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GEJALA REFLUKS GASTROESOFAGUS
PADA ANAKUSIA SEKOLAH DASAR
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39
RINGKASAN
Berbagai penelitian mengenai gejala refluks gastroesofagus pada infan telah
dilakukan namun penelitian pada anak dan dan remaja masih sangar sedikit Data
mengenai jumlah penderita gejala refluks gastroesofagus belum diketahui secara pasti,
baik data di seluruh dunia maupun di Indonesia.
Gejala yang mengarah ke refluks
gastroesofagus tidak jarang ditemui pada populasi umum. Diagnosa refluks esofagus
terutama berdasarkan gejala klinis dan didukung beberapa pemeriksaan yang invasif.
Pengobatan terhadap penyakit refluks gastroesofagus telah dapat diberikan hanya
berdasarkan klinis saja. Gejala klinis refluks gastroesofagus sangat bervariasi dan berbeda
- beda pada setiap kelompok usia. Itulah sebabnya mengapa beberapa penelitian
meneoba meneati gejala refluks gastroesofagus yang paling penting sebagai petanda
penyakit refluks gasrroesofagus. Beberapa kuesioner penelitian telah dibuat, berisikan
pertanyaan - pertanyaan lengkap yang dianggap telah mewakili semua gejala refluks
gastroesofagus. Kuesioner unruk anak dan remaja merupakan
modifikasi
dari kuesioner
penelitian pada orang dewasa.
Telah dilakukan penelitian sekat lintang untuk menentukan prevalens gejala
refluks gastroesofagus pada usia sekolah dasar di kota Medan. Penelitian dilakukan pada
bulan Februari 2002 di Sekolah Dasar 060900 di Keeamatan Medan johor Medan.
Penelitian dilakukan dengan rnempergunakan kuesioner untuk anak dan orang rua,
Kuesioner tersebut berisi empat kelompok pertanyaan, yaitu pertanyaan tentang
demografi, gejala refluks gastroesofagus, paparan yang dianggap berhubungan dengan
40
gejala refluks, dan tiwayat pengobatan gejala refluks gasttoesofagus. Jawaban orangtua
dan anak akan dibandingkan. Untuk mood kelas satu sampai
riga,
kuesioner diisi oleh
orang tua, sedangkan untuk rnurid kelas empat sampai enam, kuesioner diisi oleh orang
tuadan anak,
Didapatkan bahwa sakit perut merupakan
keluhan
yang paling banyak dilaporkan
baik dati orang rna maupun anak, diikuci keluhan sakit menelan, mual dan muntah. Dati
analisa statistik didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna antara laporan orang tua dan anak
hanya pada keluhan muntah. Ditemukan adanya hubungan antara merokok (pasi£)
dengan keluhan gejala mual, sakit perut dan rasa asam di mulut Ditemukan adanya
hubungan antara kebiasaan minum kopi dengan keluhan gejala muntah, sakit u1uhati dan
rasa asam di mulut
Pada peneIitian ini ditemukan bahwa hanya sedikit anak - anak penderita gejala
refluks gastroesofagus yang mendapat pengobatan
«
5%). Antasida merupakan satu
-satunya obat yang dipakai untuk mengatasi gejala refluks gastroesofagus, karena dapat
dibeli secara bebas, Dirernukan juga bahwa sampel penelitian be1um memanfaatkan
fasilitas kesehatan untuk mengatasi gejala refluks gastroesofagus.
41
SUMMARY
Some studies about symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux in infants had been
done but srill remain less study in children and adolescents. The certain incidence and
prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux was unrecorded well by now in Indonesia even in
the whole world. Symptoms that suggested as a reflux are not rare in the population. The
diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux was based mainly on clinical symptoms and
supported by some invasive examination. Most authors recommended initial treatment
in
simptomatic gastroesophageal reflux without any other examination. The symptoms
of gastroesophageal reflux were varies in every single age group.
It
makes some studies
try
to
determine
the
most
valuable
symptoms
that
closed
to
diagnosis
of
gastroesophageal reflux disease. There. SOme questionnaires were available that consist of
complete questions about the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux that might be
complaint. The questionnaires for children and adolescents were modified from the
adult typed.
Cross sectional studies had been done to determine the prevalence of
gastroesophageal symptoms in primary school children in Medan. The study was
conducted in the month of February 2002
in
Primary School 060900 di Medan. The
questionnaires were distributed to parents and children. The questionnaires had four
groups of questions, such as demography, symptoms. of reflux, exposure factors and
history of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux treatment. The answers of parents will
be compared to children. The questionnaires for children in grade one to three will be
42
accomplished by parents, while the questionnaires for children
in
grade four to six will
fulfill
by children and parents.
The most reporting symptom by parents and children were abdominal pain,
followed by hurt to swallow, nausea and vomiting, respectively. There was a statistically
significant difference in reporting the symptom
in
vomiting by parents and children.
There was a significant correlation between cigarette. exposure and symptoms of
gastroesophageal reflux such as; nausea, abdominal pain and regurgitation (sour taste). It
was clear that there was a significant correlation between coffee comsumption and the
symptoms
in
vomiting, heartburn and regurgitation.
This study showed that yet only fraction of symptomatic children was treated for
their complaints
«
5%). The antacids were the only drug that had been used to
overcome the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux
in
children. They found the
treatment their selves from the counters. From this study we found that there was no
any symptomatic children used health fasilities.
