Comparison of Mycotoxin Binders in The Aflatoxin B1-Contaminated Broiler Diets

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Comparison of Mycotoxin Binders in The Aflatoxin B

₁

-Contaminated Broiler Diets

B. Sundu*, U. Hatta, & H.B. Damry

Animal Husbandry Department, Agriculture Faculty, University of Tadulako, Palu, Indonesia, 94118. *Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Mycotoxin contaminations in poultry feed have been the second major stumbling block in feed industry after increasing price of conventional feedstuff. Among over 300 mycotoxins identified, aflatoxins B1 have been a main concern for animal nutrionist, particularly in tropical regions. The use of mycotoxin binders to replace fungicide or mold killer has been long practiced in poultry diet. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of mannan-polysaccharides extracted from copra meal in an attempt to bind mycotoxin in broiler diets. Three hundred broiler chicks were used and were allocated to treatment diets in brooder cages from days 1 to 14. On days 15, eighty birds were transferred into the individual metabolism cages for faecal collection and digestibility studies. The rest of the birds were then allocated into floor cages for the bird performance parameters. The treatments diets were: (1) control diet, (2) control diet + 0.10% bentonite, (3) control diet + 0.02% yeast mannan, (4) control diet + 0.02% copra mannan (CM) and (5) control diet + 0.05% CM. The diets were mixed with or without aflatoxin B1. The feeds and water were offered ad-libitum. Total faecal collection was done for three consecutive days for digestibility measurements. A completely randomized factorial design was used to test the effect of 5 diets in the presence of two levels of aflatoxin B1 on bird performance by using 4 replicate cages. Coefficient of feed digestibility was significantly improved due to diet treatments where contaminating the feed with 0.3 ppm aflatoxins B1 impaired feed digestibility. There was an interaction between diet treatments and level of aflatoxins B1 in coefficient of feed digestibility (P<0.05). A decreased digestibility was only found in contaminated diet when the diet was not supplemented with mycotoxin binders. The use of 0.05% CM improved feed efficiency. In conclusion, 0.05% CM in the diet can be effectively in broiler diets.

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Introducton

Mycotoxn contamnatons n poultry feed have been the second major stum-blng block n feed ndustry after ncreasng prce of conventonal feedstuff. A sur-vey conducted by FAO ndcated that 25% of world’s gran was contamnated by mycotoxns (Devegowda and Murthy, 2005). Among over 300 mycotoxns dent-fed (Yannkours and Jouany, 2002), aflatoxns B (Yannkours and Jouany, 2002), aflatoxns B

1 have been a man concern for

anmal nutrtonst, partcularly n tropcal regons. The use of mycotoxn bnders totonst, partcularly n tropcal regons. The use of mycotoxn bnders to replace fungcde or mold kller has been long practced n poultry det.

In the market, the use of clay as a mycotoxn bnder has been long used, such as bentonte and zeolte. However, Chestnut (1992) reported the weaknesses of these mycotoxn bnders when used n anmal feed. These mycotoxn bnders have been reported to be effectve for aflatoxns only and also bnd other essental nutr-ents that are useful for anmal growth. Use of mannan polysaccharde from yeast to bnd mycotoxns has been practced for more than three decades. Hashm et al.,Hashm et al., (2006) found that mannan from Saccharomyces cerevsae could reduce mortalty rate from 47,5 % to 30% n poultry fed det contanng 300 ppb aflatoxn. Copra ma-nan extracted from coconut may have the same property as found n yeast manma-nan. Accordngly, a study was conducted to determne the effcacy of copra mannan as mycotoxn bnder n poultry det.

Materal and Methods

Mannan extraction

The method of Kusakabe and Takash (1988) was used to extract beta mannan from copra meal that was purchased locally. About 16 lters of 24% NaOH were added to 2 kg of copra meal n a 25 lters stanless steel bucket. The mxture of copra meal wth NaOH was occasonally strred for 24 hours at room temperature. The slurry was then fltered through a porous cloth bag. The fltrate was neutralzed wth

12 N H₂SO₄ untl the pH of the soluton was about 5.5. The resultants precptate

(copra mannan) beng collected by centrfugaton, was dalysed aganst tap water to remove salts. The leftover resdue that was dentfed as copra mannan by Kusakabe and Takash (1988) was quantfed and expressed as a g/kg copra meal.

Animals and Feed

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performance parameters. The treatments dets were: (1) control det, (2) control det + 0.10% bentonte, (3) control det + 0.02% yeast mannan, (4) control det + 0.02% copra mannan (CM) and (5) control det + 0.05% CM. The dets were mxed wth or wthout aflatoxn B₁. The feeds and water were offered ad-libitum. Total fae-cal collecton was done for three consecutve days for dgestblty measurements.estblty measurements.

Table 1. Composton of the expermental control det (g/kg)

Ingredents Starter det Grower det

Full fat soybean meal 249.8 189.7

Maze 602.0 621.0

Fsh meal 130.0 130.0

Palm ol 2.7 21.2

Dcalcum phosphate 10.3 25.9

Salt 0.7 6.6

Methonne 1.0 2.5

Lysne 1.5 1.1

Vtamne and Mneral Mxture 2.0 2.0

Calculated composton:

Crude proten 229.5 210.0

Crude fbre 28.5 25.4

AME (MJ/kg) 13.39 13.40

Lysne 12.3 11.1

Methonne + cystene 9.0 9.2

Table 2. Expermental dets

Dets Aflatoxns Replcatons

Control det (D1) - 4

+ 4

Control det + 0.02% copra mannan (D2) - 4

+ 4

Control det + 0.05% copra mannan (D3) - 4

+ 4

Control det + 0.02% yeast mannan (D4) - 4

+ 4

Control det + 0.1% Bentonte (D5) - 4

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A completely randomzed factoral desgn was used to test the effect of 5 dets n the presence of two levels of aflatoxn B

1 on brd performance by usng 4 replcate

cages.

Statistical analysis

A completely randomzed factoral desgn was used wth fve dfferent dets, two level of aflatoxns and four replcate cages per treatment. Seven to eght brds were placed n each cage Data were analyzed by analyss of varance. Dfferences among treatments were tested for sgnfcance by usng Multple Range Duncan Test (Steel and Torre, 1980).

Results and Dscussons

Data of the effect of aflatoxn, mycotoxn bnders and nteracton of aflatoxn and mycotoxn bnders on broler performance are shown n Table 3, 4, and 5.

Table 3. Effects of aflatoxn B1 on broler performance

Treatments BWG

Wthout aflatoxn 2,201 1.72 79.0a _68.8b

0.3 ppm aflatoxn B1 2,177 1.74 78.1b _70.7a

SEM 23.5 0.03 0.4 0.3

Note: Values wth the dfferent superscrpt wthn a column are sgnfcantly dfferent (P<0.05). BWG: body weght gan; FCR: feed converton raso; DMD: dry matter dgestblty.

Table 4. Effects of mycotoxn bnders on broler performance

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Although t has been beleved that contamnaton of the det wth aflatoxn could deterorate feed qualty and thus brd performance, addton of 0.3 ppm afla-toxn B

1 n broler dets dd not mpar broler performance n the present study. Ths

mght be due to a low concentraton of aflatoxn gven to the brds or a shorter chal-lenged tme (42 days). Accordng to Devegowda and Murthy (2005), a decreased body weght gan was observed when the brds were fed a det contanng 2.5 ppm aflatoxn. Ths concentraton s far above the concentraton of aflatoxn offered to the brds n ths present study. To asses such speculaton, an experment wth a lon-ger tme of experment and a hgher concentraton of aflatoxn s needed.

The more promsng fgure found n ths present study s that there s an m-provement n the feed effcency of brds fed dets supplemented wth mycotoxn bnder. Ths fndng clearly supports prevous reports of Murthy and Devegowda (1995). Among mycotoxn bnders used n ths current study, the use of ether 0.05% copra mannan or yeast mannan could sgnfcantly mprove feed effcency. Ths mprovement was not found when the brds were offered det wth only 0.02% copra mannan. Ths may ndcate that 0.02% copra mannan was not effectve enough to bnd more aflatoxn n the dets supplemented wth 0.3 ppm aflatoxn. The use of 0.1% bentonte also dd not mprove feed effcency.

Interacton between mycotoxn bnders and aflatoxn treatments was found n dry matter dgestblty and faecal mosture. A decrease n dry matter dgestblty and faecal mosture only took place when aflatoxn-contamnated det was not supplemented wth mycotoxn bnders. In concluson, the use of 0.5% copra mannan can be used as effectvely as other commercal mycotoxn bnders. Supplementaton of the det wth mycotoxn bnders decreased mosture content of the faeces.

Table 5. Effects of nteracton between aflatoxn and mycotoxn bnder on broler performance

Parameters

Treatments

SEM

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5

+ - + - + - + - +

-BWG (g) 2,141 2,117 2,223 2,113 2,201 2,269 2,267 2,226 2,172 2,158 15.1

FCR 1.79 1.79 1.71 1.78 1.70 1.66 1.66 1.71 1.75 1.81 0.01

DMD (%) 78.9a _75.8b _79.0a _77.9a _79.0a _78.9a _79.0a _78.8a _79.0a _78.9a _0.3

Faecal- mosture (%)

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Acknowledgment

The authors wsh to express profound thanks to Indonesan Hgher Educaton for fnancal support of ths experment.

References

Devegowda, G., Murthy, T.N.K., 2005. Mycotoxns: Ther effects n poultry and some practcal solutons. In: The Mycotoxns Blue Book. Edtor: Daz, D.E. Nottngham Press, Unted Kngdom, pp: 25-56

Hashm, I., Pasha, T.N., Jabbar, M.A., Akram, M., Hashm, S., 2000. Study of ad-sorpton potental of yeast sludge aganst aflatoxns n broler chcks. J. Anm. Plant Sc. 16, 12-14.

Kusakabe, I., Takash, R., 1988. Enzymatc preparaton beta 1-4 mannoolgosac-chardes and beta 1-4 gluco-mannoolgosacmannoolgosac-chardes. Methods Enzymol. 160, 518-523.

Steel, R.G.D., Torre, J.A., 1980. Prncples and procedures of statstcs. New York, McGraw Hll.