Informasi Dokumen
- Penulis:
- Rosalina Lbn Tobing
- Pengajar:
- Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A., Ph.D.
- Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum
- Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M.Ed TESOL
- Drs. Syahron Lubis, M.A.
- Dra. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum.
- Sekolah: North Sumatera University
- Mata Pelajaran: English Department
- Topik: The Use Of Cohesive Devices In Selected Short Stories Of Ernest Hemingway: A Discourse Analysis
- Tipe: thesis
- Tahun: 2008
- Kota: Medan
Ringkasan Dokumen
I. Introduction
The introduction outlines the significance of language in human life and the role of discourse analysis in understanding communication. It emphasizes that language is not merely a collection of components but a functional tool for conveying meaning. The section also introduces key concepts such as cohesion and coherence, underscoring their importance in effective discourse. It sets the stage for the analysis of cohesive devices in Hemingway's short stories, highlighting how these devices enhance text unity and reader comprehension.
1.1 Background of The Analysis
This subsection discusses the foundational role of language in communication and the emergence of discourse analysis as a field of study. It presents the evolution of linguistic focus from sentences to larger units of language, such as discourse, and introduces key theorists like Stubbs and McCarthy, who define discourse analysis as the study of language in context.
1.2 Scope of the Analysis
The scope is limited to the analysis of cohesive devices in selected short stories by Ernest Hemingway. It specifies the types of cohesive devices examined—reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion—drawing from three specific stories to provide a focused analysis of their use.
1.3 Problem of the Analysis
This section outlines the central questions guiding the research: identifying the types of cohesive devices present in Hemingway's stories and determining their frequency to assess which devices are most dominant. It establishes the analytical framework for the subsequent chapters.
1.4 Objective of the Analysis
The objectives include uncovering the types of cohesive devices used in the selected short stories and analyzing their frequency. This aims to provide insights into how these devices contribute to the overall coherence and unity of the texts.
1.5 Significance of the Analysis
The significance lies in enhancing understanding of cohesive devices, which are crucial for text unity. It aims to provide practical insights for readers and researchers interested in discourse analysis, while also contributing to theoretical frameworks in linguistics.
II. Review of Related Literature
This chapter reviews existing literature on discourse analysis, emphasizing its definitions, functions, and types. It discusses the evolution of discourse analysis as a field and its relevance in understanding language use. The review also covers theoretical frameworks related to cohesion, coherence, and cohesive devices, providing a comprehensive background for the analysis of Hemingway's works.
2.1 An overview of Discourse Analysis
This section defines discourse analysis, highlighting its shift from sentence-level analysis to larger linguistic units. It discusses various definitions by notable linguists, emphasizing the importance of context and meaning in understanding discourse.
2.1.1 Definitions of Discourse
The definitions presented explore discourse as a linguistic unit above the sentence, emphasizing its semantic nature. It contrasts various paradigms, including formalist and functionalist perspectives, illustrating the complexity of discourse as a concept.
2.1.2 Functions of Discourse
This subsection discusses the functions of discourse in facilitating effective communication. It emphasizes the importance of clarity and coherence in conveying information, highlighting how discourse structures help achieve this goal.
2.1.3 Types of Discourse
The classification of discourse into various types, such as narrative, exposition, and conversation, is examined. The section highlights the significance of understanding different discourse forms for effective communication and analysis.
2.1.4 Structure of Discourse
This section discusses the structural aspects of discourse, including the organization and sequencing of ideas. It emphasizes the role of cohesion in creating a coherent narrative and the importance of recognizing structural patterns in discourse.
2.2 Concept of Cohesion
Cohesion is defined as the semantic relations that exist within a text, contributing to its unity. The section discusses key concepts such as texture and ties, emphasizing their relevance in analyzing cohesive devices.
2.2.1 Text
This subsection defines text as a semantic unit rather than merely a collection of sentences. It highlights the importance of cohesion in establishing a text's unity and meaning within a specific context.
2.2.2 Texture
Texture refers to the cohesive properties that distinguish a text from non-text. This section discusses how cohesive relations contribute to the overall coherence and readability of a discourse.
2.2.3 Ties
Ties are identified as instances of cohesion between elements in a text. This subsection explores how ties function to create cohesive relationships that enhance the understanding of a text.
2.2.4 Cohesion and Coherence
This section differentiates between cohesion and coherence, emphasizing that while cohesion pertains to linguistic ties, coherence involves the reader's interpretation and understanding of the text.
2.3 Kinds of Cohesive Devices
This subsection introduces the five types of cohesive devices identified by Halliday and Hasan: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion. Each type is briefly defined, setting the stage for a more detailed analysis.
2.3.1 Reference
Reference is defined as the relationship between elements in a text and their interpretations. This section outlines the different types of reference, including personal, demonstrative, and comparative references.
2.3.1.1 Personal Reference
Personal reference involves pronouns that relate to the speaker and listener. This subsection discusses how personal pronouns create cohesive links within texts, enhancing clarity and understanding.
2.3.1.2 Demonstrative Reference
Demonstrative reference is explained as a form of verbal pointing that identifies referents based on their proximity. This section highlights how demonstratives contribute to cohesion in discourse.
2.3.1.3 Comparative Reference
Comparative reference involves indirect reference through identity or similarity. This subsection discusses how comparative expressions enhance cohesion by linking ideas and concepts.
2.3.2 Substitution
Substitution is defined as the replacement of one item by another within a text. This section explores the different types of substitution, including nominal, verbal, and clausal substitution.
2.3.2.1 Nominal Substitution
Nominal substitution involves replacing a noun with a substitute word. This subsection provides examples and discusses how nominal substitution contributes to text cohesion.
2.3.2.2 Verbal Substitution
Verbal substitution replaces a verbal group with a substitute. This section discusses its role in creating cohesion and linking ideas within a discourse.
2.3.2.3 Clausal Substitution
Clausal substitution involves substituting entire clauses with words like 'so' or 'not.' This subsection highlights its significance in maintaining coherence within discourse.
2.3.3 Ellipsis
Ellipsis is defined as the omission of an item that is understood from context. This section explores how ellipsis functions to create cohesion by relying on shared knowledge between the writer and reader.
2.3.3.1 Nominal Ellipsis
Nominal ellipsis involves omitting elements within a nominal group. This subsection discusses how this form of ellipsis contributes to text cohesion and clarity.
2.3.3.2 Verbal Ellipsis
Verbal ellipsis refers to the omission of elements in a verbal group. This section examines its role in maintaining cohesion and enhancing the flow of discourse.
2.3.3.3 Clausal Ellipsis
Clausal ellipsis involves omitting entire clauses. This subsection discusses how clausal ellipsis contributes to the overall coherence and readability of a text.
2.3.4 Conjunction
Conjunction is defined as the use of linking words to relate sentences and paragraphs. This section explores how conjunctions create cohesion and help organize discourse.
2.3.4.1 Additive
Additive conjunctions are discussed in this subsection, emphasizing their role in linking similar ideas and enhancing text cohesion.
2.3.4.2 Adversative
Adversative conjunctions indicate contrast. This section examines how they contribute to the coherence of a text by highlighting opposing ideas.
2.3.4.3 Causal
Causal conjunctions express cause-and-effect relationships. This subsection discusses their importance in establishing logical connections within discourse.
2.3.4.4 Temporal
Temporal conjunctions indicate time relationships. This section explores how they help organize discourse and provide a clear sequence of events.
2.3.5 Lexical Cohesion
Lexical cohesion is created through the repetition and variation of words. This subsection discusses its role in enhancing text unity and coherence.
2.3.5.1 Reiteration
Reiteration involves repeating key terms to maintain cohesion. This section examines its effectiveness in reinforcing central ideas within a text.
2.3.5.2 Collocation
Collocation refers to the habitual co-occurrence of words. This subsection discusses how collocational patterns contribute to the overall coherence of discourse.
2.3.6 Relevance Study
This section discusses the importance of relevance in discourse analysis, emphasizing how cohesive devices contribute to the overall meaning and effectiveness of communication.
III. Research Methodology
This chapter outlines the research methodology employed in analyzing cohesive devices in Hemingway's short stories. It details the research design, population and sample selection, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques, providing a clear framework for the study.
3.1 Research Method
The research method section describes the qualitative approach used to analyze cohesive devices in the selected short stories. It emphasizes the importance of a systematic analysis to uncover patterns and trends in the use of cohesive devices.
3.2 Population and Sample
This subsection outlines the population and sample for the study, specifying the selected short stories by Hemingway that serve as the primary data for analysis. It justifies the choice of these texts based on their literary significance.
3.3 Data Collecting Method
The data collection methods employed in the study are detailed in this section. It discusses the techniques used to gather textual evidence of cohesive devices from the selected short stories.
3.4 Data Analysis Method
This subsection describes the analytical techniques used to examine the collected data. It emphasizes the importance of a systematic approach to identify and categorize cohesive devices within the texts.
IV. The Use of Cohesive Devices in Selected Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway
This chapter presents the analysis of cohesive devices in three selected short stories by Hemingway. Each subsection focuses on a specific story, detailing the types and frequency of cohesive devices used to enhance text cohesion and coherence.
4.1 The Analysis of Short Story 1 The Light of the World Based on Reference, Ellipsis, Conjunction, and Lexical Cohesion
This subsection provides a detailed analysis of the cohesive devices used in 'The Light of the World.' It identifies and discusses the types of cohesive devices present, emphasizing their role in creating coherence and unity in the narrative.
4.2 The Analysis of Short Story 2 Hills like White Elephants Based on Reference, Ellipsis, Conjunction, and Lexical Cohesion
The analysis of 'Hills Like White Elephants' focuses on the cohesive devices employed throughout the story. This section highlights how these devices contribute to the overall structure and meaning of the narrative.
4.3 The Analysis of Short Story 3 A Clean, Well-Lighted Place Based on Reference, Ellipsis, Conjunction, and Lexical Cohesion
This subsection analyzes 'A Clean, Well-Lighted Place,' examining the use of cohesive devices to enhance the text's coherence. It discusses specific examples and their impact on reader interpretation.
V. Conclusion and Suggestions
The concluding chapter summarizes the key findings of the analysis and discusses their implications for understanding cohesive devices in discourse. It also offers suggestions for further research in the field of discourse analysis.
5.1 Conclusions
This section summarizes the main conclusions drawn from the analysis, emphasizing the significance of cohesive devices in enhancing text unity and coherence in Hemingway's short stories.
5.2 Suggestions
The suggestions section offers recommendations for future research in discourse analysis, particularly in exploring cohesive devices in other literary works and genres.
