DEVELOPMENT OF LOW POWER AIR-CONDITIONING USING WATER CHILLED SYSTEM
MOHD SHAZNI BIN AMERISAH
This Report Is Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the Bachelor Degree
of Mechanical Engineering (Thermal Fluid)
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
“I admit to have read this report and it has followed the scope and quality in Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering
(Thermal Fluid)”
Signature : ... Supervisor Name : ENCIK. SAFARUDIN
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AGREEMENT
“I agree that this report is my own work except for some summaries and information which I have already stated”
Signature : ……….
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Untuk Ibu Dan Ayah Tersayang…. Hanya Engkau Sahaja Ilham hidup Ku….
Akan Ku Buktikan Kepadamu….
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), for giving me this valuable opportunity to undergo “Projek Sarjana Muda”. Thanks a lot especially to Mr. Ahmad Kamal who always guide and give me opportunity for selecting the title for my “Projek Sarjana Muda”. Where he was already prepare the titles for student. Without this opportunity, I will never gain any experience and knowledge about the works which related to mechanical engineering.
Thanks a lot also especially to my main supervisor Mr. Safarudin Ghazali Herawan who always guides me and teaches me in the past two semesters. I really appreciate the kindness of him in exposing me to the world of engineering, the duties and the responsibilities as a lecturer even though they very busy with their own work.
I would also like to thank to all lecturers Faculty of mechanical engineering and all staff and technicians, Mr Asjufri who give advice to me about the project that I done. Not forgetting also to thank all friends who always keen to help when I faced any problems. Thanks a lot also to Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), because guide me regarding to “projek Sarjana Muda” from initial until end of the Project.
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ABSTRACT
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ABSTRAK
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
AGREEMENT ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xvii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of Study 1
1.2 Objective 2
1.3 Scope 2
1.4 Problem statement 3
1.5 Analysis the Problem 3
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CHAPTER II LITURATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 A Short History of Energy Storage 5
2.2 Explanation about literature review 6
2.3 Ice ball thermal energy in a building 7
2.3.1 Water based technology 7
2.3.2 Economics 7
2.3.3 Air conditioning 8
2.4 Operation of Ice Ball thermal Energy Storage System 12
2.4.1 Discharge - Ice Melting 12
2.4.2 Charge - Ice Building 13
2.4.3 Standby 14
2.5 Components of Ice Ball thermal Energy Storage. 15
2.5.1 Chiller Water System 15
2.5.2 Pump 16
2.5.3 Storage 16
2.5.4 Ice Balls 18
2.5.4.1 Ice Ball Dimples Allow for Expansion 18
2.6 Coefficient of Performance (COP) 19
2.6.1 Coefficient of Performance of actual refrigeration 19
2.6.2 Coefficient of Performance for ice ball thermal energy storage system 21
2.7 Comparison between are refrigeration systems with Ice Balls thermal storage systems 22
2.8 Advantages of Ice Balls thermal Energy Storage system 23
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2.9.1 Cool water 24
2.9.2 Chilled water 24
2.9.3 Evaporator 24
2.9.4 Pump 24
2.9.5 Fan 25
2.9.6 Storage room 25
2.9.6.1 Ice Balls 25
2.9.7 Piping System 25
2.10 Ice ball system in a Split unit 26
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 28
3.1 Split Unit 28
3.2 Study procedure 29
3.3 Experiment Procedure 30
3.3.1 Sketch the split unit system 31
3.3.2 Prepare material or components needed 31
3.3.3 Install the components 31
3.3.4 Recheck the components 32
3.3.5 Run the system 32
3.4 Components of Ice ball split System 32
3.4.1 Storage 32
3.4.2 Motor and Pump 33
3.4.3 Evaporator 33
3.4.4 Chiller water 33
3.4.5 Piping system 34
3.4.6 Thermocouples 35
3.4.7 Pressure gauge 35
3.5 Properties of Moist Air 36
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3.5.2 Specific Humidity or humidity Ratio 36
3.5.3 Relative Humidity 37
3.5.4 Enthalpy of Moist Air 38
3.5.5 Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT) 39
3.5.6 Humid Specific Heat 41
3.6 Psychrometry of Air-Conditioning Process 42
3.6.1 Mixing Process 42
3.6.2 Mixing with Condensation 44
3.6.3 Basic Process in Conditioning of Air 45
3.6.4 Total Heat Process 46
3.6.5 Sensible Heat Factor (SHF) 47
CHAPTER IV RESULT AND ANALYSIS 49
4.1 Cylinder ice (pure water) 49
4.1.1 Actual Process 50
4.1.2 Heat transfer 52
4.2 Brite ice 57
4.3 Two brite ice mix with ice (pure water) 62
4.4 Periphery copper at outside tube (0.25 meters length) 68
4.5 Periphery copper (0.25 meters length) 73
4.6 Periphery copper (2 meter length) 79
4.7 Coefficient of performance for all experiments 84
4.8 Electric consumption 86
4.8.1 Conventional air conditioning system (refrigeration system) 86
4.8.2 Thermal energy storage 87
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CHAPTER V DISCUSSION 90
5.1 Ice, flow rate, and time 90
5.2 Comparison between systems A and system B 91
5.3 Coefficient of performance 92
5.4 Saving 93
CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION 94
6.1 Conclusion 94
6.2 Summary of project 94
6.3 Problems & Challenges Faced 95
6.4 Recommendation 95
REFERENCES 97
APPENDIX A 98
APPENDIX B 100
APPENDIX C 101
APPENDIX D 102
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LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
3.1 Properties of Thermal conductivity 34 4.1 Temperature (Cylinder ice, pure water) 51 4.2 Coefficient of Performance with outside Temperature 55
4.3 Temperature for Brite ice 58
4.4 Coefficient of Performance with outside temperature 61 4.5 Two Brite ice mix ice (pure water) 64 4.6 Coefficient of Performance for two
brite ice mix pure water ice 66
4.7 Time and Temperature (Copper 0.25 meters length) 69 4.8 Coefficient of performance (Copper 0.25 meters length) 72 4.9 Temperature (Periphery copper 0.25 meters) 74 4.10 Coefficient of Performance
(Periphery copper 0.25 meters) 77
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
2.1
Graph of Electric cost from midnight (off-peak) until
day time (on-peak) 8
2.2
Graph of 100 ton chiller typical operation (in tons of
cooling) (no TES) 9
2.3
Graph of 100 ton chiller typical operation with TES in
partial storage mode 9
2.4
Graph of 100 ton chiller typical operation with TES in
full storage mode 10
2.5 Graph of Air Conditioning load
11
2.6 Discharge mode 12
2.7 Charge mode 13
2.8 Standby mode 14
2.9 Thermal energy storage 14
2.10 Chiller system 15
Glycol Chiller Systems 15
2.12 Thermocline 16
2.13 Storage systems 17
Ice Ball 18
2.15 Actual refrigeration 19
2.16
Illustration of an Actual refrigeration: The simple
vapor compression system 19
xiv 2.17 Refrigeration without any work input (impossible) 20
2.18 Comparison in Cooling Systems 22
2.19 Advantages of Ice Balls thermal storage System 23
2.20 Sample of Split Unit System 27
3.1 Split Unit System 28
3.2 Study procedure 29
3.3 Experiment Procedure 30
3.4 Storage 33
3.5 Power 600 gallon per hour 33
3.6 Glycol / Water Heat Transfer Systems 34
3.7 Thermocouple 35
3.8 Pressure gauge 36
3.9
Graph of change of state of water Vapor in air flowing
over a wet Bulb Thermometer 40
Flow of air over the Wick-Covered bulb of a
Wet Bulb Thermometer. 41
3.11 Adiabatic mixing of air streams 43
3.12 Mixing Process on Psychorometric Chart 44
3.13 Adiabatic mixer with Condensation 44
3.14 Mixing process with Condensation. 44
3.15 Basic Psychrometric Processes 46
3.16 Total Heat Process 48
4.1 Experiment 1 50
4.2
Graph of Outside Temperature against Time (Cylinder
ice, pure water) 51
4.3 Actual Process 52
xv 4.4 Graph of Coefficient of Performance against Outside
Temperature for Cylinder ice (pure water)
56
4.5 Experiment 2 57
4.6
Graph of Outside Temperature against time for one
brite ice 58
4.7
Graph Coefficient of Performance against Outside
Temperature on 1 brite ice 61
4.8 Experiment 3 63
4.9
Graph of Outside Temperature against time for two
brite ice mix ice (pure water) 64
4.10
Graph of Coefficient of Performance against
Temperature out for two brite ice mix ice (pure water) 67 4.11 Experiment with copper 0.25 meters length (a) 68
4.12
Graph of Outside Temperature against Time
(Periphery copper at outside tube) (a) 69
4.13
Graph of Coefficient of Performance against
Temperature (periphery copper at outside tube) (a) 72 4.14 Experiment with copper 0.25 meters length (b) 73
4.15
Graph of Outside Temperature against Time
(periphery copper at outside tube) (b) 74
4.16
Graph of Coefficient of Performance against outside
Temperature (periphery copper at outside tube) (b) 77 4.17 Experiment with copper 2 meters length 79
4.18
Graph of Outside Temperature against Time
(periphery copper 2 meters at outside tube) 80
4.19
Graph of Coefficient of Performance against outside Temperature (periphery copper 2 meters at outside
tube) 83
4.20
Graph of Coefficient of performance against outside
temperature for all experiment 84
4.21
Graph of Coefficient of performance against time for
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LIST OF SYMBOLS
ρ Density
Cp Constant Pressure K Thermal Conductivity α Thermal Diffusivity ω Specific Humidity ma mass
m Specific mass flow rate φ Relative humidity V Volume
T Absolute Temperature
υ
υ Specific volume P Pressure
µ Dynamic viscosity, head coefficient, Degree of saturation h Enthalpy
g
f Heat-transfer coefficient of the air film around the wetted surface A Area
d
k Mass transfer coefficient of water vapor '
fg
h Enthalpy of vaporization QL Latent heat transfer QS Sensible heat transfer Q Heat transfer rate
W Work
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
Nowadays, refrigerator system is most popular used at many home in this world compare than Thermal Energy storage System (TES). As we know, air conditioning was used for cooling down the temperature in the room, and the same time could heat the room depend on the situation. However, power usage per unit kW per hour (kW/h) is big and than need more energy to generate it.
However, system Thermal Energy Storage (TES) was already produced to overcome these problems. In general, Energy storage is employed in solar thermal energy systems to shift excess energy produced during times of high solar availability to times of low solar availability. Two situations exist in solar energy system design where energy storage may be needed; for the situation in which some of the solar thermal energy produced during the day is stored for use later during the night, and to provide energy during events such as cloudy days.
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peak electric rates available, ice storage can cut electric cooling costs dramatically.
In addition, ice storage shifts cooling loads from low efficiency peaking generators during the day to high efficiency base load generators at night, thereby reducing fossil fuel use and air pollution.
1.2 Objective
Consist of several objectives regarding to the title of this project. The objective is: 1. To develop “saving power energy using Ice ball Thermal storage system” 2. To Determine the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of Ice ball Thermal
storage system.
1.3 Scope
Scope of this title is:
1. To produce Split unit for ice ball thermal energy storage system.
2. To compare rate cooling can be remove within building with air conditioning split unit system.
3. Literature review based on the Journals, article, and other references. 4. To describe about operation of the ice ball thermal energy storage system. 5. To make comparison between refrigeration systems with thermal energy
storage system.
6. To describe about components is needed in thermal energy storage.
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1.4 Problem Statement
Power electric energy is most important thing and very useful for daily activity. However, electric power must be control for make sure no wasting in power energy. For control the electric power, a researcher was already done produce some product like are solar energy and thermal energy storage system for avoid wasting in power electric energy.
Nowadays, for saving the power electric energy, solar energy is used. Where solar energy can absorbs energy from sun energy. So, when the night time the energy from the solar will be used, for instance is for generate the light of the lamp. Talking about the sun energy, building or room would be hot when exposed to sun energy. For this case, refrigeration system or air conditioning system is used for cooling down the temperature of the building or room. But, how long these system will be used.
From the research of power electric energy usage, electric energy rate is highest begin 8am until 5pm just for air conditioning system. So, for solve this case or electric usage problem, ice ball thermal energy storage system is used for replace the air conditioning system.
1.5 Analysis the Problem
Refrigeration system is used for cooling down the temperature inside of the room or building. However, this system consists of several problems and the main problem is rate of electric energy usage is highest or electric consumption is big.
1.6 Important of the Project
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system. Same like the refrigeration system, fresh air and cool air could be produce
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CHAPTER II
LITURATURE REVIEW
2.1 A Short History of Energy Storage
The oldest form of energy storage involves harvesting ice from lakes and rivers, which were stored in well insulated warehouses and sold or used throughout the year for almost everything, we use mechanical refrigeration for today, including preserving food, cooling drinks, and air conditioning.
Chemically-charged batteries became quite common in the mid-nineteenth century to provide power for telegraphs, signal lighting, and other electrical apparatus. By the 1890s central stations were providing both heating and lighting, and many did both. Electric systems were almost all direct current (DC), so incorporating batteries was relatively easy. In 1896, Toledo inventor Homer T. Yaryan installed a thermal storage tank at one of his low temperature hot water district heating plants in that city to permit capturing excess heat when electric demand was high. Other plants used steam storage tanks, which were not as successful for some reason.
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Energy storage has always been closely associated with solar installations,
including both solar heating and photovoltaic (PV) applications. Today you can find compressed air storage, batteries, chilled and hot water storage, ice storage, and the occasional fly well in use, all designed to meet one or more of the purposes listed above. Many utilities provide incentives for energy storage applications, while time-of-day rates and stiff demand charges also entice customers to consider these opportunities
2.2 Explanation about Literature Review
Research about cooling system was already done by a researcher in several methods for cooling purpose. However, many types of cooling system were using high electric energy for instance is refrigerant system. In most journals about cooling system, researcher had been writing down the several types of systems regarding to the cooling system. There are refrigeration systems and the thermal energy systems like ice ball thermal energy storage. In journal about the ice ball thermal energy storage, researcher had been discuss about many kind of problems encountered regarding to the accomplished the new system. However, researcher was created one system where could overcome the main problem, there is a high demand electric energy.
Nowadays, ice ball thermal energy storage system is most popular used in a building for cooling purpose compare than the refrigeration system. This is because, with using this system, rate of electric energy per day could be decrease.
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2.3 Ice Ball Thermal Energy in a Building.
2.3.1 Water Based Technology
Thermal energy storage is made practical by the large heat of fusion of water. One metric ton of water, just one cubic meter, can store 334 MJ (317 k BTUs, 93kWh or 26.4 ton-hours). In fact, ice was originally transported from mountains to cities for use as a coolant, and the original definition of a "ton" of cooling capacity (heat flow) was the heat to melt one ton of ice every 24 hours. This is the heat flow one would expect in a 3,000 square foot house. Either way, an agreeably small storage facility can hold enough ice to cool a large building for a day or a week, whether that ice is produced by anhydrous ammonia chillers or hauled in by horse-drawn carts.
2.3.2 Economics
