ABSTRACT
Achmad Gozali, The Stylistic Analysis Hamzah Puadi Ilyas’s Short Story Mother’s Hair. Thesis. Jakarta: Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, May 2009.
The research aimed at achieving comprehensive understanding regarding the use of figure of speech in building the theme of short story Mother’s Hair by Hamzah Puadi Ilyas on Jakarta Post. It isues content analysis method which concerns in the effort of extracting and interpreting the theme containing in the passages. The verbal data collected from the story are analyzed qualitatively based on figure of speech and any theory or approaches.
The research is performed in several phases. The phases are as follow: deciding the unit analysis is used within this research is short storyMother’s Hairby Hamzah Puadi Ilyas which contains figure of speech; collecting the data from many sources such as book, internet, and others which relates to the research; presenting the data figure of speech as corpus data; analyzing the problem, which then classified into the data examination, figure of speech meaning analysis, and its contribution of determination; making conclusion and suggestion.
As result of analysis performed, the writer concludes that the use of figure of speech in short story gives the constribution on the theme building. Furthermore, the six kinds of figure of speech analyzed in the research are personification, simile, metaphor, metonymy, and hyperbole. The contribution of figure of speech describes the story conveying and the message delivering as clear as those as visual means can do.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful. Praise to be Allah, the Lord of the universe, peace blessing be upon prophet Muhammad saw, His Family, Companions, and adherents.
In this occasion, the writer would like to thanks to his parents and grand parents who given their finances, facilities, and supports to him during the study and making the thesis.
Then, the writer would like to thanks to his advisor Dr. Muhammad Farkhan M. PD, who has advised him patiently and punctually in reading the content of this paper. And for the helpful comments on it. He realizes without his advices and helps the thesis will mwan mean nothing.
The writer also would like to thanks:
1. Dr. H. Abdul Chair, The Dean of Letters and Humanities State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
2. Drs. Asep Saefudin, M PD, The secretary of English Department. 3. All the staff of English Letters Department.
4. The staff of UIN Jakarta Library, and the staff of Atma Jaya University Library.
6. The writer next class friend: Ajeng, Adit, Karni, Sarah, Dewi, Wihda. 7. All the student of English Letters Department.
Finally yet importantly, the writer realizes that the thesis far from the perfect, thus, to make it much better, the writer would like to accept any constructive suggestion with pleasure.
Jakarta, May 07, 2009
The writer
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ………..………… i
APPROVEMENT ………... ii
LEGALIZATION ………...………..……… iii
DECLARATION……….……… iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………..………... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS……….………...……. vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ……….……… 1
A. Background of the study ……… …… 1
B. Focus of the study ……….……….. 4
C. Research Questions ……….………… 5
D. Objective of the Study ………. 5
E. The Significances of the study ……….... 5
F. The Method of The Study ……….. 6
1. The Objective of Research ………....…………. 6
2. The Method of Research ……… 6
3. The Technique of Data Analysis ………... 6
4. The Unit of Analysis ………. 6
G. Time and Place………....…… 7
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ……….…………..…….…….. 8
A. Semantic………...……..……… 8
1. The Definition of Semantic………..…………...……… 8
2. Concepts………..………..…….…..……... 9
B. Stylistic. ………..…………...………… 11
1. The Definition of Stylistic. ………..………...…… 11
2. Cognitive Stylistic………..…...……….. 13
3. Approaches in Stylistic……….……….……... 14
C. Stylistic on Indirect Meaning……….………. 15
1. Simile……….……….. 16
D. Strength and Weakness of Stylistics……….………... 22
E. Message ……… 23
1. Definition of Message ……….……….. 23
2. In Communication Science ………....… 24
3. In Computer Science ………..….…… 24
CHAPTER III RESARCH FINDING ………..………..……….. 30
A. Description of Data ………....………..……… 30
B. Analysis of Data………. …………..……… 32
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION………....…………. 50
A. Conclusion ……….…………...………... 50
B. Suggestion ………..…………..………… 51
BIBLIOGRAPHY ………...…………..….. 52
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the study.
Literary term is used to mention cultural phenomena that can be visited on society. Eventhough as in society, economics, and religion that their existence is not necessity too. This term is meant that literature is a universal phenomenon. However, the universal phenomenon is not always getting a universal concept. The criteria of literary work existing in society are not always same to the other society.1For a big part of readers, interest in reading literary text revolves on the stories which give interesting story by the author. This thing is added by the other reasons, such as Gender, Stylistic, Feminism, Character, and Plot. Plot containing about happiness, such as romantic story, and humorous story, or sadness story, is part of literary work.
Literary work has two elements. Both of them are intrinsic and extrinsic elements. The writer will concentrate in intrinsic element, especially in stylistic. The stylistic element in literary work used by the author on short story Mother’s Hair can be related in linguistic aspect. So, the writer will explore for literature in linguistic aspect, especially in stylistic.
1
For linguistic- the study of language -, language is arbitrary sound which used by certain groups society in working together, communicating, and identifying.2 Therefore, to conceive the literary text, is not only need to understand the meaning of the literature, but also we can response to conceive deeply what we have read. So, it will be given a satisfying self for us as a reader.
Based on the reasons above, the writer gives opinion that the literature will be more interesting if the literature, especially short story, is analyzed by linguistic aspect that is focused on the style of language. Many of language experts say that this approach is called stylistic. Stylistic explains about the form of language especially in style, such as Figurative Language. The Figurative as in phrases like, mouth of the river, head of the school, foot of the bed, etc, are samples of Metaphorical form. Metaphor is a means of comparing things that are essentially not similar. The focus of attention of a stylistic analysis is a style, it means that the way used to the author explains about what the meaning of language as the instrument. The style can be translated as a stylistic. Suyuti says, “In short, the constructive elements of the style of the author are diction, imagery, and syntax. Diction can be simply translated as selection of words. In the correlation, Connotation and Denotation are cannot be ignored. Denotation is dictionary meaning or meaning of the words, and connotation
2
Kushartanti, et. al.,Pesona Bahasa Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik( Jakarta:PT. Gramedia,
is something associated or suggested. Denotation and connotation are simple and illusion.”3
Style is something deviating from common use. A deviation is aimed to make a better and beautiful language. The beauty often appears on literary work, because literature is contained by aesthetic element. Autonomy of aesthetic seems as if stylistic has a strong region. The stylistic becomes very different with the daily language. Because of that, it is very interesting for the writer to analyze the stylistic.4
The branch of language discussing about the stylistic and the study of meaning of language is Semantic. Semantic is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning. Unfortunately, meaning covers a variety of aspects of language, and there is no very general agreement either about what meaning is or about the way in which it should be described.5 Semantic is also related with a figurative language discussing about the meaning of language. It is called as figurative meaning.
In semantics Figurative meaning describes a very common type of extension of meaning for a word. In some instances, the figurative meaning of words may become so common that the original, literal meaning may be superseded, so-called
dead metaphor.6
3
Prof. Dr. Suminto A. Suyuti, Berkenalan Dengan Fiksi( Jakarta:Gama Media,1994), p.173
4
Sukron Kamil,Kritik Sastra Arab. Teori Klasik dan Moderen( Jakarta:UIN, 2004), p.71
5
F.R. Palmer,Semantic. A New Outline( London:Cambridge University Press, 1976), p.1
6
The short story Mother’s Hair on the Jakarta Post by Hamzah Puadi Ilyas is a literary text that will be analyzed by the writer to the stylistic approach. The short story has various events. The writer concerns that there are many kinds of stylistics used by the author in the short story Mother’s Hair. One of them is the illusion word or Figurative Language at the following sentence:
“Tunggal, my son, go to the Guava tree beside our house.The tree has borne fruit.”7
The sentence above is a form of figurative language that used by the author in personification form. It explains that the dead things have the attributes of human being.
Besides that, there is Simile on this sentence:
“Then I saw a black shadow pulling at mother’s hair, accompanied by a howl,
like a wolf.”8
The sentence above explains that the author uses word of Like. So, in this case, the writer will analyze more deeply about stylistic that used by the author on short story Mother’s Hair.
B. Focus of the Study.
Based on of background of the study above, this analyzing will concentrate on the stylistic used by the author on short storyMother’s Hair.
7
Hamzah Puadi Ilyas, “Mother`s Hair; Short Story”,Jakarta Post( Jakarta), May 20 2007, p.8
8
C. Research Question.
Based on focus of analysis, there are few questions such as:
1. What are the figurative languages of stylistics used on the Jakarta Post Short StoryMother’s Hair?
2. What messages do the stylistic on Jakarta Post’s Short Story Mother’s
Hairconvey to the readers?
D. Objectives of the Study.
As usual, the analysis aims to know the style used by the author at his literary work on the Jakarta Post short story Mother’s Hair. The analysis especially tries to delve:
1. To describe a stylistic terms existing on the short story Mother’s Hair. 2. To know what the message will be given by the author to the reader in
form of the stylistic on the short story Mother’s Hair.
E. Significances of the Study.
F. The Method of the Study. 1. Method.
A stylistic analysis refers to the problem and the aim of the analysis. So, the writer uses a qualitative analysis. By the descriptive analysis explanation, the writer tries to answer the questions which appear, and then the writer gives descriptive explanation to commit the analysis based on the sources of documentation.
2. The Analysis of Data.
The analysis of data is analyzed to the stylistic theories which are aimed to know the stylistic used on short story Mother’s Hair and the meaning which content on that stylistic.
3. The Technique of Data Analysis.
On this time, the qualitative analysis is using the writer as an instrument to get a qualitative data. This analysis has function to know the meaning of stylistic used such as signing, clustering, and giving the notes on short storyMother’s Hair. 4. The Unit of Analysis.
G. Time and Place of Analysis.
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Semantic
1. The Definition of Semantics
Semantics is one of the branches of Linguistics dealing with the meaning of words and sentences or semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning.9Unfortunately, ‘meaning’ covers a variety of aspects of language, and there is no very general agreement either about what meaning is or about the way in which it should be described.
The study of meaning in language is called Semasiology or Semantics.10 And the definition of the meaning is what referred to or indicated by sounds, words or signal. For example; sounds represented by the house (in the written from the language) signified the concept (the picture of the house).11 According to Slametmuljana Semantik adalah penelitian makna kata dalam bahasa tertentu menurut sistem penggolongan. (Semantics is a meaning analysis in certain languages using classifying system)12
9
F.R. Palmer, Semantic A New Outline,( New York:Cambridge University,1997), p. 1
10
Albert C. Baugh, History of The English Language,( USA:D. Appleton Century Company,1935), p. 232
11
Victoria Fromkin, An Introduction To Language,( New York:Harcourt Brace,1998), p. 5
12
2. Concept of Meaning
According to the Swiss linguist, Ferdinand de Saussure every linguistic signs consist of two components, they are signified, and the sign that will be given a meaning. It is a kind of concept or thought/reference from a certain sign, and the second is signifier, the sign that will have sound component and concept (meaning) component.13Another definition of meaning according to Ogden and Richard can be illustrated as a triangle,14as follows:
Thought/reference
Symbol referent
According to that triangle, Ogden and Richard say that there is no direction link between symbol and referent. The link is via thought or reference, the concept of our minds.15 The symbols of this curse are the linguistic elements- the word, sentences, etc. The referent is the object, etc. and the thought or reference is a concept.
Semantics does not only explain about concept of meaning from communication system, but also it explains concept of meaning from lexical and grammatical side known as lexical and grammatical meanings. The first, lexical meaning (or dictionary-meaning) is a meaning that is composed of smaller meaningful parts, or it
13
F. R. Palmer op.cit,p.5
14
Ibid, p. 26
15
is the meaning from dictionary directly.16 For example, the word `tables` has a definite meaning, besides table has reference as a noun. The lexical meaning based on Advanced Dictionary in English Language, table is a piece of furniture that consists of a flat top supported by legs. Thus, semantic meaning or lexical meaning is the real description about a concept of meaning. The second, grammatical meaning is a meaning caused by grammatical process such as process of affixes, reduplication and composition. For example, go- going- gone, have gone, etc. Different languages have some different grammatical systems.17
3. Non- literal Meaning.
Non- literal meaning of language in semantics is traditionally called Figurative Language and is described by a host of rhetorical terms including metaphor, irony, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole and litotes.18
Sometimes non- literal meaning describes untrue or impossible terms in order to achieve some special effects. On closer examination, it is difficult to draw a firm line between literal and non- literal uses of language. One of the ways of language change is by the speaker meaning to shift the meaning of words to fit new conditions. One shift is by metaphorical extension, where some new ideas are depicted.
16
Charlaes W. Kreidles, Introducing English Semantics,( New York:Rout ledge ,1998), p. 49
17
Ibid,p. 50
18
Example:
• I’m hungry.
• I’m thirsty
• I could eat the horse.
• I can run out the river through my throat.
The examples above are few samples from semantics and figurative language. If the underlined sentences are seen from the lexical meaning, it will be getting the different meaning, because, the sentences ”I could eat the horse” and “I can run out the river through my throat” are categorized as Hyperbole form or figurative form.
B. Stylistic
1. Definition of Stylistics
Stylistics is known as a style term. Style word is descended from Lateen Stylus. Stylus is the tool for writing at the plaque of wax. In using this tool it will influence the clear of writing at the plaque. The stress at the tool is focused at the expertise for good writing. So, style changes into an ability or proficiency in writing or using the word beautifully.19
Stylistics is a method of textual interpretation in which primacy of lace is assigned to language.20 Another definition about stylistic is as the linguistic study of
19
Gorys Keraf, diksi dan Gaya Bahasa, ( Jakarta:PT. Gramedia, 1984), p. 112
20
style; it is rarely undertaken for its own sake, simply it is as an exercise in describing shape of language.21
In other definition, Ohman argues that the study of style is dependent on a theory of linguistics and theory of semantics because these two latter theories describe the system of language. He also argues that the concept of style implies that the words on page could be changed without changing the basic meaning. Style, then, involves the notion that there are alternative ways of saying the same thing.22
For Ohnman, an author’s style is his characteristic way in writing. The task of the student of style is to identify in some precise way it is that distinguishes one way of writing from another.23
Studying style has the certain aim. The aim in studying style is to explain something, and in general, literary stylistics has the goal of explaining the relation between language and artistic function explicitly.24 The object in stylistics is literal word or phrase.
Besides that, stylistics has connection with the literature. The connection between stylistics and literature bring two important cavils, they are:
1) The first is that creativity and innovation in language use should not be seen as the exclusive preserve of literary writing. Many forms of discourse such as; advertising, journalist, popular music- even casual conversation often display 21
Geoffrey N. Leech, Michael H. Short, Style in Fiction. ( English), p. 13
22
Mark Lester, Reading in Applied Transformational Grammar,( New York:University of Hawaii,
1969), p. 117
23
Ibid.
24
a high degree of stylistic dexterity, it would be wrong if we view the dexterity in language use is as exclusive formal literature.
2) The second is that the techniques of stylistics analysis are as much about deriving insights about linguistics structure and function as they are about understanding literary texts.25
2. Cognitive Stylistics.
Like semantics, there is also cognitive stylistic, the focus of cognitive stylistic is about interaction between dialogue, discourse and social interaction. All of the tools are to explore the interaction of the dimension of literary discourse in the broader sense and as a method for examining patterns of dialogue of fictional characters narrowly.26 So, in other word, it can be said that cognitive stylistics is intended to supplement rather than supplant, existing methods of analysis, it does aim to shift the focus away from models of text and composition toward models that make the explicit link between the human mind and the process of reading. A further stimulus to cognitive turn was provided by the object of analysis it self, literature.27
In stylistics, metaphor is also part of cognitive stylistics, because the important feature of cognitive stylistics has been interesting in the way we transfer mental constructs, and especially in the way we map one mental representation into another when we read texts. Stylist and cognitive poets have consistently drawn attention to
25
Paul Simpson op. citp. 3
26
ibid,p. 38
27
this system of conceptual transfer in both literary and in everyday discourse, and have identified two important tropes, of figure of speech.
Metaphor is a process of mapping between two different conceptual domains. Like semantics, the domains are known as the target and the source domain. The target domain is the topic or concept that we want to describe through the metaphor while the source domain refers to the concept that we draw upon in order to create the metaphorical construction.28
For example:she really blew her lid.
In this statement the target domain is our understanding of the concept of anger because it is the concept we wish to describe through the metaphor. The relation between metaphor and linguistic form is an indirect one, which means that we can express the same conceptual metaphor through a variety of construction.
3. Approaches in Stylistics
In order to achieve some purposes, there are some approaches to define the concept of style differently, such as:
1. “Dualism restricts style to those choices of manner rather than matter and of expression rather than content. The dualist assumes the style as the dress of the thought. It differs between what has to say and whom it is presented to the reader.
Another concept is style as a manner of expression. So, there are different ways to convey the same content”.
28
2. “Monism, in the contrary of dualism, argues about the inseparability of style. According to them. It is a mistake to distinct between the form and the meaning”. 3. “Pluralism emphasizes the concept of the style in terms of language function.
This approach distinguishes various meaning according to the various function. Language performs a number of different functions and any pieces of language
are likely to be the result of choices made on different functional levels.”29
C. Stylistics on Indirect Meaning.
Stylistics on indirect meaning is called Figure of Speech, which is separated at two groups, they are rhetorical stylistic and illusion stylistic. Rhetorical stylistic adalah penyimpangan dari tafsiran yang umum untuk mendapatkan efek tertentu (Rhetorical stylistic is deviation from the usual construction to get certain effect). Illusion stylistic adalah gaya penyimpangan yang sangat jauh dari makna sebenarnya (Illusion stylistic is far deviation from the usual construction), especially at the meaning of the sentence).30
The first is therhetorical stylistic. There are some types, like:
1) Alliteration is repetition of the first sound of letter of a succession of word. Usually, this style is used on poetry; prose, etc. for example sing a song of sixpence.
29
Geoffrey N. Leech, Stylistics and Functionalism in Linguistics of Writing: Arguments Between Language and Literature,( England:Manchester University), p. 15
30
2) Assonanceis agreement between stressed vowels in two words, but not in the following consonants, for exampleSharper and garter.
3) Apophasis is statement to explain something, but in fact, it denies something. For example I don’t want to reveal to this forum that you have embezzled a
million rupiahs of state budget.
4) Euphemism is using of words with good aim to explain something. For examplePass away is a euphemism for ‘die’.
The second is illusion stylistic. It is the first time in talking about comparison or sameness. To compare something to another, it is trying to find sameness between those things.31Illusion stylistic can be called Figurative Language.
The kinds of figurative languages like personification, hyperbole, simile, irony, metaphor, and metonymy are the categories of illusion stylistic. Here they are that categories of illusion stylistic:
1. Simile is the comparison expressed by using of some words or phrases, such as like, as, than, similar to, resembles, or seems.32
For example:
• She groaned like a wolf. (cried hardly)
The above sentence is a form of figurative language in simile form. The word ‘like’explains the comparison between human and animal. Where the human has a same cried like a wolf.
31
Gotys Keraf, op.cit,p. 140
32
• Her eyes are like stars.
The above sentence is a form of figurative language in simile form. The word ‘like’explains the comparison between human and thing. Where the human eyes have a same light like stars.
• He raced for the goal line like an antelope.
The above sentence is a form of figurative language in simile form. The word ‘like’ explains the comparison between human and animal. Where the human power has a speedy race like an antelope.
2.Metaphoris language that directly connects seemingly unrelated subjects. It is a figure of speech that connects two or more things. More generally, a metaphor
describes a first subject asbeingorequal toa second object in some way. Where with few words, emotions and associations from one context are associated with objects and entities in a different context. It compares two subjects without using 'like or 'as'.33
For example:
• The king of jungle
The above sentence is a form of figurative language in metaphor form. The word‘king’is compared to a jungle. The aim being to describe the king by taking well-known attributes from a jungle.
33
• All the world’s a stage
The above sentence is a form of figurative language in metaphor form. The word ‘world’ is compared to a stage. The aim being to describe the world by taking well-known attributes from a stage.
3.Personification is consisting in giving the attributes of human being to an animal, an object, or a concept, for instance our scare was increasing when the wind shouted in the midnight.34
For example:
• McDonald loves everyone.
The above sentence is a form of figurative language in personification form. The above sample explains that the McDonald’s food has the attributes of human being that to love eyeryone.
• The diamonds are jealous of your beauty.
The above sentence is a form of figurative language in personification form. The above sample explains that the diamond has the attributes of human being.
• The wind has hit my check at the beach.
The above sentence is a form of figurative language in personification form. The above sample explains that the wind has the attributes of human being. It can hit someone like the human.
34
4. Apostrophe is closely related to personification which consists in addressing someone absent or dead or something non human as if that person or thing was present and alive and able to reply to what is being said.
For example:
• The speaker in A. E. Houseman’ssaid“To a dying young”. (a dead runner)
The above sentence is a form of figurative language in apostrophe form. Apostrophe is addressing someone absent or dead or something non human as if that person or thing was present and alive and able to reply to what is being said. The above sample explains that the dead person as if presents and hears what being said by the speaker.
5. Synecdoche is, by far, the strangest figurative language. It is the most unfamiliar figurative language terms. As a word, however, it is rarely used in polite company. In other word, synecdoche is a figurative language where the part stands for the whole.35 For example:
• I have a set of wheels = (car).
The above sentence is a form of figurative language in synecdoche form. Synecdoche is a figurative language where the part stands for the whole. The above sample explains a set of wheels is meant to the car that has a set of wheels.
35
• We need strong bodies for our team = (strong men).
The above sentence is a form of figurative language in synecdoche form. Synecdoche is a figurative language where the part stands for the whole. The above sample explains strong body is meant to the man whom has a full body.
• The cost is 500 dollars per head = (one person)
The above sentence is a form of figurative language in synecdoche form. Synecdoche is a figurative language where the part stands for the whole. The above sample explains the word ‘per head’ referred to person with whole body whom must pay $500 per person.
6.Overstatement / Hyperbole is a rhetorical term for exaggeration or overstatement, usually deliberate and not meant to be taken too literary.36
For example:
• You could knock me over with a feather.
The above sentence is a form of figurative language in hyperbole form. The above sample sentence is out of our mind. How the person could knock over with a feather? The feather as if is big thing that can make someone hurt.
• I will die if I don’t pass this course.
The above sentence is a form of figurative language in hyperbole form. The above sample sentence is out of our mind. How will the person die if he fail this course? The course as if is big danger that can make someone die. In fact, if the
36
person fail this course, he could be anger by his parents or something bad happen to him that could not make him die.
7. Irony is a rhetoric words with an implication opposite to their usual meaning. Ironic is a comment, maybe humorous or mildly sarcastic.37
For example:
• In a difficult moment, an act of kindness makes things worse, and someone
says: “well’ that’s a lot better, isn’t it?”
The above sentence is a form of figurative language irony form. Irony is a rhetoric words with an implication opposite to their usual meaning. The above sample explains someone in bad situation will help to make a better condition. Unfortunately, the condition is going worse, then someone as if says that the situation is better.
8.Analogy;is a comparison or correspondence between two things because of a third element that they considered to share. An analogy is usually framed in order to described or explain the nature of something.38
For example:
• “…let me give you an analogy. Time is like river. Just as the river flows from
higher to lowerground, so time flows from the past into future.”
The above sentence is a form of figurative language analogy form. Analogy is a comparison or correspondence between two things because of a third element
37
Ibid,p. 532
38
that they considered to share. The above sample compares two things between time and river. Both of them have same current that go straight from the higher to the lower ground or the past into the future.
9.Metonymy is the use of word or phrase for another to which it bears an important relation, as the effect of the cause, the abstract for the concrete and similar constraction.
For example:
• They dedicated their pens to the cause of peace.
The above sentence is a form of figurative language metonymy form. The word ‘pens’ refers to the other name of the people. Because metonymy is the use of word or phrase for another to which it bears an important relation, thus the
Pensis the other name for the people whom make a peace condition.
• The white house has decided for the President has decided.39
The above sentence is a form of figurative language metonymy form. The word ‘white house’ refers to thePresident. Because metonymy is the use of word or phrase for another to which it bears an important relation, thus thewhite house
is the other name as thePresidentwhom able to make decision for good.
D. Strength and Weakness of Stylistics.
A stylistic approach leaves from assumption that the function of language is very important for literary work. Language is related to literature. If there is no
39
language, there is no literature. The beauty of literary work is caused the ability of the author to exploit the literary work. So, it will appear strength and beauty.40
A stylistic approach has strength and weakness. The strengths of stylistic approaches like:
Being able to look into the problem of using the language more deeply.
Being able to look into where the strength of literary work is reach, like in language side, concept, or correlation in both of them.
The weaknesses of stylistic approaches like:
Striving for the basic of linguistics in order to get to commit research paper more clearly and detail.
If we do not carefully, it is easy to slip to be study of linguistics and it is released from the study of literature.41
E. Message
1. The Definition of Message
A message in its most general meaning is an object of communication. It is something which provides information; it can also be this information itself. Therefore, its meaning is dependent upon the context in which it is used; the term
40
Atmazaki, Teori Sastra,( Bandung:PT Angkasa, 1990), p. 80
41
may apply to both the information and its form. A communiqué is a brief report or statement released by a public agency.42
2. In Communications Science.
More precisely, in communications science, a message is information which is sent from a source to a receiver. Some common definitions include:
• Any thought or idea expressed in a language, prepared in a form suitable for transmission by any means of communication.
• An arbitrary amount of information whose beginning and end are defined or implied.
In communication between humans, messages can be verbal or nonverbal:
• A verbal message is an exchange of information using words. Examples include face-to-face communication, telephone calls, voicemails, etc.
• A nonverbal message is communicated through actions or behaviors rather than words. Examples include the use of body language and the actions made by an individual idea.
3. In Computer Science
There are two main senses of the word "message" in computer science: messages passed within software, which may or may not be human-readable, and
42
human-readable messages delivered via computer software for person-to-person communication.
Message passing is a form of communication used in concurrent and parallel computing, object-oriented programming, and interprocess communication, where communication is made by sending messages to recipients. In a related use of this sense of a message, in object-oriented programming languages such as Smalltalk or Java, a message is sent to an object, specifying a request for action. Instant messaging and e-mail are examples of computer software designed for delivering human-readable messages in formatted or unformatted text, from one person to another.
4. The Types of Messages a. Air Mail
Airmail (or air mail) is mail that is transported by aircraft. It typically arrives more quickly than surface mail, and usually costs more to send. Airmail may be the only option for sending mail to some destinations, such as overseas, if the mail cannot wait the time it would take to arrive by ship, sometimes weeks. b. Air-speeded
mail would wait for a non-guaranteed and merely available flight and would arrive later than normal airmail.
A letter sent via airmail may be called an aerogramme, aerogram, air letter or simply airmail letter. However, aerogramme and aerogram may also refer to a specific kind of airmail letter which is its own envelope; see aerogram.
The choice to send a letter by air is indicated either by a handwritten note on the envelope, by the use of special labels called airmail etiquettes, or by the use of specially-marked envelopes. Special postage stamps may also be available, or required; the rules vary in different countries.
c. Message in a bottle.
d. SMS
Short Message Service (SMS) is a communication service standardized in the GSM mobile communication system, using standardized communications protocols allowing the interchange of short text messages between mobile telephone devices. SMS text messaging is the most widely used data application on the planet, with 2.4 billion active users, or 74% of all mobile phone subscribers sending and receiving text messages on their phones. The SMS technology has facilitated the development and growth of text messaging. The connection between the phenomenon of text messaging and the underlying technology is so great that in parts of the world the term "SMS" is used as a synonym for a text message or the act of sending a text message, even when a different protocol is being used.
SMS as used on modern handsets was originally defined as part of the GSM series of standards in 1985 as a means of sending messages of up to 160 characters (including spaces), to and from GSM mobile handsets. Since then, support for the service has expanded to include alternative mobile standards such as ANSI CDMA networks and Digital AMPS, as well as satellite and landline networks. Most SMS messages are mobile-to-mobile text messages, though the standard supports other types of broadcast messaging as well.
e. Instant Messaging.
over a network such as the Internet. Instant messaging (IM) are technologies that create the possibility of real-time text-based communication between two or more participants over the internet or some form of internal network/intranet. It is important to understand that what separates chat and instant messaging from technologies such as e-mail is the perceived synchronicity of the communication by the user - Chat happens in real-time. Some systems allow the sending of messages to people not currently logged on (offline messages), thus removing much of the difference between Instant Messaging and e-mail.
IM allows effective and efficient communication, featuring immediate receipt of acknowledgment or reply. In certain cases Instant Messaging involves additional features, which make it even more popular, i.e. to see the other party, e.g. by using web-cams, or to talk directly for free over the Internet.
It is possible to save a conversation for later reference. Instant messages are typically logged in a local message history which closes the gap to the persistent nature of e-mails and facilitates quick exchange of information like URLs or document snippets (which can be unwieldy when communicated via telephone). F. Moral Message.
1. Definition of Moral.
tortoise wins a race against the much-faster yet extremely arrogant hare, the moral is "slow and steady wins the race". The use of stock characters is a means of conveying the moral of the story by eliminating complexity of personality and so spelling out the issues arising in the interplay between the characters, enabling the writer to make clear the message. With more rounded characters, such as those typically found in Shakespeare's plays, the moral may be more nuanced but no less present, and the writer may point it up in other ways.43
Throughout the history of recorded literature, the majority of fictional writing has served not only to entertain but also to instruct, inform or improve their audiences or readership. In classical drama, for example, the role of the chorus was to comment on the proceedings and draw out a message for the audience to take away with them; while the novels of Charles Dickens are a vehicle for morals regarding the social and economic system of Victorian Britain.
Morals have typically been more obvious in children's literature, sometimes even being introduced with the phrase, "The moral of the story is …". Such explicit techniques have grown increasingly out of fashion in modern storytelling, and are now usually only included for ironic purposes. As Oscar Wilde observes wryly, The good ended happily, and the bad unhappily. That is what Fiction means.
Some examples are: "Better to be safe than sorry", "The evil deserves no aid", "Be friends with whom you don't like", "Don't judge people by the way they look",
43
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDING
A. Description of Data
The writer uses the short story Mother’s Hair by Hamzah Puadi Ilyas on the Jakarta Post as the object as a research. The literary work of short story comes from the Jakarta Post newspaper on May 20, 2007. As I have mentioned that the data are collected from the newspaper of the Jakarta Post. The data that the writer obtains can be presented on the table below.
No. Sentences Type
1. “She seldom talked anyone, including me. She merely spoke
as she needed. But when she talked, her words sounded very cool and tranquil.”
3. “To begin with, her change did not thoroughly tease my heart
because I was still a small kid. I was busy as a bee, fling kites with friends after school, finding eels in the paddy fields that then we baked together, and sometime chasing the white
herons until reaching the neighboring village.”
Simile
4. “Tunggal, my son, goes to the guava tree beside our house.
The tree has born fruit. Suddenly my mother told me upon my arrival at home after chasing kites. She was by the window,
combing her long hair.”
Personification
5. “To begin with,her change did not thoroughly tease my heart
because I was still a small kid…”
6. “I headed directly toward the tree. Soon I climbed its sturdy
morose. She seemed to burn with anger. I kept watching her,
and it turned out that she headed toward my house.”
Hyperbole
9. “In front of the door she called out to my mother with filthy
words. Then she pounded at the door. It flew open and hit the wall. Again, the woman yelled and she looked as though she
were possessed by an evil spirit.”
Personification
10. “When finally the woman found her, my heart beat hard. What should she do to my mother? when I saw a black shadow pulling at mother`s hair, accompanied by a howl, like
a wolf.”
Simile
11. “I was so scared that I shut my eyes and ears.But my fingers managed to open the eyelashes that were trying to unite. I
could see what was happening.”
Personification
12. “My mother’s hair was being repeatedly dragged. But it
seemed that she didn’t fell anything. She played it cool. There was an urge to assist her, but it was as though a tree hugged
me tightly.”
Personification
13. “Besides, the tree, suddenly flapping backwards and forwards in the wind, made me afraid.”
Personification 14. “I heard mother’s voice, singing a song whose meaning I did
not understand. Her voice was very gentle and heaved in a slow rhythm as though it followed a breath of wind moving
around the leaves of a guava tree.”
16. “She never changed, always combing her handsome hair.The
change was just the color of her hair. Brownish.”
Personification
17. “Day by day we got closer. Finally, we pledged to sail
together in the ocean of love, aiming to reach the promised
land.”
Hyperbole
18. “All of the sudden, the sunlight entered the room through the open window, touching my mother’s hair. Her wind-blown hair shone like a polished diamond,my eyes not blinking.”
Simile
B. Analysis of Data
In this part, the writer uses the data from the underlined sentences in the quoted paragraphs. The first analysis, the writer writes the sentence and he explains the meaning using stylistic ways. The last, the writer explains the message contained in the sentences of the short story Mother’s Hair.
1. “She seldom talked anyone, including me. She merely spoke as she needed. But
when she talked, her words sounded very cool and tranquil.” a. Meaning
Her words (= sound)sounded (= make produce sound)very cool and tranquil
(= calm and quite). The sentence above explains that the mother’s sound is very soft and calm. Thereby, her words can make the hot situation into calm situation.
b. Type of Figurative Language
The sentence “Her words sounded very cool and tranquil” is categorized as
c. Reasons
The underlined above sentence is Figurative Language form. The sentence ‘her words sounded very cool and tranquil’ is a hyperbole form. Because
Hyperbole is a rhetorical term for exaggeration or overstatement, usually deliberate and not meant to be taken too literary. How the sound is able to be cool and tranquil? Usually, we can find the terms ‘cool’ and‘tranquil’ in the mountains area.
2. “There was a feeling gently caressing my heart, such that I was not capable of
questioning her abrupt change of behavior.” a. Meaning
There was a feeling gently caressing (= the sense of touch showing love) my heart(= center of the emotions). The sentence means that his feeling about his mother is always approved by him. Because his mother is always making her son calm and comfortable, her son always loves his mother.
b. Type of Figurative Language
The sentence “There was a feeling gently caressing my heart” is categorized asPersonification.
c. Reasons
of the human being and usually used by human being to express his emotion to someone. The word‘feeling’ at the sentence‘a feeling gently caressing my heart’as if is a living one that like a human is able to caress or huge someone.
3. “To begin with, her change did not thoroughly tease my heart because I was still
a small kid. I was busy as a bee, fling kites with friends after school, finding eels in the paddy fields that then we baked together, and sometime chasing the white
herons until reaching the neighboring village.” a. Meaning
I was busy (= having much to do) as a bee (= stinging insect that produces wax and honey after gathering nectar from the flowers). The sentence is describing that the child plays with his friends and is always busy every day to waste his time on playing together with his friends like flying kites, chasing each other, etc.
b. Type of Figurative Language
The sentence “I was busy as a bee” is categorized asSimile.
c. Reasons
4. “Tunggal, my son, goes to the guava tree beside our house. The tree has borne fruit. Suddenly my mother told me upon my arrival at home after chasing kites.
She was by the window, combing her long hair.” a. Meaning
The tree (= perennial plant with a single self-supporting trunk of wood with no branches for some distance above the ground) has borne (= coming into the world)fruit(= part of tree that contains the seed and is used as food). The sentence means that the tree always produces the fruit every year. Those fruits can be eaten by everyone. So, it is very useful for human being.
b. Type of Figurative Language
The sentence “The tree has borne fruit” is categorized asPersonification.
c. Reasons
5. “To begin with,her change did not thoroughly tease my heart because I was still
a small kid…” a. Meaning
Her change (= changed or different condition) did not thoroughly tease (= annoy) my heart (= center of emotion). The sentence above explains that the mother and her behavior are usual thing for her son.
b. Type of Figurative Language
The sentence “Her change did not thoroughly tease my heart” is categorized asPersonification.
c. Reasons
The underlined above sentence is Figurative Language form. The sentence ‘her change did not thoroughly tease my heart’ is personification form. Because Personification is consisting in giving the attributes of human being to an animal, an object, or a concept. The words‘her change’ is described as mother’s condition. This time, however,mother’s change as if is a living thing that able to annoy or tease someone’s heart as a human being.
6. “I headed directly toward the tree. Soon I climbed its sturdy trunk. My tiny body
did not make it away,the tree steadily standing erect.” a. Meaning
b. Type of Figurative Language
The sentence “The tree steadily standing erect” is categorized as
Personification.
c. Reasons
The underlined above sentence is Figurative Language form. The sentence ‘the tree steadily standing erect’is personification form.Personificationgives the attributes of a human being to an animal, an object, or a concept. The verb ‘standing’ is usually used by human being. The words ‘the tree’ at the sentence ‘the tree steadily standing erect’ explain that ‘the tree’ has the attributes of human things. The tree seems as if it were a person that can stand strongly.
7. “In its boughs, I saw the fruit with light yellow skin. I imagined their pink edible
flesh. Quickly,the fruit filled my hungry stomach.” a. Meaning
The fruit (= part of tree that contains the seed and is used as food) filled (= occupy all the space in) my hungry stomach (= hunger bag-like part of alimentary canal into which food passes to be digested). The fruit is like a usual meal. It can be eaten. The fruits exist on the tree having many vitamins and having many advantages for humans who want to be health.
b. Type of Figurative Language
The sentence “The fruit filled my hungry stomach” is categorized as
c. Reasons
The underlined above sentence is Figurative Language form. The sentence ‘the fruit filled my hungry stomach’is personification form. Personificationis consisting in giving the attributes of human being to an animal, an object, or a concept. The verb‘filled’ is usually done by human being. The word‘fruit’at the sentence ‘the fruit filled my hungry stomach’ is imputing human quality. The word ‘fruit’ can fill a meal to someone and make them satisfied like a human can serve to someone else and make them satisfied.
8. “From the tree I saw the woman walking hastily, looking morose. She seemed to burn with anger. I kept watching her, and it turned out that she headed toward my
house.” a. Meaning
She seemed to burn(= she could be destroy by fire)with anger (= the feeling that makes people want to quarrel). This sentence explains about the woman who is very angry to someone. She cannot control her anger and emotion by herself.
b. Type of Figurative Language
The sentence “She seemed to burn with anger” is categorized asHyperbole.
c. Reasons
with anger” at the sentence ‘she seemed to burn with anger’ is out of our mind. How can she burn with anger? It is possible for people to believe. The word‘anger’as if is a fire which able to burn anything.
9. “In front of the door she called out to my mother with filthy words. Then she
pounded at the door. It flew open and hit the wall. Again, the woman yelled and
she looked as though she were possessed by an evil spirit.” a. Meaning
It flew open(= the door moves through the air as a bird does)and hit the wall
(= give a blow or stroke to the wall). The door is opened by a rude woman hardly until it seems flying and hitting something with hard noise.
b. Type of Figurative Language
Thesentence “It flew open and hit the wall” is categorized asPersonification.
c. Reasons
The underlined above sentence isFigurative Languageform. The sentence‘it
flew open and hit the wall’ is analogy form. Personification is consisting in giving the attributes of human being to an animal, an object, or a concept. The verbs ‘flew’ and ‘hit’ are usually used by life things. In this sentence the author uses the Personification, because at the sentence ‘it flew open and hit
10.“When finally the women found her, my heart beat hard. What should she do to my mother?Then I saw a black shadow pulling at mother’s hair,accompanied by
a howl, like a wolf.” a. Meaning
The above sentence, accomplished by a howl (= perform by long cry of a person in pain), like a wolf (= flesh-eating animal of the dog family). The sentence explains that the woman is screaming hardly until make someone around afraid of her screaming. She makes her scream as if a wolf groaning in the jungle on the midnight.
b. Type of Figurative Language
The sentence “Accomplished by a howl, like a wolf” is categorized asSimile.
c. Reasons
11.“I was so scared that I shut my eyes and ears. But my fingers managed to open the eyelashes that were trying to unite.I could see what was happening.”
a. Meaning
My fingers (= the five member at the end of the hand) managed to open the eyelashes(= control to make open row of hairs)that were trying to unite(= do something to become one). The truly meaning is the son who doesn’t want to see the quarrel to his mother with his steep mother. He has not courage to see that. He finally decides to see what is happening about his mother.
b. Type of Figurative Language
The sentence “My fingers managed to open the eyelashes that were trying too unit” is categorized asPersonification.
c. Reasons
12.“My mother’s hair was being repeatedly dragged. But it seemed that she didn’t
fell anything. She played it cool. There was an urge to assist her, but it was as
though a tree hugged me tightly.” a. Meaning
It was as though a tree hugged me tightly(= part of tree that contains the seed and is used as food that put the arms round tightly). The sentence above means that a son seeing his mother is repeatedly dragged. He wants to assist her because he doesn’t have any heart to see his mother being pain. He so scared and keep his body on the tree to see the event.
b. Type of Figurative Language
The sentence “It was as though a tree hugged me tightly” is categorized as
Personification.
c. Reasons
The underlined above sentence isFigurative Languageform. The sentence‘it
13.“Besides, the tree, suddenly flapping backwards and forwards in the wind, made
me afraid.” a. Meaning
The tree (= part of tree that contains the seed and is used as food), suddenly flapping backwards and forwards in the wind (= move up and down or from side to side in the air). The sentence explains about the wind, moving around the branches of tree backwards and forwards, makes the tree as though it lived and the son is being afraid about it.
b. Type of Figurative Language
The sentence “The tree suddenly flapping backwards and forwards in the wind” is categorized asPersonification.
c. Reasons
The underlined above sentence is Figurative Language form. The sentence ‘the tree, suddenly flapping backwards and forwards in the wind, made me afraid’ is a personification form. Personification is consisting in giving the attributes of a human being to an animal, an object, or a concept. The verb ‘flapping’ is usually human activity. In the word ‘tree’ here at the sentence ‘the tree, suddenly flapping backwards and forwards in the wind, made me
14.“I heard mother’s voice, singing a song whose meaning I did not understand.Her voice was very gentle and heaved in a slow rhythm as though it followed a breath
of wind moving around the leaves of a guava tree.” a. Meaning
Her voice was very gentle and heaved (= sounds made when speaking quite and weight) in a slow rhythm (= regular succession of weak stresses) as though it followed a breath of wind moving around the leaves of guava tree(= as if the sounds go single act of taking in and sending out in air among the leaves of the tree). The sentence means that the voice is like melody of music. It can make the soul calm and silent.
b. Type of Figurative Language
The sentence “It followed a breath of wind moving around the leaves of guava tree”is categorized asPersonification.
c. Reasons
The underlined sentence above is Figurative Language form. The sentence‘it
15.“Mother didn’t say a word. She kept combing her hair, reciting the song that
sounded softer. Her eyes gazed at the sun, whose light was becoming dimmer. Dusk was falling. Before long, her eyes would stare at the moon. Then, the
moonlight would move to mother’s eyes.” a. Meaning
The moonlight would move to mother’s eyes (= light of the moon will change position to mother’s eyes). The sentence means that the moonlight is beautiful thing, so, the mother wants to see the moonlight as same as her beautiful eyes. b. Type of Figurative Language
The sentence “Then, the moonlight would move to mother’ eyes” is categorized asPersonification.
c. Reasons
The underlined above sentence is a Figurative Language form. The sentence ‘then, the moonlight would move to mother’ eyes’ is personification form.
16.“She never changed, always combing her handsome hair. The change was just
the color of her hair. Brownish.” a. Meaning
She never changed (= she never become different), always combing her handsome hair (= keep use a comb on her good hair). The writer defines that the sentence wants to show a good hair or beautiful mother’s hair.
b. Type of Figurative Language
The sentence “She never changed, always combing her handsome hair” is categorized asPersonification.
c. Reasons
The writer thinks that the underlined above sentence is Figurative Language
form. The sentence‘she never changed, always combing her handsome hair’ is an personification form. Personification is consisting in giving the attributes of human being to an animal, an object, or a concept. The short storyMother’s Hair explained about beautiful mother’s hair that seemed as a person. Thus, the personification is handsome hair like handsome person. Just as handsome person is a charming or beautiful person, so handsome hair is a beautiful long hair.
17.“Day by day we got closer. Finally, we pledged to sail together in the ocean of love, aiming to reach the Promised Land.”
a. Meaning
fondness). The words ‘ocean of love is symbolizing two people loving each other, so, they will live together forever. Those words are not only symbolizing it, but, it means that they will face any problems and solve them together.
b. Type of Figurative Language
The sentence “We pledge to sail together in ocean of love” is categorized as
Hyperbole.
c. Reasons
The underlined sentence above isFigurative Language form. The words‘the
ocean of love’ is the hyperbole form. Hyperbole is a rhetorical term for exaggeration or overstatement, usually deliberate and not meant to be taken too literary. The author symbolizes the words‘the ocean of love’as the people who are falling in love. Actually, the ocean is a preserve of a large region of seawater. This time, however, the ocean is not containing of seawater, instead of full love.
18.“All of the sudden, the sunlight entered the room through the open window, touching my mother’s hair. Her wind-blown hair shone like a polished diamond,
my eyes not blinking.” a. Meaning
beautiful. The beauty of her hair is admired by her son and her hair as though the diamond in which many people loves it.
b. Type of Figurative Language
The sentence “Her wind-blown hair shone like a polished diamond” is categorized asSimile.
c. Reasons
The writer finds that the underlined sentence is Figurative Language form. The sentence‘her wind-blown hair shone like a polished diamond’is a simile form. Simileis expressed by using of some words or phrases, such as like, as, than, similar to, resembles, or seems. The word ‘like’ at the sentence ‘her
wind-blown hair shone like a polished diamond’ is pointing a simile. It explains about mother’s beautiful hair is shining as same as diamond, so, the word ‘like’ is showing the comparison between beautiful hair and polished diamond.
C. Messages
“She merely spoke as she needed. But when she talked, her words sounded very cool and tranquil”
on the short story Mother’ Hair’s is describing about mother whom always gives for the best to her children and always makes her children comfortable near her. Then, she is never counting her goodness to her children and hoping to the best future to them.
Besides, we as children do not ever hurt mother’s heart. Because, mother is never speaking rudely about something or to someone and always telling the goodness for her children. As the sample sentence:
“Her voice was very gentle and heaved in a slow rhythm as though it followed a breath of wind moving around the leaves of a guava tree”
on the short story Mother’s Hair is describing the goodness of mother whom cool and calm in speaking to someone and she always teaches her children to solve any problem through the peaceful way.
Other reason is mother whom always will take care her children and will not make her children worry as well as make her children being happy. We can see from the sample sentence:
“To begin with, her change did not thoroughly tease my heart because I was still a small kid”
Chapter IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
Hamzah Puadi Ilyas published his short storyMother’s Hair on the Jakarta Post Newspaper. The story told the mother with her long beautiful hairs and her son live together without father. He wanted to show about the mother always loves her children so much from that story.
The wirter analyzes the passages of short story which contain figure of speech from that story. The analyzes are including the detection of figure of speech, the determination of kind of them, and the explanation of their meaning.
Based on the analysis of 18 kinds of the sentences in short storyMother’s Hairon the Jakarta Post by Hamzah Puadi Ilyas that has been made, The writer finds eighteen of figurative languages in the short story Mother’s Hair.Mostly, the personification forms used by an author in making his short story. Another figurative languages that the writer finds in 18 kinds of sentences containing figurative language in each paragraphs are metonymy, analogy, hyperbole, simile, metaphor. There are the messages given by the writer in order to know what the meaning contained from each sentences for the readers.
discusses the intrinsic elements to find the esthetic language from figurative language.
Therefore, the correlation between literary work and stylistics is reflected in Hamzah Puadi Ilyas’s short story Mother’s Hair. In this story, Hamzah Puadi Ilyas described the condition of family through his main character; the mother as single parent. In this character, Hamzah Puadi Ilyas described the goodness of mother for her son, moral message, and the esthetic language of story from stylistics, that contained in this short story. This is true that the stylistics of the writer is reflected in his work.
B. suggestion
So far, through the analysis has been conducted carefully, the writer is going to suggest to the readers have to know the branches of Linguistics, especially the study of Stylistics. Usually, in reading literary work many readers know from aspect meaning and their understanding about the content of story. They, however, do not realize about another sides, there are many interesting ways in reading literary work.
