ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of ALLAH SWT, the Most gracious and merciful, all praise
for His mercy, guidance, and loving care which have been given to the researcher
so this thesis could be completed.
This thesis is a scientific writing that has to be completed in order to fulfill
one of the academic requirements for the degree of Magister Humaniora at the
English Applied Linguistics Study Program; Postgraduate School, State
University of Medan.
However, without the assistance of the following numbers of people who
have given valuable suggestions and useful influences on the writing of this
thesis, it would be much more difficult for the researcher to finish her work. She is
then deeply thankful to these people and would like to express her sincere thanks.
The researcher would like to deliver her grateful appreciation to her first
advisor Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., and her second advisor Prof. Dr.
Sumarsih, M.Pd. for their valuable time, patient guidance, excellent advices, and
in guiding her to complete this thesis.
Her gratefulness also goes to the Head of English Applied Linguistics
Study Program, Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed., and to Prof. Dr. H. Abdul Muin
Sibuea, M.Pd. as the Director of Postgraduate School at State University of
Furthermore, the researcher would like to thank Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning,
M.Pd., Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed., and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum. for
their constructive comments and suggestions in advancing the thesis quality.
Her deepest gratitude and incredible appreciations are presented to her
beloved parents, Dr. Suriyadi, M.Hum and Linarni who always support, pray, and
motivate her in education, and to all her siblings, Dwi Surya Agustini, S.E. and
Tria Surya Rizqi who always pour her with all their kindness.
Last but not least, the researcher would like to thank her beloved friends at
LTBI class: Adinda Zoraya Alvin, Dewi Sinaga, Eka Rejeki Maha, Decy
Anggraini, Novita Chairani Harahap, Vista Simanungkalit and Atiqah Naisyah;
her close friend M. Fazrul Dalimunthe, Annisa, Meilisa, Auliana, and the other
friends whose names cannot be mentioned here. Thank you very much for their
time to support, to discuss and exchange ideas while working on the thesis as
well.
Medan, April 2016 The Researcher,
Eka Surya Fitriani
ABSTRACT
Fitriani, Eka S. Registration Number: 8136111016. Presupposition Triggers in Editorials of The Jakarta Post. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program. Post Graduate Program of State University of Medan. 2016
ABSTRAK
Fitriani, Eka S. NIM: 8136111016. Pemicu Persangkaan pada Teks Tajuk Rencana Surat Kabar The Jakarta Post. Tesis. Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Program Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 2.1 Theoretical Framework ... 11
2.1.1 Presupposition ... 11
2.1.2 Presupposition Triggers ... 15
2.1.3 Presupposition in Text ... 29
2.1.4 The Characteristic of the Editorial of Newspaper ... 32
2.1.5 The Roles of Editorial in Newspaper ... 34
2.2 Relevant Studies ... 38
2.3 Conceptual Framework ... 41
CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHOD ... 3.1 Research Design ... 44
3.2 Data and Source of Data ... 44
3.3 Technique of Data Collection ... 47
3.4 Technique of Data Analysis ... 48
3.5 Trustworthiness of the Study ... 49
CHAPTER 4. DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 4.1 Data Analysis ... 52
4.1.1 The Realization of Presupposition Triggers in Editorials of The Jakarta Post ... 53
4.1.2 The Reason of the Presupposition Triggers used in Editorials of The Jakarta Post ... 75
4.2 Findings ... 88
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ...
5.1 Conclusion ... 101
5.2 Suggestion ... 102
REFERENCES ... 103
LIST OF TABLES
Pages Table 3.1. List of selected editorials of The Jakarta Post ... 46 Table 4.1. The occurrences of the presupposition triggers in editorials
LIST OF FIGURES
Pages Figure 2.1. Theoretical Frameworks of Presupposition Triggers in Editorials ... 43 Figure 4.1. The percentage of the occurrences of presupposition triggers in
LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages Appendix 1. The Selected Editorials of the Jakarta Post ... 111 Appendix 2. Table of Data Analysis ... 171 Appendix 3. The Result of Occurrences of Presupposition Triggers in Editorials 261
1.1. The Background of the Study
Language is commonly used by people to communicate. Not only be able to
communicate, but people can share their idea, feeling, opinion on something to
themselves or others. Language as an instrument of communication lets the people
express their views and opinions toward something in form of spoken or written.
However, media has been grown faster for over years since it formed in
printed firstly, like newspaper and magazine until, then, electronic like television
and internet. Printed media, such as newspaper, is still used popularly by many
people to inform recent news events. Newspaper, which contains news stories,
opinion page, and others, carries people to connect one-way communication. As a
part of newspaper, editorial gives the readers a lot of information from news
writers’ comment, view or opinion about the recent issues.
An editorial identically contains opinion which develops wider in a
newspaper. Editorial is automatically credited a strong presence in the newspaper
as argumentative texts written to influence the opinions of large audiences
(Elyazale, 2014: 21). Editorial writers, or editorialists, assume what they believe
towards the fact. They combine their view and the fact, and thus it makes the
readers also have to believe. Their opinion, which contains various comments to
support, to criticize, to blame, to please, or against for the issues, has to be
powerful and believable in order to persuade the readers. Even their opinion values
positive or negative side towards the issue, the readers are brought out to trust or
CHAPTER 1
taken as granted. Elyzale (2014: 22) adds that these opinions are taken for granted
as true regardless of the argument used to support it because it comes from popular
belief of a society used in a particular context. Thus this opinion can be related the
presence of presupposition.
Presupposition refers as shared assumptions which can be utterances or
sentences, has to be understood easily by the addressee. Stalnaker (1999: 48)
defines that presupposition is a semantic relation holding between sentences or
propositions, which is something like the background beliefs of the speaker –
proposition whose truth is taken for granted – in making a statement. Verschueren
(1999: 33) argues it contains an implicit meaning that must be understood and
taken for granted for an utterance to make sense. Cummings (2005: 29) also states
that it is a general constitute assumptions or inferences that are implicit in
particular linguistic expressions. Some of linguistic expression can be determined
to the presupposition, which is called presupposition triggers. These triggers realize
the projection the presupposed meaning in sentence and, thus, it makes the readers
‘take the existence of referent on trust’ (Grundy, 2000:120).
Moreover, there are two concepts to define presupposition, which are
semantic and pragmatic. Saeed (1997:93) states that semantic presupposition deals
with conventional meaning while pragmatic presupposition deals with aspects of
individual usage and context – dependent meaning.
For example:
“The thing is that he needs a lot of loving.”
a. >> There is a thing. [Semantic Presupposition]
b. >> There is a thing (and I am going to tell you what it is). [Pragmatic Presupposition]
The projection of presupposition in the sentence above makes these two concepts
are different usage in terms of truth value and context. By realizing the use of cleft
construction, sentence (a) reveals the meaning that the speaker or the writer needs
something, while sentence (b) exposes that the speaker may need something and he
will act something then based on the context. Thus, this study concerns to
pragmatic area which purposes to examine the implicit meaning of linguistic
expressions used to trigger presupposition in editorial text.
However, presupposition triggers relates to the linguistic items that trigger
the presupposition. Levinson (1983: 179) calls the term ‘trigger’ as
presupposition-generating linguistic item. This means that any linguistic item that can refer to
presuppose a meaning in a sentence is known as presupposition triggers. Those
triggers sign the presence of presupposition. Moreover, many linguists express
linguistic items that trigger the presupposition, such as Levinson (1983), Yule
(1996), Verschueren (1999), Grundy (2000), and others. Khaleel (2010), for
example, in her study combines Levinson (1983) and Yule (1996) has analyzed the
triggers for presupposition in journalistic text. Definite description, factive verbs,
implicative verbs and others are some of particular linguistic items that generate the
presupposed meaning in a text.
In other words, the presupposition can convey implicit meaning which
means writer’s opinion may presuppose something. Since editorials are articles
written by the news editors or editorialists, the implied meaning that they
presuppose can be easily marked by its triggers. Here are some following examples
1. PT Freeport Indonesia, a subsidiary of US-based mining giant Freeport-McMoRan Inc., deserves a strong rebuke from the government and the House of Representatives for its utter lack of commitment to developing a copper smelter to comply with the 2009 Mining Law. (The Jakarta Post: February 4th, 2015, ‘Freeport’s lack of commitment’)
2. The recovery operation for 162 victims of the AirAsia crash is slated to end later this week. (The Jakarta Post: February 2nd, 2015, ‘For safer air transportation’)
3. The government and the House of Representatives are again mulling over the bold yet politically sensitive initiative of granting tax amnesty …. (The Jakarta Post: February 6th, 2015, ‘Tax amnesty revisited’)
4. It would be much more productive if the ministers were to take more time to listen to than to brief the participants. (The Jakarta Post: February 3rd, 2015, ‘Down-to-earth diplomacy’)
5. This means there are no surveys from several years ago to compare today with; it was only in 2013 that the first nationwide index was released. (The Jakarta Post: February 7th, 2015, ‘A happy city’)
Based on the examples above, the underlined words, phrase, and clauses
show the use of presupposition triggers in editorials. Sentence (1) presupposes that
there is PT Freeport Indonesia as a subsidiary of Freeport-McMoran Inc., in US by
displaying the definite description to trigger the existence of the company.
Sentence (2) presents the word slated which presupposes the process of recovery operation for victims of AirAsia crash has to end next week. This verb refers to the
factive verb. Other word, such as again, which related to iterative item presupposes that the government and the house of Representative have been mulled over the
bold. Not only found in words, clause construction can be triggered presupposition.
Sentence (4) and (5) show the use of counter-factual conditional and It-cleft construction presupposes available background information. Sentence (4)
participants, while sentence (5) presupposes the first nationwide index was released
in 2013. Those example shows that the presupposition triggers can be formed in
words, phrases, or clause construction.
Meanwhile, the other trigger can be found in editorials, such as the
quantifier all of and parenthetical structure, in the examples below.
6. Basarnas is indeed honed by our frequent, various disasters — not all of them natural, as we have learned.
7. As for safety, even those who are not victims of robbery — reaching over 900 incidents last year, according to the City Police — do not feel very safe crossing the roads, driving or merely walking on narrow pavements with a pothole or two. (The Jakarta Post: February 7th, 2015, ‘A happy city’) Those examples above show the underlined clause and word that trigger the
presupposition. Verschueren (1999: 28) mentions that the notion all of are some kinds of linguistic construction that carries presupposition which can be explained
in sentence (6) and (7). Phrase not all of them in sentence (6) presupposes that those various disasters are some natural, while other trigger in sentence (7) can be
seen in form of parenthetical structure. The underlined clause presupposes that the
victims reach over 900 incidents. This example shows that the writers use the mark
hyphen (─) to ‘give additional information which is related to, but not part of, the
main of the clause’ (Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan, 1999: 137).
Those triggers above prove that there are other more linguistic constructions used
in newspaper editorials which contain presupposition. Thus it means the editorials
provide more factual information which is poured in their opinion. It makes the
additional of the presupposition triggers in editorial text can be observed wider,
linguistic expressions can derive the presupposition and hence they are known as
presupposition triggers. Thus it is believed that each trigger has different function
and meaning whenever the newspaper editors use them.
On the other side, editorials play an important role in newspaper. Since
presupposition implies the background information asserted in sentence, editorials,
as part of newspaper in opinion column, present explicitly the writers’ point of
view on the recent issue or news. Opinions in editorials have implicit information
in sentences, since they are published ‘explicit and dominant’ (Van Dijk, 1988:
124). In other word, it might be that there are less information shared them.
Moreover, opinion in editorials also formulates the proposition which
contains numerous judgments. Barus (2010: 143) states that editorial always brings
out a same level, which is ‘critical’. The editorialist takes a stand regarding a
current affairs issue. The judgments can consist of proposition which can bring
various tone of editorialist’s comments such as to evaluate, to direct, to suggest, to
recommend, to patronize, to preach, to attack, to reprove, to blame, to inform, to
support, etc.
It can be summed that, not only presenting their argumentation and giving
critics, there are more ways to encourage the editorialist to attract the readers’
attention looking into editorials, especially through what linguistic expression will
be used by the editorials. In addition, the presupposition triggers could become the
way how the opinion exposes the background assumption shared by the newspaper
Besides, the use of presupposition has been examined by some researchers.
These researchers have analyzed presupposition in written text. Firstly, Hofler
(2013) in his study discusses about presuppositions in legislative text. He has found
in his findings that presupposition can be used as a useful stylistic means to keep
legislative text free from unnecessary clutter that merely elaborates on the obvious
(2013: 16). Some triggers such as adverbials have been examined to express
expansive function.
Furthermore, presupposition is also examined by two reseachers, Ge (2011)
and Pius (2014) in advertisement. Both researchers seek the same objective, in term
to employ the triggers which will come out and the pragmatic function of
presupposition in advertisement. In findings, Pius (2014: 22) concludes that
presupposition plays a crucial role in the success or failure of advertisements by
linking the expressed content of the message with relevant aspects of background
information. Ge (2011: 157) also adds that it can be a useful way to create the
largest contextual effect in recipients with a minimum processing effort to achieve
maximum of function of advertisement. This means presupposition aims to success
the way to promote goods or services to consumers through triggers that asserts
implicit or explicit meaning in sentences or phrases in advertisement.
Not only in legislative and advertisement, but another researcher also
examined presupposition in other media. Khaleel (2010) has analyzed the use of
presupposition in newspaper which concentrates in news stories. By looking out the
use of triggers in journalistic text, she concludes that existential presupposition is
subject. Unfortunately she does not present how presupposition uses in term of
function semantically or pragmatically.
Based on explanation above, it carries the background of the problems. First
is whether the realization of certain presupposition triggers can be found in
editorial text by using by Levinson’s (1983) theory. Thus it can determine other
triggers that contain presupposed meaning in editorial text. Second is to present the
reason of the usage of presupposition triggers in editorial texts based on its
linguistics expressions. This study is conducted whether it is interesting to
recognize what kind of linguistic expressions that trigger the presupposition and
denote the presence of background assumption shared by the newspaper editors in
different news topics. Additionally, it is believed that editorialist may argue the
different tone of opinion or point of view towards the recent news events.
Therefore, this present study examines the presupposition triggers in
editorials of The Jakarta Post. The Jakarta post is chosen as a national daily newspaper written in English by Indonesian journalists or news writers. Editorial is
also taken to be analyzed since it includes opinion on news events written by
journalists or editorial writers.
1.2. The Problems of the Study
In line with the background of the study, the problems of the study are
formulated as the following:
1. How are the presupposition triggers realized in editorials text?
1.3. The Objectives of the Study
The overall objectives of the study can be described as the following:
1. To find out the realization of the presupposition triggers used in editorials of
The Jakarta Post.
2. To look for the reason of the realization of presupposition triggers used in
editorials of The Jakarta Post.
1.4. The Scope of the Study
With reference to previous explanation, presupposition triggers is the way
to recognize how the proposition take place in form of opinion, not only in
utterance but also in written. So the limitation of this study is to investigate the
realization of the presupposition triggers and the reason of their usage in editorials
of The Jakarta Post.
1.5. The Significance of the Study
The findings of the study are expected to be useful and relevant
theoretically and practically. Theoretically, the results of this study are useful for:
1. The enrichment of linguistic knowledge in the field of pragmatics especially
in presupposition.
2. Development studies on presupposition in discourse and pragmatic,
Practically, the results of this study are useful for:
1. Other researchers who are interested in conducting researches as a reference
for studies in pragmatics area especially presupposition.
2. The education practitioners, such as teachers or students, who can conduct
it, could use it as a suitable material in teaching learning English in the
classroom.
3. Journalists to build better understanding on assumption in editorial text
5.1. Conclusion
This study focused on the use of presupposition triggers in editorials of The
Jakarta Post. It was aimed to find out the realization of the presupposition triggers
and to explain the reason the way of presupposition to be triggered in editorials of
the Jakarta Post. After analyzing the data, conclusions can be drawn as the
following.
1) The presupposition in editorials found twelve triggers from thirteen
triggers found during the data analysis in editorials, except implicit cleft with the
stress constituent. They are definite description, factive verb, implicative verb,
judging verb, change state of verb, cleft sentence, questions, temporal clause,
comparison clause, counterfactual conditional sentence, non-restrictive clause.
Other triggers found which are considered to trigger presupposition in editorials,
namely the quantifier all, given clause, prepositional phrase and parenthetical
information. The definite description was found the most frequent trigger occurs in
editorials while judging verb was the least one. However, the implicit cleft with
stressed constituents was the trigger that was not found in editorials.
2) The presupposition triggers become one of the editorialists’ strategies to
commonly present the background information which is assumed to be true, to
recall the readers toward the information of the event that they did not
acknowledge, to interpret the editorialists’ attitude and to awaken the readers’
curiosity. Considering the definite description was the most frequent trigger occurs
CHAPTER 5
in editorials, the editorialist tended to imply the presupposition and to state the
existence of the background knowledge having within the truth value.
5.2. Suggestion
Based on the conclusions stated above, this study has some suggestions to
the readers as provided in the following items.
1) To the other researchers, it is suggested that this study could be further
expanded in examining the presupposition triggers in different news topics
or comparing different newspapers toward the use of presupposition
triggers, which might appear the amazed and different result.
Furthermore, this study could be hopefully elaborated and explored in
other field in order to contribute the development of presupposition
triggers theory in any discourse, such as written text, speech, or talk show.
This will make the comparison more fair and the research more complete
and wider to be conducted.
2) To all the readers, it is suggested to use this study as reference to consent
for understanding the application of presupposition triggers in written
media, especially editorial of newspaper.
3) The journalist, it is suggested to elaborate more various linguistic
expressions to attract the reader’s attention to read at them, and to make
the editorials readable and informative serving their opinion.
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