TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES IN THE TRANSLATION OF LAUREN KATE’S NOVEL “TORMENT” INTO BAHASA INDONESIA “TERSIKSA” BY FANNY YUANITA
A THESIS
BY
TESYA PRATIWI 090705014
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara onJanuary, 30, 2015
Dean of Faculty Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners (Signature)
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS ( )
RahmadsyahRangkuti, MA. Ph.D ( )
Drs. YulianusHarefa, M.ED TESOL ( )
Drs. RidwanHanafiah, SH. MA ( )
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I AM TESYA PRATIWI I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS ECXEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR PR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORL HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed :
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME : TESYA PRATIWI
TITLE OF THESIS : TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES IN THE TRANSLATION OF LAUREN KATE’S NOVEL “TORMENT” INTO BAHASA INDONESIA “TERSIKSA” BY FANNY YUANITA
QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTEMENT : ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRECTION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR ABLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed :
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Bissmillahhirohmannirohim.
First of all, i would like to thank to allah SWT, The almighty god for blessing
and leading me during all my life. Praise is to the prophet muhammad SAW, the
leader of messengers and guiding of faithful so that writer could finish my study to
fulfil one of requirements for the degree of sarjana sastra from the english department,
faculty of cultural studies, university of sumatera utara,medan.
Then, I would like to thank the Dean of faculty of cultural studies, university
of sumatera utara , Dr. H. Syahron Lubis,MA, and all the staff for their help during
the period of study in this faculty.
In this chance, I would like to express my special gratitude to my supervisor,
Dr. Roswita Silalahi, DipTESOL.M.HUM and my co-supervisor Dra. Roma Ayuni
Lubis, M.A for their support and beneficial suggestion, and their wilingness to share
time in correcting this thesis throught the preparationof this thesis and the period of
doing this thesis.
I would like to thank to the Head of English Department Drs, H. Muhizar
Muchtar, MS, and the secretary Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph.D for giving all
facilities and opportunities during my academic years and in completing this thesis. I
also would like to thank to all lecture who given so much knowledge throughout my
academic years. Then, i would like to thank bg amran, bg mistam and kak tika who
helps me in administration process.
My best, deepest appreciation and love are dedicated to my beloved father, H.
Rusli Hasibuan, my beloved mother, HJ. Mulyati and my brother Tesar prayoga SE
who always pray, support, and advice me with their love.
My special thank is dedicated to my best friend Adi Guna Pangestu (Adi), M.
Yusuf Adi K (Yusuf), who always help and support me every time, for having great
time together and spending our 8 years in sweet memories, love you and my lucky to
know you. To my friend in English Departement ijal, dinda, ade, cali, bayu, arief,
yuda, rini, tai, winda, ina, mita, heni, erna, dewi, sinta, yolanda, eta, roni, indah,
dinasti, who gives me inspiration to finish my thesis, and to all my classmate in
English Department who always spend our great times together. A unique thanks is
dedicated to my senior and junior in IMSI.
Finally, may this thesis be advantageous for the readers. May the greace and
love of the almighty Allah SWT be with us all forever. Amin
ABSTRACT
This thesis entitled “ Translation Technique In The Translation of Lauren Kate’s Novel “Torment” Into Bahasa Indonesia “Tersiksa” By Fanny Yuanita. This thesis analyzed the translation technique from english novel SL into bahasa indonesia
(TL). It aims to find translation technique which are used by translator. This thesis
used theory of Vinay and Darbelnet (1) borrowing (2) calque (3) literal translation (4)
transposition (5) modulation (6) adaptation (7) equivalence. In analyzing the data, the
writer applies qualitative method. The data which is used in this thesis is taken from
Lauren Kate’s novel “Torment” and the translation “Tersiksa” which is translated by
Fanny Yuanita. The dominant technique which appeared in text is 21,79 % sentences
with literal translation, then 18,58 % sentences with modulation, 18,58 % sentences
with transposition, 15,38 % sentences with calque, 15, 38 % sentences with
equivalence, and the last 12,17 % sentences with adaptation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... i
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iii
ABSTRACT ... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi
CHAPTER I INTRUDUCTION 1.1 Background of the study ... 1
1.2 Problems of the study ... 6
1.3 Objective of the study ... 6
1.4 Scope of the study ... 6
1.5 Significances of the study ... 6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Definition of translation ... 8
2.2 Translation technique ... 10
2.3 Related studies ... 16
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research method ... 18
3.2 Data and source of data ... 18
3.3 Data collecting method ... 18
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 Data analysis ... 21
4.2 Data finding ... 55
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion ... 57
5.2 Suggestion ... 57
ABSTRACT
This thesis entitled “ Translation Technique In The Translation of Lauren Kate’s Novel “Torment” Into Bahasa Indonesia “Tersiksa” By Fanny Yuanita. This thesis analyzed the translation technique from english novel SL into bahasa indonesia
(TL). It aims to find translation technique which are used by translator. This thesis
used theory of Vinay and Darbelnet (1) borrowing (2) calque (3) literal translation (4)
transposition (5) modulation (6) adaptation (7) equivalence. In analyzing the data, the
writer applies qualitative method. The data which is used in this thesis is taken from
Lauren Kate’s novel “Torment” and the translation “Tersiksa” which is translated by
Fanny Yuanita. The dominant technique which appeared in text is 21,79 % sentences
with literal translation, then 18,58 % sentences with modulation, 18,58 % sentences
with transposition, 15,38 % sentences with calque, 15, 38 % sentences with
equivalence, and the last 12,17 % sentences with adaptation.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
There are thousand of language in this world, for instance bahasa Indonesia, English,
Spanish, Deutsch, etc. Every language is unique which means that one language is
different with another langange whether it is in sounds, words, and the sentences. The
functions of language as a tool of communication finds obstacle when it is related to
the diversity of language it self. It is hard to use unknown language as a tool of
communication especially in the international communication. In order to overcome
the ocstacle, there should be a solution which is called as “transaltion”.
Basically, translation is studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication
situation, and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to
determine its meaning, and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the
receptor language and its cultural context (Larson, 1983:3). Translation functions as a
means to transfer equivalent massage from one language to another, so that
communication of human keeps going on.
Translation has a close relation to our daily life. Almost every aspect of human life
related to translation. In one case, as a mean of communication, translation is used for
multilingual notices in public place for example: for intructions issud by exporting
companies, for tourist publicity, for official documents, for reports and papers,
articles, correspondence, textbooks to covey information, advice and
recommendations for every branch of knowledge. We find out human’s civilization
and noted historical facts through translation. Translation has been instrumental in
biased translations, ever since countries and language have been in contact with each
other. Translation also used in literary works such as poetry, short story, novel and
drama.
In order to help the students to choose the best solution to solve the problem in
translation text, they may choose the strategy that suitable to the context and type of
text. Strategy is a kind of a way to solve the translation problem while the translator
conducts in form of translation technique (strategy implemented in the product of
translation).
Vinay and darbelnet theory is used to analyze the translation techniques in Lauren
Kate’s Torment into bahasa indonesia Tersiksa by Fanny Yuanita. Vinay and
darbelnet describe translation procedures in seven types. They are literal tyranslation,
borrowing, calque, eqiuvalence, modulation, and adaptation.
All seven translation techniques will be used as reference in assessing the translation
technique of the translation procedures:
1. Literal translation: This is word- for-word translation, translation is the direct transfer of an SL text in which the translators task is limited to observing the
adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL.
Example : SL : I wrote short story
TL : Saya menulis sebuah cerita pendek.
2. Borrowing: the procedure where a word or an expression is taken from the SL and transfered to the TL, but in a “naturalized form” which is make to conform to the
rules of grammar or pronounciation of the TL. This procedure is the simplest
translation procedure.
Example : SL : We are learning how to make floechart in computer clas.
3. Transposition: This procedure replace one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message.it is also a change in the grammar from source
language to target language, including the change of singular to plural; the change of
the position of the adjective; and the change of word class or part of speech.
Example : SL : My hobby is reading.
TL : Hobi saya adalah membaca.
4. Calque : This is a special kind of borrowing where SL expression or structure is transferred in a literal translation.
Example : SL : Negative response
TL : Respon negatife
5. Modulation : The procedure changes the from of the message, by a change of point of view. This changes in point of view enables us to express the same
phenomenon in a different way. This change can be justified when a literal or
transposed translation result is grammatically correct, but it is considered unsuitable,
unidiomatic or awkward in the TL.
Example : SL : He broke his leg while playing football
TL : Kakinya cidera ketika bermain sepak bola
6. Equivalence : it is the procedure used in the case where in the same situation can be described by texts using different stylistic and structural methods. Equivalence
is also frequently used when dealing with the translation of idioms and proverbs.
Example : SL : Ask price.
TL : Harga terendah.
7. Adaptation : this procedure is used when the type of situation being referred by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. So, the translator creates a new
Example : SL : Tita will marry with aditya.
TL: Aditya akan menikahi Tita
In the translation of Lauren kate’s Torment, the writer finds translation technique,
such as:
Source language
For half an hour, the two of them rode in silence. (page 27)
Target language
Selama setengah jam, keduanya berkendara tanpa bicara. (page 37) translation
technique in the sentences above is a literal translation because every sentence can be
interpreted word for word.
Translation help people who have different mother touge to be able splve
language barrier. That is why translator’s role is very important in this case.
Translator should be able to transfer the meaning from source language into target
target language well, that the reader can understand the message which is delivered by
the writer. Larson (1984: 6) defines characteristics of good translation as :
1. Using normal language style in target language
2. Communicate to speakers in target language the equal meaning that also
understood by speakers from source language
3. Keeping the dynamic of original text in source language.
For example :
SL : I broke my leg
Literally, the translation in target language is right buty there is more suitable
translation for this sentence. It should be
TL : kaki saya patah
This case shows that good translation have tp appear as the original one and
express the whole original meaning, not as a product of translation. From example
above, it also shows the differences translation procedures which is used by the
translator.
In translating text we surely will find the translation technique. Translation technique
is the main discuss of this study that is why it is important to know about the
translation technique itself. Translation techniques (translation procedures or
translation shifts) are defined as the smallest linguistic change occurring in translation
of ST (Source text) to TT ( Target text) (Munday, 2001:55). Translation techniques,
or what Newmark, Vinay and Darbelnet call translation procedures, are different from
methods. Newmark (1981:81) in A Textbook of translation explains it as such: “while
translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentence
and the smaller units of language.”
In this thesis, the writer will analyze the translation technique found in Lauren Kate’s
Torment and its translation into bahasa Indonesia by Fanny Yuanita. This novel about
lucida price, a seventeen years old girl from Goergia. She previously attented a
private school in new Hampshire before the counrt ordered her be moved to bording
school for troubled youth, after an incident which left her life, but her boyfriend trevor
dead.
The reasons for taking novel as the object to analyzed because the story is nice
to read and it is interesting to see how Indonesian translator translates source
writer could be translated well by Indonesian translator, find out the variations of
translation technique that applied by the translator.
1.2 PROBLEM OF STUDY
The problems of analysis in the thesis are:
1. Which translation techniques applied in the translation of Lauren Kate
“Torment” into bahasa Indonesia “Tersiksa” by Fanny Yuanita?
2. What is the dominant translation technique applied in the text ?
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
The objective of analysis in the thesis are:
1. To figure out the translation technique that applied in the translation of lauren
Kate “Torment” into bahasa Indonesia “Tersiksa” by Fanny Yuanita.
2. To find out the dominant of translation technique applied in the text.
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY
The study is focused on techniques that used in translating novel “Torment” by
Lauren Kate into bahasa Indonesia “Tersiksa” by Fanny Yuanita. This novel consists
of 19 chapters but, the writer only takes 10 chapter to be analyzed as object of this
thesis.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
A study is done due to significances it has. The significances of the study can be both
developing knowledge and insight, and also can be applied for daily living (Silalahi,
2010: 2-3).
Based on the statement above, this study has two major significance. First this thesis
is expected to enlarge the writer and reader’s knowledge about translation, second, it
is expected to be helpful for people especially the student who wants to be a
translator, third The result of this study is expected to guide the reader and the
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Translation
Basically, the term translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general
subject fields, the product (the text that has been translated) or the process (the act of
producing the translation. Otherwise known as translating) (Munday, 2001: 5).
Nevertheless, the definition of translation is not that simple futher elaboration is
needed to make it obvious. Many experts in translation theory define translation in
different ways.
Catford (1965:20) states that translation is the replacement of textual material in one
language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).
The process of translation between two different written languages involves the
translator changing an original written text ( the source text or ST) in the original
verbal language ( the source language or SL) into a written text ( the target text or TT)
in a different verbal language ( target text language or TL) (Munday, 2001:5)
Moentaha ( 2006: 11) defines “terjemahan adalah proses penggantian teks dalam
bahasa pemberi dengan teks dalam teks bahsa sasaran tanpa mengubah tingkat isi teks
bahsa pemberi” [Translation is process of changing text from source language into
target language without changing the level of content in the text of source language].
Translation the production in a receptor language of the closest natural equivalence of
the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and second in term of style
(Nida and Taber, 1982: 208)
Levy as cited in Venuti (2001:148) explains two definitions of translation based on
translation is a process of communication: the objective of translating is to impart the
knowledge of the original to the foreign reader. From the point of view of the working
situation of the translator at any moment of his work (that is form the pragmatic point
of view), translation is a process: a series of a certain number of consecutive situatins
imposing on the translator the necessity of choosing a certain (and very often exactly
definable) number of alternatives.
“Penerjemahan merupakan proses pengalihan pesan teks bahasa sumber kedalam
bahasa sasaran” [translation is a process of transferring the message of a source
language tesxt into the target language.] (Nababan, 2008)
Moreover, translation also deals with semantic and cultural aspects. Hatim and Mason
(1997:1) say, translating.. as an act communication which attempts to relay, across
cultural and linguistic boundaries, another act of communication (which may have
been intended for different purpose and different readers/listeners.
To be concluded from definations above, translation is a process of changing written
text in source languange into written text in target language without changing the
meaning or message from source language. The content or meaning of source
language should be understood widely and well, it means that only involves the
material meaning and ideas on the level of content but also all of information on the
source language such as lexical meaning, grammatical meaning, and stylistic or
expressive meaning.
Example : SL : Rumah sakit jiwa
TL : Lunatic asylum
If the traslator do not the understand the lexical meaning of “rumah sakit jiwa” he will
translate rumah sakit jiwa into ‘ hospital of soul’ not lunatic asylum. Therefore,
to have skill to understand all of information in the source language in order to get
good product of translation.
2.2. Translation Technique
Translation technique (translation procedures or translation shifts) are defined
as “the smallest linguistic change ocuring in translation of ST (source text) to TT
(target text)” (munday,2001:55).
Translation procedures are ways or steps to analyze and classify how
translation equivalence works. The translations have to be able to deliver the message
or contect in source language into target language well, so the readers understand the
meaning.
Example : SL : I lost my wallet
TL : Saya menghilangkan dompet saya (WRONG)
TL : Dompet saya hilang ( RIGHT)
In order to make the readers understand the meaning well, the translator have
to use the translation procedures.
In this analysis, the writer uses the theory of Vinay and Darbelnet’s
translation procedures. There are seven procedures:
1. Literal translation
2. Borrowing
3. Transposition
4. Calque
5. Modulation
6. Equivalence
There are also cases in which scholars confuse a translation technique with
another. This is because the different of the translation text using a translation
technique compared to using another is so little that it is easily ignored.
For example:
SL adi eats fried noodles
TLa adi makan mie goreng
TLb mie goring adi makan
In TLa, translation technique used is literal translation in which the text is
translated word by word. Meanwhile, modulation is used in translating SL text into
TLb. The difference here is the emphases on the sentence. TLa emphasize on who
(adi) is doing the action (eat), wheres TLb emphasizes on the object (fried noodles) to
which the action is being done (eaten).
Therefore, to avoid such error, we need to get a better understanding of each and all
the translation technique used before doing translation and analyzing one.
2.2.1 Literal translation
Literal translation is a translation technique commonly used translating literary
text and many other kinds of text. Literal translation may be briefly explained as
follows:
Literal translation is the basic translation procedure. A literal translation is a
unique solution which is reversible and complete in itself. The translation has not
needed to make any changes other than the obvious one, like those concerning
grammatical concord or inflectional endings. This kind of procedures is most
commonly found in translations between closely related language, for example french
Literal, or word by word, translation is the direct transfer or SL text into
grammaticaly and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which translators’ task is
limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL. (Vinay and
Darbelnet in venuti, 2006: 86)
Example :
SL : A shy girl SL : Cute cat
TL : Seorang anak perempuan pemalu TL : Kucing lucu
2.2.2 Borrowing
Borrowing is the simplest of all translation procedures. It would not even
merit discussion in this context if translators did not occasionally need to use it in
order to create a stylistic effect (Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti, 2000 : 85).
Borrowing is one of translation procedures in which the translator borrows directly
the word or phrase from source language.
Example :
SL : We are learning how to make flowchat in computer.
TL : Kami sedang belajar membuat flowchat di kelas computer.
2.2.3 Transposition
A translation technique that transposition involves replacing one word class
with another wothout changing the meaning of the message. Transposition can be
used within a language, as when rewarding the phrase. (Vinay and Darbelnet 2000:
Example :
My father ecpected that i come home
My fatherexpected my arrival
In this case the subordinate verb becomes a noun. Transposition also includes
a change in the grammar from source language to target language such as: singular tp
plural; position of the adjective, changing the word class or part of speech.
Example :
SL : A pair of trousers SL : Higher wages
TL : Sebuah celana panjang TL : Kenaikan gaji
2.2.4 Calque
According to Vinay and Darbelnet (in Venuti, 2000: 86). A calque is a special
kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression form of another, but
then translates literally each of its elements. They divided calque into two kinds:
(i) Lexical calque: a calque which respects the syntactic structure of TL,
whilst introducing a new mode of expression.
Example : SL TL
Table tennis Tenis meja
(ii)Structural calque: a calque which introduces a new construction into
the language (TL).
Example :
SL : Equity financing
2.2.5 Modulation
A variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of
view. This change can be justified when, althought a literal, or even transposed,
translation results in a grammatically correct utterance, it is considered unsuitable,
unidiomatic or awkward in the TL.(Vinay and Darlbenet in Newmark, 1988:89).
Generally, modulation is divided into two types of modulation, those are: free
modulation and fixed modulation (Vinay and Darlbenet in Newmark, 1988:89)
i. Free modulation
Free modulation is single instances not yet fixed and sanctioned by usage, so that the
procedure must be carried out anew each time. This, however, is not what qualifies it
as optional; when carried out as it should be, the resulting translation should
correspond perfectly to the situation indicated by SL. Free modulation is used often
enough, or is felt to offer the only solution, it may become fixed.
Example :
SL : The most patient of suffer
TL : Tak pernah mengeluh
ii. Fixed modulation
Fixed modulation is type of modulation which turns a negative SL expression into a
positive TL expression. The difference between fixed and free modulation is one of
degree.
Example :
SL : priceless diamond
2.2.5 Equivalence
The translation of fixed expressions such as idioms with an equivalence that is
very different in form. (Vinay and Darbelnet in Hatim and Munday, 2004: 339). In
vinay and darlbelnet’s own word, the classical example of equivalence is given by the
reaction of an amateur who accidentally hits his finger with a hammer: if he were
French his cry of pain would be transcribed as “Aie!”,but if he were English this
would be interpreted as “ouch!”. [ if he were Indonesia, the interpretation of his cry of
pain would be: “aduh!”] Another striking case of equivalence are they many
onomatopoeria of animal sounds.
Example :
SL : Cock – a – doodle – do SL : Miaou
TL : Kukuruyuk TL : Meong
Vinay and Darbelnet use this term (2000: 90) to refer cases where language
describe the same situation by different stylistic or structural methods. Equivalence
most dominant in form of idiom and proverb.
Example :
SL : Full of beans TL: Besemangat
SL : A pig headed child TL : Anak yang nakal
2.2.6 Adaptation
A translation technique that involves modifying a cultural reference for the
target text readership (Vinay and Darbelnet in Hatim and Munday, 2004: 334). It is
used those cases where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is
that can be considered as being equivalent. Adaptation can, therefore, be described as
a special kind of equivalence, a situational equivalence. Title of books, movies, and
characters fit into this category.
Example :
SL TL
After the night [ a novel by Linda Howard Menunggu fajar
Voldemort (you know who) [a character in Voldemort (kau tau siapa)
J.K Rowling’s harry potter
2.3. RELATED STUDIES
Some prevoius research findings which is relevant to this to support the idea
of this analysis are below :
Debora (2010) in A Comperative analysis on translation techniques used by the
"original translator of Stephanie Meyer’s The Host anf by daerah sumber
Translator” writer about translator techniques used by two different translator. She
concludes the original translator have used 47.47 % literal translation, 26.26%
transposition, 16.16% modulation, 5.05 % adaptation, 3.03 % eqiuvalence, 2.02%
calque. While the non original translator used 26.53% literal translation, 21.43%
transposition, 16.3% modulation, 7.14% adaptation, 6.12% equivalence, 1.02%
calque. And the other difference between both is that non original translator has
several sentences left not translated, and several that are irrelevant translations of their
respective ST sentences, whereas the original translator has neither.
Sari (2009) in “an analysis of translation procedures of Translating Computer Term
in Andrew S Tanenbaum3rd computer networks into bahasa indonesia” concluded
The result if the analysis is 46% borrowing, 29% calque, 19% literal translation, 6%
transposition. She used theory of Vinay and Darbelnet to analyze the translation
procedure in her thesis.
Molina and albir (2002) in “ Translation Techniques Revisited: A Dynamic and
Functionalist approach” concluted that there are 17 translation techniques, namely:
amplification, borrowing, calque, compensation, descreption, discursive creation,
established equivalent, generalization, linguistic amplification, linguistic compression,
literal translation, modulation, particularization, reduction, subtition, transposition,
and variation. They classify the translation techniques into 17 techniques based on the
the theory of Vinay and Darbelnet’s procedure ( borrow, calque, literal translation,
modulation, transposition, adaptation and equivalence) newmark’s procedure
(recognized translation, funcutinal equivalent, naturalization and translation label) and
CHAPTER III
METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1 Research Method
Research methodology is a systematic way solve a problem. It is a science of
studying how research is to be carried out. Essentially, the procedures by which
researchers go about their work of describing, explaining and predicting phenomena
are called research methodology. It is also defined as the study of methods by which
knowledge is gained. Its aim is to give the work plan of research.
Descriptive qualitative method is used in this thesis to analyze the data.
Bodgan and bliken (2007:4) state that qualitative research is descriptive and the data
collected in the form of word or picture rather that number. The formula dealing with
calcuting data is merely used to support the data analysis. The formula is not intented
to be the main focus on the research.
3.2 Data and Source of data
in this thesis, the data is analysed are translation technique found in the
novel of Lauren Kate novel entitled Torment and its translation into bahasa Indonesia
by Fanny Yuanita.
3.3 Data Collecting Method
There are some page chosen as the sample of the data alaysis by using
systematic sampling presented by coheren (Silalahi, 2010: 264-264). In the systematic
evident when comparing polar opposites. It also allows the maintences of the greater
consistency in data gathering (Strauss1990:184)
Using the Coheran’s systematic sampling, the sample can be selected by using a
certain formula. The formula is :
N = n . k
N: total number of population
n : number of sample
k : interval
The source of data consists of 10 chapter and 123 pages. In total, there Thus,
with N = 123 and n = 50 , number of interval are:
N = n . k
123 = 50 . k
k = 5
therefore, the sample taken is 50 pages with interval 5, started form page 13, 18, 23,
28, 33, 38, 43, 48, 53, 58, 63, 68, 73, 78, 83, 88, 93, 98, 103, 108, 113, 118, 123, 128,
133, 138, 143, 148, 153, 158, 163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 213,
218, 223, 228, 233, 238, 243, 248, 253, 258
3.4 Data Analysing Method
“metode deskriptif dapat diartikan sebagai prosedur pemecahan masalah yang diselidiki dengan menggambarkan / melukiskan keadaan subyek / obyek penelitian
(seseorang, lembaga, masyarakat , dll) pada saat sekarang berdasarkan fakta-fakta
The steps done in analyzing the data are:
1. Reading the novel in English and the source text (ST) and its translation into
bahasa Indonesia as the target text (TT).
2. Constrasting the word in ST and TT in order to figure out the translation
techniques.
3. Identifying the translation technique occurred.
4. Classifying the translation technique occurred.
5. Finding out the most dominant translation technique used in the translation.
In the to figure out the most dominant translation technique used in the translation,
this thesis is going to apply a formula referring to Malo’s method of social research
(1986:200).
following is the formula of calculating the percentage of the procedures used :
x100% = N
X: number of the subcategory of the procedures of translation.
Y: number of all data
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 Data Analysis NO
DATA
SOURCE TEXT TARGET DATA
TRANSLATION
TECHNIQUE
1 Luced planned on keeping her
eyes closed all six hours of the
cross-country flight from
Georgia out to California (
page 13 line 1-2)
Luce berencana
memejamkan mata
selama enam jam
penerbangan lintas
Negara dari Georgia ke
California. (page 23 line
1-2)
Lireral translation
2 Half asleep, she found it so
much easier to preted she was
already reunited with Daniel
(page 13 line 4-5)
Setengah tertidur, ia
mendapati ternyata lebih
muda berpura-pura ia
sudah di pertemukan
kembali dengan Daniel.
(page 23 line 4-5)
Transposition
3 For a second, luce stood still
and just enjoyed the view
(page 18 line 4)
Untuk sesaat, luce
berdiri diam-diam dan
menikmati pemandangan
di hadapannya. (page 28
line 4-5)
Equivalence
sank into a kiss (page 18 line
15-17)
dengan Daniel dan
mereka tenggelam dalam
kecupan. (page 28 line
23-24)
5 The love she felt, the love that
Daniel reciprocated, all still
felt so surreal (page 18 line
19-20)
Cinta yang luce rasakan,
cinta yang Daniel balas,
segalanya masih terasa
bagai mimpi. (page 28
line 28-30)
Transposition
6 Mr cole told you about keeping
a low profil, didn’t he? (page
23 line 1-2)
Mr cole memberitahumu
supaya tidak menarik
perhatian bukan? (page
33 line 11-12)
Transposition
7 Daniel backed out of the spot,
then wheeled around to the
parking lot’s exit, slipping a
credit card into the machine on
their way out (page 23 line 4-6)
Daniel memundurkan
mobil, lalu mengemudi
ke pintu keluar peralatan
parker, menyelipkan
kartu kredit kedalam
mesin sebelum keluar
(page 33 line 14-16)
Calque
8 In san fransisco proper, the
road turned much hillier (page
23 line 23-24)
Di kota san fransisco,
jalannya semakin
berbukit-bukit (page 34
line 3)
9 Everytime they crested one
peak and started careening
down another (page 23 line
24-25)
Setiap kali mereka
mendaki satu puncak
bukit dan meluncur
turun dari bukin lainnya
(page 34 line 4-5)
Literal translation
10 It was anly after they’d passed
through the redwoods and
come out into a starry,
royal-blue evening that Daniel said
something that broke through
to her (page 28 line 6-8)
Baru saad mereka
melewati barisan pohon
cemara dan menuju
langit sore biru terang
berbintang Daniel
mengatakan sesuatu
yang menggerakan luce
(page 28 line 28-30)
Modulation
11 A full moon shone down on a
cluster of a buildings: a light
house, several copper towers,
and rows of well-preserved old
wooden house (page 28 line
10-12)
Bulan purnama
menyinari sederetan
bangunan: sebuah
mercusuar, beberapa
menara talang air, dan
barisan rumah-rumah
kayu tua yang terawat.
(page 39 line 1-4)
Literal translation
12 Daniel pointed east, into a
dark, dense forest of red-wood
and maple trees (page 28 line
15-16)
Daniel menunjuk ke
timur, kehutan cemara
dan pohon maple yang
lebat dan gelap. (page 38
line 6-7)
13 The park and looked sad and
lonesome, a dull line of
low-ceilinged cookie-cutter boxes
set along a cheap gravel road
(page 28 line 23-25)
Taman itu sangat
menyedihkan dan
kesepian, barisan
kota-kota mobil beratap
rendah berwarna kusam
dijajarkan dijalan
berkerikil. (page 39 line
17-19)
Equivalence
14 Daniel would have to be
important in heaven in order to
have caused such a big gift
(page 33 line 1-2)
Daniel pasti sangat
penting di surga hinga
bias menimbulkan
keretakan yang sangat
besar. (page 43-44 line
30-1)
Literal translation
15 The ambled to the end of the
street, which didn’t dead-end
after all, but a lead to a step,
rocky staircase going down to
the water (page 33 line 16-18)
Mereka berjalan santai
keujung jalan, yang
ternyata tidak buntu, tapi
menuju tangga batu
curam menurun kea rah
air (page 44 line 15-17
Equivalence
16 Daniel smailed at her,
straightening his shoulders, and
Daniel tersenyum
unfurled his wigs (page 33 line
23-24)
bahu dan
membentangkan
sayapnya. (page 44 line
23-24)
17 Her eylieds drifted open and,
almost immediately, she
scrunched up her face in
surprise (page 38 line 4-6)
Kelopak matanya
terbuka berlahan dan,
nyaris seketika, ia
mengerutkan wajah
karena terkejut. (page 49
line 5-7)
Transposition
18 A stocky dishwater-blond girl
with grimly set mounth and
major eyebrows was leaning
over her (page 38 line 6-7)
Seorang gadis kekar
berambut pirang pucat
dengan bentuk bibir
yang sangat muram dan
alis mata sangat tebal
sedang mencondongkan
tubuh ke atas luce (page
49 line 7-9)
Modulation
19 Shellby popped of the bed
lumbered into the bathroom to
brush her teeth (page 43 line
1-2)
Shellby melompat turun
dari tempat tidur dan
beranjak dari kamar
mandi untuk menggosok
gigi. (page 53 line
26-27)
Transposition
ten second until luce couldn’t
take it anymore
tampa bicara selama
sepuluh detik hingga
luce tidak dapat
menahan diri lagi. (page
54 line 5-6)
21 Nothing, not one brush of an
angel wing. Not one kiss of his
lips (page 43 line 21-22)
Tidak ingat apapun.
Tidak satupun sapuan
sayap malaikat. Tidak
satupun ciuman Daniel.
(page 54 line 17-18)
Literal translation
22 She must have been dreaming
about Daniel (page 43 line
24-25)
Ia pasti bermimpi
tentang Daniel. (page 54
line 20-21)
Calque
23 She wore a cool fitted black
sheath dress with ablue belt
and matching peep-toe stilettos
Ia mengenakan gaun
terusan hitam ketat yang
keren dengan sabuk biru
sepatu hak tinggi dengan
bagian ujung terbuka
yang cocok. (page 58
line 27-29)
Equivalence
24 Oh good, you two connected.
Francesca smailed, I know
you’d become fast friend (page
48 line 6-7)
Baguslah, kalian sudah
berteman. Fransisca
tersenyum, aku tahu
kalian akan cepat
akrab.(page 59 line 5-6)
25 For the first time morning,
shellby laughed (page 48 line
14)
Untuk pertama kalinya
pagi itu, shellby tertawa.
(page 59 line 15)
Literal translation
26 Her laugh was a gruff, gravelly
thing, the kind of chortle luce
would have expacted from old
man, a lifetime smoker, not a
teenage yoga enthusiast (page
48 line 14-17)
Suara tawanya terdengar
kasar dan menyeramkan,
semacam kikikan tawa
yang luce fikirkan
terdengar dari seorang
pria tua, seorang
perokok berat, bukan
seorang remaja yang gila
yoga. (page 59 line
16-19)
Equivalence
27 She belonged with real people,
people with soul instead of
squash rackets, who knew what
life was like (page 48 line
21-23
Ia termasuk golongan
manusia biasa, manusia
yang memiliki jiwa,
bukannya raket squash,
yang tahu betapa
beratnya kehidupan.
(page 59 line 23-25)
Equivalence
28 The other girl, with her pale
coloring, hazel eyes, and short
black hair, looked kind of luce
(page 53 line 2-4)
Gadis datunya, berkulit
pucat, bermata coklat,
dan rambut pendek
hitam, tampak mirib
luce. (page 64 line 7-8)
29 Wait, so you’re really Lucinda
price? (page 53 line 5)
Tunggu, jadi kau
benar-benar Lucinda price?.
(page 64 line 9)
Literal translation
30 Don’t mind her, she just drank,
like, eleven coffees (page 53
line 18-19)
Jangan gubris dia, dia
baru saja minum,
mungkin sebelas gelas
kopi. (page 64 line
24-25)
Adaptation
31 Jasmine spoke about three
times more slowly than down
did (page 53 line 19-20)
Jasmine berbicara tiga
kali lebih lambat dari
pada dawn. (page 63 line
26-27)
Literal translation
32 He had a thin face, staylish
rectaguler glasses, and a thick
head of wavy-salt-and-papper
hair (page 58 line 2-3)
Pria itu mempunyai
wajah tirus, kacamata
empat persegi panjang
yang keren, dan
memiliki rambut tebal
berombak yang sudah
mulai beruban. (page 69
line 7-9
Adaptation
33 Morning girls, the man smiled
at them and waved (page 58
line 6-7)
Selamat pagi anak-anak,
pria itu tersenyum pada
mereka dan melambai.
(page 69 line 12-13)
34 Even though he’s spoken for,
she is shameless (page 58 line
13-14)
Padahal dia sudah ada
yang punya. Dwn emang
tidak tahu malu. (page
69 line 20-21)
Modulation
35 Though angelics would be
more appropriate (page 58 line
22)
Walaupun kemalaikatan
rasanya lebih tepat.
(page 69 line 30)
Modulation
36 Luce looked down at papper.
Line had been drawn on the
page, dividing it into twenty
boxes (page 63 line 4-5)
Luce menatap kertas.
Halaman itu sudah di
beri garis-garis,
membaginya menjadi
duapuluh kotak. (page
74 line 7-8
Literal translation
37 The object was to go around
the room and match a different
student with each phrase (page
63 line 9-10)
Tuganya adalah
berkeliling kelas dan
mencocokan murid yang
berbeda dalam setiap
kalimat. (page 74 line
12-13)
Transposition
38 It was about to be painfully
obvious that luce was the only
non-naphilim in the class (page
63 line 17-18)
Hal itu menunjukan
kenyataan menyakitkan
bahwa luce adalah
satu-satunya murid
non-naphilin di kelas. (page
74 line 22-23)
39 Maybe luce would be more
comfortable among the
scholarship kids (page 63 line
20-21)
Mungkin luce akan
merasakan lebih nyaman
diantara murid-murid
beasiswa. (page 74 line
25-26)
Literal translation
40 Go outside, enjoy youself,
Francesca added. Take all the
time you need (page 63 line
25-26)
Pergilah keluar, nikamti
suasana, fransisca
menambahkan, tidak
usah terburu-buru (page
75 line 1-2)
Modulation
41 Anyway, I’m not the star
student here or anything, but
I’ve been around a while, and
half the time I still think this
place is pretty carzy (page 68
line 1-3)
Ngomong-ngomong aku
bukan murid istimewa
atau apapun disini, tapi
aku sudah cukup lama
disini, dan separuh
waktu aku masih
berpendapat tempat ini
cukup edan. (page 79
line 2-5)
Adaptation
42 And in away, I think shoreline
will help me to get used to
people- I mean angels like
Daniel (page 73 line 1-2)
Dan dengan cara ini,
kurasa shareline
membantuku terbiasa
dengan orang- maksudku
malaikat seperti Daniel.
(page 84 line 11-12)
43 Mile had been nodding and
agrering with luce the whole
time she told her story, but
now he shook his head (page
73 line 5-6)
Sejauh ini mile
mengangguk dan setuju
dengan perkataan luce
saat ia menyampaika
kisahnya, tapi sekarang
cowok itu tenggelam.
(page 84 line 16-18)
Equivalence
44 For the first time, she noticed
a clear line divinding the table
of the nephilim kind from the
rest of the student body 9-11
(page 73 line
Untuk pertama kalinya,
ia menyadari garis tegas
yang memisahkan
meja-meja murud nephilim
dari murid lainnya. (page
84 line 21-23
Calque
[image:43.595.84.537.72.769.2]45 The nephilin claimed all the
table on the west side, closet to
the water (page 73 line 11-13)
Para nepholine menguasi
seluruh meja disisi barat,
paling dekat dengan laut.
(page 84 line 23-24)
Modulation
46 There was a lot of musical
chairs, bit no one of the
nephilim seemed to consider
crossing over to sit with the
gifted kids (page 73 line 19-21)
Masih banyak bangku
kosong, tapi tak seorang
pun dari murid
non-nephilim yang ingin
menyebrang dan duduk
bersama anak-anak
berbakat. (page 85 line
1-3)
47 Luce had met some of the other
non-gifted kids yesterday (73
line 22-23)
Luce sudah bertemu
beberaapa anak tidak
bebakat kemarin. (page
85 line 5-6)
Adaptation
48 The shadow bulged and
stretched out like a balloon
being blown up (page 78 line
11-12)
Banyangan itu
membengkak dan
membesar seperti balon
yang di tiup (page 89
line 28-29)
Modulation
49 A hole swirling world of color
glowing brighter and more
distinct behind a disappearing
mesh of shadow (page 78 line
15-17)
Seluruh warna yang
berputar itu semakin
cerah dan semakin jelas
dibalik gumpalan
bayangan. (page 90 line
3-5)
Equivalence
50 The tangle of colors separated,
settled finally into canvas of
distinct shapes (page 78 line
24-25)
Warna-warna yang
saling bertumpang tindih
itu mulai terpisah, mulai
terbentuk dengan jelas.
(page 90 line 13-14)
Adaptation
51 Francesca and steven wouldn’t
have been trayoing to scare the
class: they have must intended
to teach them something (page
Francesca dan steven
pasti tidak bermaksud
untuk menakut-nakutin
seisi kelas: mereka pasti
83 line 8-10) bermaksud mengajarkan
mereka sesuatu. (page 95
line 3-5)
52 Something they couldn’t come
right out and say (page 83 line
10)
Sesuatu yang tidak dapat
mereka utarakan secara
langsung. (page 95 line
5-6)
Calque
53 She went into the woods (page
83 line 14)
Ia memasukin hutan.
(page 95 line 10)
Modulation
54 Goose bumps rose on her bare
legs as she pressed deeper into
the shady forest (page 83 line
16-18
Kedua tungkai yang
telanjang merinding saat
ia masuk semakin dalam
ke hitan rindang itu.
(page 95 line 13-14)
Adaptation
55 She was about to enter
uncharted territory. Forbidden
territory (page 83 line 20-21)
Ia akan memasuki
wilayah yang belom
pernah dimasukin.
Wilayah terlarang. (page
95 line 16-18
Calque
56 She was going to summon an
announcer (page 83 line 22
)
Ia akan memanggil para
pemberitau. (page 95
line 19)
Adaptation
57 The very first time, was when
she pinched one during class to
keep in fro, sneaking into her
Saat pertama adalah
ketika ia mencubit satu
bayangan ketika di
pocket (page 83 line 23-25 dalam kelas agar
bayangan itu tidak
menyelinap kedalam
sakunya. (page 95 line
21-23
58 The light were off, but a fire
was burning in the hearth (page
88 line 12-13)
Lampu dalam keadaan
mati, tapi kobaran api
menyala di perapian.
(page 100 line 17-18)
Transpotision
59 When luce Came in, on eye
popped open, looking highly
annoyed at the sight before it
(page 88 line 15-16)
Ketika luce masuk, satu
matanya terbuka, tampak
sangat terganggu melihat
pemandangan di
hadapannya (page 100
line 19-21)
Equivalence
60 Luce turned on the computer
that came with her desk and
started at the sreen (page 88
line 22-23)
Luce menyalakan
computer yang ada di
mejanya dan menatap
layar (page 100-101 line
27-1
Literal translation
61 Luce wet her hands in the sink
and tugged her short bleached
waves (page 93 line 2-3
Luce membasahi kedua
tangannya di wastafel
dan menarik-narik
gelombang rambut
pendeknya yang dicat.
(page 106 line 2-3)
62 She’d made it trough a full
load af classes on Thursday
(page 93 line 3-4)
Ia behasil melewati
beragam kelas pelajaran
pada hari kamis. (page
106 line 3-4)
Modulation
63 It was a mistake to even try,
Francesca practically hissed
(page 98 line 3-4)
Mencoba saja sudah
menjadi kesalahan,
francesca mendengis.
(page 111 line 3-4
Modulation
64 A pause, luce inched a little
closer along the Persian rug in
the hall (page 98 line 11-12)
Sunyi sesaat, luce
beringsut lebih dekat
sepanjang karpet Persia
dilorong. (page 111 line
12-13
Eqiuvalnece
65 Our student outperform every
other nephilim program in the
world(page 98 line 17-19)
Murid-murid kita jauh
lebih unggul dari
program anak-anak
nephilim lain di seluruh
dunia. (page 111 line
19-20)
Literal translation
66 Might as well know throw your
academic calendar out the
window(page 98 line 23-24)
Mungkin kubuang saja
kelender akademikmu.
(page 111 line 24-25)
Modulation
67 Roland led her to a bench
facing the water, far away from
Roland menuntun luce
ke bangku taman yang
all the campus buildings,
looking down (page 103 line
5-6)
menghadap ke laut, jauh
dari bangunan-bangunan
sekolah, menatap
kebawah. (page 115 line
23-24)
68 What do you know that you
aren’t saying, luce asked when
the silence began to get to her
(page 103 line 10-11)
Apa yang kau ketahui
tapi tidak ingin kau
sampaikan, luce
bertanya ketika
kesunyian sudah tidak
tertahankan. (page 115
line 28-29)
Calque
69 That water is fifty-one degrees,
roland said (page 103 line 12
Suhu air itu sepuluh
derajad Celsius, sahut
roland. (page 115 line
30)
Adaptation
70 Did he send you here to watch
over me (page 103 line 14)
Apa dia mengirimu ke
sini untuk mengawasiku.
(page 116 line 2-3)
Equivalence
71 Daniel’s off doing his thing, he
made a flitting motion at the
sky (page 103 line 17-18)
Daniel sedand
melakukan urusannya,
roland membuat gerakan
melayang ke udara.
(page 116 line 4-5)
Adaptation
just here because (page 103
line 22-23)
punya kurusan,aku ada
di sini hanya karena,
(page 116 line 9-10)
73 Bullshit, he laugh. We all have
aour secret luce (page 103 line
24-25)
Omong kosong, roland
tertawa. Kita semua
punya rahasia luce.
(page 116 line11-12)
Literal translation
74 This is your idea of a small
party, miles asked (page 108
line 1)
Menurutmu ini pesta
kecil-kecilan, miles
bertanya. (page 120 line
17)
Calque
75 Luce was watching roland,
wondering what story he was
telling (page 108 line 2-3)
Luce memperhatikan
roland, mengira-ngira
cerita apa yang sedang di
sampaikan cowok itu.
(page 120 line 18-19)
Transposition
76 And of course, penn who’d
been nervous when she first
arrived at the party but anded
up having a better time that
anyone (page 108 line 6-8)
Dan tentu saja penn yang
awalnya merasa gugup
mengahadirin pesta tapi
kemudia lebih
menikmatinya lebih dari
pada murid-murid yang
lain. (page 120 line
24-26)
Literal translation
guys, shellby said (page 108
line 11)
yang akan kalian
lakukan. (page 120 line
29)
78 Me too, miles said. Expect for
the drum circle part in case that
wasn’t obvious (page 108 line
16-17)
Aku juga, miles berkata.
Kecuali bagian yang
berhubungan dengan
pandang siapa tahu
kalian salah sangka.
(page 121 line 4-6)
Transposition
79 You weren’t kidding when you
said you wanted to make your
precence known (page 108 line
24-25)
Kau tidak bercanda ya
waktu bilang ingin
membuat kehadiranmu
diketahui orang. (page
121 line 13-14)
Literal translation
80 Roland nodded graciously,
something huh? Something
good or something bad? (page
108 line 16-17)
Roland mengangguk
dengan anggun, luar
biasa ya? Luar biasa
bagus atau buruk? (page
121 line 16-17)
Modulation
81 As he led her behind a large
volcanic rock on the beach,
there was a conspiratorial smile
on his face (page 113 line 3-5)
Cowok itu tersenyum
nakal saat menuntut luce
kebelakang sebongkah
batu vulkanik besar di
pantai. (page 125 line
24-26)
82 The kind of smile that was
contagious, finding its way
onto luce’s lips too (page 113
line 5-6)
Jenis senyuman yang
menular, hingga
membuat luce ikut
tersenyum. (page 125
line 26-27)
Modulation
83 The kind of smile that
acknowledge not just that they
were breaking daniel’s rule but
that they were enjoying doing
it (page 113 line 6-8)
Jenis senyuman yang
menunjukan bahwa
mereka bukan hanya
melanggar peraturan
bagi Daniel tapi merka
jugag menikmatinya.
(page 125 line 27-30)
Calque
84 Jealous? Luce asked, they were
alone now (113 line 11)
Cemburu? Luce
bertanya, kini mereka
hanya berduaan. (page
126 line 4)
Literal translation
85 Why would you be jealous
(page 113 line 13)
Kenapa kau cemburu.
(page 126 line 7)
Literal translation
86 They could still hear music
from the party, but from this
side of the rock it felt like a
private concert (page 113 line
18-19
Merka masih bias
mendengarkan music
pesta, tapi dari balik batu
besar ini rasanya seperti
pesta dansa pribadi.
(page 126 line 13-15)
Transposition
(page 113 line 24-25) Daniel bertelanjang kaki.
(page 126 line 19-20)
88 Take off your shoes, he said
and I’ll show you how angels
dance (page 113 line 25-26)
Lepakan sepatumu,
Daniel berkata aku akan
menunjukan bagaimana
malaikat berdansa. (page
126 line 20-22)
Literal translation
89 Daniel ducked his head to kiss
her check, but she was too
close to tears (118 line 7-8)
Daniel menunduk untuk
mengecup pipi luce, tapi
luce sudah tidak bias
menahan
tangisannya.(page 131
line 9-10)
Modulation
90 When she whispped her her
head around, Daniel was
soaring across the sky (118 line
11-12)
Saat luce menoleh,
Daniel sudah
membubung tinggi di
langit, diantara bulan
dan lautan. (page 131
line 14-15)
Transposition
91 His wings were lit bright white
under a moonbeam (page 118
line 13-14)
Sayapnya bercahaya
putih dibawah sinar
bulan.(page 131 line
15-16)
Equivalence
tell him apart from any of the
stars in the sky (page 118 line
14-15)
sulit untuk
membedakannya dengan
bintang-bintang yang
ada dilangit. (page 131
line 16-18)
93 Luce was stepping out from
under the umbrella, but where
was the harm? (page 123 line
1-2)
Luce sudah melangkah
keluar dari naungan
pengawasan, tapi diman
letak bahayanya?. (page
136 line 2-4)
Modulation
94 A few minutes past the half
hour, the number five bus
pulled up to the shop (page 123
line 5-6)
Beberapa minit setelah
setengah jam berlalu,
bus nomor lima berhenti
di depan halte. (page 136
line 8-9)
Transposition
95 The bus was old and gray and
rickety (page 123 line 7)
Bus itu sudah tua dan
berwarna kelabu dan
reyot. (page 136 line 10)
Literal translation
96 She took an empty seat near
the front (page 123 line 9)
Ia duduk di bangku
kosong dekat bagian
muka. (page 136 line
12-13)
Modulation
97 It was raining by the time they
got to town, a steady sideways
drizzle just shy of a real
Hujan turun saat bus tiba
di kota, terpaan hujan
rintik-rintik hanya
downpour (page 123 line
15-16)
sebagai pertanda hujan
lebat yang akan segera
turun.(page 136 line
19-21)
98 Most of the businesses on the
main street were already closed
up for the night, and the town
looked wer and a little desolate
(page 123 line 16-18)
Sebagian besar took di
jalan utama sudah mulai
tutup, dan kota ini
tampak basah dan sepi.
(page 136 line 21-22)
Adaptation
99 Not exactly the scene she’d
had in mind for a happy
makeup conversation (page
123 line 19-20)
Bukan pemandangan
yang ingin luce lihat
untuk adegan berbaikan
yang berakhir bahagia.
(page 136 line 22-24)
Modulation
100 She could feel the chill of the
rain on her nose and her
fingertips (page123 line 22-24)
Ia bisa merasakan udara
dingin hujan di hidung
dan ujung
jemarinya.(pagae 136
line 25-26)
Adaptation
101 She spotted a bent green metal
sign and followed its arrow
toward nayo point (page 123
line 24-25)
Ia melihat tanda jalan
besi berwarna hijau yang
bengkok dan mengikuti
panah kea rah nayo
point. (page 136 line
26-28)
102 I wouldn’t but whoever sent
you that note probably intends
to (page 128 line 1-2)
Aku tidak akan
membunuhmu tapi
siapapun yang mengirim
pesan itu mungkin
bermaksud
melakukannya. (page
141 line 2-3)
Transposition
103 What? Feeling it almost
burning in her pocket (page
128 line 3)
Apa? Merasa surat itu
seakan terbakar dalam
kantongnya. (page 141
line 4)
Literal translation
104 Cam snatched it from her,
grimacing as he read (page 128
line 11)
Cam menyambar surat
itu dari tangan luce,
meringis saat
membacnya.(page 141
line 12-13)
Modulation
105 Come on, he said finally,
grambbing her by elbow. Its
past time to get you back to
school (page 128 line 17-18)
Ayo, cam akhirnya
berkata, mencengkram
siku luce. Sudah saatnya
membawamu kembali ke
sekolah.(page 141 line
19-20)
Literal translation
106 Cam started past her, toward
the dusk-swept forest he
nodded once, her (page 128
Cam menatap jauh
kebelakang luce, kea rah
hutan berbalut suasan
line 25-26) senja cowok itu
mengangguk, cewek itu.
(page142 line 1-2)
107 These things are hard to come
by (page 133 line 1)
Benda-benda ini sulit di
dapatkan. (page 146 line
15)
Modulation
108 Be thankful you don’t have to
walk back to school, come on,
get it (page 133 line 6-7)
Berterima kasihlah kau
tidak perlu berjalan
kembali ke sekolah, ayo
masuk. (page 146 line
21-22)
Transposition
109 When cam popped open the
passenger-side door, luce’s jaw
dropped (page 133 line 8-9)
Ketika cam membuka
pintu penumpang, mulut
luce ternganga. (page
146 line 23-24)
Literal translation
110 Who do you think sent you that
note? You were lured out of
school to be murdered (page
133 line 15-16)
Kau piker siapa yang
mengirimmu surat itu?
Kau di pancing keluar
sekolah untuk dibunuh.
(page 146-147 line 30-1
Eqiuvalnce
111 By them cam had the egine
running (page 133 line 24)
Saat itu cam sudah
berhasil menyalakan
mesin mobil. (page 147
line 10)
Literal translation
line 4) tidur. (page 152 line 4)
113 She passed her face against the
peephole and saw the convex
smiling fces of dawn and
jasmine (page 138 line 8-9)
Luce menempelkan
wajahnya ke lubang
pengintip di pintu dan
melihat wajah dawn dan
jasmine yang sedang
tersenyum dalam bentuk
cembung. (page 152 line
9-10)
Calque
114 Are you gaoing to shoo them
away or should I call campus
security? Shellby asked (page
138 line 14-15)
Apa kau mengusir
mereka atau aku harus
memanggil satpam
sekolah? Shelbby
bertanya.(page 152 line
16-17)
Transposition
115 This was the moment of
choise: luce could stay safely
on campus the way Daniel (and
cam) had told her) page 143
line 12-14)
Inilah saatnya memilih:
luce bias tetap tinggal di
sekolah dengan aman
seperti yang
diperintahkan Daniel
(dan cam) padanya.
(page 157 line 12-14)
Calque
116 Half an hour later, luce was
starting, along with half of
shoreline’s student body, at as
Setengah jam kemudian,
luce sedang
memandangi, bersama
shining white 130-foot austral
luxury yacht (page 143 line
16-18)
setengah muncul murud
shoreline, kapal pesiar
austral mewah sepanjang
empat puluh meter
berwarna putih
cemerlang.(page 157
line 17-19)
117 All about them, steven tilted
his head, catching the full sun
his already golden skin (page
148 line 19-20)
Semuanya, steven
memiringkan kepala,
menangkap seluruh
pancaran sinar matahari
pada kulitnya yang
sudah berwarna
keemasan.(page 162 line
15-17)
Transposition
118 Is that why you haven’t taught
them before (page 148 line 24)
Apa karena itu kalian
belum pernah
mengajarkannya.(page
162 line 22)
Literal translation
119 But steven had said it himself:
there were a trillion shadows
out there (page 153 line 1-2
Tapi steven sendiri
berkata: ada triliunan
bayangan diluar
sana.(page 167 line 5-6)
Literal translation
120 As she whispped around
toward the sound, luce saw a
Ketika ia membalikan
tubuh kearah suara tadi,
flash of something black dip
off the bow of the boat (page
153 line 20-21)
luce melihat kilasan
sesuatu berwarna hitam
terjatuh dari haluan
kapal. (page 167 line
24-26)
121 Hold on, steven caught hold of
dawn’s waist just in time (page
158 line 7-8)
Bertahanlah, steven
menyambar pinggang
dawn tepat pada
waktunya. (page 172 line
14-15)
Equivalence
122 Luce sat down next to shellby
and began to root around in the
sand for stone (page 163 line
3-4)
Luce duduk di sebelah
shellby dan mulai
mengaduk-aduk pasir
