THE PERSON AND PLACE DEIXIS ANALYSIS IN POLITICAL NEWS ARTICLES OF THE JAKARTA POST

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A Thesis Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One (S1)

NURHASANAH

109026000046

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

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ABSTRACT

Nurhasanah, The Person Deixis and Place Deixis Analysis in Political News Articles of The Jakarta Post. A Thesis: English Letters Department, Adab and

Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University “Syarif Hidayatullah” Jakarta, 2013.

The study is aimed to know the words that are contain person and place deixis that are written in the political news articles of The Jakarta Post and analyze the position of person and place deixis in the arrangement of the text. The writer uses qualitative method to analyze the words of person and place deixis which contained in political news articles of The Jakarta Post. The research data were collected from ten texts in edition 20 February 2013; 3 and 6 May 2013; 11, 12, 18 and 19 September 2013; and 20 January 2014, and tabulate them into the tables.

In the analysis, the writer gets that from 115 numbers of the total of the data from the ten texts of The Jakarta Postwhich is found the word of ‘he’ is 68

items, ‘his’ is 41 items, ‘I’ is 29 items, ‘who’ is 2 items, ‘they’ is 12 items, ‘my’ is 10 items, ‘their’ is 12 items, ‘him’ is 10 items, ‘you’ is 7 items, ‘yourselves’ is 1

item, ‘your’ is 1 item, ‘we’ is 9 items, ‘our’ is 3 items , ‘me’ is 5 item, ‘she’ is 9 items, ‘her’ is 13 items, ‘them’ is 4 items, ‘themselves’ is 2 items, ‘himself’ is 5

items, ‘us’ is 3 items, ‘here’ is 7 items, ‘there’ is 1 item, with the total of 254 items consist of 246 items of person deixis and 8 items of place deixis.

The writer gets that 27% of the person deixis which is used is the word of

‘he’ is a kind of third person singular deixis, which refers to person who is being talked about. Finally, the writer expects her study can be useful for all of the readers to increase knowledge about deixis, especially the students of English

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2013

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due to acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Jakarta, November 2013

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah the Most Gracious the Most Merciful

First of all, the writer would like to express the most gratitude and praise to Allah SWT, the Lord of the universe, and His generosity in completing her study in the State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Then, peace and blessing are upon to our beloved prophet Muhammad SAW and all of his followers.

The writer would like to express her highest gratitude to her parents, H. Sukirman and Hj. Turyati for their prayer and support, and for all of their

contribution in the writer’s life in completing the period of her education in State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, especially in finishing the thesis. Therefore, this thesis is dedicated to her parents who always give their love and

spirits during the writer’s life. May Allah SWT bless them.

The writer also would like to express her gratitude to the persons who had helping in finishing this thesis and for their contribution in process of writing until it had become a complete work. They are as follows:

1. Dr. H. Abd. Wahid Hasyim, M. Ag, the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty.

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3. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M. Pd, the Head of English Letters Department and Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum, the Secretary of English Letters Department. 4. All lecturers of English Letters Department who have taught and educated

her very well during her study in State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

5. Her beloved husband, Agung Prabowo, who always accompanies and gives his full supportin process of writing this thesis. The writer’s family, my sisters (Nurhidayah, Nurjanah, Nuraminah, and Nurrohmah) for their support in completing her study.

6. The Academic Staff of Adab and Humanities Faculty, the librarians of State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, the librarians of Atmajaya University, and Indonesian University.

7. All of her beloved friends in State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, especially in B class and Linguistics class: Sarah, Nayah, Yuni, Indira, Jamal, Tika, Desi, Ojan, Nabila, Nurul, Niam, Fitri, thanks for the friendship and kindness.

8. All the people who have helped the writer during the process of conducting the research whose names are not mentioned here.

Finally, may Allah SWT, the Almighty and the Merciful,bless them all. The writer realizes that this research is still far from being perfect. Therefore, suggestions and criticisms will be accepted for the improvement for the thesis.

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LIST OF TABLE

Table 1. Table of data from person deixis in the text entitled “Dahlan, Gita told not to put Cabinet posts at risk” …….……… 27

Table 2. Table of data from person deixis in the text entitled “Yudhoyono

addresses presidential contenders”……….……… 28

Table 3. Table of data from person deixis in the text entitled “Dems remove

Anas’ loyalists from top positions”……….……… 28

Table 4. Table of data from person deixis in the text entitled “Aburizal’s

presidential candidacy safe, for now”……… 29

Table 5. Table of data from person deixis in the text entitled “PM, opposition hold second day of talks” ..……… 29

Table 6. Table of data from person deixis in the text entitled “Syria crisis: A glance at presidents, precedents”…...……… 30

Table 7. Table of data from person deixis in the text entitled “Dahlan accused

of politicking during May Day rally”.……….… 30

Table 8. Table of data from person deixis in the text entitled “Yudhoyono should not slow down, must focus on transition”……….….… 31

Table 9. Table of data from person deixis in the text entitled “PPP actress

candidate causes smiles, for all wrong reasons”……...……….…… 31

Table 10. Table of data from person deixis in the text entitled “President

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is communication device that is used by human to communicate with other people. There are two kinds of language which is used by human to communicate, there are spoken language and written language.

Variety of written language is variety of language that is used through means of writing and can be reinforced or supported by a set of visuals to achieve the target. Visual means which is meant are schema graphs, maps, drawings, photographs, colors, or other concrete objects.1 For example: If you are not strong, you do not need to continue that work. Therefore, in communicating written language must be use correct and effective sentence.

Similarly, the written language in creation of a news, the using of the words that are correct and effective are very supportive in the process of delivering and receiving information. Therefore, the effectiveness of sentences should be able to make the content can be conveyed and can be reflected in the mind of the readers, exactly of what is the purpose of the written language.

1_{Rasyid Sartuni,}_{Aplikasi Bahasa Indonesia Di Perguruan Tinggi}_{, (Bogor: Maharini Press, 1996),}

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The language that is used by journalists in writing of their work in the mass media is called the journalistic language. Journalistic language is one variety of languages which has typical properties that are brief, solid, simple, fluent, clear, straightforward and interesting.2

These properties are things that must be fulfilled by journalistic language, and considering the work of journalists will be read by almost all levels of society that have not the same level of understanding and knowledge, and also not everyone has time to read it. Thus, journalistic language must be easily understood, and also have the ability in conveying information to the readers quickly and communicatively. In addition, to make communicative news can also be found by using the deixis words.

Deixis is an expression which is bound to the context. According to John Lyon in his book that deixis is meant the location and identification of persons, objects, events, processes and activities being talked about, or referred to, in relation to the spatiotemporal context created and sustained by the act of utterance and the participation in it, typically, of a single speaker and at least one addressee.3 A deictic word itself is one which takes some elements of its meaning from the

2_{Haris Sumadiria,}_{Bahasa Jurnalistik Panduan Praktis Penulis dan Jurnalis}_{, (Bandung: Simbiosa}

Rekatama Media, 2008), p. 6.

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context or situation (i.e. the speaker, the addressee, the time and the place) of the utterance in which it is used.4

There are many deixis in news which have function to package the language and sentence in order to more effective and efficient. Deixis occurs because of the replacement of the context. Furthermore, deixis which often appears in news such as person deixis, place deixis also known as space deixis, time deixis, and discourse deixis. Meanwhile, social deixis is not found in the news because of nature of journalistic language are objective and neutral. Similarly in political news in The Jakarta Post, many types of deixis that can be found. Example of deixis that contained in political news in The Jakarta Post:

The embattled chairman of the Democratic Party Anas Urbaningrum has said he is optimistic that his party will come out on top in the 2014 general election.5

From news fragment above, the words of he and his are kinds of third-person singular deixis, which refers to person who is being talked about which is meant Anas Urbaningrum, who is chairman of the Democrat Party.

From the background of the study above, the writer chooses deixis analysis in news articles because there are many words that contain deixis in news which must be used appropriately and effectively, so that the sentence will be communicative, there is no mistake in

4_{James R. Hurford, et. al,}_{Semantics of Coursebook}_{, (New York: Cambridge University Press,}

2007),p. 66.

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describing news, and the delivery of the news can be understood by reader easily.

B. Focus of the Study

This study focuses on the words which contain person deixis and place deixis to analyze the position of person deixis and place deixis in the sentence arrangement of the political news article of The Jakarta Post in edition 20 February 2013; 3 and 6 May 2013; 11, 12, 18 and 19 September 2013; and 20 January 2014.

C. Research Question

Research questions in this study are:

1. What person and place deixis words are written in the political news articles in The Jakarta Post ?

2. What the position of the words of person and place deixis in the political news articles in The Jakarta Post ?

D. Significance of the Study

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E. Research Methodology

1. The Objective of the Research

The objectives of the research are:

1. To analyze the words of person and place deixis that are written in the political news article of The Jakarta Post.

2. To analyze the position of the words of person and place deixis in the arrangement of the text.

2. The Method of the Research

This research uses qualitative method6 where the writer tries to describe the selected texts, identify each discourse, find the words of person and place deixis, and analyze the words of person and place deixis which contained in political news article of The Jakarta Post.

3. Data Analysis Technique

The writer uses the descriptive analysis technique. The writer follows some procedures in collecting the data. The writer searches the words of person and place deixis in political news article of The Jakarta Post in edition 20 February 2013; 3 and 6 May 2013; 11, 12, 18 and 19 September 2013; and 20 January 2014. The writer takes the person deixis and place deixis words that found in

6_{M. Farkhan.}_{PROPOSAL PENELITIAN BAHASA & SASTRA,}_{(Edisi: Revisi; Jakarta: Anak}

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political news article of The Jakarta Post. After all the data have been collected, the next step is analyzing the data which is supported by the concepts of John Lyon.

4. Instrument of the Research

The instrument that will be used in this research is researcher herself as the subject of the study by collecting, noting, and classifying the data which is obtained from The Jakarta Post in February 2013 until January 2014.

5. Unit of Analysis

The unit of analysis in this study is The Jakarta Post articles which taken in edition 20 February 2013; 3 and 6 May 2013; 11, 12, 18 and 19 September 2013; and 20 January 2014.

6. Time and Place of the Research

This research has been conducted from March 2012 until the completion of this research. This research is conducted in libraries of English Letters Department, Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, Unika Atma Jaya, and the library

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A.Semantics

1. Definition of Semantics

There are some definitions of semantics. Some of them are:

Semantics as another pronunciation of the term 'la semantique’ which

carved by M. Breal from France is a branch of general linguistics studies. Therefore, the semantics in here is a study and an analysis of the meanings of linguistic.7

Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences. Linguistic semantics deals with the conventional meaning conveyed by the use of words, phrases and sentences of a language.8

Semantics as the study of meaning is central to the study of communication; and as communication becomes more a crucial factor in social organization, the need to understand it becomes more pressing. Semantics is also at the centre of the study of the human mind - thought processes, cognition, conceptualization - which all these are bound up with the way in which classify and convey our experience of the world through language.9

7_{J.D. Parera, Teori Semantik, (Edisi: kedua; Jakarta: Erlangga, 2004), p. 42.}

8_{George Yule,}_{The Study of Language, (Third ed}_{; United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press,}

2006), p. 100.

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Semantics has become the meeting place of various cross-currents of thinking, and various disciplines of study. Philosophy, psychology, and linguistics all need a deep interest in the subject. But their interests are diverse because of their different starting points: psychology the understanding of the mind, linguistics the understanding of language and languages; philosophy the understanding of how we know what we know, of the rules of right thinking, and the evaluation of truth and falsehood.10

Semantics deals with the literal meaning of words and the meaning of the way they are combined, which taken together form the core of meaning, or the starting point from which the whole meaning of a particular utterance is constructed. For example: I forgot the paper, semantics provides the literal meaning of the elements I, forgot which is the second verb form of forget, the and paper, and the meaning drawn

from the order of the words, giving approximately ‘The person who is

speaking at some time before the time of speaking forgot a particular item

which is a paper’.11

According to Verhaar, semantics have different roles in its systematic level, it shown in the following chart:12

10_Ibid

11_{Kate Kearns,}_Semantics_{, 2nd ed, (UK: Palgrave Macmillan Publishers, 2011), p. 1.} 12_{J.W.M Verhaar,}_{Asas-asas Linguistik Umum}_{, (Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press,}

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function (no semantics; an empty of meaning) syntax category

role semantics grammatical

grammatical

morphology

Language

Semantics phonology (no semantics;but each (phonetic)

phonemes function as discrete categories) phonetics (no semantics)

lexicons (no meaning) lexical semantic

Source : Asas-asas Linguistik Umum(J.W.M Verhaar) p.386

The following chart shows the positions as well as the object of study of semantics that is the meaning of the whole of systematic language. It appears that not all levels of language have semantics problems. Lexicons and morphology have it, but not phonetics.

2. Lexical and Grammatical Semantics

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lexical semantics focusing on the meaning contained in the word as an independent unit, and do not discuss it when the word is linked into a sentence.13

Lexical semantics involves lexical meaning. Field which examines lexical semantics according to the principles is called “lexicology”, a more

practical task is compiling a dictionary that is known as “lexicography”.

Lexical meaning in the linguistic description commonly given single quotes, for example, when we say the word of house which has a meaning

“house”. Lexical semantics in lexicology include the main points, such

as:14

a. Meaning and reference b. Denotation and connotation

c. Analysis of extensional and intensional analysis d. Analysis componential

e. Meaning and usage

f. Synonymy, antonimy, homonymy, hiponimy

Grammatical semantics is the study that is specifically examines the meaning of semantics which is contained in the unit of sentence unit. Verhaar said that the grammatical semantics is much more difficult to analyze. It can be understood, even though the sentence consists of words, and not a word in self-contained units, but the units of words that is contained in the sentence. A person should not be interpreted in terms of

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the words that make it up, but must interpret of the contents of the whole sentence. For example, in the sentence "the area was safe and under

control". As is known, if the word ‘safe’ stand alone, so its meaning is free

from danger; freedom from interference. However, with the appearance of

the ‘control’ word in units of the sentence, finally it eclipse of the ‘safe’

word. The point is that area is not really ‘safe’ because there is the 'control'

word.15

The benefit from semantics study is depend on type of work being taken by people in their everyday tasks. For a journalist, a reporter, or the people who involved in the world of newspapers will get practical benefit from the knowledge of semantics. Semantics knowledge will make people easier to choose and use a word with appropriate meaning in conveying the information to society.

B. English Pronoun and Deictic

English pronoun is member of small class of words in English language which used as replacements or substitutes for nouns and nouns phrases. They have general reference, such as: I, you, he, this, who, what. A pronouns is a word which takes the place of noun. Pronouns can be one of three cases: Subject, Object, or Possessive. There are some rules in English pronoun:16

15_{Mansoer Pateda,}_{op. cit}_{., p 71}

16_{Jane Starus,}_{The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation,(Tenth Edition;}_{San fransisco:}

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- Rule 1. Subject pronouns are used when the pronoun is the subject of the sentence, such as I, you, he, she, it, we. Subject pronouns usually

occur before a verb. For example: “You did the job.”

- Rule 2. Subject pronouns are used if they rename the subject. They will follow to be verbs such as is, are, was, were, am, and will be.

Examples: “It is he”, “This is she speaking”, “It is we who are responsible for the decision to downsize”.

- Rule 3. Object pronouns are used everywhere else (direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition), such as are me, you, him, her, it, us, and them. For example: “Jean talked to him”, “Are you

talking to me?”

- Rule 4a. A strong clause can stand on its own. For example: She is hungry, I am feeling well today.

- Rule 4b. A weak clause begins with words such as although, since, if, when, and because. Weak clauses can’t stand on their own. For example: Although she is hungry..., If she is hungry..., Since I am feeling well..., etc.

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- Rule 5. To decide whether to use the Subject or Object pronoun after the words than or as, mentally complete the sentence. For example: Zoe is taller than I/me. Mentally completing the sentence, we have, Zoe is taller than I am. Another example: Daniel would rather talk to her than I/me. We can mentally complete this sentence in two ways: Daniel would rather talk to her than to me. OR Daniel would rather talk to her than I would. As mention in above, the meaning will change depending on the pronoun we choose.

- Rule 6. Possessive pronouns show ownership and never need apostrophes. Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, and

theirs. In other side, the only time it’s has an apostrophe is when it is a

contraction for it is or it has. For examples: It’s a cold morning; The

thermometer reached its highest reading.

- Rule 7. Possessive adjectives are my, your, his, her, its, our, their. It occurs before a noun (my car) or an adjective + noun (my new car). Possessive adjectives have no singular or plural. They are used with both singular and plural nouns (my book, my books).

- Rule 8. Reﬂexive pronouns; myself, himself, herself, itself,

themselves, ourselves, yourself, yourselves; should be used only when they refer back to another word in the sentence.

Correct: I did it myself; Incorrect: My brother and myself did it.

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Words or phrases that require contextual information to convey any meaning like, English pronouns – are deictic. Deictic word is one which takes some element of its meaning from the context or situation of the

utterance. For example, the first person singular pronoun ‘I’ is deictic,

when Dina says ‘I have lost my job’, the word I here refers to Dina.17

Any linguistic form used to accomplish this ‘pointing’ is called a

deictic expression. Deictic expressions are also called indexicals. They are among the first forms to be spoken by very young children and can be used to indicate people via person deixis (‘me’, ‘you’), or location via spatial deixis (‘here’, ‘there’), or time via temporal deixis (‘now’,

‘then’). When someone notice a strange object and ask, ‘what is that?’,

he/she is using a deictic expression (‘that’) to indicate something in the

immediate context.18

Deictics are not defined in terms other than that they depend on the pragmatic situation for the intended designation to be achieved.

Consequently, they may be independent lexical items such as ‘today’;

member of small closed grammatical classes of forms such as ‘this’; or

inflectional affixes such as the pas tense marked ‘-ed’.19

17_{James R. Hurford, et. al,}_op.cit_{., p. 66.}

18_{George Yule,}_Pragmatics_{, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 9.}

19_{Revere D. Perkins,}_{Deixis ,Grammar, and Culture,}_{(Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing}

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C. Deixis

1. Definition of Deixis

Deixis comes from a Greek word meaning "pointing" or "indicating". Deixis is the location and identification of persons, objects, events, processes and activities being talked about, or referred to, in relation to the spatiotemporal context created and sustained by the act of utterance and the participation in it, typically, of a single speaker and at least one addressee.20

Furthermore, the system of deixis of one language with another language is different each other. It is because of every language has rules of language and background of cultural itself which are different with the rules and background of cultural from another language.21

Deixis refers to the phenomenon understanding the meaning of certain words and phrases in an utterance requires contextual information. For

example, when Dina says ‘I lost my job’, the word of I refers to Dina as the first-person singular pronoun.22 In other words, deixis is the most obvious way to describe the relation between language and context in the structure of language itself.

The importance of information of deixis for the interpretation of words, phrases, or utterances, Levinson explained with an example: when someone find the following notice on someone's office door with the

20_{John Lyons, Semantics vol 2, (Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, 1977),}

p.637.

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content of the writing “I will be back in an hour”. This message does not have a contextual background because he or she does not know when the message was written, so the message does not informative.23

2. Types of Deixis

There are five types of deixis, they are person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis:24

1. Person Deixis

Deixis with the role of participants in the conversation, such as: speaker, spoken, and addressee. Person deixis consists of three division. They are first person, ‘I’ (singular) and ‘we’ (plural); second

person ‘you’; and third person ‘he/she’ (singular), and‘they’ (plural).

2. Place deixis

Deixis which indicates the location of some spaces between the speaker and the listener. Place deixis is also known as space deixis. It concerns with the spatial locations relevant to the utterance. For example: here is where we will place the statue; she was sitting over there.

3. Time deixis

Deixis which shows the unit of time in the speech. It distinguishes between the moment of the utterance (coding time) and the moment of the reception (receiving time). The markers of time in deixis of time

23_{Stephen C. Levinson, Pragmatics, (Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, 1983),}

p.54

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are now, tomorrow, today, yesterday. For example: It is raining out now, but I hope when you read the letter, it will be sunny.

4. Discourse deixis

Deixis which indicates the reference marker in a section of discourse.

Discourse deixis is also known as ‘text deixis’. For example: I am

hungry - that is what i said. From the example, the word of “that”

refers to “I am hungry” which is mentioned before. 5. Social deixis

Deixis which indicates social relationships and social levels. It involves mark of social relationships with direct or oblique reference to the social status or role of participants in the speech event. For example: honorifics (word homage); Mr. President, Your Honor.

Deixis is clearly tied to the speaker's context, with the most basic distinction between deictic expressions both ‘near speaker’ and ‘away from speaker’. Proximal term is typically interpreted as the speaker’s location, or the deictic centre. The proximal terms are ‘this, here and now’ (near speaker). Distal term is indicate ‘away from speaker’ such as

that, there and then.25

 Near speaker  proximal terms ( this, here, now)

 Away from speaker  distal terms (that, there, then)

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3. Person Deixis

The category of grammatical of person is depend on the notion of participant roles and their grammaticalization in particular language. The

origin of the traditional terms are ‘first person’, ‘second person’, and‘third

person’ which is illuminated in the connection. The word of Latin is

‘persona’(meaning “mask”), it used to translate the Greek word ‘dramatic

character’ or ‘role’, and using of the term by grammarians derives from

their metaphorical conception of language event, such as: Drama which the principal role played by the first person, the role subsidiary by the second person, and all other roles by the third person.26

The term person in personal pronouns and person affixes is deictic

category. The personal pronoun system in English conventionally analyzed as:

1. two numbers: singular (I), and plural (we);

2. three genders: masculine (he), feminine (she), and neuter (it); 3. three persons: first (I), second (you), and third (he/she).

The gender is relevant in the third person singular (‘he/she’) and

the number is not relevant for the second person form ‘you’ in current

standard English.27

Person deixis operates in three-part division, exemplified by the

pronouns of first person ‘I’, second person ‘you’, and third person ‘he’,

‘she’, or ‘it’. In many languages these deictic categories of speaker ,

26_{John Lyons,}_{Semantics vol 2}_{, p. 638.}

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addressee, and other (s) are elaborated with markers of relative social status (for example addressee with higher status versus addressee with lower status), expression which indicate higher status is described as

honorifics.28

The first person singular pronoun is used by the speaker to designate him/herself as the intended reference, and the second person pronoun is used to designate the addressee. Plural first person pronoun refer to the group of which the speaker is a part. Other persons is refer to the using of the third person pronoun. They depend on the concept of participant role in the utterance oriented around the speaker and on an axis that includes the addressee. Other distinctions include a dual number and an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the first person plural.29

In English, potential ambiguity which allows in two different interpretations. They are an exclusive ‘we’ (speaker plus other (s), excluding addressee) and inclusive ‘we’ (speaker and addressee). For example: we clean up after ourselves around here. The ambiguity from the sample is provide a subtle opportunity for the hearer to decide what was communicated. Either the hearer decides that he/she is member of the group to whom the rule does not apply (i.e. an addressee), or an outsider to whom the rule does not apply (i.e. not an addressee). The hearer gets to decide the kind of ‘more’ that is being communicated. The inclusive-exclusive distinction also noted in the difference between saying ‘Let’s go’

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(to some friends), and ‘Let’s go’ (to someone who has captured the speaker

and friends). The inclusive in the first, and the exclusive in the second.30 Furthermore, third person pronouns is not direct participant in basic interaction (I - You), and being an outsider is necessarily more distant. Third person pronouns are consequently distal forms in person deixis. The using a third person form is one way of communicating distance (and non-familiarity). It can be done in English for an ironic / humorous purpose. For example: when someone is busy in the kitchen, and addressee who is

being lazy, as in ‘would his highness like some coffee?’ The distance

associated with third person form is used to make potential accusations (for

example, ‘you didn’t clean up’) less direct, as in ‘somebody didn’t clean up

after himself’, or to make a potentially personal issue like an impersonal

one, based on a general rule, as in ‘each person has to clean up after him or herself’.31

Moreover, Lyon explains in Lingustic Semantics. The distinction which is called pure and impure deixis, the expressions whose meaning can be accounted for fully in terms of the notion of deixis, and the expressions whose meaning is partly deictic and partly non-deictic. The first person and

second person pronouns in English, for example: ‘I’ and ‘you’ are purely deictic. They refer to the locutionary agent and the addressee without conveying any additional information about them. But the third person

singular pronoun ‘he’, ‘she’, and ‘it’ are impure deictics. They encode the

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distinctions of meaning which are traditionally associated with the terms

‘masculine’, ‘feminine’, and ‘neuter’.32

4. Place Deixis

According to Lyon, place or space deixis is the specification of location relative to anchorage points in the speech event. The importance of specification of location in general can be gauged from the fact that there are two basic ways of referring to objects - by describing or naming them on the one hand, and by locating them on the other. The location can be specified relative to other objects or fixed reference points, for example: Kabul is four hundred miles West of here; She was sitting over there.33

The concept of the distance is relevant to spatial deixis, it refers to the relative location of people and things are being indicated. There are two adverbs in contemporary English, they are ‘here’ and ‘there’, for the basic distinction, but in older texts and in some dialects, a much larger set of deictic expressions can be found. Some verbs of motion, such as ‘come’ and ‘go’, it retains a deictic sense when they are used to mark movement

toward to the speaker (‘Come to bed!’) or away from the speaker (‘Go to

bed!’).34

One version of the concept of motion toward the speaker (i.e. becoming visible), it seems to be the first deictic meaning learned by

32_{John Lyons,}_{Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction,}_{(New York: Cambridge University Press,}

1995), p. 307.

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children, and the characterizes like ‘this’ and ‘here’ (they can be seen). They are distinct from ‘that’ and ‘there’ which are associated with things that move out of the child’s visual space (they can no longer be seen).35

D. Anaphora and Cataphora

1. Functions

They indicate:

a. How discourse is constructed and maintained b. It kinds different syntactical elements together

c. It presents a challenge to natural language processing, since the identification of reference can be changing

d. It tells us something about how language is understood and processed

2. The ways of usage

a. Anaphora

Anaphora is known as preceding parts of the utterance (backward

reference), it can be seen clearly from the following example: ‘Susan

dropped the plate. It broke immediately’; ‘it’ refers to plate. Another example: ‘Ani went home because she felt sick’; ‘she’ refers to Ani (as

backward reference).

After the initial introduction of some entity, speakers will use various

expressions to maintain a reference, as in: “In the film, a man and a woman

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were trying to wash a cat. The man was holding the cat while the woman poured wateron it. He said something to her and they started laughing.” In

English, the initial of reference (or introductory mention) is often indefinite

(‘a man’, ‘a woman’, ‘a cat’). From the example mentioned before, the

difinite noun phrases are ‘the man’, ‘the cat’, ‘the woman’, and the pronouns of ‘it’, ‘he ’, ‘her’, ‘they’ are examples of subsequent reference to already introduced referents, it generally known as anaphoric reference, or

anaphora. In technical terms, the second or subsequent expresson is the

anaphor and the initial expression is the antecedent.36

The deictic pronoun needs to be distinguished from the anaphoric pronoun. Anaphoric pronouns appear in place of noun phrases that have been used to be establish the referent intended by the speaker. To repeat a reference to the same referent, a speaker may substitute another expression that has identical reference. An anaphoric pronoun is one of the possibilities.37

b. Cataphora

Cataphora is reference which is made based on succeeding parts of the

utterance. For example: ‘because he was very cold, David used his coat’,

‘he’ refers to David (forward reference).

Another example: “I turned the corner and almost stepped on it, as

there was a large snake in the middle of the path”. The pronoun‘it’ is used

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first, and it is difficult to interpret until the full noun phrase is presented in the next line. This pattern is known as cataphora, and it is much less common than anaphora.38

E. Discourse

1. Definition and Types of Discourse

Now the study of language is not limited to units of the sentence. Sentences relate to one another, either with the preceding sentence as well as the sentence that followed until it appears the hypothesis that there is a unit that is still higher than the unit sentence. This unit is called

suprakalimat unit or unit of discourse.39

Discourse is also used in a different sense to mean conventional ways of talking (such as academic discourse), which from constellations of repeated meanings. In this sense, individual texts are a realization of wide spread discourse patterns.40

According to Kinneavy, the discourse can be divided into four groups based on the purpose of writing, both intended for the encoder (speaker/writer) or for the decoder (listener/reader), they are:41

1. Expressive Discourse

Expressive discourse is a discourse where is the encoder is more aimed, or the most dominant elements is the encoder (for the writer or the

38_{George Yule,}_Pragmatics_{, p. 23.} 39_{J.D. Parera,}_{op. cit}_{., p. 218.}

40_{Michael Stubbs, Words and Phrases Corpus Studies of Lexical Semantics, (UK: Blackwell}

Publish, ltd, 2001), p.69

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speaker itself). Expressive discourse divided into: (1) the discourse that is individualized, and (2) the discourse which is social. Expressive discourse that is individualized for example conversations, journals, diaries, complaints, and prayers; whereas expressive discourse that are social (for society itself), such as: protest of minority or protest of the people, manifesto, declaration of independence, contracts, charterand the household budget for the association/unions, and religious pledges.The purpose of the expressive discourse is the interests more dominant to the encoder than the decoder.

2. Referential Discourse

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3. Literary Discourse

Generally, literary discourse classified as expressive discourse. However, as referential discourse, the arguments in literary discourse is speaking not for the encoder and the decoder.Thediscourse that speaks

with reality for the reality itself.The Latin says“res ipsaloaquitur.”In

literary discourse, the dominant element is not reality itself, but the reality that is established into the imagination and enjoyment of aesthetic which present itself without being asked. Literary discourse can be distinguished on the short story, novel, lyric, limerick, ballad, singing of the people / folklore, drama, TV shows, movies, and jokes. 4. Persuasive Discourse

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

In the data description, the writer will discuss the words that are indicated as person and place deixis that found in “The Jakarta Post” as unit analysis in this research. The text which is selected as many as tentexts, those are in edition 20 February 2013; 3 and 6 May 2013; 11, 12, 18 and 19 September 2013; and 20 January 2014, and the writer tabulates them into the following tables. These are the following tables from person and place deixis that are taken from The Jakarta Post:

Table 1. Table of data from person deixis in the text entitled

“Dahlan, Gita toldnot to put Cabinet posts at risk”

No Paragraph Person Deixis Number

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“Yudhoyonoaddresses presidential contenders”

“Dems remove Anas’ loyalists from top positions”

1 1 Their 1

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12 13 His 2

13 14 Him

He

2 1

“Aburizal’s presidential candidacy safe, for now”

1 1 His 1

“PM, opposition hold second day of talks”

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“Syria crisis: A glance at presidents, precedents” No Paragraph Person Deixis Number

1 1 He 1

“Dahlan accused of politicking during May Day rally”

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“Yudhoyono should not slow down, must focus on transition” No Paragraph Person Deixis Number

1 1 His 2

“PPP actress candidate causes smiles, for all wrong reasons”

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My

“President calls on people to shun dirty politics ahead of 2014 polls”

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Table 11. Table of data from place deixis in each article No The Entitled of the Texts Paragraph Place

Deixis

Number

1 Syria crisis: A glance at presidents, precedents

1 Here 1

2 Dahlan accused of politicking during May Day rally

5 Here 2

3 Yudhoyono should not slow down, must focus on transition

4 PPP actress candidate causes smiles, for all wrong reasons

5 President calls on people to shun dirty politics ahead of 2014 polls

13 Here 1

B. Data Analysis

In this chapter the writer analyzes the word of person and place deixis and the position of person and place deixis in political news article of the Jakarta Post. To make this analysis clear, the writer only analyzes the selected data from the 10 texts in political news article of Jakarta Post in edition 20 February 2013; 3 and 6 May 2013; 11, 12, 18 and 19 September 2013; and 20 January 2014with the total of the data that will be analyzed are 115 items which is found from the ten texts of Jakarta Post. Then the selected data will be analyzed as follows:

1. First Text: Dahlan, Gita told not to put Cabinet posts at risk.

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Gita’s and Dahlan’s participation in the party’s convention.

(3rd_paragraph)

Theword of he refers to the President of Republic of Indonesia (read: Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono). It is a kind of third person singular deixis.He plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora, the word of ‘he’placed after the word of ‘the president’.

2. The word of I, my and who in “I am a party executive and minister. I

know that I have been struggling to deal with party businesses without compromising my ministerial duties,” said Syariefuddin, who is also the Cooperative and Small and Medium Enterprises minister.

(4thparagraph)

The word of I is categorized to first person singular deixis. It refers to Syariefuddin Hasan as in “I am a party ... I know that I have been …” said Syariefuddin. I plays as subjective pronoun. It is used when the pronoun is the subject of the sentence. It is included as cataphora, the pronoun of ‘I’ is used first then the full noun phrase is presented in next line. Further, the word of my is a possessive adjective of the subject of

‘I’. Meanwhile, the word of who is categorized to third person singular which refers to Syariefuddin, and its function is relative pronoun as a subject.

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take up even more of their time, because it will require intensive

campaigning,” he said. (5th_paragraph)

The word of he is categorized to third person singular deixis. It refers to Syariefuddin Hasan. He plays as subjective pronoun. Meanwhile, the word of they is categorized to third person plural deixis which is refer

to Dahlan and Gita as in ‘... both Dahlan and Gita about the challenges theyfaced.’They plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora, the word of ‘they’placed after the word of ‘Dahlan and Gita’. The word of ‘their’ is possessive adjective of the subject of

‘they’.

4. The word of he in Syariefuddin, however, was noncommittal when

asked if Gita and Dahlan should resign or take leave. “That is solely

the President’s call,” he said.(6thparagraph)

Theword of he refers to Syariefuddin Hasan. Itis categorized to third person singular deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora, the word of ‘he’placed after the word of ‘Syariefuddin’.

5. The word I,he, and his in“I won’t conduct any form of campaign until

the entire convention is concluded,” he told journalists, suggesting that

his participation would not compromise his current work. “I will be

working as a minister very well. Good work is also a good campaign.”

(8thparagraph)

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plays as subjective pronoun. In addition, the word of he refers to Dahlan, and it is categorized to third person singular deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun. Furthermore, the word of ‘his’ is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘he’as in “.... he told journalists....”

6. The word of he, him, and my in Dahlan also denied that he had formed a campaign team to help himwith the convention. “There is a team, but

it was not my initiative,” Dahlan said. (9th_paragraph)

The word of he is purposed to third person singular deixis. It refers to Dahlan. He plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora.

Him plays as objective pronoun. The word of my is a possessive adjective.

7. The word of he and his in Gita earlier said that he was ready to resign from his ministerial post if the President thought that his participation in the race compromised his work as a minister. (10thparagraph)

The word of he refers to Gita. It is a kind of third person singular deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora. Next,

the word of ‘his’is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘he’ as in

“.... hewas ready ....”

8. The word of he in Gita, however, said he would only make a decision only after he heard directly from the President. (11thparagraph)

The word of he refers to Gita. It is categorized to third person singular deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora, the

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9. The word of you, yourselves, and he in “If you want to run in the convention, you will have a busy campaign schedule because you must promote yourselvesto the people,” he said. (13thparagraph)

The word of you is a kind of second person deixis. It refers to addressee/other (s) who is listen/read his statement. You plays as subjective pronoun. In addition, the word of ‘yourselves’is a reflexive pronoun, it is used when it refer back to another word in the sentence. Furthermore, the word of he is purposed to third person singular deixis. It refers to Max Sopacua. He plays as subjective pronoun.

2.Second Text: Yudhoyono addresses presidential contenders.

1. The word of he, his, I, and wein Commenting on the matter, Regional Representatives Council (DPD) Speaker Irman Gusman, another candidate, said he was not concerned about his chances of winning the

convention. “I joined the convention because this is a good political education. We’ll see,” he told journalists upon arriving at the meeting venue. (6th_paragraph)

The word of he refers to Irman Gusman. Itis a kind of third person singular deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as

anaphora. The word of ‘his’is a possessive adjective of the subject of

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deixis. It refers both Irman Gusman and addressee/other (s) who are listen/read the statement. We plays as subjective pronoun.

2. The word of who in The other candidates included outgoing Indonesian Ambassador to the United States Dino Patti Djalal; Paramadina University Rector Anis R. Baswedan; former military commander Gen.

(ret) Endriartono Sutarto; member of the Democratic Party’s advisory

board, Hayono Isman; Trade Minister Gita Wirjawan; North Sulawesi Governor Sinyo Harry Saroendajang; Supreme Audit Agency (BPK) deputy head Ali Masykur Musa; House of Representatives Speaker Marzuki Alie, whois also deputy chair of the party’s Supreme Council,

and State-Owned Enterprises Minister Dahlan Iskan. (7thparagraph) The word of who is a kind of third person singular which refers to

Marzuki Alieas in “... Marzuki Alie, who is also ...”, and its function

is relative pronoun as a subject.

3. The word of he in“The President does not want the ministers’

participation in the convention to affect the Cabinet’s overall

performance,” he said. (9th_paragraph)

The word of he is a kind of third person singular deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun. It refers to Syariefuddin Hasan.

4. The word of he in While Dahlan rejected the idea, Gita said he was

eager to do so, pending Yudhoyono’s formal instruction.

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The word of he refers to Gita. It is a kind of third person singular deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora. 5. The word of he and his in As for Dino, he has already submitted his

intention to take temporary leave, according to Syarief.

(12thparagraph)

The word of he is a kind of third person singular deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora, the word of ‘Dino’ mentioned first than the word of ‘he’.It refers to Dino. Meanwhile, the word of ‘his’is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘he’.

6. The word of he in Dahlan previously said he could do nothing to stop

party leaders from supporting Pramono’s bid. (13thparagraph)

The word of he is a kind of third person singular deixis. The word of he

refers to Dahlan. He plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora, the word of ‘he’placed after the word of ‘Dahlan’.

7. The word of me and I in “That’s bad luck for me, I guess. What can I

do?” Dahlan told reporters at the House.(14thparagraph)

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8. The word of he in He said he had nothing to lose by joining the convention and that he had not made any special preparations for the competition.(15thparagraph)

The word of he is categorized to third person singular deixis. It refers to Dahlan. He plays as subjective pronoun.

9. The word of I and he in “I’ve just set up a team of volunteers,” he

said.(16th_paragraph)

The word of I is a kind offirst person singular deixis. It refers to Dahlan.I plays as subjective pronoun. Meanwhile, the word of he refers to Dahlan. It is categorized to third person singular deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun.

10.The word of he in “In terms of intelligence and civility, he [Pramono]

is so much like Pak SBY,” Ruhut said. (18thparagraph)

The word of he is purposed to third person singular deixis. It refers to Pramono. He plays as subjective pronoun.

11.The word of he and his in Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) political analyst Siti Zuhro had previously said that every stage of the

party’s convention would be closely monitored by Yudhoyono, and that the 11 prospective candidates that had passed the preliminary stage could only advance if he gave his blessing.(19thparagraph)

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anaphora. Further, the word of ‘his’ is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘he’as in “.... if he gave his blessing ...”

12.The word of they, his, and she in “The 11 names are the ones

requested by SBY. From the President’s point of view, they are the candidates that should advance. Pak SBY does not want to lose his role

as a kingmaker,” she said. (20thparagraph)

The word of they is categorized to third person plural deixis which is

refer to ‘the 11 names’. They plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora, the word of ‘the 11 names’ is the first mentioned than the

word of ‘they’. The word of ‘his’is a possessive adjective of the subject

of ‘Pak SBY’. The word of she is a kind of third person singular deixis. It refers to Siti Zuhro. She plays as subjective pronoun.

13.The word of his and he in Siti said that Yudhoyono exercised complete control over the Democratic Party, especially following his decision to take over the party in March following corruption allegations leveled

against then party chairman Anas Urbaningrum. “He will use his last

drop of blood guarding the Democratic Party.”(21st_paragraph)

The word of ‘his’as in “… his decision …”is a possessive adjective of

the subject of ‘Yudhoyono’. Meanwhile, the word of ‘his’as in “... his

last drop of blood ...” is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘he’

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3. Third Text:Dems remove Anas’ loyalists from top positions

1. The word of their in The Democratic Party (PD) announced on Wednesday that it had removed Saan Mustopa and I Gede Pasek Suardika from their positions at the House of Representatives after the two attended the launching ceremony of a mass organization founded

by the party’s ousted chairman Anas Urbaningrum. (1st_paragraph)

The word of ‘their’ is possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Saan

Mustopa and I Gede Pasek Suardika’.

2. The word of his in The party said Saan was no longer the secretary of

the party’s faction at the House and Pasek had lost his position as chairman of House Commission III overseeing legal affairs to Ruhut Sitompul. (2nd paragraph)

The word of ‘his’ is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Pasek’ as in “… Pasek had lost his position …”

3. The word of their in Chairman of the party faction, Nurhayati Ali Assegaf, told a press briefing that their removal was only part of regular rotation within the faction in order to refresh and provide equal opportunity for Democratic Party lawmakers. (3rd_paragraph)

4. The word of he in The party, he said, had warned party members not

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as the young politicians’ political vehicle after he was dismissed from the party. (5th_paragraph)

The word of he is purposed to third person singular deixis. It refers to Syariefuddin Hasan. He plays as subjective pronoun.

5. The word of their in “It is true that their removal is meant to rejuvenate the leadership positions [within the House]. But it is also

about reward and punishment. This is about loyalty to the party,”

Syariefuddin told reporters on the sidelines of a meeting at the Presidential Palace on Wednesday. (6th paragraph)

6. The word of he in He added that party chairman Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, a rival of Anas, had approved the reshuffle of both

lawmakers, “[Yudhoyono] said he agreed with the decision. It was

also approved by the party’s patron council.” (7th paragraph)

The word of he refers to Syariefuddin Hasan. It is purposed to third person singular deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun. Meanwhile, the

second ‘he’ refers to Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. It is a kind of third person singular deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun.

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that Pasek and Saan were close to Anas. “It was just a matter of time.

This is a delayed announcement,” she said. (8th_paragraph)

The word of she is purposed to third person singular deixis. It refers to Nurhayati. She plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora. 8. The word of his, he, and him in Commenting on his removal, Pasek

told reporters that he respected the PD’s decision to rotate the

leadership structure but objected to allegations that he made the decision to punish himand other colleagues who participated in Anas’

new organization. (9th paragraph)

The word of ‘his’ as in “.... hisremoval ....” is a possessive adjective

of the subject of ‘Pasek’. The word of he refers to Pasek, it is categorized to third person singular deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora. Meanwhile, him plays as objective pronoun.

9. The word of my and me in “It’s my right to participate in any organization. The Constitution guarantees such rights. Thus, banning

me or others from joining Anas’ organization is a clear violation of

constitutional rights. For this, the party executive chairman has

violated democracy,” Pasek said. (10th_paragraph)

The word of my is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Pased’ as in

“It’s my right …” Pasek said. It is called possessive adjective because it occurs before a noun/noun phrase as in the paragraph “... my right

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10.The word of their, his, and them in Anas was quoted as saying by kompas.com that Pasek and Saan had long been targeted by the party and that their involvement in his organization was just an excuse to get rid of them. (11th paragraph)

Mustopa and I Gede Pasek Suardika’. The word of ‘his’ as in “.... his

organization ....” is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Anas’.

Them plays as objective pronoun. It refers to ‘Saan and Pasek’ as in

“… Pasek and Saan had long … get rid of them.”

11.The word of he in He criticized the party for ignoring meritocracy, saying that both Pasek and Saan were two of the best Democratic Party members. (12th_paragraph)

The word of he is purposed to third person singular deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun. It refers to Anas.

12.The word of his in Anas, who was charged with corruption for his

alleged role in the Hambalang graft case, has been seen as a gadfly by Democratic Party members due to his criticism toward the party. (13th paragraph)

The word of ‘his’ is a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Anas’ as in “Anas, who was … his alleged … his criticism …”

13.The word of him and he in Anas claimed that the case against him

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presidential convention, saying that it was merely a “herbal tonic” to

boost the party’s electability. (14th_paragraph)

Him plays as objective pronoun of the subject ‘Anas’ as in “Anas …

against him …” In addition, the word of herefers to the ‘Anas’. It is a kind of third person singular deixis. He plays as subjective pronoun. It is included as anaphora, the word of ‘he’placed after the word of

‘Anas’.

4. Fourth Text: Aburizal’s presidential candidacy safe, for now

1. The word of his in In the midst of a rebellion by rival politicians hoping to foil the presidential bid of Golkar Party chairman Aburizal Bakrie, the

party’s leadership maintains that it will press ahead with the plan to

nominate Aburizal despite his low approval rating. (1st paragraph)

The word of hisis a possessive adjective of the subject of ‘Aburizal’ as in

“…Aburizal despite his low …”

2. The word of he in Golkar Party secretary-general Idrus Marham said that

Aburizal’s nomination was final and he called on party members to respect the decision. (2nd paragraph)

The word of he is categorized to third person singular deixis. It refers to Idrus Marham. He plays as subjective pronoun.It is included as anaphora. 3. The word of his in Aburizal, once one of the country’s richest men, was