'.
USD $25.00
CAD $30.00
III
01>o
71361 06121 7ｾ
E ROPEAN JOURNAL OF
ＭＭＭＧＭＮｾ
CIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
Vol 79 No 3
June,
2012
European Journal of Scientific Research
ISSN: 1450-216X
Volume
79,
No 3 June, 2012
Editorial Advisory Board
Maika Mitchell, Columbia University Mcdical Ccntcr Prabhat K. Mahanti, University ofNcw I3runswick Parag Garhyan, Auburn University
Morteza Shahbazi, Edinburgh University
Jｩ｡ｮｦｾｬｬＱｧ Chai, University of Akron
Raj Rajagopalan, National University of Singaporc Sang-Eon Park, Inha Univcrsity
Said Elnashaie, Auburn University
Subrata Chowdhury, University of Rhode Island
Ghasem-Ali Omrani, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Ajay K. Ray, ational University of Singapore
Mutwakil afi, China University of Geosciences Felix Ayadi, Texas Southcrn University
Bansi Sawhney, University of Baltimore David Wang, Hsuan Chuang University
Cornel is A. Los, Kazakh-British Technical University Tcrcsa Smith, Univcrsity of South Carolina
Ranjit Biswas, Philadelphia University
Chiaku Chukwuogor-Ndu, Eastern Connecticut State University M. Femi Ayadi, University of Houston-Clcar Lake
Emmanuel Anoruo, Coppin State University H. Young Baek, Nova Southeastem University
Mohand-Said Oukil, King Fahd University of Petroleum& Minerals David Wang, Chung Yuan Christian Univcrsity
Cornel is A. Los, Kazakh-British Technical University Abdul Jalil, Wuhan University
Wen-jen Hsich, ational Cheng Kung University
M. Carmen Guisan, University of Santiago de Compostela H. Young Baek, Nova Southeastern University
Ebere Oriaku, Elizabeth City State Univcrsity Neven Borak, Securitics Market Agency
Maria Elena Garcia-Ruiz, University of Cantabria Ghadir Mahdavi, Kyoto University
Emanuele Bajo, University of Bologna
Wassim Shahin, Lebanese European University Neil Reid, University of Toledo
Christophcr Balding, University of California, Irvinc Jean-Luc Grosso, University of South Carolina Richard Omotoye, Virginia Statc University
Eskandan A. Tooma, the European University in Cairo
Rafa E. AI Qutaish, AI-Ain University of Science and Technology, UAE Leo V. Ryan, DePaul University
Elmer-Rico E. Mojica, Statc University of New York at Buffalo Syrous Kooros, Nicholls State University
European Journal of Scientific Research
http://www .europea njou rna lofscien ti lie ,-esea reh .eom
Aims and Scope
lCuropean Journal or Scicnti lic Research is a peer-reviewed scientific rcscarch journal that addresscs both applied and theoretical issucs. Thc scope or the journal encompasses research articles, original research rcports, rcvicws, short communications and scientific commcntaries in the fields of applicd and theoretical sciences, biology, chemistry, physics, zoology, medical studies, environmental scicnccs, mathcmatics, statistics, geology, engineering, computer science, social sciences, natural seicnccs, technological scicnccs, linguistics, medicine, industrial, and all other applied and theoretical sciences. Thc journal publishes both applied and conccptual research. European Journal of Scientific Research covers all applications of polymers, from compositc and structural materials, to those used in packaging, biomedical ;mplants, plastic electronics, energy, and many morc.
European Journal or Scientific Research bridges the crucial gap between basic research and patenting of an invcntion, targcting a broad audience of academic and industrial researchers, as well as the increasingly important world of scientists and engineers at start-up companies. The journal publishes experimental and theoretical results of research on, amongst other topics, semiconductors, magnetic materials, and applied biophysics. European Journal of Scientific Research publisbes papers based on original research that are judged to make a novel and important ｣ｯｮｴｲｾ｢ｵｴｩｯｮ to understanding the molecular and cellular basis of biological processes.
European Journal of Scientific Research serves for the advancement and dissemination of knowledgc in all fields or applied physics. The journal publishes articles dealing with the applications of physical principles as well as articles concerning the understanding of physics that have particular applications in mind. The journal not only covers all aspects of modern technology such as semiconductor devices including VLSr technology, photonic devices, superconductors, and magnetic recording but also covers other diverse areas such as plasma physics, particlc accelerators, nanoscicnce and technology, and applied bioscience. Articles in interdisciplinary areas with potential technological implications are strongly encouraged.
Europcan Journal of Scientific Research particularly aims at publishing the finest peer-reviewed research in all fields of science and technology on the basis of its originality, importance, interdisciplinary interest, timeliness, accessibility, elegance and surprising conclusions. European Journal of Scicntific Rescarch The journal realizes the meaning of fast publication to researchers, particularly to those working in competitive and dynamic fields. Hence, it offers an exceptionally fast publication schedulc including prompt peer-review by the experts in the field and immediate publication upon acceptance. The editorial board aims at reviewing the submitted articles as fast as possible and promptly include them in thc forthcoming issues should they pass the evaluation process. The journal is published in both print and online formats.
A bstracting/l ndexing
European Journal of Scientific Research
Volume 79, No 3 June, 2012
Contents
Application of Sclf-Tuning Fnzzy Logic PI Controllcr in Load
F,'cqucncy Control of Wind-Micro Bydro-Dicsel Bybrid Powcr Systcm
R. Dlwnolakshmi andS. PalonislVomi
A Non Lincar Tcchniquc for Imagc Enhancemcnt Based on Discrete 'vVavelct Transform
S. Copina/hon and P. Thongovel
Dynamic Location Updlltcs and Collision Avoidance for Multiple Objects using Agcnt bascd F,'amework
J. Pril'adarshini and P. Anondhalullnar
Conceptual Dcsign of Two Wheelcr Bumper Made from
Alkali Treated Borassus Fruit Fibcr Reinforccd Epoxy Compositcs
L. Boopa/hi, P.s. Sompa/h andK. Mylsamy
Node dB Level Based Stable QoS Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks
P. Cnonasekoran and TI? Rangaswomy
Energy Efficicnt Location and Distributcd Partitioning of Wirelcss Sensor Networks
K. Karuppasam)' and V. Cunamj
Proposed Advanccd Biding Mcthod on Color Images Based on DMWT
MClfheel E. Abdulmunim and NidaaF. Hassan AkhosE. Ali
A New Approach of Solution of Multi-Stage and Multi-Objective Decision-Making Problem using De-Novo Programming
Sayan/a Chokmbor/v and Debasish BhallachOlYo
Modeling the Distribution of Annual Maximum Rainfall in Pakistan
Kammn Abbas. Alomgir, Sajjad Ahmad Khan. Dos/ MuhCIIllllwd KIICII1, Allljad Ali and Vlllair khalil
3-D Visualization of Ccll Mcmb,'ane of Cucumbcr' Fruits Storcd at Diffcrent Tcmperature
Yohanes /Iris PUlll'Cln/o. Seiichi Oshita. Yoshio Makino and Yoshinori Kawagoe
Benchmarking Study of Maintenance Pcrformancc Monitoring Practiccs in SMEs
K. Srinivasan, S. Mu/hu.
C.
Suglllllamn, R. Sa/hi)'avanan and R. Sa/ish Kumar317-327
328-336
337-352
353-361
362-374
375-384
385-392
393-417
418-429
430-436
437-448
Influences of Proccss Variables during Wirc Elcctric Discharge Machining of01 Steel 449-456
Governmcnt Expenditure aud Economic Growth in Qatar: A Time Scries Analysis
;ihdlillo S ;il-K/m/oili
Essai O'amclioration Des Productions Dc La Rosellc
(Hibisclls Sabdariffi, L. Var. Sa/}{(ari/jil) Par Les PrCtraitcmcnts
A
La ColchicineIflex;,..,'Nica;.\'(!Lepf!l1glff!. Isaoe ,\J!ollo!"ago£(ja, KonoleKieSSOlf17.
Doolido Kone and(J1!r1mm/M 'holehi
MultiSEC: A Sccret Key Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
P, Vijaya Lakshmi. D. 50maslindares\llari and V. Duraisam."
•
457-466
467-475
European Journal of Scicntific Rcscarch
ISSN 1450-216X VoL79 NO.3 (2012), pp.430-436 © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2012
hLtp://www.curopcanjournalolscicntificrcscarch.com
3-D Visualization of Cell Membrane of Cucumber Fruits
Stored at Different Temperature
Yohancs Aris Purwanto
Bogor Agricultural Univer.\'jty, Deportment ＨｾＯｉｬＯｉＨＡＨＧｨ｡Ａｬｩ｣ｻｻＱ ond Bio,\ystl!m Engineering
Kampus IPB Darmaga, PO Box]]()Bogor 16{){)]. Indonesia
E-mail: arispurwanto(lfgmail.col11
Tel: +62 (0)251-X623026
Sciichi Oshita
The Ulli"ersity o[Tokyo, Graduale School o(Agricultural and Li(e Sciences Yayoi 1-1-1. Bunkyo-ku. Tok\'() 113-8657 Japan
E-mail: aoshita@mail.ccc.u-Lokyo.ac.jp Tel: +81 (0)3-5X41-5361
Yoshio Makino
The University oIToAyo, Graduate School oj"/Igricullural and Li/e Sciences
Yayoi 1-1-1, ｂｵｮｫｹｯＭｉＨＯｾＬ Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
E-mail: amakino@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac,jp Tel: +81 (0)3-5841-5361
Yoshinori Kawagoc
Department of Bioenvironmental and Agricultural Engineering College oIBioresource Science. Nihon Universitl' 1866 Kameino Fujis({\l'G, Kallagclll'O ]5]-0880, Japall
E-mail: kawagoe.yoshinori@nihon-u.ac.jp Tel +81-(0)466-84-3823
Abstract
3-D Visualil.atioll of eel I Membralle of Cucumber Fruits Stored at DilTerClll Temperaturc
with wcight loss i.e. water loss. Higher pcrcentage of small volume size of cell !(1I" fruilS stored at low tcmperature might indicate the highcr specd of damagc in cell duc to impact of chilling.
Keywords: 3-D visualization, cell membrane, size distribution, chilling, weight loss
431
l.
Introduction
Low tcmperature storage is an effeetivc means of keeping horticultural products at a high post harvest quality. However, for some horticultural products, storage under low temperature may cause chilling injury. Chilling injury is a physiological defect of plants and their products that results in rcduced quality and loss of product utilization following cxposure to low but non-freezing temperatures (Parkin
el al., 1989). Thc injury symptoms may develop as characterized by appearancc of surlilce injuries. such as surfacc pilling, discoloration, watcr-soaking, etc., if the period of exposure to chilling tempcrature becomes longer (Saltveit, 2002).
Change in cell membrane permcability as a response to chilling temperaturc has often been investigatcd as a possiblc cause of chilling injury (Lyons, 1973). Increasc in cell membrane permeability and increase in rates of ion leakage are associated with chilling scnsitive tissue (Saltvcit, 2000). The cell membrane pel111eability regulates the water movement in cell and thc dynamic stale of watcr can be used to detect a chilling-induced permeability change in cell membrane (Naruke I!l aI.,
2003; Purwanto el al., 2005». [n order to better understand the mechanism of change in membranc permeability in cell structure of horticultural products during storage at low tcmperature, visualization and analysis of 3-D image of cell structure during storage will be cssential for the studying 011
postharvest technology.
At present, there are a number of well-established methods for calculating ecll volume changes (Kimel berg el al., 1992). Methods for determining volume changes at single-cell level have been presented (Altamirano el al., 1998), volume estimation by 3-D has been proposed by Allanson el al.,
1999). However, no data available on the 3-D visualization and analysis of the changes in cell membranes of horticultural products during storage under low temperature. The objective of this study wcre to visualize the 3-D of cell membrane of cucumber fruits stored under chilled and non chilled temperature and to investigate the changes in cell membrane size during low temperature storage with ti me.
2.
Material and Method
2.1. Plant Matcrial and Storage Condition
Freshly harvested cucumber fruits (eucumis salivlls, L cv. Alfa Fushinari and Flesco 100) werc used as samplc. One day after harvesting, the fruits were transported to the laboratory at ambicnt temperature. Sample of fruits were selected for the unifol111ity of size and weight in thc range of 85 - 100g. Fruits were then put into polyethyler!e bags (340 x 240 x 0.08 mm) which each bag contains 4 fruits. Storage temperature was set at 5°C (chillcd) and 25°C (non chilled) for 9 days. The polycthylene bags wcre ventilated once a day to prevent anaerobic condition.
2.2. Mcasurement
432 Yohanes Aris Purwanto, Seiichi Oshita. Yoshio Makino and Yoshinori Kawagoe
2.3.3-0 Analysis
2.3.1. Image Measurement
Sareoearp of cucumber fruits with dimension of I oX I x 20 mm was used as a sample (Figure I). After
dissection, the sample was soaked ft)r I h in a solution of Iluoreseent indicator (Rhodamine B 0.5
W('X,). The stained sample was then put in(o parallin sample holder (outer diameter of 5.5mm, inner
[image:8.605.120.387.274.438.2]diameter of 2.5 mm and length of 30mm), which has been filled with OCT compound embedding medium. Sample was then frozen under an air temperature about -36 "C for I0 min. After that, the sample was set at MSIPS (micro-slicer image processing system) (Ueno, 2004 and 00,2004). Image of exposed surfaces were taken with the CCD camera photometric (Cool Snapes, Roper Scientific) through fluorescence microscope at 200 Magnification. The speed of cut rotation of micro-slicer was set at 60rpm with the thickness of ＵｾＱｉＱＱＮ The temperature condition of MSIPS during cutting was maintained at -40
"c.
The images of I00 cross-sections were serially obtained per sample for both storage condition of 5 and 25"C with time.Figure I: Part of the sample disscctcd from fruits
20
111m
.,gg'I::iI"
'_1«<
I"""
l...
ｾＢ
-.r:=L
2.3.2. Visualization of Cell Membrane
The recorded 2-D images had 256 gray level with the resolution of 512x512 pixel (1 pixel = 0.7 ,.un). The 3-D images was reconstructed by utilizing 3-D visualization software Slice 0 matic (Imagelabo Company, Japan) and displayed the cell membrane. The size distribution of cell membrane was detelll1ined from the volume of cell for both storage conditions with time.
3.
Result and
Oiscusion
3.1.3-0 of Cell Membrane
486/1T1
[image:9.595.122.451.70.238.2]]-D Visualization orCcl1 Mcmbranc or'Cucumbcr Fruits Stored at Dillcrcnl Tempcraturc 433
Figure 2: 2-D images orcell membrane rorcucumberrruitsstored at 5"C and 2y'e at day I
[image:9.595.85.492.278.429.2]5"e 2y'e
Figure 3: Reconstruction processof2-D images ofccllmcmbranc
[image:9.595.184.394.469.659.2]2 3
Figure 4: 3-D image of cell membrane of cucumber fruits SoCat day 5
3.2. Cell Membrane Size
434 Yohanes Aris PUrlvanlo, Seiichi Oshit,\. Yoshio Makino and Yoshinori I<awagoc
[image:10.599.139.446.175.326.2]percentage of larger volume size of cell decreased to be 1.6 and 9.7'y., lor 5 ,md 25"C at storage time of 9 d. In contrast to this, tbe percentage of small volume size or cdl incrC<lsed with time from 21.5 and 23.5% at day 1 to bc 56.0 and 42.4% at days 9 for 5 and 25"C. Changc in the perecntagc orvolumc size of cell with time for both storage conditions was thought to be rdated with wcight loss i.e. water loss (Figure 7). Loss of water in cucumbcr fruits during storagc period caused the volumc size of ecll becomes smaller.
liigurc 5:Change in volulllesize of cell wi til time a1 5
I'e
100 ｾ 0
so
",-OJ co 60 C 11l L) ｾ 40 11l Q. 20 0 --I
-I--- I--! • .{ I---:-:-:
...ｾo .2:
8
x1
cf
1.fll3o [5x 1ct, 8x 1ct) 1.fll3
o [2x 1ct, 5x 1ct) 1.fll3
o <2 x 1ct) 1.fll3
1 5 9
Days in storage, day
Figure 6: Change in volume size
or
cell witl1timc al 25°c
100 ｾ 0 ai 80 OJ co C 60
'"
Ie'"
40 Q. 20 0-I--
-
--
-ｾ
ｾ
R
o ｾＸｸＱＨｦＬｵｮＳ
o [5x1a",8x1a"),un3 o [2x 1a", 5x 1a") ,un3 o <2 x 1a") ,un3
5 9
Days in storage, day
Figure7: Weightlossat 5and 25 "C
4 ｾ 0
3
<J) <J) 0 ｾ 2 .<:: .2' (J)S
1 0I
ｾ
25°C
5°C
I
!
!
!
,
!
0,
t
0 0 0 0
ｾ
0 00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
[image:10.599.125.463.361.764.2]3-D Visualization ofCcil Membrane of Cucumber Fruits Stored at Different Temperature 435
3.3. Pitting and Other Chilling Injury Symptoms
Pitting was observed clearly at 6 d in cucumber fruits stored at 5"C (Figure 8). However, no pilling IVas I(JUnd in fruits stored at 25"C until period of storage although discoloration at the tip of fruits was observed in all samples. The weight loss afler 9 d ''"or cucumber fruits stored at 5 and 25"C IVas 1.5%, and 2.5%" respectively. Similar result was obtained by Naruke ('/ 01., (2003) I()I' cucumber fruits stored at 2 and 15"C. The weight loss for both conditions was almost the same. Water loss, i.e. weight loss, has a close relationship to membrane water permeability. The relationship between the weight loss and the occurrence of pilling was explained by Morris and Platenius (1938). From the 3-D images, the effect of chilled temperature storage condition on the damage of cells was not clearly observed. However, higher percentage of small volume size of cell for fruits stored at low temperature might indicate the higher speed of damage in cell due to impact of chilling.
Figure8: Pitting in fruits stored atSoC
pitting
4. Summary and Concluding Remarks
3-D visualization of cell structure was demonstrated from a series of 100 cross-sectional 2-D images. The percentage of larger volume size of cell for both storage conditions decreased with time. In contrast to this, the percentage of small volume size of cell increased with time. Change in the percentage of volume size of cell with time for both storage conditions was thought to be related with weight loss i.e. IVater loss. From this study, the damage of cells due to the chilled temperature condition was not clearly observed in 3-D images during period of storage.
Acknowledgement
The authors express their appreciation for the financial support by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No. 16-03333) from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and Bilateral Exchangc Program .JSPS-DGHE Joint Research Project (JSPS/AP/l09596 Nopember 20,2009).
References
[image:11.600.208.363.241.405.2]436 Yohancs Aris Purwanlo. Sciichi Oshita. Yoshio Makino and Yoshinori Kawagoe
f2J
Altamirano..I.. Brodwick. MS .. Alvarez-Lccfinans, FJ. 1998. Regulatory volume decrcJsc and intcrcellular Ca"' in murinc ncuroblastama cells studicd with fluorcscent probes ..ICell PIII·siol.112,145-160.
[3] Do. (I.S .. Y. Sagara. M. Tabata, K. Kudoh, and T. Higuchi. 2004. Three-dimensional measuremenl of iee cryslals in liuzen beef wilh a micro-slicer Image proeesslIlg system. International Journal of Refrigeration 27 (2004) IR4-190.
[4.1 Kimelberg, HK., O·Connor. LR .. Sanbr, 1'. and Keese, C. Methods for determination or cell volume in tissue culturc. Can.! I'h.l'siol Pharm. 70, S323-333.
[5] Lyons, J.M., 1973: Chilling injury in plants. Ann. Rev. Planl. Physiol., 24, 445-466.
[6] Morris, L.L. andPlatenius 1-1., 1938: Low lemperalure injury to certain vegetables aftcr harvest.
Pmc. Ilma.Soc. Hort.Sci., 36, 609-613.
[7J
Naruke. T., Oshita S., Kuroki S., Seo Y and Kawagoe Y., 2003: T I relaxation time and olher properties o['cucumber in relation to chilling injury. Acta Hort., 599, 265-271.[X] Parkin. K.L .. Marangoni A, Jackman R.L., Yada, R.Y. and Stanley D.W., 1989: Chilling inj ury: a review of possible mechanism.JOllmal oj" Food Biochemist/y, 13, 127-153.
[9] Purwanto, Y.A .. 1-1. Tsuehiya, S. Oshita, Y. Kawagoe, Y, Makino. 2005. Determination of chilling injury index in cucumber fruits trhough proton NMR analysis. Proceeding of IC-R\lEA, September 12-15,2005. Kanazawa. Japan.
[10] Saltveit. IVI.E .. 2000: Discovery or chilling injury. In: Discoveries in Plant Biology (eds Kung. S.D. and Yang SF) World Scientific Publishing, Singapore, pp. 423-448.
[II] Saltveit, M.E., 2002: The rate of ion leakage from chilling-sensitive tissue docs not immediately increase upon exposure to chilling temperatures. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 26,295-304.
