Indonesia Farm Animal Genetic Resources in Adapting
to Climate Change
Ronny Rachman Noor
Department of Animal Production Technology, Bogor Agriculture University. Bogor 16680, Indonesia
In developng countres, most people depend on agrculture. Crops and lvestock are usually produced on the same farm wth small plot of land. Grazng anmals n open grassland also exst but ts contrbuton n terms of anmal products s relatvely much less when compared to mxed crop anmal farmng system (Chantalakhana and Skunmun, 2002). Furthermore they stated that most farmers n developng countres can be classfed as smallhorders, mostly lve n rural areas and some n per-urban. The role and contrbuton of anmals n rural farms are far more complex than that n spesalzed commercal farm snce there exst so close and sophstcated relatonshps among farm famly, anmals, crops, socal and agrculture.
Agrculture must become more productve f t s to feed a much larger world populaton. In respondng to the dauntng envronmental challenges ahead, the combned effect of populaton growth, strong ncome growth and urbanzaton s expected to result n almost the doublng of demand for food, feed and fber(FAO, 2009)
The Role of Lvestocks
In 2050 world populaton s projected to rse to 9.1 bllon from a current 6.7 bllon, as results t requre a 70-percent ncrease n farm producton (FAO, 2009). Based on FAO (2008) report, the lvestock sector has great potental to contrbute to poverty reducton and the achevement of the Mllennum Development Goals (MDG). Agrcultural growth can be hghly effectve n reducng poverty as the largest share of the world’s poor lve n rural areas. Lvestock provde food and ncome to the majorty of the 1.2 bllon people lvng on less than $1 per day. Demand for lvestock products s growng fast n developng countres, faster than demand for staple crops, and wll contnue to do so n the foreseeable future. Ths demand growth can provde sgnfcant opportuntes for many rural and per-urban poor to ncrease returns from ther lvestock resources. However, effectve and coherent pro-poor publc polces, allevatng both nsttutonal and techncal constrants, are crucal to captalse on the pro-poor opportuntes offered by the lvestock sector.
farmers, lvestock also provdes an mportant safety net n tmes of need. However, the FAO stressed the need for substantal nvestments and stronger nsttutons at global, regonal, natonal and local levels, to ensure that contnued growth of the lvestock sector contrbutes to lvelhoods, meets growng consumer demand and mtgates envronmental and health concerns (FAO, 2010).
The lvestock sector s one of the fastest growng parts of the agrcultural economy. Lvestock contrbutes 40 percent of the global value of agrcultural producton and supports the lvelhoods and food securty of almost one bllon people. Globally, lvestock contrbutes 15 percent of total food energy and 25 percent of detary proten. Products from lvestock provde essental mcronutrents that are not easly obtaned from other plant food products (FAO, 2010).
Rsng ncomes, populaton growth and urbanzaton are the drvng forces behnd a growng demand for meat products n developng countres—and they wll contnue to be mportant. To meet rsng demand, global annual meat producton s expected to expand from 228 currently to 463 mllon tons by 2050 wth the cattle populaton estmated to grow from 1.5 bllon to 2.6 bllon and that of goats and sheep from 1.7 bllon to 2.7 bllon, accordng to FAO estmates (FAO, 2010).
Strong demand for anmal food products offers sgnfcant opportuntes for lvestock to contrbute to economc growth and poverty reducton. But many smallholders are facng several challenges n remanng compettve wth larger, more ntensve producton systems (FAO, 2010).
Lvestock can play an mportant role n both adaptng to clmate change and mtgatng ts effects on human welfare, FAO sad (FAO 2010). To realze the sector’s potental to contrbute to clmate change mtgaton and adaptaton based on enhanced capactes to montor report and verfy emssons from the lvestock producton new technologes wll need to be developed.
Loss of Farm Anmal Genetc Resources (FAnGR) Dversty
In general, Local breeds of domestc anmals are much better suted to the condtons of botc and abotc stress than those mproved breed. In addton, the local breed also reflect the cultural and hstorcal dentty of communtes that have developed and contnues as an ntegral part of lfe and tradtons of varous socetes. A long wth the advance of agrculture ndustralzed through, the ndgenous breeds are dsappearng n favor of modern hgh productvty but low ecologcal plastcty (Maxm et al., 2011).
approxmately 20 percent of the world’s breed of cattle, goat, pgs, horses and poultry are currently at rsk of extncton, and at least one lvestock breed become extnct per month over the past several years, resultng n ts genetc characterstcs beng lost forever (Buerkle, 2007). So t s mportance to conserve and mantan anmal genetc resources to ensure the ablty to respond to selecton plateaus, consumer demand changes but more mportantly bosecurty, envronmental and food safety and potentally useful genes avalable n the gene pool (Perera and Marques, 2008; Andrab and Maxwell, 2007)
Genetc eroson of domestc anmal dversty has placed 30% of the world breeds at rsk of extncton often as a results of goverment polcy / programs. Con-servaton and sustanable development of Anmal Genetc Resources (AnGR) re-qures a broad focus that ncludes the many adaptve breeds that survve well n the low external nput agrculture typcal of developng countres (Drucker at al., 2001).
Major Indonesa FAnGR
The Bal breed s one of the four exstng ndgenous cattle breeds (Aceh, Pessr, Madura and Bal) n Indonesa. The Sumban-Ongole and Javan-Ongole may also be consdered local breeds. Although no offcal hstorcal records exsts, t s generally accepted that the Bal cattle s the domestcated drect descendant of the wld Banteng stll survvng as an endangered speces n three Natonal Wld Reservaton Parks (Ujung Kulon, Baluran and Blambangan) n Java (Martojo, 2012). Bal cattle stll represents 27% of the total cattle populaton n Indonesa, and t s consdered the pllar breed for small farmers (Purwantara et al., 2012) In oder to study the orgn of of Indonesan cattle Muhamad et al. (2009) utlzedthe Y-chromosomes (Y), mtochondral DNA (mt) and autosomal mcrosatellte alleles (μst). They concluded that Bali cattle is clearly separate from other breeds of catle. Noor et al. (2001a) usng the soelectrc focussng method concluded that the Bal cattle has a unique βBal haemoglobn band that does not exst n Bos taurus cattle
(Lmmousn, Smmental and Brangus). Furthermore, Handwrawan et al. (2003) found that The A and B alleles at INRA035 mcrosatelte locus are monomorphc and can be used for a spesfc marker for Bal cattle. Allele A at locus HEL9 that has hgh frequency (92.90%) n Bal cattle and 100% n Banteng can also be used a supportng marker. All of the studes ndcate that Bal cattle are natve to Indonesa and have been domestcated n Indonesa.
the producton of natve breed n less developed countres (prmarly tropcal), thus leadng to unrealstc expectatons of the potental for rapd mprovement (Barker, 1995). However, whle gans may be made for some trats n the crossbred progeny, ther overall performance and that of subsequent generatons may not be better than the natve breed because of ther nablty to tolerate the adverse envronmental condtons, for example poor nutrton and hgh temperature (Noor et al., 1992).
Pure breedng of Bal cattle can be found at Bal Island, Sumbawa Island, Flores Island and Bone dstrct of South Sulawes provnce. Indonesan government has allocated those slands as the man source of Bal cattle. Crossbreedng program can only be conducted outsde areas. However due to ndscrmnate crossbreedng, the pure Bal cattle at those areas have been contamnated wth other breeds., .e. Smmental, Lmousne, Brangus, Charolas, ndcatng by hgh frequency of abnormal appearances, ncludng abnormal color patterns and horn shapes (Handwrawan et al., 2003)
The most recent study shows that the percentage of abnormal sperm on Bal cattle bulls s lower than those of Holsten, Lmousne and Smmental bulls. In addton, the monomorphsm for FSH sub beta, FSH receptor and GH exst n Bal cattle bulls and can be used as specfc markers for the sperm qualty. These three markers are closely related to the sperm qualty (Ishak, 2012). Ths result clearly shows that natve and domestc anmal that experenced a long perod of both natural and artfcal selecton can adopt the clmate change. The Bal offers the advantage of a hgh resstance aganst most dseases, a remarkable ablty to grow on low-qualty fodder and a hgh fertlty (McCool, 1991). The superorty of Bal cattle n extensve system and margnal condtons s also exhbt by most of natve and domestc Indonesan FAnGR. Lst of Indonesan FAnGR that can be expected survve n the perod of clmate change s presented n Table 1.
Global Cmate Change
Reports have ndcated that developng countres are more vulnerable to the effects of clmate change due to ther hgh relance on natural resources, very lmted capacty to adapt nsttutonally and fnancally, and hgh poverty level (Thornton et al., 2006). Drucker et al (2007) stated that the harsh effect of clmate change gve more mpact n ntensve lvestock producton system, such as pastoral communtes whose lvelhoods depend on clmatc senstve resources. In the face of clmate challenges, adaptaton of dfferent lvestock speces to tropcal condtons becomes crucal. FAO’s Commttee on Genetc Resources for Food and Agrculture noted that the management of anmals under natural selecton by pastoralsts n margnal area plays an essental role n ther adaptaton and ftness n margnal envronment (CGRFA, 2009).
Table 1. Lst of Indonesa Major Farm Anmal Genetc Resources (FAnGR)
FAnGR Breed Investgators
Cattle Aceh Sar et al. (2010); Abdullah et al.(2012)
Bal Noor et al.(2001a); Sukmasar et al. (2002); Njman et al. (2003); Mohamad et al. (2009); Handwrawan et al. (2003); Handwrawan and Subandryo (2004); Purwantara et al. (2012); Martojo (2012); Ishak (2012)
Katngan Utomo et al. (2010); Utomo et al. (2011) Madura Wnaya (2010)
Pessr Sarban (2004); Jakara et al. (2007) PO Hartat et al. (2010)
Buffalo Spotted Yulnawat et al. (2008)
Swamp Sumantr et al. (2010); Msrant et al. (2010)
Horse Manado Takaendengan et al. (2011a); Takaendengan et al. (2011b) Goat PE Zurryat el al. (2011)
Kacang Batubara et al. (2011a); Batubara et al. (2011b) Marca Batubara et al. (2011a); Batubara et al. (2011b) Samosr Batubara et al. (2011a); Batubara et al. (2011b) Jawarandu Batubara et al. (2011a); Batubara et al. (2011b) Muara Batubara et al. (2011a); Batubara et al. (2011b) Bengal Batubara et al. (2011a); Batubara et al. (2011b) Jeneponto Rahardja (2007)
Sheep Ksar Salamena (2006)
Fat Taled Noor et al. (2001b); Maskur and Arman (2010) Thn Taled Dagong et al. (2011)
Garut Inounu et al. (2008); Inounu et al. (2009); Dagong et al. (2011)
Chcken Kampung Sartka et al. (2004); Sartka et al. (2005); Zen and Sulandar (2008); Sartka et al. (2008); Sulandar et al. (2009); Mu’n et al. (2010); Nataamjaya (2008);
Pelung Iskandar (2004)
Duck Alabo Prasetyo and Susant (2007); Rukmash et al. (2011); Mattaputty et al. (2011)
Chateup Mattaputty et al. (2011); Rukmash et al. (2011); Tegal Prasetyo and Susant (2010)
pests to chemcal, hgh freqency of epdemcs growng, ncreasngly heavy pollu-ton, reducton of genetc dversty may compromse the sustanable of lvestock producton. Local breeds adapted to local condtons, are often the most suted for provdng envronmental servces, such as management of landscape, ncludng the mantenance and promoton of a partcular type of vegetaton, crossng corrdor preservaton of habtats and wldlfe. Local breeds may contrbute to the prosper-ty of lvestock farmers, even n the poor area, the ecologcal and cultural toursm (Maxm et al., 2011). Furthermore they emphaszed that protectng local breeds can be done by dentfyng and promotng qualty products. Many local races provde unque products of superor qualty to those from commercal breeds.
The harsh effect of clmate change s expected to have maxmum mpact on vulnerable pastoral communty engaged n extensve lvestock producton system n dry lands. Osan and Bebe (2010) emphaszed the mportance of for the selecton of anmal n harsh envronment. Analyss of progeny hstory records also provde nfer-ences relatng to the repeatablty of kd survval and a measure of the envronmen-tal varance and can be used to predct future performance of dams (Falconer and MacKay, 1996). All these represent useful nformaton for the selecton of dams n harsh envronment. Some acton plan that could be appled nclude () the develop-ment of smple methods to characterze adaptve trats n margnal lands (Hoffmann, 2008); () fosterng partcpatory plannng and the development of breedng goals and the desgn of breedng structures for communty based adaptaton to clmate change (Osan and Bebe, 2010); ()understand herders perspectve on how exten-sve lvestock producton system are talored toward explotng structural and env-ronmental unpredctablty (Kratly, 2008), and fnally , ths approach wll contrbute to the strengthenng of lvestock keepers’ capacty and reslence (Hoffmann, 2008)
Concluson
Global clmate change represents a crtcal challenge to FAnGR n the 21st
century. However, Indonesa has many natve and domestc FAnGR that have adapted to harsh tropcal clmate and condtons for a long tme. In order to survve the face of clmate change, the FAnGR should be kept pure and utlzed n sustanable way.
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