparison ...... 49

Illustration 26. Comparative Comparison ...... 49

Illustration 27. Superlative Comparison ...... 50

Illustration 28. Exceptions in Comparison ...... 50

Illustration 29. Passive Voice Formula ...... 52

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Illustration 31. Causative Sentence Formula ...... 58

Illustration 32. Future / First Conditional Formula ...... 60

Illustration 33. Present / Second Conditional Formula ...... 61

Illustration 34. Past / Third Conditional Formula ...... 62

Illustration 35. Zero Conditional Formula ...... 63

Illustration 36. Subjunctive Sentence Formula ...... 64

Illustration 37. Direct Speech General Formula ...... 67

Illustration 38. Indirect / Reported Speech General Formula ...... 69

Illustration 39. Indirect / Reported Command/Order/Request ...... 72

Illustration 40. Indirect / Reported Question ...... 72

Illustration 41. Noun Clause ...... 76

Illustration 42. Adjective Clause ...... 77

Illustration 43. Adverb Clause ...... 78

Illustration 44. Reduced Adjective Clause Clause ...... 79

Illustration 45. Gerund ...... 84

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PARTS OF SPEECH

A. Parts of Speech Classification

There are thousands of words in any language. But not all words have the same

function. For example, some words express "action". Other words express a "thing". Other words "join" one word to another word. These are the "building blocks" of the

language. Think of them like the parts of a house. Concrete is used to make foundations or base. Bricks are for the wall. Window frames are placed to build the

windows and door frames are created to make the doorways. To join all parts togetherin a house, cement is used as the element. Each part of the house has its

own job. Building a sentence is not quite different from those analogies, different types of words are used. Each type of word has its own job.

1. Noun

A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea.

Nouns are usually the first words which small children learn. A noun can function in a sentence as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, an

object complement, an appositive, an adjective or an adverb.

Nouns can be further classified as countable nouns (which name everything that can be counted (four books, two continents, a few dishes, a dozen buildings), mass

nouns or non-countable nouns) (which name everything that can't be counted (water,

air, energy, blood)), and collective nouns (which can take a singular form but are composed of more than one individual person or items (jury, team, class, committee,

herd)).

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Special Instructional Objectives :

Students are expected to acknowledge, comprehend, and apply the basic and advance rules of Parts of Speech in their daily oral and written english activities and be able to master all related exercises to measure their understanding about the materials.

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11 | P a g e Below are given several brief facts about the use of singuar and plural nouns in English:

Table 1. Certain Plural Forms in English song – songs

book – books In general, the plural forms take –s suffixes behind the nouns. box – boxes

glass – glasses

We put –es suffixes after the nouns with the ending letters of – sh, -ch, -s, -z, dan -x.

baby – babies fly - flies butterflies

For the nouns ending with –y, the last consonant are altered using –ies.

man – men woman – women

child – children ox – oxen foot – feet

There are some nouns which have irregular forms of plural.

echo hero potato tomato

Some nouns ending with –o, the plural forms will be taking –es at the end of the words.

auto kangaroo

kilo memo

radio

Some nouns ending with –o, the plural forms will be taking only –s at the end of the words.

mosquito tornado volcano

zero

Some nouns ending with –o, the plural forms may take both –s and –es at the end of the words (although the most common

ones are the –es). knife

leaf self thief

Nouns ending with –f and –fe are taking –ves ending in their plural forms.

belief chief

cliff roof

Some nouns ending with –f and –fe are only taking –s ending in their plural forms.

deer fish sheep shrimp

Some nouns have exactly the same singular and plural forms.

phenomenon (phenomena) fungus (fungi) datum (data)

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12 | P a g e Generally, countable nouns have characteristic of being able to be preceded by a/an article in their singular forms and be ended with -s/-es in their plural forms. In the contrary, such rule is not applicable to the uncountable nouns. Most of

uncountable nouns include abstract noun which simply has no physical form, untouchable, and apparently, uncountable.

Some of the uncountable nouns are stated below: 1. mass/collective noun;

(baggage, clothing, equipment, food, fruit, furniture, garbage, hardware, jewelry, junk, luggage, machinery, mail, makeup, money/cash/change, postage, scenery, traffic)

2. fluid;

(water, coffee, tea, milk, oil, soup, gasoline, blood) 3. solid things;

(ice, bread, butter, cheese, meat, gold, iron, silver, glass, paper, wood, cotton, wool)

4. gas;

(steam, air, oxygen, nitrogen, smoke, smog, pollution) 5. particle;

(rice, chalk, corn, dirt, dust, flour, grass, hair, pepper, salt, sand, sugar, wheat)

6. abstract noun;

(beauty, confidence, courage, education, enjoyment, fun, happiness, health, help, honesty, hospitality, importance, intelligence, justice, knowledge, laughter, luck, music, patience, peace, pride, progress, recreation, significance, sleep, truth, violence, wealth, advice, information, news, evidence, proof, time, space, energy, homework, work, grammar, slang, vocabulary)

7. language;

(Arabic, Chinese, English, Spanish) 8. academic subject;

(chemistry, engineering, history, literature, mathematics, psychology) 9. recreation;

(baseball, soccer, tennis, chess, bridge, poker) 10. some activities;

(driving, studying, swimming, travelling, walking) 11. natural phenomena

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13 | P a g e 2. Pronoun

A pronoun is often defined as a word which can be used instead of a noun. For example, instead of saying John is a student, the pronoun he can be used in place

of the noun John and the sentence becomes He is a student. We use pronouns very often, especially so that we do not have to keep on repeating a noun.

Person Subject Object Possessive Intensive / Reflexive

1st _I _me _mine _Myself

2nd _you _you _yours _Yourself

3rd _he/she/it _him/her/it _his/hers _{himself/herself/itself}

Person Subject Object Possessive Intensive / Reflexive

1st _We _us _ours _Ourselves

2nd _You _you _yours _Yourselves

3rd _They _them _theirs _Themselves

3. Adjective

An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it

modifies. An adjective can be modified by an adverb, or by a phrase or clause functioning as an adverb.

A given occurrence of an adjective can generally be classified into one of four kinds of uses:

1) Attributive adjectives are part of the noun phrase headed by the noun they modify; for example, happy is an attributive adjective in "happy people". In

English, attributive adjectives usually precede their nouns in simple phrases, but often follow their nouns when the adjective is modified or qualified by a

phrase acting as an adverb

2) Predicative adjectives are linked via a copula or other linking mechanism to

the noun or pronoun they modify; for example, happy is a predicate adjective in "they are happy" and in "that made me happy."

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14 | P a g e 3) Absolute adjectives do not belong to a larger construction (aside from a

larger adjective phrase), and typically modify either the subject of a sentence or whatever noun or pronoun they are closest to; for example, happy is an

absolute adjective in "The boy, happy with his lollipop, did not look where he was going."

4) Nominal adjectives act almost as nouns.

4. Verb

A verb is often defined as a word which shows action or state of being. The verb

is the heart of a sentence - every sentence must have a verb. One of the most important things about verbs is their relationship to time. Verbs tell if something has

already happened, if it will happen later, or if it is happening now. For things happening now, we use the present tense of a verb; for something that has already

happened, we use the past tense; and for something that will happen later, we use the future tense.

Present Past Future

Look looked will look

Move moved will move

Talk talked will talk

Present Past Future

See saw will see

Hear heard will hear

Speak spoke will speak

5. Adverb

An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase, or a clause.

An adverb indicates manner, time, place, cause, or degree and answers questions such as "how," "when," "where," "how much". While some adverbs can be identified

by their characteristic "ly" suffix, most of them must be identified by untangling the grammatical relationships within the sentence or clause as a whole. Unlike an adjective, an adverb can be found in various places within the sentence.

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15 | P a g e 6. Preposition

A preposition describes a relationship between other words in a sentence. In it, words like "in" or "after" is rather meaningless and hard to define in mere words.

Do it now. I always do my homework

I will see you then. We sometimes get confused.

They will be here soon. He usually gets good grades.

I can't meet you today. I never went skiing.

Let's go tomorrow. She rarely eats a big breakfast.

They told me yesterday. He was once on TV.

Have you traveled recently? He saw the movie twice.

about above according to across after against along along with among apart from around as as for at because of before behind below beneath beside between beyond but* by by means of

concerning despite down during except except for excepting for from in in addition to

in back of in case of in front of in place of

inside in spite of instead of into like near next of off on onto on top of

out out of outside over past regarding round since through throughout till to toward under underneath unlike until up upon up to with within without

Table 4. Examples of Adverb Usage in Sentences

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16 | P a g e 7. Conjunction

A conjunction is a word that "joins" or connects other words or groups of words. We may also state that a conjunction joins two parts of a sentence. Conjunctions

have three basic forms:

 Single Word

(and, but, because, although)

 Compound (often ending with as or that)

(provided that, as long as, in order that)

 Correlative (surrounding an adverb or adjective)

(so...that)

Conjunctions have two basic functions or "jobs":

 Coordinating conjunctions (always come between the words or clauses

that they join) are used to join two parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal

 Subordinating conjunctions (usually come at the beginning of the subordinate clause) are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a

main clause.

and ; or; both...

and…

;

not only…but also…

;

either…or…

;

neither…nor…

Illustration 1. Coordinative & Corelative Conjunction

after

in order (that)

unless

although

insofar as

until

as

in that

when

as far as

lest

whenever

as soon as

no matter how

where

as if

now that

wherever

as though

once

whether

because

provided (that)

while

before

since

why

even if

so that

how

even though

supposing (that)

than

if

that

inasmuch as

in case (that)

though

till

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17 | P a g e 8. Interjection

Interjection is a big name for a little word. Interjections are short exclamations like

Oh!, Um or Ah! They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing. When interjections are inserted into a sentence, they have no grammatical connection to the sentence. An interjection is sometimes followed by an exclamation mark (!) when written.

Interjection Meaning Example

Ah

expressing pleasure "Ah, that feels good." expressing realization "Ah, now I understand." expressing resignation "Ah well, it can't be heped."

expressing surprise "Ah! I've won!"

Alas expressing grief or pity "Alas, she's dead now."

Dear expressing pity "Oh dear! Does it hurt?"

expressing surprise "Dear me! That's a surprise!"

Eh

asking for repetition "It's hot today." "Eh?" "I said it's hot today."

expressing enquiry "What do you think of that, eh?"

expressing surprise "Eh! Really?"

inviting agreement "Let's go, eh?"

Er expressing hesitation "Lima is the capital of...er...Peru."

hello, hullo

expressing greeting "Hello John. How are you today?"

expressing surprise "Hello! My car's gone!" Table 6. Several Examples of Interjection

after all

in addition

incidentally

nonetheless

as a result

indeed

on the contrary

besides

in fact

on the other hand

consequently

in other words

otherwise

finally

instead

still

for example

likewise

then

furthermore

meanwhile

therefore

hence

moreover

thus

however

nevertheless

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18 | P a g e B. Derivative

An English word can consist of three parts: the root, a prefix and a suffix. The root is the part of the word that contains the basic meaning (definition) of the word. The root is the base element of the word. A prefix is a word element that is placed in front

of a root. A prefix changes the word's meaning or makes a new word. A suffix is a word element that is placed after the root. The suffix changes the word's meaning as

well as its function (use). Prefixes and suffixes are called affixes because they are attached to a root.

Hey calling attention "Hey! look at that!"

expressing surprise, joy etc "Hey! What a good idea!"

Hi expressing greeting "Hi! What's new?"

Hmm expressing hesitation,

doubt or disagreement "Hmm. I'm not so sure."

oh, o

expressing surprise "Oh! You're here!"

expressing pain "Oh! I've got a toothache." expressing pleading "Oh, please say 'yes'!"

Ouch expressing pain "Ouch! That hurts!"

Uh expressing hesitation "Uh...I don't know the answer to

that."

uh-huh expressing agreement "Shall we go?" "Uh-huh."

um, umm expressing hesitation "85 divided by 5 is...um...17."

Well expressing surprise "Well, I never!"

introducing a remark "Well, what did he say?"

Illustration 4. Noun, Adjective, Verb, and Adverb Forming with Affixes

-al; -ent; -ive; -ous; -ful; -less; -able; un-; im-; in-; ir-; il-; non-; dis-; -ish; -ed; -ing anti-; auto-; bi-; co; counter-; dis-; ex-; hyper-; in-;

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19 | P a g e C. Sentences

A sentence is defined an expression in natural language, and often defined to

indicate a grammatical unit consisting of one or more words that generally bear minimal syntactic relation to the words that precede or follow it. A sentence can

include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request, command or suggestion.

Based on the structure (the number and types of finite clauses), sentences are divided into four different types:

a. A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause with no

dependent clauses;

b. A compound sentence consists of multiple independent clauses with no

dependent clauses. These clauses are joined together using conjunctions,

punctuation, or both;

c. A complex sentence consists of at least one independent clause and one

dependent clause;

d. A complex-compound sentence (or compound-complex sentence)

consists of multiple independent clauses, at least one of which has at least

one dependent clause;

While based on the purpose, sentenced can be classified as:

a. A declarative sentence or declaration, the most common type, commonly

makes a statement: "I am going home."

b. An interrogative sentence or question is commonly used to request

information — "When are you going to work?" re-; dis-; over-; un-; mis-; out-; be-; co-; de-; fore-; inter-; pre-inter-; sub-inter-; trans-inter-; under-inter-; en-inter-; -iseinter-; -ateinter-; -fyinter-; -eninter-; -edinter-; -ing

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20 | P a g e c. An exclamative sentence or exclamation is generally a more emphatic form

of statement expressing emotion: "What a wonderful day this is!"

d. An imperative sentence or command tells someone to do something: "Go to

work at 7:30 in the morning!"

1. Simple Sentence

A simple sentence is a sentence structure that contains one independent clause

and no dependent clauses.

Illustration 5. Simple Sentence Formula

 My aunt enjoyed taking the hayride with you.

 China's Han Dynasty marked an official recognition of Confucianism. 2. Compound Sentence

A compound sentence is composed of at least two independent clauses. It does not require a dependent clause. The clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction (with or without a comma), a correlative conjunction (with or without a comma), a

semicolon that functions as a conjunction, or a conjunctive adverb preceded by a semicolon. A conjunction can be used to make a compound sentence. The use of a

comma to separate two independent clauses is called a comma splice and is generally considered an error (when used in the English language).

 The clown frightened the little girl, and she ran off screaming.

 The Freedom Riders departed on May 4, 1961, and they were determined to

travel through many southern states.

3. Complex Sentence

A complex sentence is a sentence with one independent clause and at least one

dependent clause.

Illustration 6. Compound Sentence Formula

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21 | P a g e  After Mary added up all the sales, she discovered that the lemonade stand

was 32 cents short.

 While all of his paintings are fascinating, Hieronymus Bosch's triptychs, full of

mayhem and madness, are the real highlight of his art.

4. Complex-Compound Sentence

A complex-compound sentence or compound-complex sentence is a sentence

with at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses (also known as subordinate clauses).

 Catch-22 is widely regarded as Joseph Heller's best novel, and because

Heller served in World War II, which the novel satirizes, the zany but savage

wit of the novel packs an extra punch.

 We decided that the movie was too violent, but our children, who like to watch scary movies, thought that we were wrong.

D. Articles

Article is is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the type of reference

being made by the noun. Articles are usually characterized as either definite or indefinite. A definite article indicates that its noun is a particular one (or ones)

identifiable to the listener. It may be the same thing that the speaker has already mentioned, or it may be something uniquely specified. The definite article in English

is "the". An indefinite article indicates that its noun is not a particular one (or ones) identifiable to the listener. It may be something that the speaker is mentioning for the

first time, or its precise identity may be irrelevant or hypothetical, or the speaker may be making a general statement about any such thing. The indefinite article in English

is "a" and "an".

The form an is used before words that begin with a vowel sound (even if spelled with an initial consonant, as in an hour), and a is used before words that

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22 | P a g e 1. Indefinite Article (a/an)

 In English, the indefinite articles are "a, an, some, any." They are "indefinite"

because they do not refer to a particular thing as "the" does, but simply refer

to an object or person in a non-specific way, that is, we do not specify

exactly to which person or object we are referring to.  A white house on a green hill.

 A cat ate the sardine

 It is normal to use the indefinite article when we mention someone or

something for the first time in our conversation or text.  I've finally got a good job.

 We bought a new computer and it was cheap.

 Would you like a drink?

 "A" and "an" are also used to refer to a particular member of a group or

class.

 She is an English teacher.

 He wants to be a dancer.

 John is an Englishman.

 We also use the indefinite article to talk about price / weight, speed.

 This car does 240 km an hour.

 It is 10 euros a kilo.

 Certain numbers in English require the presence of an indefinite article.  A hundred, a thousand, a million

 With singular nouns, after the words "what" and "such".

 What a day!

 What a shame!

 She's such a beautiful girl.

 Meaning "one", referring to a single object or person.

 I'd like an orange and two lemons please.

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23 | P a g e 2. Definite Article (the)

 The definite article is used before singular and plural nouns when the noun is

specific or particular. ―The‖ signals that the noun is definite, that it refers to a particular member of a group.

 The dog that bit me ran away.

 "The" is used to refer to something which has already been mentioned.  An elephant and a mouse fell in love. The mouse loved the elephant's

long trunk, and the elephant loved the mouse's tiny nose.

 _{―The‖ is required when the noun it refers to}represents something in the abstract.

 “The United States has encouraged the use of the private automobile as opposed to the use of public transit.”

 We use the definite article with certain kinds of proper nouns.  Geographical places

the Sound, the Sea of Japan, the Mississippi, the West, the Sahara  Pluralized names (geographic, family, teams)

the Netherlands, the Bahamas, the Hamptons, the Johnsons, the New

England Patriots , the Kusmanadji, the STANERS  Public institutions/facilities/groups

the Wadsworth Atheneum, the Sheraton, the House, the Presbyterian

Church, the hospital, the PLASMA

 Newspapers

the Times, the Jakarta Post, the Media Indonesia

 _{Nouns followed by a prepositional phrase beginning with "of“}

the leader of the gang, the president of our club, the Head of Marketing  We use the definite article with names of rivers, oceans, and seas; points

on the globe; deserts, forests, gulfs, and peninsulas.

 the Nile, the Pacific; the Equator, the North Pole; the Sahara, the Persian

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24 | P a g e  We DO NOT use the definite article (the) with:

 names of most countries/territories

Italy, Mexico, Bolivia; however, the Netherlands, the Dominican Republic,

the Philippines, the United States  names of cities, towns, or states

Seoul, Manitoba, Miami  names of streets

Washington Blvd., Main St.  names of lakes and bays

Lake Titicaca, Lake Erie except with a group of lakes like the Great Lakes

 names of mountains

Mount Everest, Mount Fuji except with ranges of mountains like the Andes

or the Rockies or unusual names like the Matterhorn  names of continents

(Asia, Europe)  names of islands

(Easter Island, Maui, Key West) except with island chains like the

Aleutians, the Hebrides, or the Canary Islands

E. Determiner & Quantifier

1. Determiner

Determiners are words placed in front of a noun to make it clear what the noun refers to. They may clarify:

 to define something or someone

 to state the amount of people, things or other nouns  to state possessives

 to state something or someone is specific  to state how things or people are distributed  to state the difference between nouns

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25 | P a g e Determiner can be classified into:

 Definite and Indefinite articles

the, a, an  Demonstratives

this, that, these, those  Possessives

my, your, his, her, its, our, their  Quantifiers

a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, most, some, any, enough, etc.

 Numbers

one, ten, thirty, etc.  Distributives

all, both, half, either, neither, each, every  Difference words

other, another  Question words

Which, what, whose  Defining words

which, whose

2. Quantifier

Like articles, quantifiers are words that precede and modify nouns. They tell us how many or how much. Selecting the correct quantifier depends on your

understanding the distinction between Count and Non-Count Nouns. Quantifiers are words that are used to state quantity or amount of something without stating the

actually number. Quantifiers answer the questions "How many?" and "How much?" Quantifiers can be used with plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns.

There are 3 main types of quantifiers.

 quantifiers that are used with countable nouns;  quantifiers that are used with uncountable nouns;

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26 | P a g e

Countable Uncountable Examples

Much

X

I don't have much money.

Many

X

-

I don't have many apples.

Few

X

-

We know few people in the area. I would

like to get to know more.

A few

X

-

We know a few people in the area. I know

enough people to keep me happy.

Little

-

X

I know little English. I am going to have a problem getting around England.

A little

-

X

I know a little English, at least enough to get England.

Enough

X

I have enough money.

Plenty

X

I have plenty of money.

much, less,

little, a little,

very little

some, any, most,

more, all, a lot of,

no, none of the

many, both,

several,

few/fewer/fewest,

a few, one of the, a

couple of

each,

every, any,

one

Count

singular

XX

Count

plural

XX

Non-count

XX

Table 7. Forms of Quantifier

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27 | P a g e F. Adjective Word Order

In forming a noun phrase, adjectives always go before nouns in English. There are rules about putting the right order of each different adjective before the noun. The

orders are:

Several examples of adjective word order in sentences are as follow:  The interesting, small, rectangular, blue car is parked in my space.  My father lives in a lovely, gigantic, ancient, brick house.

 I have an annoying, small, circular, American, tin, alarm clock waking me up.  They all received several dazzling, small, ancient, gold coins.

 She owns a stunning, large, old, brown dog named Boris.

G. Participial Adjective

The participial adjectives are a major subclass of adjectives. They can be distinguished by their endings, either –er or –ing. Some exceptions to the rules include misunderstood and unknown, which also function like these special

adjectives even though they do not end in –ed. They are called participial adjectives because they have the same endings as verb participles.

1. Numbers one, two, first

2. Opinion/judgement

clever, beautiful, funny, lazy

3. Size/appearance/length big, tall,short, long

4. Weight

slim, fat, skinny

5. Age

young, new, old

6. Temperature hot, cold, warm

7. Humidity wet, dry

8. Shape

round, square, pointed

9. Colour

white, pink, blue

10. Nationality or origin British, Sudanese, Egyptian

11. Material

synthetic, cotton, metal, paper

12. Purpose & defining adjectives engagement ring, shopping trolley,

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28 | P a g e These adjectives are really meant to function like any other adjective: they help to describe a noun. They might come from a verb form, or they might merely imitate the structure, but they always function as a descriptive adjective.

Several examples of participial adjectives are given below:  The tempting cookie platter made my mouth salivate.  The fascinating book was a thrilling read.

 The interesting story made a compelling point.  Sally was bored by the conversation.

 I am tired today, and my work is really tiring.

 My frustrating experience at the restaurant made me angry.  I have been agitated long enough.

H. Modals

A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of

auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality. They are used to moderate the main verb, that is to enhance or restrict the verb to a certain context. Modals are followed

by only the base form of the verb and are not used alone unless there is a clear connection to a main verb. Below are some common modals in English.



had better

advisability with threat of bad result



(be) supposed to

expectation

unfulfilled expectation



must

strong necessity

prohibition (negative)

95% certainty



have to

necessity

lack of necessity (negative)



may

polite request (only with I or we)

formal permission

less than 50% certainty



might

polite request (rare)



should

advisability

90% certainty (expectation)



ought to

advisability

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29 | P a g e





can

ability/possibility

informal permission

informal polite request

impossibility (negative only)



used to

repeated action in the past

past situation that no longer exists



shall

polite question to make suggestion

future with I or we as Subject



(be) going to

100% certainty (prediction)

definite plan (intention)

unfulfilled intention



could

past ability

polite request

suggestion (affirmative only)

impossibility (negative only)



(be) able to

ability



would

preference

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30 | P a g e CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISE

Find and correct the mistake!

1. It was so difficult for American Indians to negotiate a peace treaty in their native

A B

language that they used a universal understood form of signs language. No error

C D E

2. The Professor was considering postponing the examination until the following

A B C

week because the students‘ confusion. No error.

D E

3. Mira accidentally cut her while she was chopping the vegetables the moment

A B C

you were not home. No error. D E

4.

Accountancy is a branch of mathematical science that is useful for

A

B

C

discovering the causes of success and failure in business. No error.

D E

5. The manager was frustrated when he learnt about the disappointed results of

A B C

the training course for the employees. No error.

D E

6. Bacterias are the smallest living things which are simple organism that

A B C

consist of one cell. No error. D E

7. Physiocrats, is a group of French thinkers and writers, developed the idea of

A B C

the economy as a circular flow of income and output. No error.

D E

8. Kalimongso Daily Digest is one of the most well known newspaper in town

A B

for it always serves the latest and most reliable news. No error.

C D E

9. We have only a little money left that we simply can‘t afford to buy anything for

A B C

our dinner tonight. No error.

D E

10. The properly role of government provides a starting point for the analysis of

A B C

public finance in a country. No error. D E

11. Eventhough his disabilities force him to be not as strong as common people,

A B C

the young man never gave up his spirit in learning. No error.

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31 | P a g e

TENSES

A. Present Tense

In general, Present Tense is used to express action at the present; a state of

being; an occurrence in the (very) near future; or an action that occurred in the past and continues up to the present.

1.1. Present Simple

Present Simple is used to express permanent actions, actions that happen on a

regular basis, general facts, statements that are always true, existence, feeling, static verbs, general actions.

Special Instructional Objectives :

Students are expected to acknowledge, comprehend, and apply the basic and advance rules of Tenses in their daily oral and written english activities and be able to master all related exercises to measure their understanding about the materials.

2

CHAPTER

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32 | P a g e Several examples of Present Simple Tense in sentences are given below:  My brother always goes to scholl at 7 in the morning.

 _{She doesn‟t come to this group discu}ssion too often.

 Do they know that they are all grown ups who ought to behave politely?  My grandfather is a patriot who once fight for this nation‟s independence.  They are not the the students of this institution.

 What do I have to do to make up my mistakes to you?

 Why does she have to come to scholl on this holiday?

1.2. Present Progressive (Continous)

Present Progressive (Continous) is used to elaborate the idea of temporary actions, an action which is going to be happened in the near future, an action which

is happening/in progress at the time of speaking/writing, a future action which is planned.

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33 | P a g e Several examples of Present Progressive Tense in sentences are given below:  I am working on my Chemistry project right now.

 Anita and her friends are playing in the garden.  They are not watching the program on the television.

 Why aren't you doing your homework?

 I surely need money now, would you please lend me some?

 This book belong to Rani; they are not mine.

 I remember the formula now; we have to provide extra salt on the recipe!

1.3. Present Perfect

Present Perfect is used to express an action which has connection with the past, the exact time of the action is not known, the action is not completed at the time of

speaking/writing, the action happened before expected, the action has been repeated numerous time, and is expected to be repeated in the future.

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34 | P a g e Several examples of Present Perfect Tense in sentences are given below:

 They have moved into a new apartment.

 I have flown on an airplane many times.

 So far this week, I have had two tests and a quiz.  I think I have met him once before.

 There have been many earthquakes in California.

 Have you read the book yet?

 Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.

1.4. Present Perfect Progressive (Continous)

Present Perfect Progressive (Continuous) is an absolute-relative tense that refers to a time located in the future, relative to a contextually determined temporal

reference point that itself must be located in the past relative to the moment of utterance.

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35 | P a g e Several examples of Present Perfect Tense in sentences are given below:  I have been sitting here since seven o‟clock.

 It has been raining all day.

 She has been thinking about changing her major.

 My back hurts, so I have been sleeping on the floor lately.  Andrew has been working at the same store for about ten years.  They have been talking for the last hour.

 She has been working at that company for three years.  What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?  James has been teaching at the university since June.

B. Past Tense

In Past Tense, the verb is used to express action, activity, state or being in the

past of the current moment (in an absolute tense system), or prior to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future (in a relative tense system).

2.1. Past Simple

Past Simple is used to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the

specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

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36 | P a g e Several examples of Past Simple Tense in sentences are given below:

 I saw a movie yesterday.

 Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.  Did you have dinner last night?

 I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.  He arrived from the airport at 8:00 and checked into the hotel at 9:00.

 Shauna studied Japanese for five years.

2.2. Past Progressive (Continous)

Past Progressive (Continuous) is used to indicate that a longer action in the past

was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.

Several examples of Past Progressive Tense in sentences are given below:

 I was watching TV when she called.

 When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.  While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.

 What were you doing when the earthquake started?

 I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.  Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.

 I was studying while he was making dinner.  Were you listening while he was talking?

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37 | P a g e 2.3. Past Perfect

Past Perfect is used to express the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in

the past.

Several examples of Past Perfect Tense in sentences are given below:  I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.  I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.

 Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.  We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.

 George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.  She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved here.

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38 | P a g e 2.4. Past Perfect Progressive (Continous)

Past Perfect Progressive (Continuous) is used to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for

two weeks" are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration

does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past.

Several examples of Past Perfect Tense in sentences are given below:  They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.

 She had been working at that company for 3 years when it went broke.  How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?

 Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work.

 Jason was tired because he had been jogging.

 Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.

 Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class.

 Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two

years before he moved to Paris.

 The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for

two years before he moved to Paris.

C. Future Tense

Future Tense marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future (in an absolute tense system), or to happen

subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future (in a relative tense system).

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39 | P a g e 3.1. Future Simple

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express

two very different meanings. "Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. “Will” is also usually used in promises. "Be going to" expresses that

something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not. Both "will" and "be

going to" refer to a specific time in the future and can express the idea of a general prediction about the future.

Several examples of Future Simple Tense in sentences are given below:  I will send you the information when I get it.

 Will you help me move this heavy table?  He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.  Who are you going to invite to the party?

 The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.

 Are you ever going to meet Jane?

 She‟ll be the next best Indonesian Idol.

 Will you make dinner?

 I will call you when I arrive.

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40 | P a g e  If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has

access to inexpensive health insurance.  I will be an artist when I am grown up.

3.2. Future Progressive (Continous)

Future Progressive is used to indicate that a longer action in the future will be

interrupted by a shorter action in the future; and to express the idea that two actions will be happening at the same time. The actions are parallel. Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Progressive forms are usually interchangeable.

Several examples of Future Progressive Tense in sentences are given below:  When I arrive at the party, everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be

dancing. Others are going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza, and

several people are going to be drinking beer. They always do the same thing.  While Ellen is reading, Tim will be watching television.

 You are still going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives.  I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.

 Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner.

3.3. Future Perfect

Future Perfect is used to express the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a

specific time in the future; and to show that something will continue up until another action in the future.

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41 | P a g e Several examples of Future Perfect Tense in sentences are given below:

 The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.

 By Monday, Susan is going to have had my book for a week.

 How many countries are you going to have visited by the time you turn 50?  By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests.

 I am not going to have finished this test by 3 o'clock.

 By next November, I will have received my promotion.

3.4. Future Perfect Progressive (Continous)

Future Progressive is used to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the future. The tense is quite similar to Present

Perfect Progressive and Past Perfect Progressive except that most part of the action is going to be done and finished in the future.

Several examples of Future Perfect Progressive Tense in sentences are given

below:

 You will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally

arrives at the airport.

Illustration 19. Future Perfect Tense Formula

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42 | P a g e  They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives.

 How long will you have been studying when you graduate?

 Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will have been jogging for

over an hour.

 The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over

six months by the time it is finished.

D. Past-Future Tense

The forms of the past future tense are similar in structure and implication to those of the present or future tense, only the auxiliary verb ―will‖ or ―shall‖ appears in its past form ―would‖ or ―should‖. They find their basic use in indirect quotations, where they are really conversions from the corresponding present forms in direct

quotations to suit the sequence of tense. 4.1. Past-Future Simple

Past-Future Simple basically expresses about a future plan in the past. The

characteristic is the change of the modals will/shall into would/should.

Several examples of Past-Future Tense in sentences are given below:  If I had more time, I would come and see her for the last time.

 On my last vacation, I had this lovely dream that I would visit Eiffel Tower, yet all was just a dream.

 Professor McGonagall should take the responsibilty when the trial was conducted a year ago, but he didn‟t.

 _{I might find my way home if I didn‟t lose my} map.

 Were I to be elected the Chairman of the organization, I would elaborate my

programs in re-structuring the management.

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43 | P a g e 4.2. Past-Future Progressive (Continous)

Past-Future Progressive is used to state about a situation where an action was going to be done in the past time. In other words it can be described as a plan that

was about to be happenning in the near future of the past.

Examples of Past-Future Progressive Tense in sentences are given below:

 This time last year, she would be studying Economics at the University of

Toronto.

 When I arrived home last night, my daughter would be watching TV.

 While the president would be giving his speech last Monday, the audience

would be listening to him carefully.

 I would not be discussing English with my classmates at 2 p.m. last Friday.  Would she be copying the materials at 10 o‟clock this morning?

4.3. Past-Future Perfect

Past-Future Perfect generally expresses an idea that an action would be finished

in the past. This kind of tenses is commonly used to express regret and wish for something in the past in case another activity didnot happened which interrupt the

action or even caused the action not to be done at all. Past-Future Perfect is well known as the result clause for Past Conditional.

Illustration 22. Past-Future Progressive Tense Formula

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44 | P a g e Several examples of Past-Future Perfect Tense in sentences are given below:  I predicted that by 3 p.m. yesterday, I would have finished reading this book.  I thought Barcelona would have scored three goals when the first half was

over. Because its opponent was tough, however, it didn‟t score even a single goal.

 They thought he would have already bought a gift before he went to his girlfriend‟s birthday party last night.

 He wouldn‟t have got an accident, if he had not driven fast.

 She thought that she wouldn‟t have read the entire book before she went to

campus yesterday afternoon.

 If I had asked come earlier, I would have bought the last copy of the book.  If man had shown concern towards the Earth, it would not have been polluted

to the present extent.

 John left for the front; by the time he should return, the field would have been burnt to stubble.

 We would have arrived on time If we walked faster

 I thought I would have already fallen asleep by the time Joni got home last night. I don‟t know why I was still awake when he did.

 We expected that dad‟s plane wouldn‟t have arrived yet by the time we got to

the air port yesterday. But we were late because the traffic was so terrible.  Because of an immigration documentation problem, my dad knew that he

wouldn‟t have been home when my mom gave birth last month.

 Did they think that he would have bought a gift before he went to his girlfriend‟s birthday party last night?

4.4. Past-Future Perfect Progressive (Continous)

Past-Future Perfect Progressive is a time form which state about an action that

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45 | P a g e Examples of Past-Future Perfect Progressive Tense in sentences are:

 It was predicted that when Mr. Dodi retired last month, he would have been working for this company for forty-five years.

 She never expected that she would have been waiting for her boyfriend for 2

hours last night.

 I thought I would have been being at school only for 6 hours yesterday. In fact, I had to wait for another hour because my dad‟s car broke down on the way to the school.

 I was completely sure that on August 17, I would have been living in this

house for 10 years sharp.

 I expected that I would have been sleeping for 8 hours last night but I was awoken by my neighbor‟s long big fight at 1 a.m. It was very loud and I couldn‟t fall asleep till morning.

 If your neighbor hadn‟t had a long big fight last night, would you have been sleeping for 4 hours last night?

 If Mr. Dodi were still strong, would he have been working for this company for

more than fifty years?

 Did she expect that she would have been waiting for her boyfriend for 2 hours last night?



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46 | P a g e CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISE

Change the verbs in the brackects into their correct forms!

1. Usually, I (work) as a secretary at ABT, but this summer I (study) French at a language school in Paris. That is why I am in Paris.

2. I'm sorry I can't hear what you (say) because everybody (talk) so loudly. 3. Justin (write, currently) a book about his adventures in Tibet. I hope he can

find a good publisher when he is finished.

4. The business cards (be, normally) printed by a company in New York. Their

prices (be) inexpensive, yet the quality of their work is quite good.

5. Sebastian (arrive) at Susan's house a little before 9:00 PM, but she (be, not)

there. She (study, at the library) for her final examination in French.

6. Sandy is in the living room watching television. At this time yesterday, she

(watch, also) television. That's all she ever does!

7. When I (walk) into the busy office, the secretary (talk) on the phone with a

customer, several clerks (work, busily) at their desks, and two managers (discuss, quietly) methods to improve customer service.

8. When I entered the bazaar, a couple of merchants (bargain, busily) and (try)

to sell their goods to naive tourists who (hunt) for souvenirs. Some young boys (lead) their donkeys through the narrow streets on their way home. A

couple of men (argue) over the price of a leather belt. I (walk) over to a man who (sell) fruit and (buy) a banana.

9. Since computers were first introduced

Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris

LEARNING MODULE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER II TENSES ... 31

CHAPTER III DEGREE OF COMPARISON ... 48

CHAPTER VII CONDITIONAL & SUBJUNCTIVE ... 60

CHAPTER IX DEPENDENT CLAUSE ... 75

CHAPTER X GERUND & INFINITIVE ... 83

CHAPTER XI PARAGRAPH WRITING ... 90

SUPPLEMENT 3 AMERICAN & BRITISH ENGLISH ... 143

SUPPLEMENT 4 LIST OF PHRASAL VERBS ... 146

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PARTS OF SPEECH

Present Past Future

about above according to across after against along along with among apart from around as as for at because of before behind below beneath beside between beyond but* by by means of

Table 4. Examples of Adverb Usage in Sentences

and ; or; both...

Illustration 1. Coordinative & Corelative Conjunction

after

supposing (that)

Interjection Meaning Example

hello, hullo

after all

however

Illustration 4. Noun, Adjective, Verb, and Adverb Forming with Affixes

Illustration 5. Simple Sentence Formula

Illustration 6. Compound Sentence Formula

Countable Uncountable Examples

Table 7. Forms of Quantifier

2. Opinion/judgement

11. Material

had better

ought to

could

30 | P a g e CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISE

Accountancy is a branch of mathematical science that is useful for

TENSES

CHAPTER

Illustration 19. Future Perfect Tense Formula

Illustration 22. Past-Future Progressive Tense Formula

46 | P a g e CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISE