THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN C SUPPLEMENTATION ON
HAEMOGLOBIN LEVEL AFTER MAXIMUM PHYSICALEXERCISE IN PPLM ATHLETES OF STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN 2015
A THESIS
Submitted to the Sport Department of Unimed in Partial as a fulfillment of requirements
for the degree of Sarjana Sains
By :
RETTA FLORIDA SIAHAAN 6103210026
SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE DEPARTMENT STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
i ABSTRACT
RETTA F SIAHAAN. the effect of vitamin c supplementation on haemoglobin level after maximum physical exercise in pplm athletes of state university of medan 2015. (Pembimbing : Fajar Apollo Sinaga, S.Si. M.Si. Apt) Skripsi : Fakultas Ilmu Keolahragaan. Universitas Negeri Medan 2016
This study is purpose to know the effect of vitamin c supplementation on haemoglobin level after maximum physical exercise in pplm athletes of state university of medan 2015
In this research the sampling technique uses 4 athlete with inclusion and exclusion criteria whose want to take blood to test the haemoglobin levels. This research were laasts for 4 weeks. At the beginning of the study, the blood samples were taken to be used in initial test. The first group was taking vitamin C during a week. On the seventh day, the entire sample perform the maximum physical activity, and there after the blood taken for post-test I. After the first treatment, the samples were given a period of rest for a week to recover their physical condition. In the early weeks after the rest period was completed, the second group was given vitamin C during the week, and on the seventh day of the entire sample perform the maximum physical activity and blood sample were taken for test.
From the result of the research showed that sig. (2-tailed)> 0.05, and the mean difference of post-test is higher than pre-test of 0.2%. There is no significant difference. So, the conclusion is “there is no effect of vitamin C on blood hemoglobin levels after maximum physical activity”.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, the writer would like to thank the Lord for His love and mercy. Give the writer a knowlegde and time to see a things far and prosperous. The writer also like to thank the lecturer for time and advice so the writer can make this proposal to be better and complete.
In general, this proposal research about the effect of Vitamin C after maximum physical exercise in PPLM athletes. As we know, athletes needs more antioxidant to keep their healthy and performance in field. There is many fault in this proposal, so The writer’s hope that all of the readers can giving some comments and valuable suggestions so the writer can make this proposal to be better.
May this proposal can be accepted and resumed, and finish in the nick of time.
The Writer,
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CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 18
A. Location and Time of Research ... 18
B. Population and Sample ... 18
C. Research Methodology ... 20
D. Instrument for Collecting the Data ... 21
E. The Procedure of the Test ... 21
F. The Technique for Data Analysis ... 22
G. Research Implementation Procedures ... 22
CHAPTER IV. RESULT OF RESEARCH AND THE DISCUSSION 26 A. Result.. ... 26
iv
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS.. ... 33
A. Conclusion.. ... 33
B. Suggestions.. ... 33
v
LISTS OF TABLES
TABLES... ... PAGE
Table 2.1 Intensity scale based on system of energy.. ... 7
Table 2.2 Contribution of anaerobic and aerobic processes ... ... 7
Table 2.3 Exercise intensity based on maximum capacity ... 7
Table 2.4 Haemoglobin values by age... ... 12
Table 2.5 Dietary Reference Intake... ... 15
Table 3.1 Population... ... 19
Tabel 3.2 Sample... ... 21
Table 4.1 Hemoglobin level in the first treatment.... ... 26
Table 4.2 Average hemoglobin of control and AFM group ... 27
Table 4.3 The hemoglobin level in the second treatment.. ... 27
Table 4.4 Average HB of AFM and Control Gouop.. ... 28
Table 4.5 The significance result on the first treatment... ... 28
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LISTS OF APPENDICES
1. The result of Haemoglobin test... ... 37
2. Data Analysis Procedure... ... 58
1
CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY
A.The Background of The Research
Cells continuously produce free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS)
as part of metabolic processes. (Urso, 2003). Free radical are molecules or
fragments of molecules that possess an unpaired electron in their outer orbital.
Because of this molecular instability , radicals are highly reactive and can
promote damaging antioxidant reactions with cellular proteins, lipids or DNA,
leading to oxidative stress and impaired cellular function (Powers, 2004).These
free radicals are neutralized by an elaborate antioxidant defense system consisting
of enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and
numerous non enxymatic antioxidants, including vitamin A, E, and C, glutathione,
ubiquinone, and flavonoid (Urso, 2003).
Many studies have reported that acute aerobic exercise contributes to
oxidative stress, especially when performed at high intensity levels. Two
mechanisms linking acute aerobic exercise and oxidative stress are (Urso, 2003)
increased pro-oxidant activity via a mass action effect when VO2 is elevated 10-
to 15- fold above rest ( Bloomer, 2005), and inadequate antioxidant activity
relative to pro-oxidants ( Allesio, 2000). Exercise can produce an imbalance
between ROS and antioxidants, which is referred to as antioxidative stress (Urso,
2
Oxidative stress is a condition in which the cellular production of
pro-oxidants exceeds the physiologic capacity of the system to render these inactive.
This occurs by way of the body’s endogenous antioxidant defense system, in
conjunction with exogenous antioxidant consumed through dietary sources.
(Bloomer, 2005).
Physical activity results in an increased production of free radicals and
reactive oxygen species ( ROS) and it is well known to intense exercise ( Powers,
1994), as devidenced by directed measurement of free radicals with the electron paramagnetic resonance technique ( Davies, 1982) and by indirect determinations
of product of free radicals reactions ( Jackson, 1985).
Experimental studies have shown elevated metabolic rate by strenuous
physical exercise induces oxidative stress and production of excessive amounts of
free radicals. High intensity exercise produces oxygen free radicals that can cause
damage lipid membranes, proteins, DNA and other cellular components (Lovlin
et al, 1987).
The mechanism of the damage of cell caused by free radical that studied
early is lipid peroxidation.More of lipir peroxidation is found on cell membran, in
particular the unsatured fatty acid as an important component of cell membrane.
Cell membrane sontain the source of polyunsatured fatty acid (PUFA) that
damaged by oxiding substance, related process that known as fatty peroxidation.
This is very damage because it is a continuous process (Droge, 2002).
In the previous research, the decreasing of MDA content is an indication of
3
providing vitamin C to the increasing of human Hb after sub maximal practice
(Nicolas, 2011).
Antioxidant supplementation terminates the chain of the reaction by
removing free radicals and inhibits other oxidation reaction by oxidizing
themselves (Armani, 2010). Several studies have shown that antioxidant vitamin
supplementation decreases oxidative damage in human subjects (Joppi, 2006).
Because antioxidant supplementation has been shown in some studies to have
favourable effect against lipoperoxidative damage in highly trained (Rokitzi et al,
1994) or in overloaded subjects (Itoh et al, 1999), it has been suggested that antioxidant recommendations for exogenous requirements should be increased for
those with high energy expenditure (Rosseau, 2004).
Most of the research conducted so far about the impact of various forms of
physical activity on level oxidative stress is confirmed by changes in biomarkers
that indicate lipid peroxidation and protein modification. Untrained person, as
opposed to trained, are more susceptible to major changes in the body caused by
oxidative stress during the physical activity. (Stankovic, 2012).
B.The Problem of The Research
In accordance to the background of the research the problem of the study is : Is
there any effect of high free radical on increase oxidative stress after phisycal
activity ?
1. Is there any effect of vitamin C supplementation on blood haemoglobin
4
2. Is there any effect of vitamin C Supplementation on reducing free radicals
in blood ?
3. Is there any effect of vitamin C supplementation on improving student
performance after doing physical exercise ?
C.The Limitation of The Research
Given the extent of the problem to be investigated as listed in the
identification of problems , need to specify any restrictions on the problem , the
researcher limit the problem be "the effect of vitamin C supplementation on blood
hemoglobin levels in athletes after physical exercise".
D.The Objective of The Research
Based on limitations issues in this research defined the problem as follow is
there any effect of vitamin C supplementation on blood haemoglobin levels in
athlete after physical exercise ?
E.The Purpose of The Research
The objective of the research is to know the effect of vitamin C
5
F.The Implication of The Research
The result of the study are expected to be useful for :
1. For another researcher can be used as a reference to complete the
research about antioxidant and haemoglobin in different problem.
2. For science of sport can be used as a reference to maintain the health
status and prevent internal medicine caused by free radicals.
3. Providing scientific information about the sport, especially in benefits of
vitamin C during exercise to increase the athletes performances.
4. Provide an overview of the coach and athletes about the importance of
34
physical activity. However, maximum physical activity affect the hemoglobin
levels.
2. The results of data analysis reflect that the administration of vitamin C does
not have significant affect on increasing of hemoglobin level on maximum
physical activity. It revealed from the sig. 2-tailed> 0.05 in the first post-test
and sig.2-tailed> 0.05 in the second post-test.
B. Suggestions
From the explanation and the above, the suggesstions are provided as follows:
1. As material to be put under consideration for people generally and for athletes
specifically so that they would pay good attention on supplements consumptions
to increase the body performance in daily life routines and performance in few
matches for the athletes. It is wisely advised that the practise should be
synchronized with the consumption of the supplement and balanced resting time
in order that the athlete will not suffer for oxydative stress that may cause body
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2. Asconsideration for the general public and athletes specifically to address the
consumption of supplements in order to increase the performance in daily
activities and performance during a match for the athletes. Exercise should be
accompanied with consumption of supplements for long periods, the sufficient
rest,the intake and a healthy diet to avoid the oxidative stress that can degrade the
performance of the body,
3. As the advice for the trainer/coach and the athlete and also the group that trains
the atheletes, to maintain the atheletes eating order beside giving supplement to
support the increament of athelete body performance. Eating order that is
well-managed and followed diciplinely will surely help to increase the performance to
be better.
4. As the advice for the trainer/coach that give programme to the athelete. High
activity should also be followed with high supplement consumption so that athlete
will not feel tired or exhausted that may cause the condition of the body decrease.
5. As the suggestion for the trainer/coach or athlete, to balance between activity
and rest. Good rest will help to restore the body condition as how it is in the
beginning, so that athelete will be able to restore the performance of his/her body
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