DEIXIS USED IN LIVERPOOL FC
’S LIVE
-TWEETS ON
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By:
Inayatul Nur Rosyidah
Reg. Number: A73212115
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
DEIXIS USED IN LIVERPOOL FC’S LIVE
-TWEETS ON
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By:
Inayatul Nur Rosyidah
Reg. Number: A73212115
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
xiii ABSTRACT
Rosyidah, Inayatul Nur. 2016. “Deixis Used in Liverpool FC’s Live-tweets on Twitter”. Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Advisor: Raudlotul Jannah, M. App. Ling
Key Words: Deixis, Liverpool FC, Live-tweets, Twitter
This research analyzes about deixis. Deixis is reference of an expression that points to the time, place, or situation in which a speaker is speaking. The means of pointing and indicating has close relation with how words are put into the context. In this research, the researcher focuses on deixis used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on twitter. This research tries to answer two research problems. First, what types of deixis are used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on twitter? Second, what are the interpretations of deixis used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on twitter?
In this research, the researcher uses theory from Stephen C. Levinson (1983). He stated that there are five types of deixis, they are person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis. This research uses a descriptive method in analyzing the data because the researcher describes and explains each type of deixis in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on twitter.
INTISARI
Rosyidah, Inayatul Nur. 2016. “Deixis Used in Liverpool FC’s Live-tweets on Twitter”. Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Pembimbing: Raudlotul Jannah, M. App. Ling
Kata Kunci: Deixis, Liverpool FC, Lini Masa, Twitter
Penelitian ini menganalisis tentang deixis. Deixis adalah referensi dari sebuah ekspresi yang menunjuk ke waktu, tempat, atau situasi dimana pembicara berbicara. Cara menunjuk dan menunjukkan memiliki hubungan dekat dengan bagaimana kata-kata dimasukkan ke dalam konteks. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti berfokus pada deixis di lini masa Liverpool FC di twitter. Penelitian ini mencoba menjawab dua masalah penelitian. Pertama, apa jenis deixis yang digunakan di lini masa Liverpool FC di twitter? Kedua, apa interpretasi dari deixis yang digunakan di lini masa Liverpool FC di twitter?
Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan teori dari Stephen C. Levinson (1983). Dia menyatakan bahwa ada lima jenis deixis, yaitu person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixisdan social deixis. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dalam menganalisis data karena peneliti menggambarkan dan menjelaskan setiap jenis deixis di lini masa Liverpool FC di twitter.
x
TABLE OF CONTENT
INSIDE COVER PAGE...i
INSIDE TITLE PAGE...ii
DECLARATION...iii
DEDICATION... iv
MOTTO...v
ADVISOR’S APPROVAL PAGE... vi
EXAMINER’S APPROVAL PAGE... vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT...viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS...x
ABSTRACT...xiii
INTISARI...xiv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of The Study...1
1.2 Research Problems...5
1.3 Research Objectives...5
1.4 Scope and Limitation... 6
1.5 Significance of the Study...6
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.Theoretical Framework...8
2.1.1 Pragmatics ... 8
2.1.2 Deixis...9
2.1.3 Types of Deixis...11
1. Person Deixis...11
a. First Person...11
b. Second Person...12
c. Third Person...12
2. Place Deixis... 13
3. Time Deixis...14
4. Discourse Deixis...14
5. Social Deixis...15
2.1.4 Twitter... 16
2.2.Review of the Related Studies... 17
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS 3.1 Research Design...19
3.2 Research Instruments...19
3.3 Data and Data Source...20
3.4 Data Collection...20
3.5 Data Analysis...21
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Findings...23
xii
a. First Person...23
b. Second Person... 28
c. Third Person... 31
4.1.2 Place Deixis...35
4.1.3 Time Deixis...40
4.1.4 Discourse Deixis...43
4.1.5 Social Deixis...46
4.2 Discussion...48
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion... 52
5.2 Suggestion...53
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents background of study, research problems, research
objective, significance of the study, scope and limitations and definition of key terms.
1.1 Background of the Study
Spoken or written language sometimes can be ambiguous to a hearer or a
reader. Some people deliver their utterances with direct meaning, but others may
deliver their utterances by using the words that cannot be understood directly. Some
people may deliver utterances to convey a certain meaning but, the others interpret it
with different meaning. People might become misinterpret about what speaker says.
Such cases deal a lot with pragmatics.
Pragmatics studies about intended meaning of the utterances which is not
obviously spoken. Pragmatics focuses on utterance meanings which are used in
communication between a speaker and a hearer. The speaker suggests a meaning, and
the listener assumes the correct intention. Leech (1983:1) said that pragmatic is about
how language is used in real or actual communication. It also can be defined as the
study of how utterances have meaning in certain situations.
In certain situations, words can have a certain meaning. Meaning is the idea
that delivered to convey what the speaker says. Getting meaning is an important thing
2
phrases can be understood directly but, sometimes it cannot be understood directly
and should be interpreted well in order to get the goal of the context used.
One of the cases above is often related to deixis. Deixis is reference of an
expression that points to the time, place, or situation in which a speaker is speaking.
The use of reference in an utterance that is not clear or lacking of description often
makes a hearer confused or even makes a hearer do not understand the conversation.
Unclear reference can cause the ambiguity of the utterance that will make the
conversation becomes misunderstanding and the message of the conversation could
not be achieved.
Deixis refers to the situation which needs contextual information in
understanding the meaning of certain words and phrases in an utterance. Levinson
(1983:54) stated that deixis means pointing or indicating. The means of pointing and
indicating has close relation with how words put into the context. It is often and best
described as verbal pointing, that is to say pointing by means of language. For
example, I want this dish, this dish, and this dish. To interpret this utterance, the
writer must have information about who I refers to, about the time at which the
utterance is produced, and about what the three noun phrasesthis dishrefer to.
It is easy to understand a context of discourse if the reference is clear, but it is
difficult to comprehend if the reference is not clear. A hearer occasionally is not
familiar with expression used by speaker. Sometimes the speaker assumes that the
hearer understands about what is talked about, meanwhile the hearer doesn’t
3
words in the situational terms, related to the context of the participants such as
temporal, spatial, social and so on in communication process. It makes it easier to
view the thought of the speaker that is being delivered in the communication.
Deixis is not only found in spoken language but also in written language. In
the past, people have a conversation by direct contact. Nowadays, people do not only
communicate with each other face to face. Since the development of the technology
in this global era, people can communicate through the screen of their gadgets.
Almost all people have mobile phone that allows them to speak with somebody
whenever and wherever they want. They do not have to meet to communicate and
talk about what they want to share. They simply log into their social media account
and have a chat with their friends and families.
Social media is a trend and very popular these days, often described as what
people post on sites and applications which is required an internet connection like
facebook, twitter, instagram, snapchat, line, and others. Social media does not just
give people information, but interacts with others while giving that information.
Almost all people these days have a social media account that allows them to connect
and communicate with all the people around the world no matter how far apart they
are.
One of the social media sites where many deictic expressions are found is on
twitter. Twitter is one of the most popular social networks in the world today. People
use it to talk with friends and to be update with the news over the world. Twitter
4
which is status update that posted during ongoing event such as in a football match,
press conference, TV show, etc. Sometimes the live-tweets that contain deixis cannot
be understood directly and should be interpreted to avoid misunderstanding. This
research has done to analyze live-tweets in one of the football club official account,
namely Liverpool Football Club.
The study of deixis has done several times before. There are many researchers
did this research on the same field, yet they had different subjects and different or
similar theories. The study of deixis was conducted by Yuliawati (2009). The purpose
of her study was to identify the deixis in poems. She found that deixis often used in
poems to make the lyrics more beautiful. Ali (2012) also has done a research about
deixis and found that there are three types of personal deixis, they are first personal
deixis, second personal deixis and third personal deixis. Afiyah (2014) found five
types of deixis in Ernest Hemmingway’s A Farewell to Arms. The mostly type that
appears in the novel is person deixis. Meanwhile, Zulkarnaen (2014) found 87 deictic
expressions in Editor’s Choice of the Jakarta Post Online Edition. His study was
conducted to find out deixis types contained in sentences of the article and
interpretations of deixis in sentences of the article.
This current research is different with other researches because this research
used the data from social media. Social media facilitates people with the new way to
communicate without meeting physically. This research focused on the deixis used in
Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on twitter. Liverpool FC is a football club based in
5
what happen during the football match or the club event. As twitter only allow their
user to post in 140 characters, Liverpool FC usually shorten their message to make a
post appropriate with the character limit. It will make the posts ambiguous and will
not be understood without a clear explanation.
1.2 Research Problems
After reading the live-tweets, the researcher concludes that there are many
deictic expressions in the live-tweets of Liverpool FC. The researcher can illustrate
the problems of the research:
1. What types of deixis are used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on twitter?
2. What are the interpretations of deixis used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on
twitter?
1.3 Research Objectives
The Objectives of the research are:
1. To find out the types of deixis used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on twitter.
2. To describe the interpretations of deixis used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on
twitter.
1.4 Significance of the Study
By doing the research, the researcher hopes that the study would have both
theoretical and practical values. Theoretically, the results of the study will give
6
will be a reference for the next researcher who is interested in analyzing deixis. For
English teacher, this research will add the variation in teaching deixis and giving
examples. Significantly, this research will help the reader to understand clearly about
deixis that used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets based on its context. Since, the written
language sometimes is quite different with the spoken language.
1.5 Scope and Limitation
This research focused on analyzing the types of deixis and its interpretations
in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets. To make the research manageable, the researcher
limited the data only on Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on twitter from May 2016.
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
Deixis : a word or phrase (such as this, that, these, those, now, then)
that points to the time, place, or situation in which a speaker is speaking. i.e. I lived in Surabaya for five years. I love that city so much. The underlined word is place deixis that explains the
specific place in speech.
Live-tweet : status update that posted on twitter during ongoing event such
as in a football match, press conference, TV show, etc.
Liverpool FC : Liverpool Football Club; premier league football club based
7
Twitter : an online social networking service that enables users to send
8 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter presents several theories related to this research. Those are
definition of pragmatics, definition of deixis, types of deixis which consist of five
kinds, as follows person deixis, time deixis, person deixis, discourse deixis and social
deixis, and related studies to support the analysis.
2.1 Theoretical Framework
2.1.1 Pragmatics
Pragmatics is a study about meaning of utterances that uttered by the speaker
and interpreted by the listener. It means that pragmatics concerns with how the
listener concludes or interprets what the meaning of utterance that uttered by the
speaker. Hansen and Visconti (2009:5) stated pragmatic concerned with the
redefinitions of the respective roles of speaker or writers and addressee or readers in
the process of innovation. When the speaker says something, it is important to the
listener to know what the speakers meant by the utterance. Because there is some
interpretation by the listeners or readers and it needs to be understood what the
speaker means exactly.
Pragmatics studies about intended meaning of the utterances which is not
obviously spoken. Pragmatics focuses on utterance meanings which are used in
9
the listener assumes the correct intention. In addition, Crystal (1997:301) said that
pragmatics is the study of language from the point of view of users, especially of the
choices they make, the constraints they encounter in using language in social
interaction and the effects their use of language has on other participants in the act of
communication. It also can be defined as the study of how utterances have meaning in
certain situations in communication.
From the explanation above, pragmatics can be defined as the study of
meaning that concerns to interpret the meaning of someone’s utterance in order to
understand the intended meaning of it. In everyday language, the meanings of words
and phrases are usually not directly spoken. In certain situation, words can have a
certain meaning which is quite different with another situation. Pragmatics studies
how words can be interpreted in different ways based on the situation.
2.1.2 Deixis
The word deixis is derived from the Greek word “Deicticos” means to point
or to indicate. The means of pointing and indicating has close relation with how
words put into the context. It is often and best described as “verbal pointing”, that is
to say pointing by means of language. Deixis is used to refer to elements in language
that referred directly to the situation. According to Levinson (1983:54), deixis
concerns the ways in which language encode or grammatical features of the context
of utterance or speech event. It also concerns the way in which interpretation of
10
word, phrase or sentence which point who is speaking, the time or place of speaking,
the gesture of the speaker, or the current location in the discourse.
The function of deixis is to point or indicate something, identification of
person, objects, events, processes, etc. Richards (2010:75) stated that deixis is a term
for a word or phrase which directly relates an utterance to a time, place, or person. It
is also related to the use of certain referring device, such as demonstratives. For
example, this book, that woman, these fruits, etc. Fromkin (1998: 199) added that in
all languages there are many words and expressions whose reference relies entirely
on the situational context of the utterance and can only be understood in light of these
circumstances. This aspect of pragmatics is called deixis. From the explanation above,
the researcher concludes that deixis refers to the phenomenon where in understanding
the meaning of certain words and phrases in an utterance requires contextual
information.
Examples of deixis:
a) I am very happy
b) I found this in the house
In the first utterance (a), the word “I” refers to the person who uttering the
sentence. In example (b), there are two deixis in one utterance. The first word “I” is
used to refer to the speaker who utters it and the second word “this” refer to a certain
11
2.1.3 Types of Deixis
There are several opinions about types of deixis based on linguist. In this
research, the discussion is focused only on five types of deixis by Stephen Levinson
(1983), include:
1. Person Deixis
Levinson (1983:62) stated that person deixis concerns with the
encoding of the role of participants in the speech event in which the
utterance in question is delivered. Yule (1996:9-10) described that person
deixis involves the speaker and the addressee and operates in a basic
three-part division they are:
a. First Person (I)
First person deixis is a reference that refers to the speaker or both
speaker and referent grouped with the speaker which is expressed in
singular pronouns (I, me, myself, mine) and plural pronouns (we, us,
ourselves, our, ours). The singular pronoun is represented to the
person or speaker in speech event. Meanwhile, the plural pronoun is
represented to a group of speaker or more people in speech event.
Example:I am sitting in the living room
The use of word “I” is the first person and as a person who uttering
the sentence. It can be said that the word “I” is to point the writer
12
b. Second Person (You)
The second person deixis is a deictic reference to a person or
persons identified as addressee, such as you, yourself, yourselves,
your, yours. In other word, second person deixis is a person who
takes direct contact with the first person and being a listener.
Example:You love me everyday
The use of word “you” is the second person and person who take
direct contact with the first person or person whom the first person
talk with.
c. Third Person (He, She, It)
Third person deixis is deictic reference to a referent not identified as
the speaker or addressee in the speech event. It also can be singular
or plural. The example of singular pronoun such ashe, his, himself,
she, her, herself. Whereas for plural pronoun such as they, them,
themselves. The pronoun he/she can be indicated as gender
distinction in which He represents as male while pronoun She
represents as female.
Example:He comes from England.
The use of word “He” is the third person and as a person who is
being talked by first person and second person.
Renkema (2004:122) added that person deixis is realized with
13
the listener as second person (You), and could be talking about a third
person (He, She, and It). In other words, person deixis is described as
expression in which to refer to person who the speakers intend to refer.
2. Place Deixis
Levinson (1983:79) stated that place or space deixis concerns with
the specification of locations in the speech event and typically the speaker,
and there are two basic ways of referring objects by describing or naming
them on the one hand and by locating them on the other.
Example:Fina was born in Surabaya. She lived there for 10 years.
The underlined word of sentence above is place deixis in which explains the
specific space of the speech event happen.
Renkema (2004:123) added that in place deixis a speaker can refer
to something that is in the vicinity or further away:this, theseas opposed to
that, those. Place deixis also can be realized not only by the use of
demonstrative pronouns, but also by the use of adverbs of place: here,
there.
3. Time Deixis
Time deixis is also called as temporal deixis. Renkema (2004:123)
stated that time deixis is a reference to time relative to a temporal reference
14
32) stated another important time deixis is tense system. In fact, almost
every sentence makes reference to an event time. Often this event time can
only be determined in relation to the time of the utterance. Moreover, Yule
(1996:14-15) said that the basic type of temporal deixis in English is in the
choice of verb tense.
Example:Today is my birthday
The underlined word of the example above is the time deixis. It is
shown the special time of the speech event happens. In other words, time
deixis is an expression in relation to point to certain period when the
utterances produced by the speaker.
4. Discourse Deixis
According to Levinson (1983:85), Discourse deixis deals with the
orientation in the text through the writer or the speaker, the relation of the
text passages to the current utterance. In other words, discourse deixis is an
expression used to refer to certain discourse that contain the utterance or as
a signal and its relation to surrounding text.
Example:I buy a new book. This is the expensive one.
From that example, the word “this” refers to specific one. It refers to
15
5. Social deixis
Levinson (1983:90) stated that social deixis concerns with the
aspects of sentences which reflect or establish or determined by certain
realities of participants or the social situation in which the speech event
occurs. Social deixis does not deal with three main components (person,
place and time) of the coordinate system of subjective orientation, but they
show how different social rankings and the participants of communication
utter relationships within society via language.
According to Levinson (1983: 90-91) the relational social deixis is
manifested through this certain relationship:
1. Speaker and referent (addressee honorifics by referring him)
2. Speaker and addressee (addressee honorifics without referring him)
3. Speaker and bystander (bystander of audience honorifics)
4. Speaker and setting (formality level or social activity)
He also adds that there are two basic kinds of social deictic
expression that can be encoded in language around the world, they are
relational and absolute.
a. Relational social deixis is a deictic reference to some social
characteristic of referent apart from any relative ranking of referents
deictic reference to a social relationship between the speaker and
16
b. Absolute social deixis is a deictic reference usually expressed in
certain forms of address which will include no comparison of the
ranking of the speaker and addressee. For example:your honoured, Mr.
President, etc.
2.1.4 Twitter
Twitter is an online social networking service that enables users to send and
read short 140-character messages called "tweets". Registered users can read and post
tweets, but those who are unregistered can only read them. Users access Twitter
through the website, SMS or mobile device application. It was created in March 2006
by Jack Dorsey, Evan Williams, Biz Stone, and Noah Glass and launched in July
2006. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, with more than 100 million
users posting 340 million tweets a day in 2012. As of March 2016, Twitter has more
than 310 million monthly active users.
The posts on twitter called tweets. Tweets are publicly visible by default, but
senders can restrict message delivery to just their followers. Users can tweet via the
Twitter website, compatible external applications (such as for smartphones), or
by Short Message Service (SMS) available in certain countries. Users may subscribe
to other users' tweets. This is known as "following" and subscribers are known as
"followers" or "tweeps", a portmanteau of Twitter and peeps. Individual tweets can be
forwarded by other users to their own feed, a process known as a "retweet". Users can
17
Users can group posts together by topic or type by use of hashtags. It is words
or phrases prefixed with a "#" sign. Similarly, the "@" sign followed by a username
is used for mentioning or replying to other users. To repost a message from another
Twitter user and share it with one's own followers, a user can click the retweet button
within the Tweet. In late 2009, the "Twitter Lists" feature was added, making it
possible for users to follow ad hoc lists of authors instead of individual authors.
Users sometimes post live-tweets on twitter. It is is defined as posting on
Twitter during an event in an ongoing way. For example, an actor live-tweeting about
what they see at the Academy Awards. Live-tweets can be a trending topic on twitter
when the users use hashtag in posting their live-tweets. Trending topics become
popular either through a concerted effort by users, or because of an event that
prompts people to talk about a specific topic. These topics help twitter and their users
to understand what is happening in the world and what people's opinions are about it.
2.2 Review of the Related Studies
The study of deixis has done several times before. There are many researchers
did this research on the same field, yet they had different subjects and different or
similar theories. The study of deixis was conducted by Yuliawati (2009). The purpose
of her study was to identify the deixis in poems. She found seven kinds of deixis by
William Wordsworth poems include 14 person deixis, 2 time deixis, 3 place deixis, 7
social deixis, 2 discourse deixis, 0 gestural deixis and 0 symbolic deixis. She found
18
“The Little Mermaid’ Fairy Tale of Disney’s Princess Treasury Book” found that
there are also five types of deixis. Person deixis are dominant appear with 55,1 % of
the whole data.
Afiyah (2014) found five types of deixis in Ernest Hemmingway’s A Farewell
to Arms. The mostly type that appears in the novel is person deixis. Ali (2012) also
has done a research about deixis and found that there are three types of personal
deixis, they are first personal deixis, second personal deixis and third personal deixis.
Meanwhile, Zulkarnaen (2014) found 87 deictic expressions in Editor’s Choice of the
Jakarta Post Online Edition. His study was conducted to find out deixis types
contained in sentences of the article and interpretations of deixis in sentences of the
article. Siswanto (2016) analyzed deixis in Thomas hardy’s “The Return of the
native”, his analysis of place deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis showed that
every word in the sentence of target language is translated into equivalent concepts in
the target language to give accurate of meaning.
Over all previous research, this research explained more about deixis that
found in the object of study. The writer is not only identifying each type of deixis, but
also showing the readers the results in the diagram and table and also the
interpretations of each type of deixis that happened in the data source: Liverpool FC’s
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODS
This chapter discusses the method used in the study which includes research design, research instruments, data sources, data, data collection and data analysis.
3.1 Research Design
This research used a descriptive approach in analyzing the data because the researcher described and explained each type of deixis in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets. Descriptive research is a method which involves observing and describing the data. The term descriptive research refers to the type of research question, design, and data analysis that will be applied to a given topic. Descriptive research is primarily concerned with finding out "what is”.
Glass and Hopkins (1984:65) stated that descriptive reserach studies in which the researcher does not interact with the participant include observational studies of people in an environment and studies involving data collection using existing records. The researcher concerned on the interpretation and analysis on the object with some helps of library research. Thus, the researcher applied descriptive research method based on library research.
3.2 Research Instruments
20
also used some supporting instruments such as smartphone and the captures of the live-tweets.
3.3 Data and Data Source
The data source of this research was Liverpool Football Club’s live-tweets from May 2016. The researcher captured the live-tweets via computer. The captures were taken from Liverpool Football Club official account on twitter namely@LFC. Data of this research focused on sentences in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets that contain five types of deixis include person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis.
3.4 Data Collection
The researcher collected the data in some steps. They are:
1. The researcher logged in to twitter and went to Liverpool FC account, then captured the live-tweets from Liverpool FC from May 2016 via smartphone. 2. The researcher printed the captures and read the sentences from live-tweets
carefully to find out the data which is going to be analyzed.
21
3.5 Data Analysis
After collecting the data, the researcher analyzed the data and answered the statement of problems by doing these following steps:
1. The researcher identified five types of deixis that appear in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets from May 2016 applied it in a percentage by using this formula: Percentage of each type: X 100 %
x: The frequency of each type of deixis
y: The total number of frequency
22
2. The researcher categorized which one of deixis found in the data is included in person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis and put the results into the table.
3. The researcher described each types of deixis and intrepreted the reference meaning of its deixis based on the context used in Livepool FC’s live-tweet. 4. The researcher concluded the result of the whole data analyzed to answer the
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter presents about findings and discussion. The purpose of this
chapter is concerned with the analysis of the data in order to answer the statement
of problems presented in Chapter I.
4.1 Findings
After reading Liverpool FC’s live-tweets, the reasearcher found that there
are five types of deixis applied in it. They are person deixis, place deixis, time
deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis. All of them will be explained as the
following below.
Types of Deixis in Liverpool FC’s Live-Tweets on Twitter
Diagram above shows the number of deixis found in the data. each type of
24
4.1.1 Person Deixis
Person deixis concerns with the encoding of the role of participants in the
speech event. Person deixis involves the speaker and the addressee and operates in
a basic three-part division, they are first person, second person and third person.
a. First Person
First person deixis is a reference that refers to the speaker or both speaker
and referent grouped with the speaker which is expressed in singular pronouns (I,
me, myself, mine) and plural pronouns (we, us, ourselves, our, ours). The singular
pronoun is represented to the person or speaker in speech event. Meanwhile, the
plural pronoun is represented to a group of speaker or more people in speech
event.
The researcher found that there are 32 first person deixis in the data. First
person deixis is usually used to indicate the speaker directly. Some speakers
speak to represent themselves, but sometimes they speak to represent many people.
Discussions below are first person deixis used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on
twitter.
Table 1: First Person Deixis Used in Liverpool FC’s Live-Tweets on Twitter.
No First Person Sentences
1 We Weneed to be clever enough
2 We Wedon’t have 20 minutes,wehave 90 minutes 3 We We’re disappointed to concede in last minute 4 We Weneed to be patient
25
7 Us It’s a wonderful oppotunity forus
8 Our Ourleague position isn’t fixed 9 We Wewill try everything for sure. 10 We That’s whatwe’re doing
11 We We’ll use these experiences next year 12 We Wecame together into the final
13 I IhopeIhave to make difficult decisions 14 We we’ll try to find a line-up to win at West Brom 15 We weneed to be good in the final
16 Us It’s an outstanding opportunity forus
17 We Wewill be ready 100 per cent 18 We we’ve had great atmospheres 19 We as long aswelift that trophy 20 I, me Idon’t care if it’smeor no 21 I That’s whatIbelieve
22 We Wewill see.Wehave two more sessions. 23 Us you can watchusin training
24 We Wehave to prepare like normal 25 I WhenIcame here
26 I Idon't feel pressure.Ifeel opportunity
Most of first person used is “we” because the data were taken from
Liverpool FC live-tweets which usually discussed about Liverpool FC team so
that when they talk about Liverpool FC they use “we” to represent the whole
Liverpool FC team.
26
Example 1
Klopp: “WhenIcame here some people doubted these players. Now they have the opportunity to achieve something special. Let’s try it.(posted on May 17, 21:52)
The sentences above talk about Klopp’s opinion. Klopp is Liverpool FC
head coach. He spoke at press conference before Europa League final match
against Sevilla. He told about his experience of what people think about Liverpool
FC players. Many people doubted Liverpool FC players can play well, but then
Liverpool FC players proved that they are not like what people think as they reach
the final and they want to win it. The word I is classified as first person singular
which refers to Klopp as the speaker. Here, Klopp used the pronoun Ito indicate
himself as the speaker.
Example 2
Klopp on @DivockOrigi: “We will see. We have two more sessions. Unfortunately you can watchusin training after this press conference.(posted on May 17, 21:48)
The sentences talk about Klopp’s statement on one of Liverpool FC player
Divock Origi in press conference. He told about Origi’s condition and he added
that the reporters who came can watch the players include Divock Origi in
training after the press conference. The word weis classified as first person plural
which refers to the whole Liverpool FC. Whereas, the word us is object pronoun
of the first person plural which also refers to the whole Liverpool FC team. Klopp
used first person plural because he spoke to represent the whole Liverpool FC
27
Example 3
Klopp: “It’s not about next Thursday. If you think about that now thenwehave no chance on Sunday.Wealways respect the @premierleague.”(posted on April 29, 19:02)
The sentences above are about Klopp’s statement in press conference. He
told the reporters that Liverpool FC will focus on premier league match on
Sunday. They do not think about Europa League match on next Thursday at this
moment because the match they will face first is premier league match. The word
weis first person plural which refers to the whole Liverpool FC team. Klopp used
pronounwebecause he represented the whole Liverpool FC team as he is the head
coach of the team.
Example 4
Lovren: “Wewere disapppointed to concede in last minute.Weneed to be patient. We will have our chances.Ibelieve in this team. (posted on May 4, 21:12)
The data above is about Lovren’s statement in press conference. Lovren is
one of the Liverpool FC players who plays as a defender. He told that Liverpool
FC was disappointed toward the result of the game, but he was sure that the team
will improve their performance. The wordweis first person plural which refers to
the whole Liverpool FC team. Meanwhile, the wordouris possesive adjectives of
the first person plural which refers to the whole Liverpool FC team. And the last,
the wordIis also first person singular which refers to Lovren as the speaker. Here,
Lovren used first person plural and singular at the same time. He used first person
28
who took place in press conference. Whilst, he used first person singular I to
stated about his own opinion in press conference.
Example 5
Dejan Lovren on facing @VillarealCF: “We need to be clever enough.We don’t have 20 minutes, we have 90 minutes. Anything is possible.” (posted on May 4, 21:10)
The sentences above are Dejan Lovren’s opinion about Liverpool FC next
match against Villareal in Europa League. He said that Liverpool FC need to be
clever enough in the match. It means that they should use the strategy to win the
match. He added that they have 90 minutes in the game. It is a long time so that
they can win it. The word weat those sentences is first person singular. It refers to
the whole Liverpool FC team. Dejan Lovren used first person plural because he
was the one who took place in press conference as a representative of Liverpool
FC.
b. Second Person
The second person deixis is a deictic reference to a person or persons
identified as addressee, such as you, yourself, yourselves, your, yours. In other
word, second person deixis is a person who takes direct contact with the first
person and being a listener. Second person can be plural or singular based on the
context. Discussions below are second person deixis used in Liverpool FC’s
29
Table 2: Second Person Deixis Used in Liverpool FC’s Live-Tweets on
No Second Person Sentences
1 You youhave to develop
2 You the longeryougo without winning anything 3 You the harderyoutry and the more likelyyouare to
succeed
4 You Unfortunatelyyoucan watch us
5 Your Thanks foryoursupport tonight and all season
The researcher found 6 second person deixis in the data and all of them are
second person plural. It is because the live-tweets are delivered to Liverpool FC
followers which are more than one person and the live-tweets are also delivered to
all Liverpool FC players and the reporters in the press conference. Look at these
dicussions below.
Example 1
Thanks foryour support tonight and all season, Reds. Safe journey home to those in Basel. (posted on May 19, 05:22)
The sentence above describes that Liverpool FC expressed their
thankfulness to all of their supporters who have supported them in Europa League
final match. Liverpool FC also remind their supporters to go home safely from
Basel. The word your is possesive adjectives of the second person plural which
refers to Liverpool FC supporters. It can be seen that it is second person plural
30
Example 2
Jurgen Klopp: “Youhave to develop. That’s what we’re doing. We’ll use these experiences next year.”(posted on May 13, 18:43)
The sentences above talk about Jurgen Klopp’s statements. He instructed
Liverpool FC team to develop from what they have achieved. They will learn
from the tournament this year and will improve their performance next year. The
word you is second person plural which refers to Liverpool FC team. It also
means that the wordyourefers to all Liverpool FC players. It can be seen that it is
second person plural because Jurgen Klopp’s statement refers to all Liverpool FC
players.
Example 3
Klopp on @DivockOrigi: “We will see. We have two more sessions. Unfortunatelyyoucan watch us in training after this press conference.(posted on May 17, 21:48)
The sentences talk about Klopp’s statement on one of Liverpool FC player
Divock Origi in press conference. He told about Origi’s condition and he added
that the reporters who came can watch the players include Divock Origi in
training after the press conference. The word you is classified as second person
plural which refers to the reporters who came in press conference. It can be seen
that the word you refers to the reporters because Klopp was speaking in press
31
Example 4
Jurgen Klopp: “The longer you go without winning anything, the harder you try and the more likelyyouare to succeed. That’s what I believe.”(posted on May 17, 21:46)
The sentences above describe that Jurgen Klopp delivered his wise words
in the press conference to encourage his players before they play in the final
match againts Sevilla. He believed that if we do not win anything in our lives, our
effort to be successful will be harder. The word you is second person plural
because he delivered his wise word to more than one person. You refers to all
people who hear his wise words or all people who read his wise words via
Liverpool FC’s live-tweet on twitter.
c. Third Person
Third person deixis is deictic reference to a referent not identified as the
speaker or addressee in the speech event. It also can be singular or plural. The
example of singular pronoun such as he, his, himself, she, her, herself. Whereas
for plural pronoun such as they, them, themselves. The pronoun he/she can be
indicated as gender distinction in which He represents as male while pronoun She
represents as female. Discussions below are third person deixis used in Liverpool
FC’s live-tweets on twitter.
Table 3:Third Person Deixis Used in Liverpool FC’s Live-Tweets on Twitter
No Third Person Sentences
32
3 His Ibe shift the ball ontohisleft foot 4 It it’s an easy take for Fabianksi
5 It Get in! The Reds levelitup on aggregate 6 It Milner’s superb delivery anditgoes wide. 7 It Goal! Joe Allen makesit1-0 to #LFC 8 His hispowerful shot is blocked.
9 He helooks certain to score.
10 He heis replaced by Nordin Amrabat.
11 Their Watford are enjoyingtheirbest spell of the match 12 His Roberto Firmino trieshisluck from distance. 13 He hedrives at the Watford defence
14 It Firmino gets in behind and squaresitaccross 15 It It’s a short time before the @europaleague final 16 It It’s a wonderful oppotunity for us.
17 Himself Pedro creates space forhimselfjust inside the #LFC box
18 His hiseffort is blocked by Toure.
19 His, him histouch lets him down ashedoes in on Begovic. 20 His curls wide of the post withhiseffort.
21 His Mignolet is able to savehislow strike at goal. 22 He buthecan’t generate the power required to beat
Begovic.
23 He he’s unable to turn the ball over the line 24 His Hisside-footer is saved by begovic 25 It Itends 1-1 at Anfield between #LFC and
@ChelseaFC
26 It It’s all about the best performance & the best line-up
33
29 He heburst into the box.
30 He heis replaced by Tyler Roberts.
31 His, he Sergi Canos makeshis#LFC debut ashereplaces Sheyi Ojo.
32 Their endtheirBarclays Premier League season with a 1-1 draw
33 It I don’t care ifit’s me or not 34 It It's a special situation 35 It Let's tryit
36 He heclears and the Reds get the ball back
37 He Big chance for Sturridge asheis played in behind 38 His the outside ofhisboot into the far corner
39 Its turn the game onitshead 40 Him ball breaks tohimin the box
41 His Origi sees yellow for puttinghisarm up 42 His hisleft-footed strike is over the bar
The researcher found 44 third person deixis and it is the second dominant
appear in the data. it is because the live-tweets usually talk about the players that
is not as speaker or addressee. There are subject pronouns, object pronouns,
possesive adjective, possesive pronouns and reflective pronouns in the data. the
researcher also found that there is only male pronouns in the data, because the
live-tweets only discuss about men football. Here are some examples of third
person deixis used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets:
Example 1
34
The sentence above explains that Sergi Canos played for Liverpool FC for the
first time. He played as a subtitute of Sheyi Ojo. The word his is possesive
adjective of the third person singular of he which refers to Sergi Canos’ Liverpool
FC debut. While, the word he is subject pronoun of the third person singular
which refers to Sergi Canos who makes his Liverpool FC debut.
Example 2
Jordon Ibe’s goal ensures #LFC end their Barclays Premier League season with a 1-1 draw at the Hawthorns.(posted on May 15, 22:50)
The sentence tells about Liverpool FC last match in premier league which
ended up draw 1-1 as Jordon Ibe scored for Liverpool FC. The word their is
possesive adjectives of the third person plural of they which refers to Liverpool
FC’s Barclays Premier League season of 2015-2016.
Example 3
Pedro creates space for himself just inside the #LFC box with some nimble footwork, buthiseffort is blocked by toure.(posted on May 12, 02:16)
The sentence describes about Pedro’s action during the match between
Liverpool FC and Chelsea FC. He made a chance in the Liverpool FC deffensive
area with his skills, but his effort was failed because Toure stopped him. The word
himself is reflextive pronouns of the third person singular. It refers to Pedro own
himself. Meanwhile, the word his is possesive adjectives of the third person
singular of he. It refers to Pedro’s effort.
35
Ibe shifts the ball ontohis left foot on the edge of the box and shoots low, butit’s an easy take for Fabianski. (posted on May 1, 18:24)
The sentence talks about how Ibe showed his action trying to make a goal,
but his action was stopped easily by Fabianski as the goal keeper. The wordhisis
possesive adjectives of the third person singular of he which refers to Ibe’s left
foot. And the word it is third person singular which refers to Ibe’s action in the
match.
Example 5
Goal for Sevilla 2-1. Coke curls in a brilliant effort from the edge of the box to turn the game onitshead.
The sentences tell about Sevilla’s player action in making a goal which
makes them leading the match against Liverpool FC. The word its is possesive
adjectives of the third person singular of it which refers to Sevilla team.
4.1.2 Place Deixis
Place deixis concerns for the specification of locations in the speech event
and typically the speaker, and there are two basic ways of referring objects by
describing or naming them on the one hand and by locating them on the other.
Discussions below are placed deixis used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on twitter.
Table 4: Place Deixis Used in Liverpool FC’s Live-Tweets on Twitter
No Place Deixis Sentences
1 The edge of the area
Ayew bundles his way beyond Lovren onthe edge of the area
36
3 The area Ayew neatly lays the ball off for sigurdsson inside
the area
4 The left Ayew meets a corner fromthe left
5 The edge of the box
Ibe shift the ball onto his left foot onthe edge of the box
6 The right, the crossbar
A free-kick fromthe rightis headed overthe crossbar
7 Here Bright start by the Redshere
8 The area Firmino’s fired across intothe area
9 The box Coutinho sends a flat chipped pass intothe box
10 Behind Deeney escapes his man and plays Ighalo in
behind
11 The edge of the Watford box
A slick exchange at theedge of the Watford box
12 Behind Allen picks up the ball inbehind
13 The left Ojo breaks before picking out Coutinho onthe left
14 The edge of the box
Benteke’s fee-kick fromthe edge of the box
15 The right Gameiro gets in behind Clyne onthe right
16 The box Coutinho chips a ball intothe box
17 The path of Allen Benteke nods brilliantly intothe path of Allen
18 Behind, the box Coutinho plays Benteke inbehindand gets inthe box
19 The box The ball falls to Ighalo inthe box
20 Here Herecomes Roberto Firmino
21 Behind, the box Firmino gets inbehindand squares it accrossthe box
22 france @Jhenderson will be 100% fit for the Euros in
37
23 The edge of the area
Lallana’s low drive fromthe edge of the area
24 The #LFC box Pedro creates space for himself just insidethe #LFC box
25 The area A great ball from Sturridge sends Firmino Speeding intothe area
26 The edge of the box
Moreno lays the ball off to Coutinho onthe edge of the box
27 Anfield Second-half: #LFC re-start the game atAnfield
with Chelsea FC.
28 The #LFC box Hazard runs intothe #LFC boxagain 29 The right Pedro cuts in fromthe right
30 The back post Moreno’s cross finds Lallana atthe back post
31 Anfield Three minutes of added time to be played at
Anfield
32 Anfield Full-time: It ends 1-1 atAnfield
33 West Brom we’ll try to find a line-up to win atWest Brom
34 West Brom half Brad Smith is booked for going down too easily under a challenge in theWest Brom half
35 The inside of the post
Rondon heads a free-kick delivery ontothe inside of the post
36 The #LFC box, there
West Brom send a corner intothe #LFC boxbut Flanagan isthereto head clear.
37 Here When I camehere
38 The #LFC box Sevilla send a free-kick intothe #LFC box
39 The far corner the outside of his boot intothe far corner
40 The Sevilla box Clyne fires a ball acrossthe Sevilla box
41 The edge of the box
Coke curls in a brilliant effort fromthe edge of the box
38
the box
43 The bar his left-footed strike is overthe bar
The researcher found 47 place deixis in the data. it is the most dominant
appear. Place deixis used the specific location of the utterances where the speaker
talks about. It can be adverb of place or words associated with certain place. The
live-tweets usually talk about football match which use place deixis to indicate the
location of the ball in the match
Here are some examples of place deixis used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on
twitter:
Example 1
Coutinho chips a ball into the box and Benteke nods brillianty into the path of Allen, who slides in to finish.(posted on May 8, 22:36)
The sentence above talks about what happened in the match. Coutinho was
playing the ball in penalty area, then he passed the ball to Benteke. Benteke also
passed the ball accurately to Allen who kicked the ball to make a goal after the
ball pass. The word the boxis the specific place where Coutinho played the ball.
The box is a term which means penalty area in football field. Meanwhile the word
the path of Allenpoints to the place where Allen was when he receieved the ball.
Example 2
Bright start by the Redshereand Lallana was almost handed a tap-in as Villareal
39
The sentence above describes that Liverpool FC played well at the
beginning of the match. Lallana almost made a goal, but his action was stopped by
Villareal goalkeeper who let himself fall to make a save. The words here is
classified as place deixis which explains the specific place of something. The
word here refers to the field where the football match was ongoing that is El
Madrigal Stadium.
Example 3
Thanks for your support tonight and all season, Reds. Safe journey home to those inBasel.(posted on May 19, 05:22)
The sentence above describes that Liverpool FC expressed their
thankfulness to all of their supporters who have supported them in Europa League
final match. Liverpool FC also remind their supporters to go home safe from
Basel. The word basel is classified as place deixis. Basel is one of the city located
in Switzerland. It was the place where the Europa League final match were
occured.
Example 4
Here comes Roberto Firmino, who replaces fellow Brazilian Philippe Coutinho for #LFC.(posted on May 8, 23:16)
The sentence above tells that Roberto Firmino came to the field for
Liverpool FC by replacing Philippe Coutinho. The word here is identified as place
40
Example 5
West Brom send a corner into the #LFC box but Flanagan isthereto head clear.
(posted in May 15, 22:13)
The sentence above talks about Wes Brom made a corner kick and it was
bounced inside Liverpool FC penalty area. But, Flanagan was heading the ball to
keep it away from the goal. The word there is place deixis which refers to
Liverpool FC box. It means Liverpool FC penalty area.
4.1.3 Time Deixis
Time deixis is a reference to time relative to a temporal reference point
and it is typically the moment of utterance. Grundy (2000:31-32) stated another
important time deixis is tense system. In fact, almost every sentence makes
reference to an event time. Often this event time can only be determined in
relation to the time of the utterance. Discussions below are time deixis used in
Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on twitter.
Table 5: Time Deixis Used in Liverpool FC’s Live-Tweets on Twitter.
No Time Deixis Sentences
1 Last minute We’re disappointed to concede inlast minute
2 Early The Boss enjoyed thatearlygoal 3 Now Berghuisnowgoes in the book
4 Before It’s a short timebeforethe @europaleague final 5 Last Thursday,
Wednesday
Playinglast Thursdayand thenWednesday
6 Next year We’ll use these experiencesnext year
41
8 Before beforeblasting the rebound over. 9 After afterthis press conference 10 The past two
weeks
Nobody has asked about a @premierleague match
the past two weeks
11 Now Nowthey have the opportunity
12 Now Baneganowalso sees yellow for a foul on Toure 13 After Coke smashes inafterthe ball breaks to him 14 Tonight, all
season
Thanks for your supporttonightandall season
The researcher found 16 time deixis in the data. Time deixis in the data are
used to indicate the specific time when the utterance occurs. It is usually indicated
by adverb of time, the period of days and the tenses used in the utterance.
Here are some examples of time deixis used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on
twitter:
Example 1
Jurgen Klopp: “You have to develop. That’s what we’re doing. We’ll use these experiencesnext year.”(posted on May 13, 18:43)
The sentences above talk about Jurgen Klopp’s statements. He said that
the team will develop from what they achieved. They will learn from the
tournament this year and will improve their performance next year. The wordnext
yearis classified as time deixis. It explains the time when Liverpool FC team will
develop and improve their performance. It also means next season of the league.
42
Klopp: “We’ll try to find a line-up to win at West Brom. At this moment it’s the most important thing in the world. (posted on May 13, 18:46)
The sentences above talk about Klopp’s strategy to beat west Brom
because at that moment Liverpool FC need to win the match to secure their
position in the league. The underlined bold is time deixis. It refers to the time
when the team should win the match.
Example 3
Klopp: “Spain is the best football country in this moment. They play at the highest level. Hopefullytomorrownobody will see it”.(posted on May 17, 22:08)
The sentences above explain about Klopp’s statement. He said about
Liverpool FC next match againts Spanish Club. He added that football league in
Spain was the best at that time, but he hoped that his team will play well in the
match. In this moment and tomorrow are time deixis. In this moment refers to
the time when Klopp stated his statement, meanwhiletomorrow refers to the time
when Liverpool FC play the match.
Example 4
Klopp: “It’s not about next Thursday. If you think about that now then we have no chance onSunday. We always respect the @premierleague”. (posted on April 29, 19:02)
The sentences above explains about Klopp’s statement in press conference.
He told the reporters that Liverpool FC will focus on premier league match on
Sunday. They do not think about Europa League on next Thursday at this moment
because the match they will face first is in premier league. Next Thursday and
43
will play their Europa League game, whereas Sunday points out the time when
Liverpool FC will play their Premier League game.
Example 5
Thanks for your supporttonightandall season, Reds. Safe journey home to those in Basel.(posted on May 19, 05:22)
The sentences above tell that Liverpool FC expresses their gratitude to
their supporters for supporting them in the Europa League final and for the whole
season. Liverpool FC also remind their supporters to go home safe from Basel.
Tonightandall seasonare classified as time deixis.Tonightshows the time when
Liverpool FC played their final match in the Europa League. All season refers to
the time when Liverpool FC played all their matches in one football season that is
2015-2016 season from August 2015 until May 2016.
4.1.4 Discourse Deixis
Discourse deixis deals with the orientation in the text through the writer or
the speaker, the relation of the text passages to the current utterance. In other
words, discourse deixis is an expression used to refer to certain discourse that
contain the utterance or as a signal and its relation to surrounding text.
Discussions below are discourse deixis used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on
twitter.
Table 6: Discourse Deixis Used in Liverpool FC’s Live-Tweets on Twitter.
No Discourse Deixis Sentences
44
2 That The Boss enjoyedthatearly goal.
3 This butthistime the Brazillian’s shot is saved 4 This Let’s not have 1% of negativity aroundthisfinal 5 These We’ll usetheseexperiences next year.
6 That That’s what we’re doing.
7 This Atthismoment it’s the most important thing 8 This, these Thisteam has giventhesemoments back 9 That as long as we liftthattrophy
10 That That’s what I believe 11 This afterthispress conference
12 These some people doubtedtheseplayers 13 this with Redsthishalf
Here are some example of discourse deixis used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on
twitter:
Example 1
“As long as we lift that trophy, I dont care if it’s me or not!” Milner meets Didi.
(posted on May 16, 21:51)
The sentence above describes Milner’s opinion. He said that Liverpool FC
really want to win Europa League. As long as Liverpool FC win the match, he did
not care wether he play or not in the match. The word that is discourse deixis
which refers to the Europa League trophy which they tried to win.
Example 2
45
The sentences above explain that Jurgen Klopp delivered his wise words
in the press conference to encourage his players before they play in the final
match. The underlined bold is categorized as discourse deixis which refers to the
wise words which delivered by Jurgen Klopp.
Example 3
Klopp: “Both teams tookthistournament as really important. Now we are in the final.It’swell deserved.”(posted on May 17, 22:03)
The sentences above describe Jurgen Klopp’s opinion about final match.
He said that Liverpool FC and their rival took the tournament as really important.
He added that both team were deserved to reach the final. This and it’s are
categorized as discourse deixis. This refers to the tournament that is Europa
League, whileit’srefers to the achievement of both teams which entered the final.
Example 4
Klopp: “We’ve had great atmospheres, the best in the world.Thisteam has given thesemoments back.”
The sentences above describe Klopp’s opinion. He said that Liverpool FC
has best atmospheres in the world. It means that their supporters came to support
their game. He added that his team feel like they have returned to the times when
they were champions after they reached the Europa League final. The word this
andthese are descourse deixis.This refers to Liverpool FC, while theserefers to
46
4.1.5 Social Deixis
Social deixis concerns with the aspects of sentences which reflect or
establish or determined by certain realities of participants or the social situation in
which the speech event occurs. Social deixis is connected with the social
distinction and participant who has role. There are two basic kinds of social deixis.
They are relational social deixis and absolute social deixis. Relational social
deixis is a deictic reference to some social characteristic of referent apart from any
relative ranking of referents or deictic reference to a social relationship between
the speaker and adressee. While, absolute social deixis is a deictic reference
usually expressed in certain forms of address, which will include no comparison
of the ranking of the speaker and addressee. Discussions below are social deixis
used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on twitter.
Table 7: Social Deixis Used in Liverpool FC’s Live-Tweets on Twitter
No Social Deixis Sentences
1 The boss The bossenjoyed that early goal
2 Captain captain Jordan Henderson takes the place of Joe Allen.
3 The young winger butthe young wingeris tackled by Jacob
4 The boss the boss previews @WBAFCofficial & @SevillaFC
The researcher only found 4 social deixis in the data. It is used to show the
47
Here are some examples of social deixis used in Liverpool FC’s live-tweets on
twitter:
Example 1
The bossenjoyed that early goal. (posted on May 6, 02:21)
The sentence above describes that Jurgen Klopp was very happy because
Liverpool FC scored at the beginning of the match. The underlined bold is
absolute discourse deixis. It shows the degree relationship between the speaker
and adressee.The bossrefers to Jurgen Klopp as Liverpool FC head coach.
Example 2
#LFC also make a second change as fit-again captain Jordan Henderson takes the place of Joe Allen.(posted on May 15, 22:22)
The sentence above describes that Liverpool FC made their second player
change. Captain Jordan Henderson who was just recovery from his injury was
replaced by Joe Allen. The word captain is absolute social deixis. It refers to
Jordan Henderson who is the leader of Liverpool FC team.
Example 3
Benteke plays Ojo in behind after a slip from Leko but the young winger is tackled by Jacob as he burst into the box.(posted on May 15, 21:35)
The sentence above tells that Benteke cooperated with Ojo in the game,
but Ojo was tackled by jacob in the penalty area. The underlined bold is relational
social deixis. It refers to Ojo as he is Liverpool FC young player who plays as
