Borrowing In The Translation Of D. H. Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover Into Indonesian

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Cut Novita Srikandi : Borrowing In The Translation Of D. H. Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover Into Indonesian, 2010

BORROWING IN THE TRANSLATION OF D. H. LAWRENCE’S

LADY CHATTERLEY’S LOVER

INTO INDONESIAN

A THESIS

BY:

CUT NOVITA SRIKANDI

REG. STUDENT NO.: 060705050

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATRA

FACULTY OF LETTERS

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2009

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, in the name of Allah SWT, I would like to thank God, the Powerful and the Merciful for giving me the guidance, the power, the patience, and the ability to finish this thesis. And also great respectable for Prophet Muhammad SAW the leader and the rule model of Moslem forever.

First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor and co-supervisor, Dra. Masdiana Lubis, M. Hum and Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M. Ed. TESOL, for their willingness sharing times and patience in guiding, correcting, and supervising this thesis.

Further, I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to Prof. Syaifuddin, M. A. PhD, as the Dean of Faculty of Letters USU, to Drs. Dra, Swesana Mardiah Lubis, M. Hum as Head of English department, and again to Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M. Ed. TESOL as the Secretary of English Department for giving all facilities and opportunities in completing this thesis. I also would like to express my gratitude to my academic advisor Dra. Roma A. Loebis, M.A, to my advisor DR. Eddy Setia, M. Ed. TESP and for all lecturers of English Department who have given great contribution of knowledge that can improve my intellectuality during these academic years.

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always been sharing with me, (I can’t imagine how life could be if there weren’t you), Then I would like to dedicate my very special thanks to my lovely man, Kiki Surya Welanda, who has inspired me and give me a great spirit, love, support, help and much knowledge about computer. I hope you will be there in my side forever. Also for my amazing friend Chalimatun, Rodiah, and Rina Murinda (thanks for the nice friendship), and thanks for Bulanda for being my foster sister. I love you all.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank to my classmates of ’06, Rika, Wilda, Rina, Novi, Reza, Qinuy, Ifa, Dewi, Aa’, kajol, Efa, Ari, Rindi, Taqem, and Miss; for my senior especially k’Fresty, k’ duma, k’ Lia, k’Tila, k’Winda and bang Angga, for all the favors, discussions, thoughts, advices, and the sincere friendship. May Allah SWT, the Almighty bless them all, Amin.

Medan, December 2009

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ABSTRACT

Skripsi yang berjudul “Borrowing in the Translation of D. H. Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover into Indonesian” adalah analisis yang terfokus pada strategi borrowing dalam mengadopsikan unsur serapan asing ke dalam bahasa Indonesia yang terdapat dalam novel Lady Chatterley’s Lover karya D. H. Lawrence dan terjemahannya Lady Chatterley’s Lover yang diterjemahkan oleh Arfen Achyar.

Data dalam analisis ini dikutip dan dikelompokkan berdasarkan strategi yang digunakan penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa target yang menerapkan strategi borrowing yang seperti dicetuskan oleh Vinay dan Darbelnet (2000:84).

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BI = Bahasa Indonesia

EYD = Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan

PUBIYD = Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia Yang Disempurnakan PUPI = Pedoman Umum Pembentukan Istilah

P3B =Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa RL = Receptor Language

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of Analysis

The term of translation has three meaning (1) the science generally, (2) product (text which has been translated, and (3) process (the action in translation production), usually we call it translating. Translation is identical with communicate the message or idea, that is written in original text.

Basically, Translation is a change of form. When we talk about the form of a language, we are referring to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs, which are spoken and written. It consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. The form which the translation made will be called the Source Language (SL), while the form into which it is to be changed will be called the Receptor Language (RL). So, translation is a mean of transferring meaning in the Source Language (SL) into the Receptor Language (RL).

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Further, as stated by Bell (1991:6), translation is the replacement of a representation of an equivalence text in a second language. Text in different language can be equivalent in different degrees (fully or partially), in terms of different levels of presentation (equivalent in the context, semantics, grammar, lexis.) and at different ranks (word-for-word, phrase-for-phrase, sentence-for-sentence).

As we know, every language has many of vocabularies and the variation of words based on society experience and the development of the culture where that language grow and rise, for examples, some words in Indonesian language like sawah, padi, beras, gabah, and nasi only have one word in English, it is ‘rice’.

Besides it, every language has its own way to determine the symbol system and the meaning, for example, the word kawan in Indonesian language has comparison in English as friend, companion, or comrade. When doing translation, a translator should know the culture, social values, other than the structure of words from the Receptor Language.

The same case also occur when we read a text as a product of translation, we may find some problems to understand the content of the text. This is generally caused by some factors, for example, the different cultures between writers and readers. Moreover, there are some words in the text, which may be strange to the readers, and the readers do not know the meaning.

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theories and procedures of translating the SL into RL that should be mastered by translators.

Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2008:84) divides translation process into two terms. There are direct translation and oblique translation. It contains seven procedures of translation which classify the new variety of language. These procedures in order to control the translator work. In the listing which follows, the first three procedures are direct translation and the others are oblique translation.

1. Procedures 1 : Borrowing 2. Procedures 2 : Calque

3. Procedures 3 : Literal translation 4. Procedures 4 : Transposition 5. Procedures 5 : Modulation 6. Procedures 6 : Equivalence 7. Procedures 7 : Adaptation

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This phenomenon also found in Indonesian Language. Our language has also been doing the same thing. It has borrowed many words from foreign languages. As a living language, Indonesian language continues to grow and change. Moreover, Indonesian language has been also enriched its vocabularies through the process of borrowing, by contract with other language such as Portuguese, Dutch, English, Arabic and Sanskrit.

In short, there are some reasons why a translator borrows words. The strong reason for borrowing words is that sometimes people get difficulty in understanding the messages in the translated form. Besides, sometimes people will easily receive the Information if it is written in the original form than in translated form. Moreover, sometimes the loan word does not have the translated form or cannot be translated. The common reason for borrowing words is prestige.

There are many of researchers who classified borrowing procedures. Hocket in Prasasty (2002:16), for examples classified borrowing into three; they are loans, pronunciation borrowing, and grammatical borrowing. While, according to Molina and Albir (2002:520), Borrowing is divided into two kinds, they are pure borrowing and naturalized borrowing. In this thesis, I only focus in Classification of borrowing procedures according to Molina and Albir.

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borrowing, it can be naturalized to fit the spelling rules in the Receptor Language (RL), for examples to use the English word February (Lawrence, 1960: 44) in Indonesian text Februari (Achyar, 2008: 146).

In writing this thesis, I choose a novel as source of data. Novel is one of literary works which uses words as the media. The text of literary work needs sensitive consideration toward forms and content of the work. A translator should know the word which can make the reader interested to read a literary work in doing his work. So, the borrowing method is needed. Because of that reason, I am interested in a research topic ‘Borrowing in the Translation of D. H. Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover into Indonesia.’ The word ‘Borrowing’ here refers to the

procedure of translation. This novel is translated by Arfan Achyar. In the translation of this novel, I found many of borrowing words that is used by the translator. Another reason is the story of this novel is very interesting because the life problems described in this novel also can be found in the modern society, so every reader will like this novel if the translation product can be easy to be understood by the reader. 1.2 The Problem of Analysis

In this thesis, there are some problems that appeared and need to be answered. The problems are:

1. What types of borrowing are found in the translation of ‘D. H. Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover into Indonesian?

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3. Which type of borrowing are the most dominant found in the translation of this novel?

1.3 The Objective of Analysis

Dealing with the analysis of borrowing in the translation of D. H. Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover into Indonesian, the objectives of this thesis are:

1. To find out the type of borrowing found in the translation of D. H. Lawrence Lady Chatterley’s Lover into Indonesian.

2. To describe the process of borrowing applied the word element of the original source language (English) into Indonesian in this translation.

3. To find out the dominant type of the borrowing procedures are found in the translation of this novel.

1.4 The Scope of Analysis

In order to get an exact and good result, this thesis only focuses on the borrowing procedure occurred in the translation of D. H. Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover into Indonesian. The analysis covers the type of borrowing

procedures in order to get the result of the analysis related to the procedure.

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I expect some significance both theoretically and practically. Theoretically, this analysis is useful for learning the borrowing concept between two different languages, particularly English and Indonesian and this analysis also would be useful in translation, especially in understanding the effectiveness of the borrowing procedure, in order to produce a good translation as a final work. Practically, I expect this analysis will be useful for those who are interested in analyzing ‘borrowing’ procedure in the translation. They may make this thesis as their review of related literature.

2.

A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF BORROWING

PROCEDURES

2.1 The Theory of Translation

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There could be an overlap of meaning but there is seldom a complete match between languages. Because of this, it often happens that the translator translates one word of the SL into several words in the RL to express the same meaning. Sometimes he opposite will also be true. Several words in the SL may be translated in a single word. Even, the original words of SL take into the RL when the translator cannot find the appropriate words into RL in order to express the stylistic expression as supported by some other scholars (as Venuti and Leech). That is why this case is a challenge for a translator in facing the different language and culture between both (SL and RL). Hence, ‘borrowing’ can not be avoided in the process of translation analysis. As a strategy, it is as the one that should be used in doing a translation, especially for technical terms or untranslatable expressions.

The other theories are proposed by Newmark (1988:81), he novices that: (1) the procedure that needs to follow and the effect; (2) the possibilities to pass more than one procedure in translating one sentence, clause, phrase or word. (3) At least it, of course, needs evaluation of the result as a final work.

2.2 The Understanding of Borrowing

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However, this study is just focussed on borrowing procedures as in the following description.

Borrowing is one of seven procedures described by Vinay and Darbelnet. Borrowing is defined as a type of direct translation in that elements of ST are replaced by “parallel” RL elements. They describe such a procedure as the simplest type of translation, since it merely involves the transfer of an SL words into TT without being modified in any way, wishes to create a particular stylistic effect, or to introduce some local colour into TT. Vinay and Darbelnet cite Russian verst or pood and Spanish tequila or tortillas as words which might give a translation a Russian or Mexican flavour when introduced as borrowings (Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2008:85)).

In short, borrowing is the simplest of all translation methods. It is occasionally used in order to create a stylistic affect. It means that it is used in order to introduce the flavour of the SL culture into a translation that may be use foreign term. Borrowing the meaning parts of a source word and directly translating them to the RL, instead of using a native term from the RL. The meaning parts of the source word are directly translated to equivalent meaning parts of the RL. Sometimes the borrowing is partial, with part of a term borrowed and part of it native in form.

In this regard, it has also been supported by some other scholars as declared in Grosjean (1982) , as follows.

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the recipient language. Borrowing occurs in a bilingual society. In fact, the process that leads to language borrowing complex and still poorly understood. At one point, a word is part of one language but not of another. However, at the other point, the same word is used by monolingual speakers of two languages. The point that has happened to words as most linguists agree that at the first time a word is borrowed by one or more bilinguals. This is at the level we may call borrowing. The phonological and morphological status of the word is vague, the word is often used in parallel with the equivalent monolingual word and not all bilinguals use the borrowing in their everyday speech.

It is a process by which one language or dialect take and incorporate some linguistic elements from another. A language may borrow a word directly or indirectly. When one language borrows an item which is natively from the borrowed language, it is called direct borrowing.

Trudgill (1974: 94) quoted in Grosjean (1982) defines borrowing as a process whereby bilingual speakers introduces words from one language into another language, and these loan words eventually become accepted as an integral part of the second language. Entrepreneur was originally a French word, but now is an integral part of the English, and is known and used by all speakers of English whether or not they are bilingual French. English speakers follow the rules of English instead of those in French.

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word frequency and homonymy. Words that used less frequently, according to Weinrich, are less stable and more subject to replacement. Also, a language may borrow a word to replace one of pair of homonyms, so as to resolve the clash that result from words pronounced alike with different meanings. A second reason is that languages have a constant need for synonyms in domains such as emotions, food, and communication. The third reason is when the old word loses their ‘power’, borrowings are gladly accepted.

Furthermore, Haugen quoted in Grosjean (1982:313-317) divides borrowing into three, they are: Loanword, Loan blend, and Loan shift.

a) Loanword is the form of borrowing in which all part is borrowed adapted morphologically and phonologically to the base language. For instance: pizza, hamburger, spaghetti in English.

b) Loan blend is the form of borrowing in which one part of a word is borrowed and the other belongs to the original. For instance, the German spoken in Australia, e.g. gumbaum (gum tree) is a blend of English ‘gum’ and Greek ‘Baum’ (tree).

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word ‘humuroso’ (meaning ‘capricious) and have extended its meaning to cover that of English word ‘humorous’.

In general, one borrows when she/he cannot find an appropriate word expression or when the language being used does not have the item or appropriate translation for those words. Bilingual tends to borrow from one language because they cannot find appropriate word to express their ideas in one language.

2.3 The Factor of Borrowing

According Haugen quoted in Grosjean (1982), the occurrence of borrowing actually depends on some factors, which can be divided into two categories, namely structural factors and non-structural factors. Next, each of those factors will be

explained briefly as follows.

2.3.1 Structural Factors

The first factor of borrowing is structural factors. This factor is divided into structural congruence, degree of boundless or independence of linguistic item, word frequency, word obsolesce, and insufficiency of semantic differentiation.

a) Structural congruence

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because both of them are derived from the same root, Malay. So, they may easily borrow each other because of their similarities.

b) Degree of boundless or independence of linguistics item

A scale of adaptability has been proposed based on this degree. Thus, borrowing from the closed classes (prepositions, conjunctions, articles) would only be possible in situation of intensive linguistics interchange. While borrowing from open classes (nouns, verbs, and adjectives) would require only minimum of bilingual’s speakers in the transmissions process.

c) Word frequency

The frequency of occurrence of words determines the likelihood of their being replaced by borrowings. As a matter of fact, people think certain words belong to their own language, for instance, the words tea, coffee, tobacco, sugar, cocoa, chocolate, and tomato. Those words have spread all over the world in recent time, along with the objects to which the words refer.

d) Word obsolescence

Words become obsolete at greater rate than others and thus create an ‘onomastic’ low pressure area, where a consonant flow of new items is required as replacements, thus encouraging borrowing. For example the euphemism words are single out reflective words as being particularly prone to rapid obsolescence.

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Another factor which frequently leads to borrowing has rooted in bilingualism bilinguals by their familiarity with another language may come to feel that certain semantic fields in their own language are insufficiency differentiated consequently, resort to borrowing to fill the gaps.

2.3.2 Non-Structural Factors

The other factor of borrowing is non-structural factor, which are also called socio-cultural factors. These socio-cultural factors include the relative statues or prestige of the two languages and inadequacy of vocabulary.

a) The relative statues or prestige of the two languages

The prestige factors for the source language enable speaker of language to borrow words and expressions. One speaker borrows words and expressions from a dominant language for prestige, for recognition of sorts. In all cases, it is lower language, which borrows predominantly from the upper one.

b) Inadequacy of vocabularies

The existence of adequate vocabulary reduces the necessity for borrowing. However, it does not prevent it as shown by the presence of unnecessary borrowings of everyday designations for things which have excellent names in the language spoken.

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receptor’s language can be easily borrowed from other source languages that have provided such terms.

In other word, it is very practical to borrow words that are already being used particularly because of the inadequacy of vocabularies in the certain languages.

2.4 Types of Borrowing

Basically, the definition of borrowing is the same as what is stated by Vinay and Dalbernet (1958) as a pioneer in the work of translation Technical Procedures in the Compared Stylistics. It was the first classification in translation techniques that

had defined seven basic procedures operating on three levels of style: lexis, distribution (morphology and syntax) and message.

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2.5 Borrowing of Proper Name

First of all, in a translation process, we have to consider the method that will be used. In this case, besides the seven procedures of translation as stated by Vinay and Darbelnet, borrowing is the most one that is very close related to this research as a direct translation method.

In practice, when the process is based on parallel categories, in which we can speak of structurally parallelism, a direct translation may be possible to transpose the SL message element by element into the RL. However, in the RL, the translators have to try to notice gaps, which is in RL must be filled by corresponding elements so that the overall impression is the same for the two messages.

As a simplest of all the translation methods, this borrowing procedures means that one language borrows an expression form from another language. So far, it is actually very close related to a challenging problem to translation process and product of equivalence. Because generally technically borrowing will be used when the translator does not find any appropriate equivalent words in the RL or its literal translation does not fit in meaning, so the original of SL words are borrowed. That is why this method is adopted as the cases of untranslatable words.

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social status and of other part of speech can go along with their nominal function carry out the function of characterizing a person or a place.

2.6 The Standard Integration of Absorption Elements in Indonesian

In the great speed movement, BI absorbs a various elements from other languages, as regional languages, even foreign languages, such as Dutch, Greek, French, and English.

Based on the standard integration as stated in PUEBIYD by P3B team (1994: 38-50), the absorption elements in BI, can be classified into two parts:

(1) The foreign elements that are not fully absorbed into BI, such as: reshuffle, shuttle cock, bon appetite, Halloween, valentine, etc. These elements are used in

BI context which still apply the foreign utterance.

(2) The foreign elements which apply the utterance and spelling as based on the norm of BI. In this case, it is concerned with the simplest changing, by just adjusting the spelling and pronunciation of the foreign words into BI that still easily compares with the origin language (SL).

Hence, it is possible to absorb or borrow foreign words into Indonesian in accordance with Pedoman Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia Yang Disempurnakan, or in shot EYD (The Improved General Guidance for Indonesian Spelling System). In this case,

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completely absorbed into Indonesian spelling and pronunciation, there are many terms absorbed are acceptable as far as they are obeying Indonesian rules of EYD. For example:

SL RL

Artistic artistik

Camera Kamera

Furniture Furnitur

Shooting Syuting

Counter Konter

Local Lokal

mysterious misterius

However, there are also still found the absorbing or borrowing words or phrases that are translated without obeying the EYD. (It will be discussed further in chapter IV).

2.7 Equivalence Process of Word Form

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in general practice by the linguists. The writing of the absorbing lexicon will be clarified in detail as follows.

2.7.1 Equivalence of Word Form in Translation (1) In Direct Translation

Indonesian term can be formed through the translation based on the appropriateness in meaning, although the form is not equivalent. In the terms formed through translation should be referred to as the guidance below:

a) Translation does not always base on one word into one word, for example: psychologist→ ahli psikologi; medical practitioner → dokter.

b) The positive form of foreign terms should be translated into the positive form of BI, and the negative form of BI terms. For examples: bound form → bentuk terikat (bukan bentuk tak bebas); illiterate → niraksara; inorganic → bukan oganik.

c) It has to maintain the class of words as the original, for examples: transparent (adjectiva) →bening (adjektiva).

d) The plural form of foreign terms should be stripped into BI, for example: alumni → lulusan; master of ceremonies → pengatur acara.

(2) In Translation by Plan

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describe into transferring as the right for debt collecting, so it was modified into anjak piutang in the RL as the equivalency of the SL word factoring. In the same cases, catering becomes jasa boga, and invention becomes reka cipta which all have been processed by plan or intentional modification.

2.7.2 Equivalence of word Form in Absorption (1) Term Absorbing

The absorbing of foreign term into BI is processed based on the following phrases:

a) The foreign term that will be absorbed should increase the intertranslability of both SL and RL, and conversely.

b) It makes the RL readers easier to understand the terms because they have already known the term before.

c) It is simpler than its translation.

d) It is easier, and more practice for scientist to make decision related to their equivalence.

e) It will more be appropriate and efficient without having a bad connotation meaning.

The absorbing the foreign terms, by the visual form as priority, through the following process:

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b) Absorbing with spelling adjustment without pronunciation adjustment. For examples: design → desain; file→fail; science → sains; photocopy → fotokopi.

c) Absorbing without spelling adjustment, but there is pronunciation modification. For examples: bias → bias; radar → radar; nasal → nasal. d) Absorbing without spelling and pronunciation adjustment. For examples:

allegro moderato → devide et impera; Aufklarung → dulce et utile; status quo → in vitro.

(2) Affix Absorption and Foreign Bounds Forms a) Adjustment of prefix spelling and bounds forms b) Adjustment of suffix spelling

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The main purpose of this chapter is to discuss research methodology for the present study.

Research Method

There are three kinds of research based on the location of the research i.e. library research, laboratory and field research (Bungin, 2005: 40-41). In this thesis, the library research method is applied by collecting some theories and information about a text, analysis of borrowing procedures in translation, then, internet, and other sources which support the writing.

3.2 Data Source

The data souce of this study is written text, which were taken from one of the best selling novels written by D. H. Lawrence, under the title ‘Lady Chatterley’s Lover’ published by Penguin books, England, in 1960. This novel was translated by Arfan Achyar under the title ‘Lady Chatterley’s Lover’ published by Pustaka Alvabet Jakarta in 2008. The data is collected by closely observing the terms in SL and RL of data source. By reading the data source, all the borrowing terms are listed. Therefore, the data were taken directly from the data source.

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In collecting the data, I apply the content analysis method. According to Sutopo (2006: 81):

“Teknik mencatat dokumen ini oleh Yin (1987) disebut sebagai content analysis, sebagai cara untuk menemukan beragam hal sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan tujuan penelitiannya”

The quotation above means that content analysis is the technique in analysis to get some information based on the purpose of the analysis.

I use some books for the references and many others related to the topic being analyzed, I take all the information in order to get further knowledge about borrowing procedures.

The data will be taken by using purposive sampling, which means that I take only the samples of which are concerned with the purpose of the study. As stated by Sutopo (2006: 64)

“Karena pengambilan cuplikannya didasarkan atas berbagai pertimbangan tertentu, maka pengertiannya sejajar dengan jenis teknik cuplikan yang dikenal sebagai purposive sampling, dengan kecendrungan peneliti untuk memilih informannya berdasarkan posisi dengan akses tertentu yang dianggap memiliki informasi yang berkaitan dengan permasalahannya secara mendalam dan dapat dipercaya untuk menjadi sumber data yang mantap.”

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The novel contains 19 chapters and consists of 314 pages. The translated novel itself contains 19 chapters and consists of 476 pages. I choose 70 samples. Each sample has already been on the homogeny data.

3.4 Data Analysis Method

In this thesis I apply qualitative method to analyze data. Qualitative method is applied by making a description of borrowing procedures including the types of borrowing in the translation of D. H. Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover into Indonesian. Qualitative method means a research which uses some instruments for collecting the data. According to Sutopo(2006: 257),

“Dalam penelitian kuantitatif proses pengumpulan data dan analisisnya terpisah secara jelas, dan analisisnya dilakukan pada tahap akhir pengumpulan data selesai. Tidak demikian halnya dalam penelitian kualitatif, yang proses analisisnya harus dilakukan sejak awal bersamaan dengan proses pengumpulan data.”

The quotation above means that in the qualitative method, the analysis process must be done at the first together with the data collecting process.

In counting the types of borrowing, Bungin’s formula (2005:171) is used to find the types of borrowing procedures that occur mostly in the novel. The following formula is:

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Where, n = percentage of the types

Fx = the number of types of borrowing procedures

N = total number of all number of all types of borrowing procedures. The systematic procedures in conducting the analysis are as follow:

1. Reading the novel repeatedly.

2. Identifying and listing the word or sentences which belong to pure borrowing and naturalized borrowing.

3. Classifying the words into pure borrowing and naturalized borrowing.

4. Analyzing borrowing procedures.

5. Calculating the data in percentage.

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4. ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS OF BORROWING IN THE

TRANSLATION OF D.H. LAWRENCE’S LADY

CHATTERLEY’S LOVER INTO INDONESIAN

This chapter concerns with the analysis of English words that more express the direct translation method through the borrowing procedure. The analysis is based on some theories by some linguists. The theory of borrowing procedure by Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2008:84), which is also supported by some linguist in Groesjean (1982 :14) and also the classification of borrowing by Molina and Albir (2002).

At least, the analysis in this chapter is done based on the standard integration of absorbing word elements in Indonesian system that supports the existence of word borrowing in a translation.

4.1 Type of Borrowing

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4.2 Application of Borrowing in the Translation of D. H. Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover into Indonesian

For further explanation, the analysis below is based on the data related to four classifications of borrowing procedure applied in the translation of D. H. Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover into Indonesian.

4.2.1 Pure Borrowing

The table below shows pure borrowing found in the data.

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140 pagan pagan

The Total of pure borrowing words is 140 words.

Analysis:

In this case, the words are purely borrowed from the original word into RL. It is called a direct translation method, which seems untranslatable into RL. However, concepts are always available in RL as well. When there are unknown concepts, but has been well unknown by the RL readers and has been acceptable in the RL culture translation is made by possible. As we can see from the examples: habitats, pneumonia, mug, pub, lesbian, bacon, and opera. (This entire example has been analyzed collectively).

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The cataclysm has happened, we are among the ruins, we start to build up new little habitats, to have new little hopes. (p. 5)

RL text:

Bencana besar telah terjadi, kita ada di tengah puing, kita mulai membangun habitat baru kecil-kecilan, untuk mendapatkan harapan baru sedikit-sedikit. (p. 87)

The SL word habitat means the natural environment of an animal/plant (Oxford, 1995:533) should be translated into tempat tinggal/ kediaman (Echols 2003:285) in the RL text which seem the similar concept in BI. In this case, as a loan word, the translator uses the specific word habitat without spelling system and sound adjustment. The translation is acceptable in the RL, the word habitat itself is common nowadays in the RL culture, it has been well known in the RL, and at least this word has become RL vocabulary. So, it is not necessary to transfer it into tempat tinggal/ kediaman.

(2) SL text:

Miss Chatterley, still disgusted at her brother’s defection , had departed and was living in a little flat in London.(p.14)

RL text:

Nona Chatterley, yang masih muak terhadap pembelotan saudaranya, telah pergi dan tinggal di sebuah flat kecil di London. (p.100)

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2005 : 246) in the RL text which seem to refer to similar concept in BI. Here, the translator uses the borrowing word (flat) as loan word, in order to take the function, as room for living

(3) SL text:

On the table was his plate, with potatoes and remains of the chop; also bread in a basket, salt, and a blue mug with beer. (p. 173)

RL text:

Di atas meja, ada piringnya, dengan sisa-sisa kentang dan daging kambing: juga roti dalam sebuah keranjang, garam, dan mug biru berisi bir. (p.346) The word mug means a fairly large cup for drinking (Oxford, 1995: 763) should be translated into mangkuk (Echols, 2005: 388) in the RL text which seem the similar concept in BI. In this case, as a loan word, translator uses the specific word mug without spelling system and adjustment. The translation is acceptable in the RL, the word mug itself is common nowadays in the RL culture, it has been known in the RL, and at least this word has become RL vocabulary.

(4) SL text:

And she chose three R. A. pictures of sixty years ago, to send to the Duchess of Shortlands for that lady’s next charitable bazaar. (p. 88)

(43)

Connie memilih tiga lukisan diri R. A. yang dibuat enam puluh tahun lalu, untuk dikirimkan kepada bangsawan dari Shortlands untuk bazaar amal putri itu. (p. 317)

The word bazaar means a group of shops or stalls (Oxford, 1995: 88) should be translated into pasar (Echols, 2005: 56) in the RL text which seem the similar concept in BI. In this case, as a loan word the translator uses the specific word bazaar without spelling system and sound adjustment. The translation is acceptable in the RL, the word bazaar itself is common nowadays in the RL culture, it has been well known in the RL. So, it is not necessary to transfer it into pasar.

(5) SL text:

“…it is astonishing how lesbian women are, consciously or unconsciously…” RL text:

“…biasanya mereka itu lesbian, sadar atau tidak

The word lesbian in the SL text is translated into RL word lesbian, totally the same as the SL spelling and sound /lezbieən/. Both have similar concepts (between SL and RL), as we can see the SL word lesbian means a homosexual women (Oxford, 1995 :675) should be absorbed into RL as lesbian which means homoseks wanita (Echols, 2005: 354). In this case, the translation is done by applying the borrowing procedure. (6) SL text:

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RL text:

Kemudian aroma bacon pun tercium, dan tidak lama kemudian, dia muncul dengan nampan besar berwarna gelap yang hamper tidak muat di pintu.

The word bacon refers to name of food. So, there is no other specific word and it seems to be equivalent with the generic word cured meet from the back or e of pig (Oxford, 1995: 260). In order not to make meaning vague, the translator transfer the specifics words of original language bacon into RL text which then called a loan word or pure borrowing. It has been well known in RL culture, so it is no need to transfer into daging babi yang diasinkan dan dikukus (Echols, 2005: 51).

4.2.2 Naturalized Borrowing

The table below shows naturalized borrowing words found in the data.

No. Source Language Receptor Language Total

1 Double consonant

(i.e. discussion, connexion, essay, intelligent, class, horror, communication, business, dollar, success, assumption, arrogant, labell, effective, galleries, depression, billiard, bottle, immunized, assistant, bell, obsession, gossip, boss, terror, cotton, efficiency, illusion, corridor, villa, expressive, kettle, obsession, essence, impressive, and mummy)

One consonant

(i.e. diskusi, koneksi, esai, intelijen, kelas, horor, komunikasi, bisnis, dolar, sukses, asumsi, arogan, label, efektif, galeri, depresi, biliar, botol, imun, asisten, bel, obsession, gosip, bos, teror, katun, efisiensi, ilusi, koridor, vila, ekspresif, ketel, obsesi, esensi, impresif, and

mumi) ₃₇

(45)

(i.e. Convention, cosmopolitan, crisis, class, conscription, communication, contact, calculation, capitalism, cancer, compensation, cavalry, colonel, concentrated, conventional, chapel, castle, corduroy, competent, creativity, Canada, canal, canvas, claim, consistency, calendar,

(i.e. melancholy, privacy, anarchy, aristocracy, psychology, property, sympathy, irony, February, mystery, energy, analysis, brandy, whisky, democracy, cavalry, industry, study, oxygen, agency, crystal, ecstasy, vulgarity, anatomy, potency, system, transparency, lily, strawberry, hysteria, potency, dynamo, gipsy)

Vowel –i

(i.e. argument, lieutenant, permanent, absent, transparent, monument,

(i. e. argument, letnan,

permanent, absen, transparan, monumen, eksperimen, momen, elegan, elemen, sakramen, pasien,

(46)

5 Consonant –c- in the middle of word

(i. e. musical, technical, conscription, anachronism, microscope, telescope, America, speculation, radical, masculine, doctor, Africa, duplicate,

manuscript, discriminative, technicalities, locomotive, sarcasm,

declaration, biscuit, landscape, sacrament, circus, executive, electron, acting, narcotic, scandal, incarnation, Pentecost, and anachronism

6 Consonant combining ph

(i. e. atmosphere, philosophy, phenomenon, sulphur, phase,

(i.e. guitar, and popular)

Suffix –er/-ar

(47)

anticipation, prostitution, frustration,

(i.e. integrate(-d), and concentrate (d))

(i.e. tragic, automatic, hypnotic, dynamic, elastic, anarchic, romantic, and apathetic)

o The combining double vowel

(i.e. career, beer, boot, lagoon, and taboo)

One vowel

(i.e.karir, bir, bot, laguna, and tabu.)

5 p The consonant combining –st in the

end of word

(i. e. socialist and Methodist)

The consonant –s in the end of word

(i. e sosialis and methodis) 2 q The consonant –c- in the middle of

word

(i.e. social, species, anti-social, machine, publicity, race, porcelain, financial, and discipline.)

The consonant –s- in the middle of word

(i.e. sosial, spesies, antisocial, mesin, publisitas, ras, porselen, financial, and disiplin)

(48)

r Consonant x

(i.e. anti-climax, sex, sexual, expression, exclusive, external,

(i.e. primitive, sensitive, motive, positive, naïve, intuitive, conservative, and executive)

Suffix –if

(i.e. primitive, sensitive, motif, positif, naïf, intuitif, konservatif, and eksekutif)

8 230 Analysis:

A word can be naturalized borrowing when it can be naturalized to fit the spelling rules in the Target Language (TL). The list bellow is the borrowing with spelling and pronunciation adjustment.

A. Borrowing translation by absorbing the combining double consonants into one consonant in the RL.

No. Source Word Receptor Word

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(1) SL text:

So, she was assistant at Uthwaite hospital, just a little place, for a while. (p. 84)

RL text:

Dia kemudian bekerja sebagai asistenperawat di rumah sakit Uthwaite, rumah sakit kecil, untuk sementara waktu. (p.208)

The words assistant in the SL text is translated into the word asisten in the RL text. In this case, the translator translated the word by only modifying the spelling system. Consequently, the adjustment occurs by changing double consonant ss into s in the RL asisten and change an ending element –ant into –en. This word is shared in BI culture and has been familiar to the readers as the kind of absorbing process; the procedure applied is naturalized borrowing.

(2) SL text:

After all, he was the real boss in Tevershall, he was really the pits. (p. 109) RL text:

(50)

RL, which has already familiar to the readers. This procedure included to naturalize borrowing. The same example can we see in the word gossip in the SL text into gossip in the RL language.

(3) SL text:

...too much death and horror. (p.12) RL text:

…terlalu banyak kematian dan horor. (p. 98)

The word horror in the SL text is translated into the word horor in the RL text. In this case, the translator translated the word by modifying the spelling system, and the adjustment occurs automatically by changing double consonant rr into r sound in the RL, which has already familiar to the readers. The procedure applied is borrowing, as can be seen process of absorbing in BI.

B. Borrowing translation by absorbing consonant c at the beginning of word into consonant k in the RL.

1.

2.

3.

Calendar (p. 281)

Colonel (p.225)

Competent (p. 190)

Kalender (p.509)

Kolonel (p. 424)

(51)

4.

5.

Conventional (p. 105)

Criminal (p.297)

Konvensional (p.240)

Kriminal (p. 534)

(1) SL text:

“… Give me a child of any healthy, normally intelligent man, and I will make a perfectly competentChatterley of him.” (p. 190)

RL text:

“…Beri aku anak laki-laki dari seorang pria yang normal dan sehat dan aku akan bentuk dia menjadi seorang Chatterley yang kompeten.” (p. 374)

In the SL words above are translated into (→) RL words: Calendar → kalender

Colonel → kolonel Competent → kompeten

From the equivalence, both concepts (between SL and RL) in each words show shared or known in the RL culture. The RL takes the sound and modified the spelling system as stated in PUPI; in this case, the translator replaces the SL word in the RL by giving adjustment to the RL, namely:

Competent, this is a style of borrowing by modifying the spelling which changes the

(52)

Kalender, konvensional, kolonel, and kriminal, this is a style of borrowing by

modifying the spelling which changes the consonant c into the pronunciation k. In the RL word above, the procedure applied is borrowing which is used commonly in terms absorbing of word elements, which have been known by the RL readers.

C. Absorbing the consonant changed –y of the sound /i/ into the vowel i (of its pronounciation) as suggested in PUEBIYD (1993:26).

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Crystal (p. 22)

Energy (p. 53)

Hysteria (p. 277)

Mystery (p. 19)

Oxygen (p. 113)

Property (p. 24)

Study (p.112)

Kristal (p. 267)

Energi (p. 160)

Histeria (p. 502)

Misteri (p. 109)

Oksigen (p. 252)

Properti (p. 116)

Studi (p. 251)

(4) SL text:

(53)

RL text:

Connie bejalan-jalan di taman dan di dalam hutan yang bersentuhan langsung dengan taman itu, dan menikmati kesendirian dan misterinya, memandangi … (p. 109)

The word mystery in the SL text is translated into the word misteri in RL text. In this case, the translator translated the word by taking the sound /mistri/ (Oxford, 1995: 770) and modifying the spelling system. In this borrowing procedure, adjustment occurs through absorption process into BI, such as consonant y is changed into i. The same case also we found in another examples, such as in the word kristal, energi, histeria, oksigen, properti, and studi. The translator used this procedure to translate those words.

D. Translation by absorbing suffix –ent/-ant into suffix –en/-an No. Source Word Receptor Word

1.

2.

3.

4.

Intelligent (p. 10)

Permanent (p. 24)

Sacrament (p. 167)

Transparent (p. 73)

Intelijen (p. 95)

Permanen (p. 116)

Sakramen (p. 337)

Transparan (H.190)

(54)

…but who are, or would be, the real intelligent power in the nation: people who know what they’re talking about, or talk as if they did. (p.10)

RL text:

…tetapi mereka adalah atau mungkin akan menjadi sebuah kekuatan intelijen nyata bangsa itu: orang-orang yang tahu apa yang mereka katakana; atau berbicara seperti mereka tahu apa yang mereka katakan. (p. 95)

The word intelligent in the text is translated into the word intelijen in the RL text. The meaning of these two words of each is similar. In this case, the translator translated the word by taking the pronunciation and modifying the spelling system. Consequently, the adjustment occurs by changing an ending element –ant into –en. This word is shared in BI culture and has been familiar to the readers. As the kind of absorbing process, the procedure applied is borrowing. The same case also can we found in other example word, such as: permanen, sakramen, and transparan.

E. Borrowing translation by absorbing the consonant –c- in the middle of word into consonant –k- in the RL word.

1.

2.

Doctor (p. 80)

Masculine (p. 53)

Dokter (p. 201)

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3.

4.

Narcotic (p. 270)

Radical (p. 39)

Narkotika (p. 492)

Radikal (p. 139)

(3) SL text:

…jazzing with your stomach up against some fellow in the warm nights, cooling off with ices, it was a complete narcotic. (p. 270)

RL text:

…berdansa bersama seorang pria di malam hari, kemudian makan es krim untuk mendinginkan badan, semuanya memabukkan seperti narkotika.

(56)

F. Borrowing translation in absorbing the consonant combining ph into one consonant f in the RL

1.

2.

3.

Morphine (p. 77)

Phase (p. 65)

Sulphur (p. 14)

Morfin (p. 197)

Fase (p. 179)

Sulfur (p. 101)

(1) SL text:

“…a little morphine in all the air.” (p. 77) RL text:

“...sedikit morfin di udara”. (p. 197)

The word morfin, this is a style of borrowing by modifying the spelling which changes the suffix –ine into -in, and double consonants ph into f.

The meaning of the word morphine means a drug made from opium, used for relieving pain (Oxford, 1995: 756). Therefore the RL takes the sound and modifies

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G. Absorbing the combining vowel –ou- into vowel –u- in the RL

1. Ambitious (p. 17) Ambisius (p. 105)

(1) SL text

Till he was ambitious. (p. 17)

RL text:

Clifford tetap ambisius. (p. 105)

The word ambitious in the SL text is translated into the word ambisius in the RL text. In this case, the translator translated the word by taking the sound and modifying spelling system. Consequently, the adjustment occurs by changing the vowel combination -ou into -u in BI. So, the procedure applied is exactly borrowing.

H. Translation by absorbing suffix –ure into –ur

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(1) SL text:

Humanity has always had a strange avidity for unusual sexual postures, and if a man likes … (p. 278)

RL text:

Manusia memang sepertinya memiliki kesukaan dengan postur seksual yang aneh, dan kalau seorang pria menggunakan… (p. 505)

Analysis:

The word posture in the SL text is translated into the word postur in the RL text. The meaning of these two words is similar. In the SL word posture means a position of the body (Oxford, 1995: 901). While in the RL, that word means sikap badan

perawakan (Echols, 2005: 440). The word posture is translated into postur in RL, which done by adjusting the final element –ure into –ur in BI. In this case, the procedure is borrowing. It is an acceptable in translation because the concept is shared and well known by the RL, as can be seen that the meaning between two words (SL and RL) is similar.

I. Translation by absorbing suffix –ar into –er/-ar

(59)

(1) SL text:

He was only caught in the general, popular recoil of the young against convention and against any short of real authority. (p. 10)

RL text:

Dia hanya terperangkap di dalam sebuah gerakan umum, geliat populer orang-orang muda yang menentang konvensi dan terhadap semua hal yang berbau otoritas. (p. 96)

The word popular in the SL text is translated into the word populer in the RL text. In this case, the translator translated the word by taking the sound and modifying the spelling system. This word is shared in BI. Hence, the procedure applied is borrowing of spelling and sound adjustment; therefore, this is also the process of absorbing in BI.

J. Translation by absorbing suffix (t)-ion into –asi

1.

2.

Generation (p. 25)

Information (p. 52)

Generasi (p. 117)

(60)

3.

4.

5.

Position (p. 5)

Reaction (p. 23)

Sensation (p. 9)

Posisi (p. 87)

Reaksi (p. 114)

Sensasi (p. 93)

(2) SL text:

This was more or less Constance Chatterley’s position. (p. 5) RL text:

Inilah, lebih kurang, posisi Constance Chatterley. (p. 8)

The words position in the SL text is translated into the word posisi in the RL text. The meaning of these two words is similar. In this case, the translator translated the word without taking the pronunciation and modifying the spelling system. According to PUPI, the adjustment occurs by changing the final element –ion into –si in the RL. In the process of affixation absorbing of foreign element into BI, the procedure applied is borrowing. Here, it can also be found in the next examples:

(4) SL text:

Till the reaction, when he found he had been made ridiculous. (p. 23) RL text:

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In order to analyse the procedure in translation, first of all we have to analyse the word in detail. The words reaction in the SL text is translated into the word reaksi in the RL text. In this case, the translator translated the word by modifying the spelling system. Referring to PUPI, the adjustment occurs by changing the end of the element –ion into –si, in the RL last word reaksi. Hence, the procedure applied is borrowing. This matter of process is also found in another word such as: generation → generasi, information → informasi, and sensation → sensasi.

K. Translation by absorbing suffix –ate into –asi

1.

2.

Integrate(-d) (p. 53)

Concentrate(-d) (p. 102)

(ter-)integrasi (p. 161)

konsentrasi (p. 153 )

(1) SL text:

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Pernikahan mereka, kehidupan terintegrasi mereka, didasarkan pada kebiasaan penuh keintiman, yang Clifford bicarakan: ada hari-hari dimana kondisi menjadi hampa sama sekali dan tidak ada apa-apa. (p. 161)

The words integrated in the SL text is translated into the word (ter-)integrasi in the RL text. The meaning of these two words is similar. In the SL word integrate means to combines two things in such a way that ones become fully, a part of the other

(oxford, 1995: 620). While in the RL word integrasi means pembauran hingga menjadi kesatuan yang utuh atau bulat (Echols, 2005: 326). In this case, the translator translated the word by modifying the spelling sytem. Consequently, the adjustmen occurs by changing the final element –ate into –asi in the RL. Further, this word is shared in BI culture and has been commonly known by the readers.

L. Translation by absorbing suffix –age into – ase/asi

1. Garage (p. 267) Garasi (p. 487)

(2) SL text:

They left the car in Mestre, in a garage, and took the regular steamer over to Venice. (p. 267)

(63)

Mereka meninggalkan mobil itu di sebuah garasi di Mestre, dan naik kereta api regular ke Venesia. (p. 487)

The words garage in the SL text is translated into the word garasi in the RL text. The meaning of these two words is similar. In this case, the translator translated the word by modifying the spelling system. The adjustment occurs by changing the suffix –age into –asi in the RL word garasi. This word is acceptable in BI culture and is well known by the RL readers. The procedure applied is borrowing of suffix adjustment, as can be seen that process of affixation absorbing of foreign element into BI takes place.

M. Translation by absorbing suffix –c into –is

1.

2.

3.

4.

5

Automatic (p. 16)

Dynamic (p. 65)

Elastic (p. 89)

Hypnotic (p. 28)

Tragic (p. 5)

Otomatis (p. 103)

Dinamis (p. 121)

Elastis (p. 216)

Hipnotis (p. 121)

(64)

(3) SL text:

Constance sat down with her back to young pine-tree that swayed against her with curious life, elastic, and powerful, rising up.

RL text:

Segera ia duduk bersandar di sebuah pohon pinus muda, yang menggoyang punggungnya dengan irama kehidupan yang menarik, elastis, dan kuat turun naik.

The word elastic in the SL text is translated into the word elastis in the RL text. In this case, the translator translated the word by taking the sound and modifying the spelling system. Consequently, the adjustment occurs by pausing the final element of –ic in the RL. The procedure applied is borrowing, as can be seen that process of affixation absorbing of foreign element into BI takes place. These words have shared in BI concepts and have been acceptable in translation. The same case also occurred in the other examples word, such as otomatis, dinamis, hipnotis, and tragis.

N. Translation by absorbing the suffix –ble into –bel/bil

1. Stable (p. 108) Stabil (p. 244)

(65)

…The place had always frightened him, but he had thought it more or less stable. Now? (p.108)

RL text:

…tempat itu dulunya selalu membuatnya takut, tetapi dia mengira tempat itu paling tidak stabil. (p. 244)

In this case, the translator replaces the SL word in the RL by giving adjustment to the RL by changing the syllable –ble into –bil. These process involved equivalence by modifying a loan word by adjusting the spelling system of SL into RL. Moreover, in the RL words above, the procedure applied is borrowing. In this case, there is known by the RL readers.

O. Borrowing translation by absorbing the combining double vowel into one vowel

1.

2.

3.

Beer (p. 125)

Career (p. 23)

Taboo (276)

Bir (p. 271)

Karir (p.113)

(66)

(1) SL text:

He went home with his gun and his dog, to the dark cottage, lit the lamp, started the fire, and ate his supper of bread and cheese, young onions and beer. (p. 125)

RL text:

Dia pulang ke gubuknya yang gelap sembari menyandang senapan dan ditemani anjingnya, menyalakan lampu, menyalakan perapian, dan makan malam berupa roti dan keju, bawang Bombay muda dan bir. (p. 271)

The word beer in the SL text is translated into the word bir in the RL text. In this case, the translator translated the word by taking the pronunciation of /bIə(r). Consequently, the adjustment occurs by changing the combination of double vowel ee into the pronunciation i in the word bir. This translation is acceptable in BI culture and has been commonly known in the RL readers. The procedure applied is borrowing of spelling and pronunciation adjustment. It is also found in the words tabu and karir.

P. Absorbing the consonant combining –st in the end of the word into one consonant –s in the RL word

Borrowing In The Translation Of D. H. Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover Into Indonesian