i
APPROVEMENT
AN INTERPRETATION OF SLANG LANGUAGE
IN OCEAN’S ELEVEN MOVIE
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
the Strata I Degree (SI)
By
SRI WAHYUNI NIM. 103026027634
Approved by: Advisor
Drs. H. ABDUL HAMID, M. Ed NIP. 150 181 922
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
“SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”
LEGALIZATION
The thesis entitled “An Interpretation of Slang Language in Ocean’s Eleven Movie” has been defended before the Letters and Humanities Faculty’s Examination Committee on December 28, 2007 The thesis has already been accepted as a partial Fulfillment of the requirement for the Strata 1degree.
Jakarta, December 28, 2007
Examination Committee
Chair Person, Secretary,
Drs. H Abdul Hamid, M.Ed Drs. A. Saefudin, M.pd
NIP. 150 181 922 NIP. 150 261 903
Members:
Examiner I Examiner II
Inayatul Chusna, M.Hum Zahril Anasy, S.Pd.
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made I the text.
ABSTRACT
SRI WAHYUNI, An Interpretation of Slang Language in Ocean’s Eleven Movie By Steven Soderbergh, (2002). Thesis, Jakarta: English Department of Adab and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Jakarta, May 2007.
In this paper, the writer discusses the using of slang language in Ocean’s Eleven movie. The purpose of this study is to find out the meaning and types of slang language that used in this movie. The important purpose in this research is to know more about the interpretation of slang language in the movie.
In this paper, the writer uses descriptive qualitative method, where the writer describes one by one the words of slang language that was found in the Ocean’s Eleven movie, which was published by Warner Bross production on February 13, 2002, directed by Steven Soderbergh. This study will be analyze through descriptive analysis technique. To focus on the study, the writer will limit herself to analyze three types of slang, they are society slang, workmen’s slang, and public house slang.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly the writer thanks to Allah SWT for his power and guidance her in finishing this paper. All praises belong to him, the lord of the world who has authority of all creation in the whole world. Blessing and salutation be upon the most honorable Prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, descendants and followers.
This paper is presented to the English Department at the Faculty of Adab and Humanities of State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Strata 1 Degree (SI).
On this occasion, the writer would like to thank her beloved parents Hamdani and Hudriah who have given their spiritual support, advice, love, and financial encouragement, during her study. And also, her beloved grandmother Almh. Hj. Aisyah, thanks for pray to the writer in your life time. Then the writer would like to say many thanks to her advisor Drs. H. Abdul Hamid, M.Ed for his valuable guidance and patience while the writer was writing this paper until it finished.
The writer would like to say thanks to these following persons who have contributed their supports, namely:
1. Drs. H. Abdul Chair, M.A., as the Dean of Adab and Humanities faculty.
2. Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.PD., the Head of English Letter Department, and Drs. A. Saefudin, M.Pd., the Secretary of English Letter Department.
4. The writer’s beloved sisters Ida, Tuti and brothers Irwan, Wahyu who have given spiritual support and best motivation.
5. Her lovely Jasa Zamey who has helped the writer to find the object of this study. 6. To all of the writer’s best classmates of English Letters Department especially for
Ulfa, Nabil, Yuyun, Alloy, Nunik, Dini, Coy, Yuli, thanks for all supports. K’ Neneng who has given advises and helped her in finishing this paper. Her best friends Ida, Indra, and also her best friends as alumni of SMU 6 especially Diah, Dono, who always give her best support.
7. The librarians of UIN Jakarta, Unika Atma Jaya and University of Indonesia. May Allah blesses and always protects us.
Finally, the writer realizes that, this paper is far from being perfect. Therefore the writer would like to accept any constructive suggestion to make this paper better.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVEMENT ... i
LEGALIZATION ... ii
DECLARATION ... iii
ABSTRACT ... iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS... vii
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ... 1
B. Focus of the Study ... 4
C. Research Questions ... 5
D. Objective of the Research ... 5
E. Significance of the Research... 5
F. Organization of the Study ... 6
G. Research Methodology ... 7
1. Method of the Research ... 7
2. Method of Data Collection... 7
3. Technique Analysis... 7
4. Research Process ... 8
5. Time and Venue... 9
CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A. Theories of Slang... 10
B. History of Slang... 11
1. Cockney Slang... 14
2. Public House Slang ... 15
3. Workmen’s Slang and Tradesmen’s slang ... 16
4. Society Slang ... 17
5. Slang in the Public School ... 18
6. Slang in Art ... 19
7. The Slang of Commerce ... 20
8. Slang in Publicity... 20
9. Slang in the Church... 21
D. The Reasons of Using Slang ... 21
E. Understanding the Standard English ... 23
F. Interpretation ... 23
G. Definition of the Movie ... 24
H. Plot Summary of the Ocean’s Eleven Movie... 25
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH FINDINGS A. Data Description... 26
B. Data Analysis ... 28
CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions ... 46
B. Suggestions ... 47
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 48
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
In a daily life people are able to communicate in sensible languages which are understood by the speakers and listeners. Language is an important thing for human life, if you cannot communicate well with people, you will lose lots of things in life. Language has become something very essential in life because language as media of communication between human, without language it is difficult for interaction with other people. According to The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistic, “Language is the phenomenon of vocal and written communication among human beings generally, again as in ordinary usage.”1
There are two types of language: formal and informal languages both of them can be used for communication with others. However, it seems that the roles of formal and informal languages are quite different from one another. The formal language is used in specific situations such as meeting, public speaking, seminar and others. Meanwhile the informal one is used more often in daily conversations with friends, sibling, relatives, or parents. Thus, the use of informal language is mostly placed more often in daily conversation. Sometimes when people speak, they might use their secret codes which are understood by their group, this language is known as
1
P.H. Matthews, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistic, (New York: Oxford University Press 1997).p.48.
slang. People use it in order to make the conversation more colorful, informal, convenient, and friendly. It also prevents the conversation being rigid.
According Grolier Encyclopedia, “For the most part, slang is an extension into ordinary speech of the special vocabularies of small groups-professional, criminal, teen age and other”.2 In reality, slang itself has been introduced since the sixteenth century. Slang is actually a trend: the sooner it comes, the sooner it goes. Slang terms exist in spoken usage since many years ago and nowadays spread anywhere and easily found through mass media, and electronic media.
In this paper, the writer will focus only on discussing slang language from a selected movie. The writer will analyze the selected slang words or phrases that used by the movie-stars of the Ocean’s Eleven movie that was produced by Warner Bross production and directed by Steven Soderbergh.
Word of slang phrases are usually found adjusted with the new habits or ideas that are developed in a society. In addition, using slang is a way of introducing the new words that enrich a language. Slang regularly strangeness is other social norms, making free use of taboo expressions. “slang vocabularies are particularly rich in certain domains, such as sexuality, violence, and drugs”.3
According Sornig about definition of slang, he said:
2
Grolier Encyclopedia, vol 17, Grolier International, USA, 1983, p. 305.
3
Wikipedia, Slang, The free Encyclopedia. Accesed on September 24, 2006.
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“Slang is frequently faced with different and far more complicated problems of reconstruction than normal philogical etymology, if only because of the variety and obscurity of the source languages, and the various stages of their linguistic and sociolinguistic development and assessment, which have to be taken into consideration”.4
The uses of slang language not only in the movie but also used in the song. You can find slang in the song as in RNB, Hip-Hop, and Rap genre. While in the movie usually contains social life, social culture and background of identity. In the social life, it can be from of a criminal activity, as described in the Ocean’s Eleven movie. In this movie, it tells about the robbers of casino and it describes about the criminal activity samples.
The Ocean’s Eleven movie is one of American comedy and crime movies that was played by Brad Pitt as Rusty Ryan, George Clooney as Danny Ocean, Andy Garcia as Terry Benedict, Julia Robert as Tess, and the other actresses and actors. It tells about Danny Ocean and his ten accomplices plan to rob three Las Vegas casino’s simultaneously. There are many slang words and phrases that are utilized in this movie, so the writer is interested in analyzing the slang languages in the Ocean’s Eleven movie.
From that movie, the writer finds some words such as bud, pal,5 which have the same meaning, these words mean friend. These words can be found in the script
4
Karl,Sornig,Lexical innovation:A Study OF Slang,Colloquialisms and Casual Speech,(Amsterdam: john Benjamins B.V,1982), p.8-9.
5
of Ocean’s Eleven movie “who you calling bud, pal? Who you calling pal friend”6.
The writer also finds the word nuts, “yeah, you gotta be nuts, too. And you’re gonna need a crew as nuts as you are”7, nuts it means “mad” , And another sample the writer also finds the wordas bucks, “I’d go in for a buck”8, the word buck means “dollar”. From the samples above, the writer has difficulty to understand the meaning the words of slang in that movie without consulting the slang dictionary, Oxford dictionary, and other references. To understand the meaning, the writer must see slang the dictionary to find out the real meaning of the slang words in that movie. As the writer put a sample of the word bitch, in the English dictionary it means “unpleasant woman”9, but in that movie means “very disagreeable”. It can be understood after consulting the scripts, the slang dictionary and watching the movie directly.
B. Focus of the Study
In this paper, the writer limits the scope of the study by focusing on the selected slang languages that used in Ocean’s Eleven movie which published on
6Ibid 7
Ibid
8
Ibid
9
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February 13, 2002, directed by Steven Soderbergh. Then, she finds the types of the slang and interprets the slang into Standard English.
C. Research Questions
Based on the focus of the study, then the research question are:
1. What types of slang language are utilized in the Ocean’s Eleven movie? 2. How to interpret the slang language into the Standard English?
D. Objective of the Research
The objectives of the study are:
1. To describe the types of slang language that were used by the actors in the Ocean’s Eleven movie.
2. To interpret the slang language into the Standard English.
E. Significance of the Research
knowledge to the reader about slang language, especially the slang language that comes from British and American English.
Furthermore, the writer also hopes it will be useful for the English Department students who are interested in doing research about slang language.
F. Organization of the Study
The writer divides this paper into five chapters, they are:
Chapter I : INTRODUCTION consists of background of the study, focus of the study, research questions, objective of the research, significance of the research, the organization of the study, and research methodology. Chapter II : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK consists of theories and definition of
slang, history of slang, kinds of slang, reasons of using slang, understanding the Standard English, interpretation, definition of movie, and plot summary of the Ocean’s Eleven movie.
Chapter III : RESEARCH FINDINGS consist of data description, data analysis. Chapter IV : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
G. Research Methodology
1. Method of the Research
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then the writer collects the data of slang language by noting the important data. The writer reads and notes the script from the movie. Then, she takes the slang words that often used in this dialog the movie. All the data will be described and tabulated on data description of this research paper.
2. Method of Data Collection
The writer visits some libraries to find some references, and browsing the internet to find the data. So, the writer needs some dictionary of slang language such as Cassell’s dictionary of slang, Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang Vol. 1, The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English Vol. I, Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary, Oxford Pocket Dictionary, reference-books, website, and the script of the movie.
3. Technique of Data Analysis
through descriptive analysis technique, which is representing of slang language in the Ocean’s Eleven movie.
Descriptive Analysis technique is one of the techniques in researching of human attitudes, object, setting of condition, thinking system or something happen in a certain situation.
4. Research Process
The research process is conducted through the following steps:
4.1. The writer defines what the paper talks about the background of making this paper and how many resources books the writer has collected and browses website where the writer will be able to collect more information.
4.2. Getting an advisor of writing paper
4.3. Collecting the different resource-books and websites 4.4. Reading comprehensively
4.5. Noting and analyzing all of the data
4.6. Getting description of research findings, then writing its conclusions and suggestion in the form of a report study.
5. Time and Venue
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In this chapter, the writer wants to describe the theories of slang; history of slang; types of slang; reasons of using slang; understanding Standard English; Interpretation; definitions of the movie; plot summary of the Ocean’s Eleven movie.
A. Theories of slang
After reading some materials and references, the writer knows that there are some theories of slang that were proposed by some linguists. Here, the writer will try to describe some of these theories:
1. According to John Camden Hotten.
In his statement, he said:
“That slang represents that evanescent, vulgar language, ever changing with fashion and taste, spoken by person in every grade of life, rich and poor, honest and dishonest. Slang is indulged in from a desire to appear familiar with life, gaiety, town-humor, and with the transient nick names and street jokes of the day. Slang is the language of street humor, of fast, high and low life. Slang is as old as speech and congregating together of the people in cities. It is the result of crowding, excitement, and artificial life.”10
2. According Bethany K. Dumass and Jonathan Lighter.
According to Bethany K. Dumass and Jonathan Lighter, slang shares at least two of the following traits:
“It is markedly lower in prestige than Standard English. It tends to appear first in the language of groups with low status, who may have little power or responsibility. It is often taboo and unlikely to be used by people of high
10
Jonathan Green, Cassel’s dictionary of Slang (Cassel & Co Wellington House 123 Streets. London.2000), p.V.
status. It tends to displace conventional terms, either as a short hand or as a defense against perceptions associated with the conventional term.”11
3. According to Willis.
In his statement he said that:
“for the most part, slang is the result of linguistic inventiveness, especially of young and lively persons who want fresh, original pungent, or racy terms with which they can rename ideas, action, and objects that they feel strongly about. In effect slang is the result of a combination of linguistic irreverence and reaction against staid, stuffy, pompous, pretentious, or colorless diction.”12 Based on those definitions above, the writer has the following assumptions:
1. That slang is represents vulgar language that used by person in every grade of life, and also the language of showing humor, high or low life. 2. That slang has traits such as slang is lower in prestige than Standard
English, and slang usually used by group with low status and also slang taboo used by people of high status.
3. That slang is the result of linguistic inventiveness by the young people who want new trend for style in their life.
B.History of Slang
Slang was starting to escape the harsh criticism of being associated with criminals or foreigners. Slang itself has been introduced since the sixteenth century. There was now a demand for entertainment, mass media, and slangy fiction. .
11
Dumas, Bethany K. and Lighter, Jonathan (1978) "Is Slang a Word for Linguists?"
American Speech 53 (5): 14-15. Accessed on September 24, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/slang,
12
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Slang is not "whatever is new or popular in the way of language" (Historical Dictionary of American Slang). Below is one of examples the word of slang:
“Cool: This popular expression is used to describe something that is very good.”
Ex: “That band is cool!” 13
Next, the writer would like to propose the history of slang based on the decades, characteristics, the examples and the meanings of the slang language. From Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang, and also from the book “Slang Today and Yesterday”14 by Eric Partridge, there are five decade of slang history, each decades has different characteristic. Decades start from sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth century. The writer gives some illustrations of the slang history as described below:
13
Cassie Howell, Example of Slang, Accessed on September 12, 2007.
http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/allam/1914-/language/slang.htm
14
No Decades Characteristic Examples Meanings
3. Eighteenth Century Slang mostly
used in 4. Nineteenth Century Slang began
to expand and 5. Twentieth Century Slang would
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C. Types of Slang Language15
After reading the book “Slang Today and Yesterday” by Eric Partridge, the writer finds that there are some types of slang language. Some of the slang types are:
1. Cockney Slang
The term cockney is often used to refer to working-class people of London. Particularly east London, and the slang used by these people. It is also often used in reference to the “cockney accent”.16
Linguistically, cockney slang is the brightest spot in England and in many other ways and this cockney has a very pronounced accent.
Cockney slang used by educated and Middle-Class People. Cockney slang also used by the semi-literate and the quite illiterate. Cockney speakers have a distinctive accent and dialect, and frequently use Cockney rhyming slang.
Cockney slang in the society of England is the slang that some words are easy to be understood directly. It’s easy for know and understanding words of cockney slang if we used slang dictionary and Standard English dictionary. Cockney speakers have a distinctive accent and dialect.
In ordinary Cockney, there are two kinds.
- The first is the Cockney slang used by the educated and middle class people.
15
Ibid p.148
16Wikipedia, Cockney ,the free Encyclopedia. Accesed on October 8, 2007.
- The second is the Cockney slang used by the semi literate and quite literate people.
Below are some examples of Cockney slang that commonly used in the daily speaking by middle class and educated people:
- Chickalery cove means, a very smart fellow, “perfect’ in dress, able in business, and of a dashing deportment.
- Come over on a Whelk Stall, means to do things, especially to dress, in style.
- See the breeze and taste the sun (with which compare feel the shrimps),
means an expression of summer enjoyment at escaping from London to an open common.
And below are some examples of Cockney slang that commonly used in their daily speaking by the semi literate and quite illiterate:
- Sky a Copper means To make a disturbance. - Up the pole means drunk.
- Monaker means a name, a title.
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This type is considered as a genial, cheery, materialistic, but not gross nor cynical. Public house slang group of words and phrases makes up for the smallness of the recorded vocabulary by the nature of the subject.
Below are the examples of public house slang:
- Favourite vice means strong drink taken habitually.
- Jumbo means the elephant and castle, perhaps the most famous public house in London.
- Shed a tear means to make water. - Favourite Vice means strong drinks.
3. Workmen’s Slang
This type has a link with the public house slang. It is also considered as the tradesmen’s slang, because it is put from the people’s activity in their working. They use this term to ease them in communication, since they are pushed to communicate each other. Workmen’s slang not only used by people’s activity in their working but also used in other activity.
Workmen’s slang has divided into two kinds, they are: the workmen of the town laborers and the workmen of farm laborers. The town laborers are much more ready with their tongue and speak more fluently with their slang than the farm laborer.
Below are some examples of Workmen’ slang for the farm labors:
- Hammered means married, welded together, one presumes.
- Messenger means the small dark, rapidly drifting cloudlets which foretell a storm.
Below are some examples of Workmen’s slang for the town labors:
- Brass means money; this very general term seems to have originated the copper and iron industries.
- Matey means a companion in labor.
- Screw Up means without money, therefore unable to move about at will.
In workmen’s slang as in Tradesmen’s Slang, some of the words that are now jargon were in their origin, slang.
On the slang and the jargon of tradesmen’s is rather more caustic than his custom, but it is a perceptual nuisance, and stares you in the face on tradesmen’s invoices, on labels in the shop windows, and placards on the hoarding.
Below are some examples of the Tradesmen’s slang:
- Balloon means a week’s enforced idleness from want of work. - Make your coffin means to overcharge for an article.
- Turkey buyer means a person of considerable importance. - All my own means freedom
- Curly means troublesome. Presumably from a cloth curling or even rucking.
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The transition from University to Society is as linguistically as it is actually natural, for although a university education constitutes neither a passport to good society nor a guarantee of genuine culture it goes some distance in both directions.
For many persons the centre of the universe is society. Now society is ever in the search of novelty, and it is limited body of well to do women and men of leisure. From the almost association of these persons with one another, there arises a kind of special vocabulary, which is constantly changing with the changing fashions.
On that passage, there is much jargon, but there is also much slang, in the colloquial speech of society. Slang is concerned with the spirit of the universe, the world, life, and it general, it also hovers, joyously or jauntily or jaundicedly, over the object and the practices of the slangster’s own calling.
Below are some examples of the society slang:
- Cold tub means a cold morning bath.
- Flapper means a very immoral young girl in her early ‘teens’.
- Not too nice means bad, unpleasant.
5. Slang in the public school and universities
The other kind of slang is almost impossible to generalize, for every school has its special words known to no other school.
Below are the writer give examples of the slang that used in school and universities, there are:
- Mucking means Westminster for idling or hanging about. Cognate with the Cockney muck about, to potter, to be futilely inactive.
- What’s the mat? means what is the matter.
- Belering cake means cake in which the plums are so far apart that they have to beller (bellow) when they wish to converse. Likewise, in general colloquial speech it is sometimes said of a “spotted dog” pudding that the cook must have stood a devilish long way off when he threw the currants at the dough.
6. Slang in art
Slang in art is related to the slang in the society. Society has always, along with the few discerning dealers and a few rich recluses, been the chief patron of art. The slang of art is quickly adopted by society. Which, however knows only a few words of artistic slang.
Slang words more difficult than the other slang words. The meaning is hard to be guessed even in the present day.
Below are some examples of slang in art.
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- Rags means old lace used for decorative purposes.
7. The slang of commerce
This slang used in trade. The words are closely related to the trade or commerce. This kind slang is present day money market terms. Refers to Professor Collison this slang is: “Of business transactions on the various exchanges the man in the street will have heard of the formation of trusts and rings, cornering a commodity, even to children through the exciting card game of Pit with cards representing the various cereals, “17
The writer would give some example of this term, there are:
- To axe means to cut down expenses, sometimes by dismissing employees, in the effort to economize.
- Be on the stump means to go about the constituencies making public speeches.
- Go on the dole means to receive unemployment benefit.
8. Slang in Publicity
Much of the success of modern commerce depends on publicity. This type of slang used for commerce such as for advertisement.
Below are the writer give examples of slang in publicity: - Sunlight means soap.
17
- Sunny jim means from the advertisement of force. - Worth a guinea a box means Beecham’s Pills.
9. Slang in the church
Slang has long since penetrated into the forum, and now we meet it in the Senate, and even the pulpit itself is no longer free from intrusion. There is no wish here, for one moment, to infer that the practice is general. On the contrary, and in justice to the clergy, it must be said that the principal disseminators of pure English throughout the country are the ministers of our Established Church.
Below are the examples of Slang in the church:
- Candle shop means A Broad Church term for either a Roman Chatolic chapel.
- Massites means A Low Church invention for (and gravely accepted by) those members of the Anglican Church.
- Liea at the Pool of Bethesda means of theological candidates to be waiting for a benefice.
D. The Reasons of using slang
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accepted by young people, as we know nowadays slang is easily used in daily communication, especially by teenager.
Slang has been used for many purposes. According to Nicefero as quoted in Partridge, People used slang for any of at least fifteen reasons:
1. In sheer high spirits, by the young in heart as well as by the young in years; 'just for the fun of the thing'; in playfulness.
2. For delights in virtuosity. 3. To be different, to be novel.
4. To be picturesque, this could be found from songs or poems. 5. To be unmistakably arresting, even startling.
6. To escape from clichés, or to be brief and concise. 7. To enrich the language by inventing new words.
8. To lend an air of solidity, concreteness; to the abstract of earthiness to the idealistic: of immediacy and oppositeness to the remote.
9. To reduce seriousness of a conversation
10. To amuse superior public: this can be seen by the slang that children uses towards their parents
11. For ease of social intercourse. 12. To induce either friendliness
13. To shows that one belongs to a certain group
14. To show or prove that someone does not belong to a certain group.
15. To be secret, not understand by those around one (children, students, lovers, member of political secret societies, and criminals in or out of prison, innocent person, are the chief exponents).18
In spite of those reasons above, slang can also be considered as meaningless words which are used by people in order to fill some gaps in the use of formal language. Many people may find that the use of slang is an unacceptable-word. However, it depends on the particular groups in society. If it is important to use slang,
18
they will go a head. Either the slang produced will be accepted and respected in the society or it will be rejected and considered as an obscurity.
E. Understanding the Standard English
According to Loreto Todd and Ian Hancock, Standard English is the term given to the spectrum of English’s taught in school, described in grammars and dictionaries, used by the media and written with relatively little variation throughout the English speaking world. Standard English is not absolutely clear-cut and discrete.19
Standard English by Tom Mc Arthur is “A widely used term that resists easy definition but is used as if most educated people nonetheless know precisely what it refers to. Some consider its meaning self evident: it is both the usage and the ideal of ‘good’ or ‘educated’ users of English.” 20
F. Interpretation
Definition of Interpretation by Roget’s Superthesaurus dictionary is understanding, reading, slant, perception meaning, meaning, definition, explanation, view.21
19 Tom, McArthur, The English Language, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000),
p. 130.
20
Ibid. p.133.
21
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According to Jan Van Luxemburg, Mieke Ball,and Wiliem G. Weitstjen, they saids that interpretation is the ways to read and to explain the text ( the activities report) that more systematically and complete. According to them interpretation as a give the meaning systematically, that tries to explain or to make know with satisfy. 22
Other definition about interpretation based Hugh J. Silverman, he said that interpretation is an act that if successful, produces understanding. The interpretation of something is the act of knowing it an understanding that is provide by it.23
G. Definition of The Movie
Movie is truly a motion picture- a flowing, ever changing stream of images and sounds sparkling with a freshness and vitality all its own, a fluid blend of image, sound, and motion possessed by a restless compulsion to be vibrantly alive, to avoid the quite and the static.24
Movie is a form of entertainment that enacts a story by a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement. Movie is also called a term that encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as the field in general, and as a form dramatic performance that is recorded as a moving image.
H. Plot Summary of the Ocean’s Eleven movie.
22
Jan Van Luxemburg, Mieke Ball, and William G. Westseijen, Tentang Sastra, Cetakan kedua,(Jakarta: Intermasa, 1991), p. 30.
23
Hugh J Silverman, Textualities: Between Hermeneutics and Deconstructions.(New York and London: Routledge, 1994), p. 11.
24
Danny Ocean is a thief who has just been paroled from prison. He seeks out his partner, Rusty and he has a job. And it is to rob the vault that houses the cash of three casinos in Las Vegas: The Bellagio, the Mirage and the MGM Grand. They all belong to ruthless entrepreneur Terry Benedict, who also shows a certain interest in Danny's beautiful ex-wife Tess. And he plans to rob it on a night when 150 million is in it. So they recruit nine guys and they begin to put Ocean’s plan in motion. Danny as the leader of the gang. Had quite a grudge on Terry Benedict after stealing his ex-wife while he was in New Jersey.
Then, Danny starts to hire professionals from all over the country: There's the card magician Rusty Ryan, the perfect pickpocket Linus Caldwell and the hilarious English-accented explosives specialist Basher Tarr. Reuben Tishkoff, who lost a casino to Benedict, provides funding, the brothers Virgil and Turk Malloy will drive and help, and Frank Catton, a professional card dealer, gets a job at the casino to watch the routines. Saul Bloom, already retired, will play the rich heavy weaponry dealer and live in the hotel, while Livingston Dell bugs the place to have a look over the shoulders of the security personnel. Finally, the Chinese acrobat artist Yen will be the one to move inside the safe before the motion detectors are turned off.
There are three rules to be followed: First: no blood. Second: Rob only who deserves it. Third: Do it as if you have nothing to lose.25
25
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDINGS
In this chapter, the writer describes two main discussions, they are: data description and data analysis.
A. Data Description
In this description of data, the writer discusses the slang language used in the Ocean’s Eleven movie. Here the writer tries to tabulate the collected data through the following table:
a. The example of utilized slang or corpus. b. The meaning of slang language.
c. The types of slang language used
In this section, the writer limits the discussion about the types of slang language that were utilized in Ocean’s Eleven movie, they are public house slang, society slang, and workmen’s slang. Below are the tabulations. The tabulated data are described as follows:
Table1. The Tabulated Data
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B. Data Analysis
From the tabulated data that the writer put from the table above, then the writer tries to analyze and classify the selected slang words by categorizing them into the types of slang language, and then the writer tries to interpret into Standard English by focusing on Who, Where, and When the slang languages are utilized. The writer interpret the whole of selected slang words in the movie through reading the slang dictionaries, Oxford Advance Learner’s dictionary, Oxford Pocket Dictionary, book reference, watching the Ocean’s Eleven movie and analyzing each of words by understanding the Ocean’s Eleven movie script. And then, the writer interpret one by one the words of slang language in the Ocean’s Eleven movie, It is rather difficult to interpret without understanding the words of slang language in this movie.
The writer found twenty five slang words in the Ocean’s Eleven movie. In this analysis the writer analyze only seventeen slang words or phrases because these slangs are often utilized by the movie-stars of the Ocean’s Eleven movie, and also to make the discussions more in focus.
Based on the writer’s classification the slang words, she found three types of slang language that are used in the Ocean’s Eleven movie. They are society slang, workmen’s slang, and public house slang. In addition, the three types of those slangs are often utilized in the movie. To get further description, the writer tries to illustrate and analyze the three types as follows:
According Partridge about society slang, he said: “In society, it shows a joyously, or jauntily over the object and the practices of the slangter’s own calling, with this difference is jargon treats with solemnity and respect the avocation it serves and slang retains respect toward it. Treats that avocation with the detached amusement that, viewed from afar, every human activity seems to invite.”26
Based on the statement above, the writer thinks that the slang languages are commonly used in daily conversation with special vocabulary that always follows the trend in the society that joyously.
Based on the slang dictionaries and from the internet, the word jackass means
idiot, Bitch means very disagreeable, grabbed means took roughly27, kicks means fun, spotted means saw, this piece of shit means this terrible car28, screwing means have a sex29, clink means prison30, fuck means expression of anger or annoyance31, nuts
means crazy32, The meaning of those words is also utilized by Oxford English Dictionary.
26
Eric Patridge, Slang Today and Yesterday, (London, Utledge & Kegan Paul, 1954), p. 214
27
Robert L Chapman, Ph. , Dictionary of American Slang,(New York, Harper Collins, 1995), p. 560,32,182.
28
Accessed on April 26, 2007.http://www.slangcity.com/movie_quote/oceans_eleven.htm
29
Tom Dalzell and Terry Victor, The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Uncenventional English ,(New York, Routledge, 2006), p. 1665.
30 J.E. Lighter, Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang, (New York:
Random House, 1994),p 806.
31
Jonathan Green, Cassell’s Dictionary of Slang (Cassel & Co Wellington House 123 Streets. London 2000), p. 454
32
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Then the writer categorizes the word jackass, bitch ,grabbed, kicks, spotted, this piece of shit, screwing, clink, fuck, nuts the society slang because of the suitability of the meanings and the characteristics of the society slang and their utilized words are closely related with the society, it tells about the life of society. The kinds of life such as the robbers of casino, that describes about criminal activity samples.
Below are the further explanation and the quoted conversation used in the society slang words, and the interpretation of the selected words, such as jackass, grabbed, bitch, kicks, spotted, this piece of shit, screwing, clink, fuck, and nuts.
1.1 Jackass
The setting at Bellagio Casino, this word said by Virgil (he is crew of robber casino) as delivery boy when he and Tourist picking a fight. In fact the tourist is his friend (Turk). They both just acted, for blocking the sentry from the balloons.
“Sentry: Excuse me, sir: You’re going to have to move your balloons.
…but virgil’s too busy picking a fight with the Tourist (surprise, surprise: Turk Malloy) to listen.
Virgil: Who you calling ‘bud’, pal?
Turk (tourist): Who you calling ‘pal,’ friend? Virgil: Who you calling ‘friend’…
… bud …
Who you calling ‘friend’, ‘jackass’?! Don’t call me a jackass
I just did call you a jackass.”33
33
From the quoted conversation above, the word jackass means idiot, this meaning is utilized by Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang. Then the writer categorizes this word as society slang because this word is closely related with the society. It is suitability with the meaning and characteristic of the society slang. And also it is supporting with the setting where is the conversation that is at casino.
1.2. Grabbed
The setting was Reuben’s Back Yard, this word used by Reuben, who lost casino because Benedict’s crime. This word used by Reuben when he told to Danny and rusty about the story three most successful robberies in Vegas history. Below are the quoted conversations:
Danny: It's never been tried.
Reuben: Oh, it's been tried. A few guys even came close. You know the three most successful robberies in Vegas history?
FLASHBACK
-Number three. The bronze medal. Pencil neck grabs a lockbox at the Sands. He got two steps closer to the door than any living soul before him.
-Second most successful robbery. The Flamingo '71. This guy
actually smelled fresh oxygen before they got him. Course, he was breathing out of a hose the next three weeks, goddamn hippie.
-And the closest any man has gotten to robbing a Las Vegas casino...was Outside of Caesar's in '87. He came, he grabbed, they conquered.34
From the quoted conversation above, the word grabbed means took roughly This meaning is utilized by Random House Dictionary of American Slang and also
34
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utilized by Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary. From this description, the writer agrees that the word grabbed means took roughly and firmly.
1.3.Bitch
The setting of this word was in the white van, when Virgil disagrees with Turk, and this word said by Turk, he is crew of robber casino. He and Virgil have always annoyed each other for the longest time.
Below are the quoted conversations: “Turk: Shit! Okay, your turn… Virgil: Co-sign squared over .0455. Turk: No. Co-sign squared over .0415. Virgil: .04-five-five.
Turk: One-five.
Virgil: You’re so wrong.
Turk You don’t know your string theory, bitch.”35
From the quoted conversation above, the word bitch means very disagreeable. This word is utilized by dictionary of American Slang third edition. From this description, the writer agrees that the word bitch means very disagreeable.
1.4. Kicks
The setting of this word was in the Parole board hearing room when Danny was asked by board member two about the reasons why he committed this crime. This word used by Danny, he is a man of action from a New Jersey penitentiary, the wry, charismatic thief, and he just been paroled from prison at New Jersey. Below are the quoted conversations:
35
Board member two: Mr. Ocean, what we’re trying to find out is: was there a reason you chose to commit this crime, or was there a reason why you simply got caught this time?
Danny: My wife left me. I was upset. I got into a self-destructive pattern. Board member three: if released, is it likely you would fall back into a similar
pattern?
Danny: She already left me once. I don’t think she’ll do it again just for
kicks.36
From the quoted conversation above, the word “kicks” means fun. This meaning found in the internet, it is also suitable with the meaning in the movie. From this description, the writer agrees that the word kicks means fun or for showing strong feeling of pleasure.
1.5 Spotted
This word used by Tess ( he is Danny ex wife, and he is career woman) and the setting was in the restaurant when Tess waited for Benedict in the restaurant, and then Danny came to her. After one minute Benedict came, and Tess tried to explain that Danny just walked through the restaurant and spotted (saw) her.
“Tess: Do you remember what I said to you when we first met? Danny: You said: you better know what you’re doing.
Tess: Do you? Now? Because truly you should walk out the door if you don’t. Danny: I know what I’m doing.
Benedict: What are you doing? Danny: Catching up.
Tess: Terry, meet my ex-husband… Danny: Danny Ocean.
Benedict: Mr. Ocean.
(to tess) for give me for being late. A guest required my attention. Tess: Danny was just walking through the restaurant and spotted me.”37
36
Ibid
37
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From the quoted conversations above, the word spotted means saw38. The writer knows this meaning from the internet and also utilized by Dictionary of slang. From this description, the writer agrees that the word spotted means saw.
1.6. This piece of shit
The setting was in the front of prison, this word said by Danny Ocean( he is a thief with tuxedo) when he was ready to release from his prison in New Jersey for six month because his crime as robber, he said the word “this piece of shit” to Rusty because he come to pick him up by ugly car. Whereas they found thirteen million dollars from Benedict’s Casino but Rusty only bought the ugly car.
“Rusty: Looking for someone?
Danny: Thirteen million and you drive that piece of shit cross country to pick me up?
Rusty: Hello to you, too. Rusty: Your hair's grayer.
Danny: Your eyes got closer together. How's life? Rusty: Life... is a roomful of pillows.
C'mon...
Rusty: Where do you want to go first? Danny: To a phone.
Rusty: I stopped and picked up your personal effects, put them in the back seat.
Danny: My what?
I'm not sure these belong to me. Tess: Sure they do.”39
38
Slang City, Quotes from Ocean Eleven, Warning: contains bad words. Accessed on April 26,2007. http://www.slangcity.com/movie_quote/oceans_eleven.htm
39
From the quoted conversation above, the word this piece of shit means this terrible car. The writer knows this meaning from the internet. From this description, the writer agrees that the word this piece of shit means this terrible car.
1.7. Screwing
Danny and Rusty adjourn from the warehouse. This word said by Rusty ( he is magician of cards) when he discovered Ocean's ex-wife (Tess). She is the main squeeze of Terry Benedict the owner of the casinos. Then Rusty asked to Danny about it, he didn’t want if Danny did this job (robbed casino) because of Tess (ex-wife). If that’s true he will walk off the job right now. But Ocean said his plan would go smoothly. Below are the conversation quoted from Ocean’s Eleven movie:
“Danny: What is it?
Rusty: Tell me this isn’t about her. Or I’ll walk off the job right now. Tess. She’s with Terry Benedict now. Tell me this isn’t about screwing the guy who’s screwing your wife.
Danny: Ex-wife. Rusty: Tell me
Danny: It’s not, about that. Entirely.”40
From the quoted conversation above, the word screwing means have a sex. This meaning is utilized by The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. From this description, the writer agrees that the word
screwing means have a sex.
1.8. Clink
40
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The setting was Rusty’s car, when Danny and Rusty rode silently, staring out opposite windows at sunset Boulevard. This word said by Rusty (he is magician of cards) when he asked to Danny about the cookies that he sent when Danny was in the prison. Danny is a thief who has just been paroled from prison. Below are the quoted conversations:
“Rusty: that was, that was just… Danny: Unprofessional.
Rusty: How was the clink? You get the cookie I sent you? Danny: why do you think I came to see you first?”41
From the quoted conversation above, the word clink means prison (Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary 11th Edition). This word meaning is also utilized by Dictionary of slang. From this description, the writer agrees that the word clink
means prison.
1.9. Fuck
This word used by Yen ( he is the Chinese acrobat artist) the situation of the word fuck was happened when Yen got hurts, he was waiting for so long Danny and Linus were in the vault, a place where Benedicts saved his money. While, Danny and Linus were still outside vault for opened the door of it by exploding it. Below are the quoted conversations:
“Linus: You know, you lose focus for one second in this game…
41
Danny: And someone gets hurt, yeah, yeah. I don’t hear Yen complaining. Danny: Do it.
Amazing
Yen: Where the fuck you been.”42
From the quoted conversation above, the word “fuck” means expression of anger or annoyance (Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary). This meaning is also utilized by Cassell’s Dictionary of slang. From this description the writer agrees that the word “fuck” means expression of anger or annoyance.
1.10. Nuts
The setting of this word was in Reuben’s house when Danny and rusty came to Reuben’s house to told his plan for robbing casino and also inviting him to join, but Reuben didn’t agree because he knew that robbed at casino was not easy. This word said by Reuben who lost his casino because of Benedict’s crimes. Below are the quoted conversations:
Rusty : I wonder what Reuben will say?
Reuben: You’re out of your goddamn minds. Are you listening to me? You are, both of you, nuts. I know more about casino security than any man alive. I invented it, and it cannot be eaten. They got cameras, they got watchers, they got locks, they got timers, they got vaults. They got enough armed personnel to occupy Paris. Okay, bad example...
Add quoted conversations with the same setting:
Danny: That’s why we’ve got to be very careful. We have to be precise. We have to be well-funded
Reuben: Yeah, you gotta be nuts, too. And you’re gonna need crew as nuts as you are.43
42
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From the quoted conversation above, the word “nuts” means mad (Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary). This meaning is also utilized by Dictionary of slang. From this description, the writer agrees that the word nuts in the conversation means
mad.
2. Workmen’s Slang
As the writer has proposed the definition of Workmen’s slang in the second chapter, in which the Workmen’s slang “has a link with the public house slang. It is also considered as the tradesmen’s slang, because it is put from the people’s activity in working. The characteristic of the users in they don’t mention the real name of something but they call it with another name that has already been understood among them”.44 Usually this slang used by people’s activity in their working and also related with money.
Then the writer categorized that the words bucks means dollar,45 and bankroll
means financial support, grand means 1000 dollar ($1000)46 as workmen’s slang because it is seen from the meanings of that words and the suitability between the characteristic of the workmen’s slang.
43
Ibid
44 Eric Patridge, (1954), op.cit. p. 162 45
H.Manser, Martin. Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary, (Oxford Uneversity Press. NewYork, 1995), p.49.
46
The next discussion is about explanation of those selected words from the quoted conversation in the Ocean’s Eleven movie and the interpretation of the selected words such as bucks, bankroll, grand.
2.1. Bucks
The setting the word Bucks in the Hollywood club. This words often used by the actor in the Ocean’s Eleven movie. Such as Topher, he is TeenBeat cover boy. Below are the quoted conversations:
“Rusty: Good evening, guys. Let’s play some card… …and lets play some card
Topher: A hundred bucks to me…Ah, what the hell. Pocket
Rusty: why you bet a certain way is your business. But you have o make them think you’re betting for a reason. Understand?47
From the quoted conversation the writer assumes that the words bucks often used by the actors in this movie, and this word are familiar by the speaker in this movie. This word “bucks” means dollar (Oxford Learner’s pocket Dictionary). This word meaning is also utilized by Dictionary of slang. From this description, the writer agrees that the word bucks means dollar.
2.2. Bankroll
47
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The setting was in Library tower, this word used by Danny (he is a thief, he just been paroled from prison at New Jersey) when he talk to Rusty for made a planned to rob three casinos those are Bellagio, Mirage and MGM. These casinos are Terry Benedict’s place. Below are the quoted conversations:
“Rusty: You said three casinos…
The Bellagio, Mirage, and… these are Terry Benedict’s place. Danny: Yes they are. Think he’ll mind.
Rusty: More than somewhat.
Rusty: You’d need at least a dozen guys, doing a combination of cons. Danny: like what, you think?
Rusty: Well, off the top of my head, I’d say you’re looking at a Boesky, Jim Brown, a Miss Daisy, two Jethros, and a Leon Spinks. Oh, and the biggest Ella Fitzgerald ever. Where do you think you’re gonna get the money to back this?
Danny: As long as we’re hitting these three casino, we’ll get our bankroll. Terry Benedicts has a list enemies.”48
From the quoted conversation above, the word “bankroll” means financial support (Oxford Adv. Learner’s Dictionary) this meaning is also utilized by Dictionary of slang. From this description, the writer agrees that the word bankroll
means Financial orhave much money.
2.3. Grand
The setting of this word was in the Hollywood Club, this word used by Danny, when he played some cards with Teen Beat. Danny is a man of action from a new jersey penitentiary, the wry, charismatic thief, and he just been paroled from prison at New Jersey. Below are the quoted conversations.
48
“Rusty: ... and let's play some cards. Topher: A hundred bucks to me...
Rusty: Indeed. But be careful you don't push him too high too fast. Want to keep him on the leash. I call. It's Josh's turn. He hesitates...
Josh: What's that to me? A thousand? Rusty: All you have to do is call.
Danny: What? Your girlfriend holding your purse?
Contrary to what Mr. Ryan may say, Seth, I always check my cards before I make a bet. But be careful. I could tell from your face you're holding three of a kind or better. Five hundred to call. And two
grand more.”
From the quoted conversation above the writer knows that the word grand
means 1000 dollar ($1000), and it can be categorized as workmen’s slang because suitability with characteristic and meaning of public house slang. The meaning of the word grand means 1000 dollar ($1000) is utilized by slang dictionary and also from the Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary.
3. Public House Slang
The definition of public house slang is “considered as a genial, cheery, and materialistic, but it is not gross or cynical. The public house group of words and phrases make up for the smallness of the recorded vocabulary by the nature of the subject.”49
In this type, the writer categorizes the words bud, pal,50 in which has the same meaning that is friend, fellas means fellow51,guys means man52, as the public house
49
Eric Patridge (1954), op.cit. p.159.
50
http://www.dailyscript.com/sripts/oceans_11.pdf
51
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slang because of the suitability with the meaning and the characteristics of the public house slang. As the writer has proposed above the characteristics of public house slang such as genial, cheery, materialistic but not gross nor chynical.
Furthermore, as Willis said:
“for the most part, slang is the result of linguistic inventiveness, especially of young and lively persons who want fresh, original pungent, or racy terms with which they can rename ideas, actions, and objects that they feel strongly about. In effect slang is the result of a combination of linguistic irreverence and a reaction against staid, stuffy, pompous, pretentious, or colorless diction.”53
Based on the theory above, the writer makes conclusion that slang is the result of linguistic inventiveness, especially used by the young people, and lively persons who want refresh. In addition, the writer gives the illustration of the words slang in the Ocean’s Eleven movie and the interpretation of the selected words such as bud, pal, fellas, guys as below:
3.1. Bud
The setting of this word was at Bellagio casino, when Virgil as delivery boy carried the ballons through the casino, he took a bunch of balloons for “Happy Anniversary”. He bumped into Turk who acted as tourist. In fact, Turk is his friend. Then, he bumped into a tourist, and the balloons drifted out of his hand and into the camera. Virgil is a crew robber of casino in Terry Benedict’s casino. Below are the quoted conversations:
52
H.Manser, Martin (1995), op.cit. p.187.
53
“Tourist: Hey, watch it, bud…
Sentry: Excuse me, sir: You’re going to have to move your balloons.
…but virgil’s too busy picking a fight with the Tourist (Turk that is actually his friend ) to listen.
Virgil: Who you calling ‘bud’, pal?
Turk (tourist): Who you calling ‘pal,’ friend? Virgil: Who you calling ‘friend’…”54
From the quoted conversation above the writer knows that the word bud
means friend and it can be categorized as public house slang because suitability with characteristic and meaning of public house slang. In the writer’s opinion this word is used in daily conversation. The meaning word bud means friend is utilized by slang dictionary and also from the internet.
3.2. Pal
The setting and the conversation were the same as the example of the word slang above at Belagio casino, this word used by Virgil and Turk ( they are a crew of robbers casino) when Virgil as delivery boy carried balloons through the casino. Here Turk as tourist argued with Virgil. As the writer proposed before character Virgil and Turk have always annoyed each other for the longest time. They just acted, “Accidentally” blocking the sentry from the balloons. Virgil and Turk is crew of robber casino.
“Virgil: Who you calling ‘bud’, pal?
Turk (tourist): Who you calling ‘pal,’ friend?
54
li Virgil: Who you calling ‘friend’…”55
3.3. Fellas
The setting of this word was in the Hollywood club, this word said by Danny when he and Rusty played cards with teen beat. Danny is the leader of the gang (robbed casino). He had quite a grudge on Terry Benedict after stealing his ex-wife while he was in New Jersey prison.
“Rusty: Shit. Sorry, guys. I -- I was sure he was bluffing. As Rusty plummets in the estimation of all the guys around him, Danny rakes in his pot. Danny: Thanks for the game fellas.
Hey, I hate to ask this, but could you sign something for me? It’s for the guys in the joint. They just love all your shows.”56
From the quoted conversation above, the word “Fellas” means fellow. This meaning is utilized by English Dictionary. From this description, the writer agrees that the word fellas means fellow.
3.4. Guys
The setting of this word was in the Hollywood club. This word was said by Rusty when he had finished playing the card with Teen Beat in the Hollywood club. Rusty is crew of robber casino. Below are the quoted conversations:
“Rusty: Shit sorry, guys, I was sure he was bluffing.
55
Ibid
56
Danny: Thanks for the game fellas.
Hey, I hate to ask this, but could you sign something for me? It’s for the guys in the joint. They just love all your shows.”57
From the quoted conversation above, the word “guys” means man (Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary). This meaning is also utilized by dictionary of slang. From this description, the writer agrees that the word guys mean man.
The reasons of using slang words, such as to sheer high spirits, to ease social contact, to show that someone belongs to a social class, to enrich the language, and to reduce.
57
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CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
After analyzing research findings, then the writer wants to draw some conclusions about them. In this paper, the writer discusses the slang language used in the Ocean’s Eleven movie that was produced by Warner Bross production and directed by Steven Soderbergh.
As the writer proposed in the theoretical framework and research findings, the writer concludes that slang language used in the movie above, can be classified into the society slang, workmen’s slang, and public house slang. These types can be found in the movie scripts of Ocean’s Eleven movie and the compiled-data. These slang words or phrases have been written in the text such as jackass, screwing, clink, bucks, pal, and kicks, and soon.
The interpretations of slang language in Ocean’s Eleven movie into Standard English were referred to the slang dictionaries, Oxford Advance Dictionary, Oxford Learners Pocket Dictionary, reference-books and Ocean’s Eleven movie script.
Slang is usually used by particular groups in a society and slang itself has become a trend for long time. Slang in one generation may turn into the formal language in a certain generation. In addition, using slang is a way of introducing the new words that enrich a language in the life society.
B. Suggestions
Through this paper, the writer suggests for those who are interested in analyzing or in comprehending the slang language should join the group of society who utilized the slang language for improving their knowledge of language study.
The writer hopes the students of English Department, especially at the Adab and Humanities Faculty of the State Islamic University, Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, to select the slang language as one of the topics for their research study in the future.
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