UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER (UAS) GENAP TAHUN AKADEMIK 2015/2016
Nama : RIYASATUL UMMAH
NIM :2013060912
Mata Kuliah :Semantics Pragmatics
Dosen : Rita Hayati,S.S,M. Pd
Semester :06SIGED
Shift :Regular C
ANSWER:
1. The difference between tense and aspect is tense reference to the time at which events take place, or at which processes states hold while aspect is about grammatical resources for encoding the time profiles of states and events within an interval of time. Tense is deictic and aspect is not deictic.
Example of tense marked by an inflection of the verb: David walks to school (present tense)
David walked to school (past tense)
Reference to other times the future, for instance can be made in a number of ways, by using the modal auxiliary will, or the semi auxiliary be going to:
David will walk to school tomorrow
David is going to walk to school tomorrow.
Since the expression of future time does not involve any inflecton of the verb, we do not refer to a "future tense". Strictly speaking, there are only two tenses in English: present and past.
Examples of aspect:
Progressive aspect,The action is continuous:
When Sam called, I was eating.
Perfect aspect,The action happened at some unknown time between then, the past, and now, the present time of speaking.
I have eaten today.
The perfect aspect is always followed by a main verb in the –ed form, while the progressive aspect is followed by a main verb in the -ing form.
2. 1.Relative scope is arise when there are two operators items that have scope in the same
3.
4. expression. With two operators we can get different meanings depending on which operator
5.
6. includes the other within its scope. 7.
8. Example: I must buy some fruit in the market 9.
10. I have to buy some fruit in the market 11.
12. They have same meaning obligation to buy some fruit in the market
13.
14. I mustn’t buy some fruit in the market 15.
16. I shouldn’t to buy some fruit in the market 17.
18. They have different meaning first sentence represent that i don’t need to buy
19.
20. some fruit in the maket.second sentence represent that I may to buy some fruit or not.
Modality is the term for a cluster of meanings centred on the notions of
(7.1b).
(7.1) a. This has to be a joke.
b. The letter said the students might go there.
There are interesting interactions between modality and negation. For
instance, the two sentences in (7.2a, b) have nearly the same meaning,1
suggesting that the expressions of modality have to and must are nearly
synonymous. But the related negative sentences are sharply different in
meaning: (7.2c) is a prohibition, but in Standard English (7.2d) indicates
that there is no necessity to report the matter.
(7.2) a. You must report it.
b. You have to report it.
c. You mustn’t report it.
d. You don’t have to report it.
The difference depends on (1) whether the obligation encoded by must
or have to holds with regard to a negative state of affairs, as in (7.2c) – not
reporting it is ‘a must’, or (2) whether the obligation is itself negated, as
can be understood as arising when different parts of sentences are
affected by operations such as negation and the marking of modality.
This is called relative scope, the second major topic of the chapter.
Relative scope is also needed for understanding quantificational
meanings. Quantifiers are words such as all, some and most. They
consti-tute the third main topic in the chapter. There is an intrinsic connection
between quantifiers and modality: what ‘must be’ is expected under all
circumstances, and if a situation is possible in some circumstances, then it
‘may be’.
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MODALITY, SCOPE AND QUANTIFICATION 111
7.1 Modality
To put it very generally, a clause characterises a situation. Modality is the
label given to the meanings signalled by the italicised expressions in (7.3).
This family of meanings includes obligations to make a situation come
about (7.3a), indications of whether or not it is permissible (7.3b), or
is regarding knowledge of the situation: whether, in the light of available
evidence, the proposition seems certain to be true (7.3d) or probably true
(7.3e) or merely possibly so (7.3f).
(7.3) a. You must apologise.
b. You can come in now.
c. She’s not able to see you until Tuesday.
d. Acting like that, he must be a Martian.
e. With an Open sign on the door, there ought to be someone
inside.
f. Martians could be green.
The main carriers of modality are a set of auxiliary verbs called
modals: will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should, must and ought to.
Modality is encoded in various other expressions too, such as possibly,
