FINAL PROJECT THE EFFECT OF BURNER VARIATION AND The Effect of Burner Variation and Modification Toward Combustion Temperature and Effective Time in Husk Gasification.

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FINAL PROJECT

THE EFFECT OF BURNER VARIATION AND

MODIFICATION TOWARD COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE

AND EFFECTIVE TIME IN HUSK GASIFICATION

This Final Project Has Been Arranged as A Requirement to Get Bachelor Degree of

Engineering in Automotive Engineering Department

Arranged by: RIZQI RAUSHAN FIKRI

D 200 112 007

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM IN AUTOMOTIVE/MOTORCYCLE ENGINEERING

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ii APPROVAL

THE EFFECT OF BURNER VARIATION AND

MODIFICATION TOWARD COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE

AND EFFECTIVE TIME IN HUSK GASIFICATION

PUBLICATION TEXT

Arranged by:

RIZQI RAUSHAN FIKRI D 200 112 007

Has been checked and approved to be examined by:

Supervisor I Supervisor II

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iii

VALIDATION

THE EFFECT OF BURNER VARIATION AND

MODIFICATION TOWARD COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE

AND EFFECTIVE TIME IN HUSK GASIFICATION

BY

Has been defended in front of Examiners Team at Thursday, November 3rd 2016

and it has fulfilled the requirements for getting a Bachelor Degree of Engineering in Automotive Engineering Department.

Team of Examiners:

1. Ir. Subroto, MT ( )

(Chairman)

2. Wijianto, ST. M.Eng.Sc ( ) (Member I)

3. Dr. Supriyono ( )

(Member II)

Dean of Engineering Faculty,

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iv

DECLARATION OF RESEARCH AUTHENTICITY

Through this paper I assert that the research entitled: THE EFFECT OF BURNER VARIATION AND MODIFICATION TOWARD COMBUSTION

TEMPERATURE AND EFFECTIVE TIME IN HUSK GASIFICATION as far as I

know there is no plagiarism in it. All materials in the text that referred to the other creations have been enclosed by citation sources and mentioned in the bibliography.

If someday, there is any untruth that found in my statements above, i will take the fully responsibility about it.

Surakarta, October 20th 2016

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v

EFEK DARI VARIASI DAN MODIFIKASI TUNGKU TERHADAP SUHU DAN WAKTU EFEKTIF PEMBAKARAN PADA GASIFIKASI SEKAM

ABSTRAK

Sekam adalah salah satu solusi yang paling dapat diandalkan untuk energi alternatif. Sekam dapat menghasilkan metana dengan menggunakan teknologi gasifikasi. Dari fakta tersebut, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mencari efek dari variasi dan modifikasi tungku terhadap suhu dan waktu efektif pembakaran pada gasifikasi sekam.

Langkah pertama dari metode ini adalah mengaplikasikan semua variasi tungku dan kemudian menggunakan tungku modifikasi. Ujung thermocouple diletakkan pada tengah-bawah dari api untuk mencatat perubahan suhu setiap 30 detik. Pengukuran suhu pembakaran dicatat setiap 30 detik.

Hasil percobaan dari setiap variasi tungku adalah pada variasi tungku tanpa reflektor dan tutup, suhu tertinggi mencapai 6120C dan waktu pembakaran 35:38 dan ketika menggunakan tungku modifikasi, suhu tertinggi mencapai 6370C dan waktu pembakaran 44:10. Variasi tungku dengan reflektor, suhu tertinggi mencapai 5340C dan waktu pembakaran 34:50 dan ketika menggunakan tungku modifikasi, suhu tertinggi mencapai 5840C dan waktu pembakaran 38:38. Variasi tungku dengan tutup, suhu tertinggi mencapai 7280C dan waktu pembakaran 34:20 dan ketika menggunakan tungku modifikasi, suhu tertinggi mencapai 6590C dan waktu pembakaran 41:16.

Kata kunci: energi alternatif, biomassa, sekam, gasifikasi, variasi tungku,

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vi

THE EFFECT OF BURNER VARIATION AND MODIFICATION TOWARD COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE AND EFFECTIVE TIME IN

HUSK GASIFICATION

ABSTRACT

Rice husk is one of the most reliable solutions for alternative energy. Husk can produce methane by using gasification technology. By those facts, this research has been held to find out the effect of burner variation and modification toward combustion temperature and effective time in husk gasification.

The first step of this method applied all of burners variation and then using modification burner. Thermocouple tip has been put at the centre-bottom of fire for recording temperature changing in every 30 seconds. Combustion temperature measurements were recorded every 30 seconds.

The result of experiment from each burners variation are on burner combustion time 38:38. Burner variation with cap the highest temperature is 7280C and combustion time 34:20 and when use modification burner the highest temperature is 6590C and combustion time 41:16.

Keywords: alternative energy, biomass, husk, gasification, burner variation,

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vii MOTTO

Man Jadda Wa Jada (Where there is a will there is a way)

(Anonymous)

Tan Hana Wighna Tan Sirna (There is no obstacle that cannot be defeated)

(KOPASKA)

Knowledge without courtesy is like fire without wood. Courtesy without knowledge is like soul without body

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viii

DEDICATION

This research paper is dedicated to:

Allah SWT,

Thanks for the blessing and guidance.

Muhammad SAW,

Thanks for bring us from Jahiliyah into Islamiyah.

My Mother and Father

Thanks for your love, affection and support. You always help me in the tough times.

All of my families,

Thanks for your prayer, support and help.

All of my friends,

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ix

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Assalamu’alaikum Warohmatullahi Wabarokatuh

Alhamdulillahhirobbil’alamin. Praise and gratitude to Allah SWT, because of His blessing and guidance this research paper has been done.

The final project entitled: THE EFFECT OF BURNER VARIATION AND MODIFICATION TOWARD COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE AND EFFECTIVE

TIME IN HUSK GASIFICATION has been done because of helping and

supporting from other people. Therefore, writer sincerely would like to say thanks and appreciation to:

1. Ir. Sri Sunarjono, MT, Ph.D, as the Dean of Engineering Faculty of Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.

2. Dr. Tri Widodo Besar Riyadi, as the Head of Mechanical Engineering of Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.

3. Wijianto, ST. M.Eng.Sc, as the Secretary of International Program of Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.

4. Ir. Subroto, MT, as the First Supervisor who has given researcher inspiration, spirit, advices, suggestions, and corrections to the paper completion.

5. Wijianto, ST. M.Eng.Sc, as the Second Supervisor who has given researcher guidance, suggestions, and correction wisely.

6. All lecturers of Automotive Engineering Department for the guidance during my study in the university.

7. My beloved Mother and Father, who always give me unlimited pray, support, and affection.

8. My Classmates in Automotive Engineering 2011, thanks for those memorable moments.

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x

The writer realizes that this research paper is far from being perfect, so the writer sincerely welcomes any constructive comment, criticism, and suggestions from anyone.

Wassalamu’alaikum Warohmatullahi Wabarokatuh

Rizqi Raushan Fikri

Surakarta, October 20th 2016

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xi CONTENTS

TITLE... i

APPROVAL... ii

VALIDATION ... iii

DECLARATION OF RESEARCH AUTHENTICITY ... iv

ABSTRAK ... v

1.2 Problem Statement ... 2

1.3 Problem Limitation ... 2

1.4 Objective of Study ... 2

1.5 Outcome ... 2

1.6 Research Method ... 3

1.7 Writing Structure ... 3

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Literature Study ... 4

2.2 Fundamental Theory ... 5

2.2.1 Fuel ... 5

2.2.2 Combustion ... 5

2.2.3 Biomass ... 5

2.2.4 Gasification ... 7

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xii

3.2 Equipment of Research ... 11

3.3 Material ... 18

3.4 Experiment Procedures... 19

3.5 Temperature Measurement Method ... 19

CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Husk Experiment on Burner Variation without Reflector and Cap…21 4.2 Husk Experiment on Burner Variation with Reflector ... 22

4.3 Husk Experiment on Burner Variation with Cap………...23

4.4 Husk Experiment on Modification Burner Uses Burner Variation without Reflector and Cap . .… .… .… .… .… .… .… .….….…. …24

4.5 Husk Experiment on Modification Burner Uses Burner Variation with Reflector……… 25

4.6 Husk Experiment on Modification Burner Uses Burner Variation with Cap ………...… 26

4.7 Time and Temperature Comparison from All Variation Burners..………... 27

4.8 Time and Temperature Comparison from All Variation Burners Use Modification Burner..……….. 28

4.9 Time and Temperature Comparison from Best Variation Burners Uses and Not Use Modification Burner……… 29 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ... 30

5.2 Suggestion ... 30

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xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Type of gasification flow system ... 9

Figure 3.1 Research Flowchart ... 10

Figure 3.2 Dimension of Gasification Furnace ... 11

Figure 3.3 Reactor ... 11

Figure3.4 Burner without Additional Equipment ... 12

Figure3.5 Reflector ... 13

Figure 3.6 Burner with Reflector ... 13

Figure 3.7 Cap ... 14

Figure 3.8 Burner with Cap ... 14

Figure 3.9 Modification of Burner ... 15

Figure3.10 Ash Chamber ... 15

Figure 3.11 Blower ... 16

Figure 3.12 Thermoreader ... 16

Figure3.13 Thermocouple ... 16

Figure 3.14 Stopwatch ... 17

Figure 3.15 Anemometer ... 17

Figure 3.16 Analog Scale ... 17

Figure 3.17 Size of Husk is 10 mesh ... 18

Figure 3.18 Thermocouple tip at centre bottom of fire ... 19

Figure 3.19 Thermocouple tip at the centre of fire ... 20

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xiv

LIST OF TABLE

Table 2.1 Producer gas compositions at 0.3 equivalence ratio and rice husk

moisture content 10-30% ………..………... 8

Table 2.2 Producer gas compositions at 0.3-0.6 equivalence ratio and rice husk

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xv

LIST OF GRAPHIC

Graphic 4.1 Correlation between combustion temperature and time on burner

without reflector and cap...………... 21

variation with reflector....………...…... 22

variation with cap...………....…23

Graphic 4.4 Correlation between combustion temperature and time on

modification burner uses burner variation without reflector and cap

...……… ……… 24

modification burner uses burner variation with reflector.…...……25

modification burner uses burner variation with cap.…………...…26

Graphic 4.7 Time and temperature comparison from all variation burners do not

use modification burner.…………..………...…… 27

Graphic 4.8 Time and temperature comparison from all variation burners use

modification burner ...………. ….……28

Graphic 4.9 Time and temperature comparison from best variation burners uses