MEANING SHIFTS IN “FAST AND FURIOUS 6” MOVIE SUBTITLE
A THESIS
BY
CINDY HANY SILITONGA
REG. NO 100705024
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEANING SHIFTS IN “FAST AND FURIOUS 6” MOVIE SUBTITLE
A THESIS
BY:
CINDY HANY SILITONGA
REG NO. 100705024
Supervisor, Co-Supervisor,
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A. Drs. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans. M.Hum.
NIP. 195110131976031001 NIP. 196001221986011001
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from
Department of English.
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University
of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as a thesis for the Sarjana Sastra Examination
Head, Secretary,
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for
the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of
Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies,
University of Sumatera Utara on 15thJuly 2014.
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara
NIP. 195110131976031001
Board of Examiners
...
2. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D ...
3.Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A. ...
4. Dr. Hj. Deliana, M.Hum. ...
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, CINDY HANY SILITONGA, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR
OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT
OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED
ELSE WHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A
THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER
DEGREE.
NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS
THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER
DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME : CINDY HANY SILITONGA
TITLE OF THESIS : MEANING SHIFTS IN “FAST AND FURIOUS 6”
MOVIE SUBTITLE
QUALIFICATION : S-1 / SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW
OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed :
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
All praise and thankfulness to Jesus Christ for the abundance of His timeless blessings, particularly at the moment I wrote this thesis. I believe that I could not have this done without His will.
I would like to express a very special gratitude and high appreciation to my Supervisor and the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara,Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A., and my Co-Supervisor Drs. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans. M.Hum. for their willingness and assistances to spend much time to guide me in writing and completing this thesis.
I also would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to the Head of English Department, Department, Mr. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D and to all lecturers of English Department for everything they already taught me during my academic years.
A deep appreciation to Bang Am for his unforgettable faithful services to English Department. Thank you for helping us through many burdensome troubles. May God give you a very good seat in heaven. I also thank to Bang Mistam for helping me in all my business related to my last exams.
ride and reminding me of important things. To my all extended family, thank you for helping me a lot. I am grateful for being a part of our great family.
Most of all, a heap of thanks to all friends of mine. Thank you to my sisters another mother, Hanny, Zega, Krista, Elsye, Apri, Wina, Eka, Hetty, Tami, and Laura. Thanks to my perky and gentle men whom I enjoy being with, Deny, Petrus,Boy, Dicky, Yudi. It is really proud being a part of you. Honestly I say that I really love you and all moments we have shared together guys. Thank you to Yossi, Icha, Anok and Septi, every person in our class 2010 B; thank you for sharing great moments in those wonderful years. It is a huge honour being thrown to those laughable memes. I can imagine myself without all of you would be a lonesome road. I thank God for introducing all of you to me.
I may forget to mention some names, but I thank every one for helping and supporting me; for every clarity that people brought to me in the crucial moment; every noble deed I received from those whom I forgot. Those days are gone. I thank you.
Medan, July 2014
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini berjudul Meaning Shifts in “Fast and Furious 6” Movie Subtitle yang merupakan suatu analisis pergeseran makna yang terjadi dalam terjemahan subtitle film. Pergeseran makna yang terjadi dalam analisis ini adalah karena adanya perbedaan sosial budaya dan sudut pandang antara penulis naskah yang merupakan orang Amerika dan penerjemah yang merupakan orang Indonesia. Tujuan utama dari analisis ini adalah untuk menemukan dan menjelaskan pergeseran makna yang dilakukan oleh si penerjemah. Secara garis besar, menurut Simatupang pergeseran makna tersebut dapat dibagi 3; yaitu pergeseran makna dari makna umum ke spesifik, pergeseran makna dari makna spesifik ke umum, dan pergeseran makna karena perbedaan sosial budaya. Dalam analisis terjemahan ini ditemukan 44 kalimat yang terdapat pergeseran makna di dalamnya, dimana ditemukan 2 buah pergeseran makna umum ke spesifik dan 42 buah pergeseran makna spesifik ke umum. Secara umum semua pergeseran makna yang terjadi merupakan jenis pergeseran makna karena perbedaan sosial budaya.
ABSTRACT
This thesis entitled Meaning Shifts in “Fast and Furious 6” Movie Subtitle which is an analysis of meaning shift occurs in the translation of movie subtitle. Meaning shift occurs in this analysis because of the differences of social culture and point of view between the script writer who is American and the translator who is Indonesian. The main purpose of this analysis is to find out and explain the meaning shift done by the translator. Generally, the meaning shift according to Simatupang can be categorized into 3; they are shift from general meaning to specific one, shift from specific meaning to general one, and shift caused by the difference of social culture. There are 2 meaning shifts from general meaning to specific one and 42 meaning shifts from specific to general one founded in this analysis of translation. Generally, the entire shifts occurred in the analysis is kind of meaning shift caused by the difference of social culture.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... v
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii
ABSTRAK ... ix
ABSTRACT ... x
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of the Study ... 1
1.2. Problem of the Study ... 4
1.3. Objective of the Study ... 5
1.4. Scope of the Study ... 5
1.5. Significance of the Study ... 5
CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1. Definition of Translation ... 6
2.2. Kinds of Translation ... 7
2.3. Methods of Translation ... 10
2.3.1. Word-for-word Translation ... 11
2.3.2. Literal Translation ... 11
2.3.3. Faithful Translation ... 12
2.3.4. Semantic Translation ... 12
2.3.5. Adaptation ... 13
2.3.7. Idiomatic Translation ... 14
2.3.8. Communicative Translation ... 15
2.4. Process of Translation ... 15
2.5. Subtitling ... 16
2.5.1. Strategies of Subtitling ... 17
2.6. Meaning ... 18
2.6.1. Definition of Meaning ... 19
2.6.2. Kinds of Meaning ... 19
2.6.2.1. Conceptual Meaning ... 20
2.6.2.2. Associative Meaning ... 20
2.6.2.3. Thematic Meaning ... 21
2.6.2.4. Lexical Meaning... 22
2.6.2.5. Grammatical Meaning ... 22
2.6.2.6. Contextual or Situational Meaning ... 23
2.6.2.7. Textual Meaning ... 23
2.6.2.8. Socio-Cultural Meaning ... 23
2.6. Shifts ... 24
2.6.1. Level Shift ... 24
2.6.2. Category Shift ... 25
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research Design ... 27
3.2. Data Collecting Method ... 27
3.3. Method of Analysis ... 28
3.4. Data Analysing Method ... 29
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1. Data Collecting... 30
4.2. Analysis ... 36
4.3. Findings ... 62
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1. Conclusions ... 71
5.2. Suggestions ... 72
REFERENCES ... 73
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini berjudul Meaning Shifts in “Fast and Furious 6” Movie Subtitle yang merupakan suatu analisis pergeseran makna yang terjadi dalam terjemahan subtitle film. Pergeseran makna yang terjadi dalam analisis ini adalah karena adanya perbedaan sosial budaya dan sudut pandang antara penulis naskah yang merupakan orang Amerika dan penerjemah yang merupakan orang Indonesia. Tujuan utama dari analisis ini adalah untuk menemukan dan menjelaskan pergeseran makna yang dilakukan oleh si penerjemah. Secara garis besar, menurut Simatupang pergeseran makna tersebut dapat dibagi 3; yaitu pergeseran makna dari makna umum ke spesifik, pergeseran makna dari makna spesifik ke umum, dan pergeseran makna karena perbedaan sosial budaya. Dalam analisis terjemahan ini ditemukan 44 kalimat yang terdapat pergeseran makna di dalamnya, dimana ditemukan 2 buah pergeseran makna umum ke spesifik dan 42 buah pergeseran makna spesifik ke umum. Secara umum semua pergeseran makna yang terjadi merupakan jenis pergeseran makna karena perbedaan sosial budaya.
ABSTRACT
This thesis entitled Meaning Shifts in “Fast and Furious 6” Movie Subtitle which is an analysis of meaning shift occurs in the translation of movie subtitle. Meaning shift occurs in this analysis because of the differences of social culture and point of view between the script writer who is American and the translator who is Indonesian. The main purpose of this analysis is to find out and explain the meaning shift done by the translator. Generally, the meaning shift according to Simatupang can be categorized into 3; they are shift from general meaning to specific one, shift from specific meaning to general one, and shift caused by the difference of social culture. There are 2 meaning shifts from general meaning to specific one and 42 meaning shifts from specific to general one founded in this analysis of translation. Generally, the entire shifts occurred in the analysis is kind of meaning shift caused by the difference of social culture.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the Study
Language is an important thing which is very close to human life since language is used by human to communicate in their daily activities. In other words, language cannot be separated from the life of human beings. Itplays a big role for human life because it is used not only as a tool of communication in order to express ideas, feelings, opinions, and intention but also to interact among them and exchange information that is needed for daily life.
There are many different languages used in many fields such as office, school, and mass media. There are also many different languages used in books and films. As a reader of foreign language book or someone who likes watching foreign movie, we need to know the language so that we can understand the meaning of the object we read or watch.
There are many foreign movies showed in television in Indonesia. To understand and enjoy the movie, we, as the viewer, must know the meaning of the subtitle in bahasa Indonesia. That is why we need a translator to transfer meanings from source language into our own language and get the points.
gives a definition of translation, “The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).”
In translations, the translator is allowed not to change meaning, but they are allowed to change the forms as required by the target language. The product of translation is the new text that is acceptable in target language including in form, grammar, style, and culture but it should have the same meaning and message as the source language. As Simatupang (2000 : 2) defines:
Menerjemahkan adalah mengalihkan makna yang terdapat dalam bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa sasaran dan mewujudkannya kembali dalam bahasa sasaran dengan bentuk-bentuk yang sewajar mungkin menurut aturan-aturan yang berlaku dalam bahasa sasaran.
He defines translation as shiftingthe meaningcontainedin the source languageintothe targetlanguageandmakes it happenagainin the target languagewithformsas
natural as possibleaccording tothe rulesapplicableinthe targetlanguage
Translation is a process of transferring meaning from SL into TL. Newmark (1988 : 5) gives a definition of translation as “Translation is rendering the meaning of the text into another language in the way the author intended the text.” In translation, translators are required not to make a change the meaning, but they are allowed to change the forms depends on the target language.
For example, meaning ofthe word‘chair’in thefollowingsentencesisnotonly determinedbyits positionin the sentence but also the using context. ‘He sat on the chair’translated as ‘Dia duduk di kursi’. ‘He will chair the meeting’ translated as ‘Dia akan memimpin
In translation, there are several procedures, such as: transference, naturalization, shifts or transposition, modulation, compensation, reduction and expansion, paraphrase, etc. One of the translation procedures is “shifts”. Catford as quoted in Venutti (2000 : 88) says “Shift means departures from formal correspondence of going from SL into TL.” Shift is process of changing grammar and word class from the SL into TL without changing the meaning stated in the SL.
rapat itu’. ‘Chair’ can have two different meanings depending on the situation and context. Therefore, in actualpractice oftranslating, attention of the translatoris focusednotonlyon thetransfer ofaword but also extendstothe issue ofmessage.
Catford devides shifts in translation into two kinds; they are level shift and category shift. Level shift means a shift from grammatical unit in source language and lexical unit in target language. Category shift means that there is a change of word class in the translation that consists of shift from noun to adjective and from noun to verb.
(e.g. the word ‘arm’ and ‘hand’ in English into ‘tangan’ in bahasa Indonesia), and shift is caused by the differences of socio cultural aspects (e.g. ‘I think so’ in English into ‘Saya rasa begitu’ in bahasa Indonesia. English people ‘think’ do not use ‘feel’, so it is unnatural to say ‘I feel so’ to reveal ‘Saya rasa begitu’).
In this thesis, the writer choose “Fast and Furious 6” movie subtitle as a data. This is one of action famous American movie released in 2013 in which one of the
stars is an Indonesian actor named Joe Taslim. This movie is
writtenbyChrisMorgananddirected byJustinLin. Itis thesixth filmin the seriesFast andFuriousmovie.
The difference of socio cultural aspect between the script writer of “Fast and Furious 6” which is American with the Indonesian translator can be seen in the translation of this movie. As an example, the sentence ‘All right, let’s go nail that son of bitch’ in SL is translated ‘baiklah, ayo kita tangkap mereka’ in TL express the different meaning. ‘Baiklah, ayo kita tangkap mereka’ means ‘All right, let’s go get them’. The translator makes a meaning shift in order to replace the original meaning with a suitable meaning that is acceptable for his/her own socio cultural aspects.
1.2Problems of the Study
Based on the background above, the problem of the analysis are as follows: 1. What kinds of meaning shifts occur in “Fast and Furious 6”?
1.3Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this analysis are as follows:
1. To find out the kinds of meaning shifts which occur in “Fast and Furious 6”. 2. To find out the meaning shift which occur most frequently in the subtitle of
“Fast and Furious 6”.
1.4Scope of the Study
The scope of this analysis is limited to the meaning shifts of English words into bahasa Indonesia.
1.5Significance of the Study
Theoretically, this thesis is expected to enlarge the knowledge of translation/subtitle to the readers or the students of English. This thesis may also be a reference for those who are interested in learning translation studies.
CHAPTER II
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Definition of Translation
Many experts of translation theories define translation in different ways. Generally, translation is a process of transferring meaning from source language (SL) into target language (TL). The most important thing to do by the translator is transfer the ideas from SL as closely as possible to TL.
Catford (1965) defines translation as “the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)”. It is contrary with Brislin (1976) who states that translationis ageneral termrefers to thetransfer ofthoughtsorideasfromasource language (SL) intothe targetlanguage (TL).
Larson as quote in Muchtar (2012 : 111) states that translationis an
activityrelated tothe study of thelexicon, grammaticalstructure,
communicationsituation, andculturalcontext ofthe
sourcelanguagetextisanalyzedwitha view todetermineits meaning. Meaning has been
found thenexpressedandre-constructed using
thelexiconandgrammaticalstructuresandcultural context.
penerjemahan merupakan kegiatan yang berkenaan dengan studi tentang leksikon, struktur tata bahasa, situasi komunikasi, dan konteks budaya teks bahasa sumber yang dianalisis dengan maksud untuk menentukan maknanya. makna yang ditemukan kemudian diungkapkan dan dikonstruksikan kembali dengan menggunakan leksikon dan struktur tata bahasa dan konteks budayanya.
that the author meant the text”. Simatupang (2000 : 2) said that translation is transferring meaning from SL into TL and recreating it in TL with the most proper forms based on the structure in TL.
Menerjemahkan adalah mengalihkan makna yang terdapat dalam bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa sasaran dan mewujudkan kembali di dalam bahasa sasaran dengan bentuk-bentuk yang sewajar mungkin menurut aturan-aturan yang berlaku dalam bahasa sasaran. Jadi, yang dialihkan adalah makna bukan bentuk.
Based on those definitions, translation is process of transferring meaning in SL into TL and restructuring the meaning into TL as natural as possible according to valid rules of TL and it must be as natural as possible that the readers are unaware that they are reading a translation.
To make it more obvious, let’s see the following example:
English (SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL)
Fitting room Kamar pas
2.2 Kinds of Translation
Roman Jacobson (Russian linguist) in Laviola (2002 : 3) classifies kinds of translation into three categories, they are: intralingual, interlingual, and intersemiotic. Each of them will be explained as following:
• Intralingual Translation
language”. It is translation within the same language, which can involve rewording or paraphrase. For example, the useof wordsinscientific paperstranslated become more casualso it is easierfor common people to understand.
For example, we can see from this Romeo and Juliet’s prologue as quoted from Laviola (2002 : 5) as following:
Two households, both alike in dignity (In fair Verona, where we lay our scene),
From ancient grudge break to new mutiny,
Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean.
From forth the fatal loins of these two foes
A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life,
Whose misadventured piteous overthrows
Doth with their death bury their parents' strife.
In the beautiful city of Verona, where our story takes place, a long-standing hatred between two
families erupts into new violence, and citizens stain their hands with the blood of their fellow citizens. Two unlucky children of these enemy families
become lovers and commit suicide. Their unfortunate deaths put an end to their parents‘ feud.
• Interlingual Translation
Roman Jacobson in Laviola (2002 : 6) states “interlingual translation or translation properis an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language”. For example, the translation of bilingual short story entitled “Time Flies for Ms Wiz” by Terence Blacker into bahasa Indonesia.
SL TL
“King Henry VIII. Sir Walter Raleigh. Ethelred the Unready...” Mr Bailey, the teacher of Class Three at St Barnabas School, called out the names as, his chalk squeaking, he wrote them on the blackboard.
“Raja Henry VIII. Sir Walter Raleigh. Ethelred yang Tidak Siap...” Mr Bailey, guru Kelas Tiga Sekolah St Barnabas, menyebutkan nama-nama itu sambil menuliskannya di papan tulis. Kapur tulisnya mendecit-decit.
• Intersemiotic
Roman Jacobson in Laviola (2002 : 8) states “intersemiotic translation or transmutationis an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems. It is more than focusing on the words, emphasis is on the overall message that needs to be conveyed
verbally are to be translated into images and/or movement. Thus, the product image can be described in words and then 'translated' into an image that will release the same message as the original words.
For example:
From the example above, we can see image of cigarette and circle (usually in red) with a cross. There are no any words from that image. But from the image above we can get the meaning. It means we are not allowed to smoke in area that has that sign.
2.3 Methods of Translation
Translationmethodis aglobaloptionthat affectsthe entire text. It has a very close relationship that we cannot discuss separately. Molina and Albir as quoted in Silalahi (2012 : 55) says:
metode penerjemahan sebagai cara proses penerjemahan dilakukan dalam kaitannya dengan tujuan penerjemah. Metode penerjemahan merupakan pilihan global yang mempengaruhi keseluruhan teks. Pada dasarnya metode penerjemahan akan ditetapkan terlebih dulu oleh penerjemah sebelum dia melakukan proses penerjemahan.
Methods oftranslationoriented to sourcelanguagerepresentedby word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation.
2.3.1 Word-for-word Translation
Word-for-word translation method as quoted in Silalahi (2012 : 56) is very tied to the level of the word. In applying this method, the translator just looking for source language equivalent word in the target language, and the search was not associated with a context.
Metode penerjemahan kata demi kata sangat terikat pada tataran kata. Dia tidak mengubah susunan kata bahasa sumber dalam terjemahannya. Dengan kata lain, susunan kata dalam kalimat bahasa sumber sama persis dengan susunan kata dalam kalimat bahasa sasaran.
Word-for-word translation method can be applied well only if the structure of source language same with the structure of target language. For example, sentence “I really love chocolate cake” translated “Saya benar-benar cinta coklat kue.”
2.3.2 Literal translation
Literaltranslationmethodhave in commonwith word-for-word translation that theequivalencealwaysout of context. The differenceis literaltranslationtrytochange thegrammaticalconstruction ofsource languageintothe targetlanguage. As quoted in Sialahi (2012: 56):
For example, sentence “You are so damn beautiful” become “Kamusialan cantik.” From the example given, we may see that literal translation does not give an acceptable result and even the result sometimes meaningless. It should be translated as “Kamu sangat cantik.” So, this method used only in first step in translation in order that the translator can anticipate some problems or errors that may occur in translation.
2.3.3 Faithful Translation
As quoted in Silalahi (2012 : 57) “metode penerjemahan setia berusaha
sesetia mungkin menghasilkan makna kontekstual teks bahasa sumber meskipun melanggar struktur gramatikal bahasa sasaran”. Faithfultranslationtryas faith as possibleproducecontextual meaningof source languagetexteventhough it violatedthe grammaticalstructure oftargetlanguage. Thus, sometimes the translation is awkward and strange in the culture of target language.
For example, “I miss you so bad” translated “Saya rindu kamu begitu
buruk.” Although the meaning of SL and TL is very close, but the translation is really strange. The TL is needed to modified become “Saya sangat merindukanmu.
2.3.4 Semantic Translation
Semantic translation methodfocusesonequivalenceinordertoremain tied totheculture ofsource languageand try to changethe contextualmeaning ofsource languageas closely as possiblewith thesyntacticandsemanticstructure ofthe targetlanguage.As quoted in Silalahi (2012 : 57):
sedekat mungkin dengan struktur sintaksis dan semantik bahasa sasaran.
The example following taken from “Fast and Furious 6” subtitle (00:33:40,437 --> 00:33:41,688).
SL TL
That’s bullshit! Itu omong kosong!
2.3.5 Adaptation
As quoted in Silalahi (2012 : 58) “Metode penerjemahan adaptasi berusaha
mengubah budaya bahasa sumber dalam bahasa sasaran”. (Adaptation methodseeks
tochange the culture ofsource languageintargetlanguage). The resultis
generallyregarded notasatranslationbutarewriting message ofsourcelanguagetextin target language.
Textgeneratedby applying themethod ofadaptationisthe most freeform oftranslationandthe method isespeciallyusedin translating dramaandpoetrytexts. Macbeth is a play written by William Shakespeare has been adopted in Indonesia. The dialogue was adapted in Indonesian culture but the plot and theme preserved originally.
2.3.6 Free Translation
Free translation is a method of translation that focuses the process on transferring meaning in the level of paragraph or passage.As quoted in Silalahi (2012 : 58):
bebas tidak terikat pada pencarian padanan pada tataran kata atau kalimat.
Thismethodproducesatargettextdoes not containstyleorform ofthe sourcetext.
Freetranslationis notthe same asadaptationmethod. Messagein
afreetranslationmustremainfaithful to thesourcelanguagetext. Translatorshave
onlylimited flexibility inexpressingthemessageintargetlanguage.
Nababan (1999 : 33) gives a brief example of free translation that can show the differences between free translation and the other.
Source Language Word-for-word Literal Free
His heart is in the right place
Kepunyaannya hati adalah dalam itu benar tempat
Hatimu berada di tempat yang benar
Dia baik hati
2.3.7 Idiomatic Translation
Idiomatic translation as quoted in Silalahi (2012 : 59) reproduces the “message” of the original but tends to distortnuances of meaning by preferring colloquialism and idioms where these do not exist in the original.
The example following taken from “Fast and Furious 6” movie subtitle (00:14:52,017 --> 00:14:55,395):
SL TL
2.3.8 Communicative Translation
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.
Newmark (1981 : 62) says “translation is basically a means of communication or a manner of addressing one or more persons in the speaker presence.” The example of communicative translation taken from Silalahi (2012 : 60) as below:
SL TL
I said: “I would admit that I am wrong” not “I will admit that I am wrong”
Aku mengatakan bahwa “aku mau mengakui bahwa aku salah” bukan “aku akan mengakui bahwa aku salah”
2.4 Process of Translation
Translation processcan be defined asa set ofactivities performedbya translatorwhenhetransferredthe messagefromthe sourcelanguagetothe targetlanguage.
The process of translationcanbe also interpretedasasystem
ofactivityintranslatingactivity. It is need circumspection in translating activity because one mistake in one stage could make another mistake in next stages.
1. Source Language Text Analysis
Eachtranslating activity beginsby analyzingthe sourcelanguagebecausean interpreteris alwaysfaced with thesourcelanguagetextfirst. Understandingof
the content oftextrequiresan understandingof linguisticelementsandextralinguisticcontained inatext. Extralinguistic relates
to socio cultural of source language text that is inseparable part of language.
2. Transferring of Message
After theinterpretercanunderstand the meaningandstructure ofthe source language, thenhewould beable toget themessagein it.The nextstep is the translatorturnedthe contents, meaning, and themessagecontainedin the source languageintothe targetlanguage. Inthis stagethe interpreterrequiredfindingthe sourcelanguageequivalent wordin the target language.
3. Restructurization
In thealignmentphase, the translatorneeds to considerlanguage
variationstodetermine thediversity of languagesaccording to the typeof textthat been translated. The translatorsalsoneed to attentiontowhomthe
translationis intended. Ifthe stages ofunderstandingthe source
textanalysistransferthe contents, meaning, messagein source
languageintotargetlanguageandthe alignmenthad been finalized bythe translator, then he has produced a translation.
2.5 Subtitling
transfer meaning of a movie subtitle is called subtitling. According to Lever (__ : 30) “Subtitles can be defined as ‘transcriptions of film or TV dialogue, presented simultaneously on the screen’.” As Baker in Gaemi and Benyamin (2010 : 40) states:
In technical terms,the translation of films is called language transfer. In other words,audiovisual language transfer denotes the process by which a film ortelevision program is made comprehensible to a target audience who isunfamiliar with the original source language. There exist several forms ofaudiovisual language transfer. The main forms of language transfer are“subtitling” and “dubbing.”
The types of subtitling available can be divided into two categories: intralingual and interlingual subtitling. Lever (__ : 30) states:
Intralingual subtitling deals with the production of subtitles that remain in the same language as the original and are used for the deaf or hard of hearing, or for language learners. Interlingual subtitling, on the other hand, refers to both a change in mode and language, going ‘from one language into another language, and from spoken dialogue into a written, condensed translation which appears on the screen.’ From the explanation above, the subtitling that refers to ‘Fast and Furious 6’ movie is interlingual subtitling.
2.5.1 Strategies of Subtitling
Gottlieb in Gaemi and Benyamin (2010 : 41) states:
interlingual subtitling, having societal and language-political implications, is instrumental in improving reading skills, boosting foreignlanguage skills, facilitating easy and cheap international programexchange, and cementing the dominance of English.
Gotlieb in Gaemi and Benyamin (2010 : 42) has translation strategies for subtitling films that follows:
2. Paraphrase is resorted to in cases where the phraseology of the original cannot be reconstructed in the same syntactic way in thetarget language.
3. Transfer refers to the strategy of translating the source textcompletely and accurately.
4. Imitation maintains the same forms, typically with names ofpeople and places. 5. Transcription is used in those cases where a term is unusual evenin the source text, for example, the use of a third language ornonsense language.
6. Dislocation is adopted when the original employs some sort ofspecial effect, e.g., a silly song in a cartoon film where thetranslation of the effect is more important than the content.
7. Condensation would seem to be the typical strategy used, that is, the shortening of the text in the least obtrusive way possible.
8. Decimation is an extreme form of condensation where perhapsfor reasons of discourse speed, even potentially importantelements are omitted.
9. Deletion refers to the total elimination of parts of a text.
10.Resignation describes the strategy adopted when no translationsolution can be found and meaning is inevitably lost.
2.6 Meaning
Meaning ofawordis notonlyinfluencedbyits positionin the sentencebutalsobyfieldof science thatusesthat word.Notinfrequently,the meaning ofawordis determinedbyits useandculturalsituation ofspeakersof a language.
2.6.1 Definition of Meaning
Oxford Dictionaries.com defines meaning (as noun) “what is meant by a word, text, concept, or action” and “intended to communicate something that is not directly expressed” (as an adjective).Crystal (1980 : 223) defines “Meaning as a theoretical distinction introduced in early generative grammar between two types of information ; a change in the meaning between input and derived sentences.”
Meaning is everything communicated by using languages (written, spoken, and body language) in which it can be an intention, expression, ideas, etc. We can also say that meaning is an intention expressed by using all means of communication.
2.6.2 Kinds of Meaning
Meaning is not as simple as it looks. It is complicated and difficult to understand. Basically there are three kinds of meaning; they are conceptual, associative, and thematic. Geoffrey Leech divides other types of meaning such as conceptual meaning, stylistic meaning, affective meaning, reflective meaning, and collocative meaning.
makna afektif, makna refleksi, makna kolokatif. (Geoffrey Leech translated by Paina Partana (2003 :19))
2.6.2.1Conceptual Meaning
Conceptual meaning is also called ‘denotative’, ‘logical’, or ‘cognitive’ meaning. This refers to the definition given in dictionary. It is widely assumed to be the central factor in linguistic communication and is integral to the essential functioning of language. For example, ‘man’ can be defined by the contrastive features (+human), (+male), (+adult), as distinct from ‘girl’, which can be defined as (+human), (-male), (-adult).
2.6.2.2Associative Meaning
Associative meaning refers to the meaning associated with the conceptual meaning, which can be further divided into following five steps; connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, collocative meaning.
a). Connotative Meaning
b). Social Meaning
This is refers to what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use, including variations like dialect, time, topic, style. As an example, let’s take a look at the words ‘domicile’, ‘residence’, ‘abode’, and ‘home’. They refers to the same thing, but used in a particular situation of use. ‘domicile’ is used as an official context, ‘residence’ in a formal context, ‘abode’ in a poetic context, and ‘home’ in an ordinary use.
c). Affective Meaning
This is what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer towards the listener and/or what is talking about.
d). Reflected and Collocative Meaning
Reflected meaning is the meaning when we associate one sense of an expression with another, while collocative meaning refers to what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.
2.6.2.3Thematic Meaning
Thematic meaning is what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis. Sometimes an active sentence has different meaning with passive form, which is thematic meaning. For example we can compare the following pair of sentences:
a. The young man
b.
First sentence we might know the young man. Thus, the new information on which the emphasis is laid is ‘the kidney’, in which the young man did something that we did not know before. In contrast, the emphasis of the second sentence is laid on ‘the young man’. We might have known that the kidney was donated by someone, and then we knew that the donator is the young man.
In terms ofits relationshipwithother words, the meaningcan be classified intolexical meaning, grammatical, contextualorsituational, textual, andsociocultural. In terms oforigin, Larsondistinguishestwokindsof meaning: primer and secunder.
2.6.2.4Lexical Meaning
Kridalaksana in Nababan (1999 : 48) states “Makna leksikal dapat juga
disebut makna denotative atau makna yang ada dalam kamus”. Lexical meaningisthe meaning ofthe elements oflanguageas a symbolorevent and so on. Lexical meaningcan bealsocalledmeaningsin the dictionary, given thewordin the dictionaryfree fromthe useorcontext. For example, as an adjective, the word ‘bad’ can have six meanings in bahasa Indonesia, they are: ‘jahat’, ‘buruk’, jelek’, ‘susah’, ‘tidak enak’, ‘busuk’.
2.6.2.5Grammatical Meaning
Kridalaksana in Nababan (1999 : 49) states “Makna gramatikal adalah
hubungan antara elemen bahasa seperti hubungan antara kata dengan kata dalam phrasa atau klausa”. (Grammatical meaningisthe relationshipbetweenlanguage elementsina larger unit, such as the relationshipof aword with another wordin aphraseorclause).
Contextualorsituationalmeaningisthe relationshipbetween theutteranceand thesituationin whichthe speechwasused. In other words, the contextual meaningisthe meaning ofawordthat isassociatedwiththe situation ofalanguageuse. For example, ‘Good morning!’ in English not always translated as ‘Selamat pagi’. It can also translated as ‘Keluar!’ if the utterance said by a chairman of a company to his employee who came late.
2.6.2.7Textual Meaning
Nababan (1999 : 50) says “Makna tekstual adalah makna yang dikaitkan
dengan suatu teks atau wacana”. (Textualmeaningregards tothe content
ofatextordiscourse). The different types oftextcanalso causethe meaning
ofawordintodifferent. For example, ‘interest’ in English translated as ‘tertarik’ in bahasa Indonesia, but it is translated as ‘bunga’ in economic text.
2.6.2.8Socio-cultural Meaning
Meaning ofawordthat isclosely related to the users of socio-cultural languageis calledsocio-cultural meaning. Nababan (1999 : 51) gives example,
‘marhusip’ in Batak Toba language have a close
2.7 Shifts
A ‘shift’ (Catford’s term) or ‘transposition’ (Vinay and Darbelnet) is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL. Catford in Venutti (2000 : 88) defines “Shift departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from SL to TL”. Another definition of shift or transposition by Vinay and Darbelnet as quote by Venutti (2000 : 88) “Transposition involves replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of message”. There are three divisions of shifts, they are level shift, category shift, and meaning shift.
2.7.1 Level Shifts
Catford in Venutti (2000 : 141) briefly means level shift as a shift from grammatical unit in SL and lexical unit in TL. For example, in this case are English and Bahasa Indonesia. Grammatical unit in English (affixes, suffixes, verb, noun, etc) has a lexical unit in Bahasa Indonesia. The followings are examples of level shift:
1. a) The baby has stopped
b) Bayi itu
In example (1 a), it can be seen that in English if ‘have’ comes together with past participle of ‘accomplish’ then it indicates the act of ‘accomplishing’ has begun before the time of speaking and the effect of the action still resumes at the time of
peaking. The form ‘have + past participle’ in English is translated into ‘sudah’, a lexis in Bahasa Indonesia. Similarly, ‘pun’ in (2 a), a unit (morpheme) in Bahasa Indonesia grammar is translated into ‘even’ a lexis in English.
2.7.2 Category Shifts
Category shift mean that there is a change of word class in the translation. Category shift consists of the shifts from noun to adjective and from noun to verb. The followings are the example of category shifts taken from a thesis of Fitriani Meaning Shifts in the Translation of Khaled Hosseini’s “The Kite Runner” in Bahasa Indonesia: A Gender Perspective Analysis. (Unpublished Thesis) (2009 : 30):
I’m in doubt Saya ragu-ragu
We have a quarrel Kami bertengkar
The word ‘doubt’ is noun, but it becomes adjective in the translation. And then the word ‘quarrel’ is noun becomes verb in translation.
2.7.3 Meaning Shifts
1. Shift from general meaning to the specific ones
Example below is taken from “Fast and Furious 6” subtitle (00:17:16,369 --> 00:17:17,996):
SL TL
Got a little change? Ada uang receh ?
In SL the word ‘little change’ has general meaning. It refers to exchange from one thing for another. But in the first sentence of TL it translated more specific as ‘uang receh’ means small value coins or usually called penny.
2. Shift from specific meaning to the general ones e.g.
SL TL
He is my friend. Dia teman saya.
She is my friend Dia teman saya.
The word ‘he’ and ‘she’ has specific meaning. The word ‘he’ refers to man as third person and ‘she’ refers to woman as third person. But in TL it only translated as ‘dia’ because it refers to man and woman.
3. Shift caused by socio cultural aspects
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1.Research Design
The research design in doing this analysis is library research. The writer use the library research to find out some theories and relevant information that support the ideas stated in this analysis. In this case, the writer uses some references such as books dealing with translation and semantics and the movie subtitles in English and bahasa Indonesia. As Nawawi (1991 : 31) says :
Penelitian Kepustakaan (Library Research), kegiatan penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menghimpun data dari berbagai literatur, baik di perpustakaan maupun di tempat-tempat lain. Literatur yang dipergunakan tidak terbatas hanya pada buku-buku, tetapi dapat juga berupa bahan-bahan dokumentasi, majalah-majalah, koran-koran, dll.
3.2.Data Collecting Method
The data are taken from a movie entitled “Fast and Furious 6” written by Chris Morgan. The English subtitle consists of 111 pages accessed from
The translation in bahasa Indonesia consist of 95 pages accessed
from
from Fast and Furious 6 movie and also from the subtitle of Fast and Furious 6 movie , so the method of collecting the data is the written documents.
The data will be taken by using purposing sampling. It means the samples of which are concerned with the purpose of this study that will be taken. As Sutopo states (2004 : 64) :
Karena pengambilan cuplikannya didasarkan atas berbagai pertimbangan tertentu, maka pengertiannya sejajar dengan jenis teknik cuplikan yang dikenal sebagai purposive sampling,dengan kecenderungan peneliti untuk memilih informannya berdasarkan posisi dengan akses tertentu yang dianggap memiliki informasi yang berkaitan dengan permasalahannya secara mendalam dan dapat dipercaya untuk menjadi sumber data yang mantap.
3.3.Method of Analysis
In analysing the data, the writer applies descriptive qualitative method. Qualitative method is a procedure resulting descriptive data in form of written text or spoken in language society. Djajasudarma (2006 : 16) says “Data yang dikumpulkan bukanlah angka-angka, dapat berupa kata-kata atau gambaran sesuatu”. (The collected data are not in the form of number, but words or description of something).
She also writes “Data yang dikumpulkan mungkin berasal dari naskah, wawancara,
3.4.Data Analysing Method
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1. Data Collecting
After watching the movie using subtitle in English (SL), then the writer watching using subtitle in bahasa Indonesia (TL). There are several meaning shifts that the writer finds in the movie subtitle. The following table shows the meaning shifts found in the data:
No. Time SL TL
1. 00:01:51,319 -->
00:01:53,405
Because I'll be there tokick your ass if you ain't.
Karena akan kuhajar kau kalau tidak.
2. 00:04:55,670 -->
00:04:58,965
Hell, if you're half as good as you are on paper
I ain't telling you shit. Aku takkan
mengatakan apa-apa padamu
4. 00:06:13,415 -->
00:06:15,709
I've got rights,you asshole! Aku punya hak, Keparat !
5. 00:06:40,066 -->
00:06:42,902
Great. Now they can take the morning off
you're about to have the
time of your lives. hidup
8. 00:11:38,323 --> 00:11:40,200
I'm a citizen of the world. Aku hidup di
mana-mana. menyukai mobil itu ?
10. 00:14:48,346 -->
He's messing with your head
you're going tosmell an ass-kicking.
kau akan kuhajar.
15. 00:17:01,646 --> 00:17:03,565
Those guys don't mess
around.
I didn't give them shit. Aku takmemberitahu
18. 00:21:35,962 --> 00:21:37,964
You son of a bitch. Bajingan !
19. 00:22:21,424 --> 00:22:24,427
All right, y'all,we're in this shit, so let's go get it.
Kita sudah terlibat, jadi ayo kita selesaikan.
20. 00:33:23,169 --> 00:33:24,963
Ring any bells? Ingat sesuatu ?
21. 00:33:40,437 --> 00:33:41,688
That's bullshit. Itu omong kosong
22. 00:37:02,013 --> 00:37:03,723 00:37:03,807 --> 00:37:04,891
Yeah, but with cars,when you trade up,
Jelas sekali, kau bukan orang kaya
All right, we're going to pay CCTV a little visit. Let's roll
The moment you step foot off that plane, it's a wrap
27. 00:56:57,834 --> 00:57:00,545
and yet here I am,putting my job on the line for you?
namun aku di sini, melindungimu ?
28. 00:57:04,424 --> 00:57:06,426
Oh, I'm temptedto settle for you.
Oh, Aku sudah puas memilikimu.
29. 00:57:14,893 --> 00:57:16,353
You're an asshole, you know that?
Kau brengsek, Kau tahu itu ?
30. 00:58:02,273 --> 00:58:04,734
I only had enough juice to get you in Gen Pop
Big Brother'sabout to go live. di London, tanpa ada yang melihat
33. 00:59:12,218 --> 00:59:13,428
It's not dummy-proof. Ini bukanlah barang
kecil
Bahkan, Ia tahu saat ada agen baru FBI.
35. 01:02:40,093 --> 01:02:41,761
36. 01:03:05,076 --> 01:03:07,412
What happened to Letty is on your head.
but I really think you're over your head.
tapi kupikir kau kelewat batas.
38. 01:20:43,426 --> 01:20:46,012
All right, let's go nail that son of a bitch.
We're going to protect our little egg,
move it out of the henhouse,
then we're going to wait for that goddamn fox to arrive
You're gonna cut me loose from these cuffs,
Lepaskan aku
43. 01:52:11,981 --> 01:52:13,066
44. 01:57:49,903 --> 01:57:53,239
You know we got your back,
whenever you need us
Kau tahu kami mendukungmu kapanpun kau butuh kami
4.2. Analysis
Based on the choices of linguistic elements used in the translation (TL), the translator applies the method of communicative translation that attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. That method is proper to represent the real/contextual meaning of the original text both partly and wholly.
Since the translator used communicative translation, it is required that he has to explore the real meaning objectively in his translation. The meaning shift will be explained one by one:
1. Data number 1
SL TL
Because I'll be thereto kick your ass if you ain't.
Karena akan kuhajar kau kalau tidak.
used by American people, which has meaning to beat someone in competition, fight, or other situation.
The sentence in data number 1 is a shift from specific meaning to the general meaning. In SL the specific is used sentence, ‘kick your ass’, that the translator should translate it to become ‘menendang pantatmu’, but the translator translates it becomes ‘kuhajar kau’ where the meaning become more general. This data is also shift caused by the differences of socio cultural aspects. It is because in American culture, they usually say rough words like ‘kick your ass’ rather than say ‘beat up’ when they want to fight with someone.
2. Data number 2
SL TL
Hell, if you're half as good as you are on paper
Kalau kemampuanmu seperti yang dituliskan di sini
Literally, the sentence ‘Hell, if you’re half as good as you are on paper’
translated as ‘Persetan, jika kau separuh sebaik kau yang ada di kertas’. The
sentence in data number 2 is a shift from specific meaning to general ones. In SL specific is used sentence ‘half as good as’, but the translator only translates it to become ‘kemampuanmu’ without translating the ‘half’ which is ‘separuh’ in bahasa Indonesia.
the sentences that people who read it cannot get the point accurately. The translator also does not translate the ‘Hell’ into TL to make the translation more polite. This data is also shift caused by the differences of socio culture which the word ‘Hell’ did not translated in bahasa Indonesia because it is not appropriate with Indonesian culture and Indonesian people usually do not say term ‘Hell’ or ‘neraka’ when they speak something.
3. Data number 3
SL TL
I ain't telling you shit. Aku takkan
mengatakan apa-apa padamu
From data above we can see that the translator keeps making meaning shift. The translator tries to implicate the vulgar or rough sentence that is not suitable with culture in TL. The translator chooses to translate ‘I ain’t telling you shit’ becomes ‘Aku takkan mengatakan apa-apa padamu’. The word ‘ain’t’ is an American slang which refers to vulgar word. The ‘ain’t’ contracted from ‘are is not’. This word usually used by the American. The word ‘ain’t’ contracted from are/is/am not, and have/has not.
TL. In other hand, the meaning shift is from specific meaning into general one. It is also shift caused by the differences of socio culture since word ‘ain’t’ is American slang and American usually say ‘shit’ when they angry or speak randomly.
4. Data number 4
SL TL
I've got rights,you asshole! Aku punya hak, Keparat !
It is the same with the data number 3, the translator tries to implicate the vulgar or rough sentence that is not suitable with culture in TL. Literally the sentence ‘I’ve got rights, you asshole!’ translated as ‘Saya punya hak, kamu lubang pantat!’. The translator does not translate ‘asshole’ literally to make the translation more polite. Both sentences from data above have connotative meaning.
5. Data number 5
SL TL
Great. Now they can take the morning off.
Baiklah, sekalian cuti
In a translation, it is free for the translator to change the structure or grammar in order the translation is acceptable in TL. The sentence ‘Great. Now they can take the morning off’ is translated ‘Baiklah, sekalian cuti’. Literally the sentence in SL
should be translated as ‘Bagus, sekarang mereka bisa mengambil cuti’. In this
sentence the translator shifts the meaning from conceptual into social meaning.
The word ‘off’ is an adverbial participle. The sentence above is an idiom. The word ‘morning off’ is indicating absence or freedom from work or duty. It is
translated as ‘cuti’ in bahasa Indonesia because it has the same meaning with
‘morning off’ means stay away from work or free from work. In this data, the meaning shift is from specific meaning into general ones.
6. Data number 6
SL TL
I don't do cold weather. Aku tak suka
melakukan dini hari.
‘Aku tak suka melakukan dini hari’. However the translation is acceptable and readable but not accurate.
The meaning of a sentence or an utterance can be seen from the stress or emphasis. The stress itself depends on the structure of the sentence. Thus, we will try to see whether the SL or TL have the same stress or not.
SL: I don’t do cold weather.
(stress on ‘cold weather’)
TL: Aku tidak suka melakukan dini hari.
(stress on ‘dini hari’ or ‘early morning’)
It is obvious that SL and TL are different in meaning, specifically stress of meaning. There is meaning shift deals with thematic meaning, in which the thematic meaning in SL is different with the TL.
7. Data number 7
SL TL
Safe to say,you're about to have the time of your lives.
Bisa dibilang, kalian benar-benar merasakan hidup.
8. Data number 8
SL TL
I'm a citizen of the world. Aku hidup dimana-mana.
From the data above, we can see that the translator changes the structure or grammar in TL. Literally the sentence ‘I’m a citizen of the world’ should be translated into ‘Aku warga dunia’ but the translator translates it into ‘Aku hidup dimana-mana’.
The phrase of ‘citizen of the world’ is not equivalent with ‘hidup dimana-mana’ or ‘live everywhere’. The phrase ‘citizen of the world’ which has conceptual
meaning translated into social meaning as ‘hidup dimana-mana’ in TL. In other
hand, it is a shift from specific meaning to general one.
9. Data number 9
SL TL
Are you alreadypushing imports on him?
Kau memaksanya menyukai mobil itu ?
There is a difference of structure between SL and TL. The change of grammar or structure makes the change of meaning. The sentence ‘Are you already pushing imports on him?’ translated as ‘Kau memaksanya menyukai mobil itu?’ is acceptable but not accurate.
Another alternative is ‘Kau sudah memaksanya menyukai barang-barang impor?’. There is no word ‘car’ in SL, but the translator put the word ‘mobil’ in TL which is ‘car’ in English in the translation. The translator put the word of ‘car’ or ‘mobil’ in the translation refers to the act on the movie.
10.Data number 10
SL TL
I used to do this shit all the time as a cop.
Aku sering membuat hal-hal palsu selama menjadi polisi
From the data above, we can see that the translator changes the structure. Literally the sentence ‘I used to do this shit all the time as a cop’ should be translated into ‘Aku terbiasa melakukan kotoran ini sepanjang waktu sebagai polisi’. The word “shit” in the sentence of SL is eliminated. The real meaning of the word ‘shit’ is ‘kotoran’ which has connotative meaning, but the translator translates it into ‘hal-hal palsu’ which has social meaning in TL. In other hand, it is a shift from specific meaning to general meaning. It is also shift caused by the differences of socio culture because the word ‘shit’ is common spoke by American people while it is not appropriate with Indonesian culture.
11.Data number 11
SL TL
head denganmu
The sentence in SL above is an idiom. The word ‘messing with’ is an idiom which has meaning ‘to diss’ or ‘to put down’. It means to joke around with or dupe someone, in either a friendly or unfriendly manner.
Literally the sentence ‘He’s messing with your head’ is translated into ‘Dia mengotori kepalamu’. The SL sentence expresses a connotative meaning that is very close with the meaning of TL. Thus, the translator translates ‘He’s messing with your head’ into ‘Dia bermain-main denganmu’. Both of them have a very close but not the same meaning. In addition, this data is a shift from specific to general one. It is also shift caused by the differences of socio culture because American people usually use idioms ‘messing with’ to joke around to joke around with or dupe someone, in either a friendly or unfriendly manner. In bahasa Indonesia, the idiom ‘messing with’ literally translated as ‘mengotori/mengacaukan’ and that words is not commonly used in Indonesia.
12.Data number 12
SL TL
Watching each other's backs.
Saling menjaga satu sama lain
Literally ‘Watching each other’s back’ should be translated as ‘Melihat
meaning to general meaning. It is also shift caused by the differences of socio culture. The idiom ‘watching each other’s backs’ translated into ‘saling menjaga’ by the Indonesian translator. It is perhaps according to culture in America; people can take care or keep another people by watching their back or controlling them.
13.Data number 13
SL TL
If you keep running your piehole
Jika kau tak diam
In this data, the translator shifts the meaning from conceptual into social meaning. It is a shift from specific to general meaning. It seems that the word ‘piehole’ is an American slang. In this case, the writer cannot find the meaning or definition of the word ‘piehole’ in dictionary. The sentence ‘Jika kau tak diam’ or ‘If you keep talking’ has different meaning with the sentence in SL. The word ‘piehole’ which is not translated correctly in TL cause the decrease of meaning. It is also shift caused by the differences of socio culture. Since the writer does not get the meaning of ‘piehole’, it is perhaps commonly use by American people as a slang word.
14.Data number 14
SL TL
You're going tosmell an ass-kicking.
The contrast meaning shift is shown in the data above. The translator changes the conceptual meaning of the SL by replacing the specific meaning into general one in the TL. The shift in this data is similar with data number 1. The word ‘kick ass’ is an idiom or slang usually used by American people, which has meaning to beat someone in competition, fight, or other situation.
Lexically, the translation for the SL is ‘Kau akan mencium sebuah tendangan pantat’. In the culture of TL, it is taboo to expose such rough words. In order to neutralize it, the translator decides to use a general and ambiguous word. The translator translates it ‘Kau akan kuhajar’ that has the same meaning with ‘I’m going to beat you’. Thus, the meaning shift is from the specific meaning to general one. It is also shift caused by the differences of socio culture. The word ‘smell an ass kicking’ is seems commonly use in America, but the meaning of that words is too rough in Indonesian culture and is not commonly use by Indonesian people.
15.Data number 15
SL TL
Those guys don't mess
around.
Orang-orang ini sulit
dilawan
Both sentences have thematic meaning. The word ‘mess around’ is an idiom which has meaning to fiddle idly. The idiom of ‘mess around’ has the same meaning with ‘main-main’ in TL. But the translator translates it as ‘sulit dilawan’. From the
SL we can see that the stress in SL is ‘mess around’ and stress in TL is ‘sulit
TL. Nevertheless, the translation is acceptable even though the meaning is not accurate.
16.Data number 16
SL TL
Got a little change? Ada uang receh ?
The data above has thematic meaning. Literally, the sentence ‘Got a little change?’ should be translated as ‘Dapat tukaran kecil?’ or ‘Ada tukaran kecil?’. In SL the word ‘little change’ has general meaning. It refers to exchange from one thing for another. The sentence can refer to any little things exchange, not specifically money. But in the first sentence of TL it is translated more specific as ‘uang receh’ means small value coins or usually called penny.
17.Data number 17
SL TL
I didn't give them shit. Aku takmemberitahu
mereka apa-apa
The translator tries to implicate the vulgar or rough sentence that is not suitable with culture in TL. It is similar with data number 3. Literally the sentence ‘I didn’t give them shit’ translated into ‘Aku tidak memberitahu mereka kotoran’. The
translator does not translate ‘shit’ literally which means ‘kotoran’ in bahasa
Indonesia to make the translation more polite. The word ‘shit’ as a connotative
meaning shift is from specific meaning into general one. It is also shift caused by the differences of socio culture since ‘shit’ commonly use in America to insult people.
18.Data number 18
SL TL
You son of a bitch. Bajingan !
Literally, the phrase ‘you son of a bitch’ translated as ‘kamu putra seorang pelacur’, but the translator translates it as ‘Bajingan’in TL. Since it is taboo to expose such rough words, the phrase ‘son of bitch’ is only shifted to be a decrease of meaning. Both of those phrases have connotative meaning. Thus, it is a shift from specific meaning to general meaning. It is also shift caused by the differences of socio culture. The word ‘son of bitch’ is American slang which is has vulgar meaning and it too rough and impolite so it is not commonly used in Indonesia.
19.Data number 19
SL TL
All right, y'all,we're in this shit, so let's go get it.
Kita sudah terlibat, jadi ayo kita selesaikan.
The word ‘get’ has lexical meaning. It can have several meanings in bahasa
Indonesia, they are: ‘memperoleh’, ‘membeli’, ‘mengambil’, ‘mengejar’, ‘kena’,
‘mengerti’, ‘mengangkat’, etc. None of them has meaning ‘selesaikan’ in bahasa Indonesia. The sentence ‘let’s go get it’ translated as ‘ayo kita selesaikan’ in TL. The translation is not accurate but it is acceptable. It is also shift caused by the differences of socio culture. The word ‘y’ll’ contracted from ‘you all’ and ‘shit’ commonly use in America to insult people.
20.Data number 20
SL TL
Ring any bells? Ingat sesuatu ?
Literally the question word ‘ring any bells?’ is translated into ‘membunyikan lonceng?’ or ‘ada bunyi lonceng?’ but the translator translates it into ‘ingat sesuatu?’. The word ‘ring any bells?’ is an idiom mean to spark a previously forgotten memory. In this data, the translator shifts the meaning from conceptual meaning to social meaning. In other hand, it is a shift from specific meaning to general meaning. It is also shift caused by the differences of socio culture. The idiom ‘ring any bells’ commonly used in America to spark a previously forgotten memory but it is not common used in Indonesia.
21.Data number 21
SL TL
Literally ‘bullshit’ means ‘kotoran kerbau’ in TL. It is a filthy word which has connotative meaning. The translator translates it into ‘omong kosong’ to make the translation more polite. It is a shift from specific to general meaning. It is also shift caused by the differences of socio culture. In America, the word ‘bullshit’ is commonly used when they insult people. They prefer to say ‘bullshit’ rather than ‘non sense’ to say ‘omong kosong’ even though they mean so.
22.Data number 22
SL TL
Yeah, but with cars,when you trade up,they don't takehalf your shit
Tapi mobil itu takkan mengambil setengah hartamu
That is the occurrence of meaning shift. The translator changes the structure of SL even it is not necessary. The change of structure decreases the meaning of the sentence. Both of the data above have thematic meaning. In addition, the meaning shift above is a shift from specific meaning to general meaning.
23.Data number 23
SL TL
Clearly you'renot a "baller"
Jelas sekali, kau bukan orang kaya
In this data, the translator shifts the meaning from conceptual into social meaning. It is shift from specific to general meaning. It seems that the word ‘baller’ is an American slang. In this case, the writer cannot find the meaning or definition of the word ‘baller’ in dictionary. The sentence ‘kau bukan orang kaya’ or ‘you are not a rich man’ has different meaning with the sentence in SL. The word ‘baller’ which is not translated correctly in TL causes a decrease of meaning. It is also shift caused by the differences of socio culture. The word ‘baller’ is perhaps an American slang.
24.Data number 24
SL TL
Holy shit! Astaga!
Literally ‘holy shit’ means ‘kotoran suci/kudus’ in TL. It is a filthy word which has connotative meaning. It is an idiomatic vulgar slang mean expression of terror, awe, surprise, shock, etc., often at something seen for the first time or remember immediately before using this term. Since it is taboo to expose such filthy words, the translator translates it as ‘astaga’ to make the translation more polite.
specific meaning to ‘astaga’ which has general meaning in TL. It is also shift caused by the differences of socio culture. In Indonesia it is not common to say ‘holy shit’ or ‘kotoran suci’ to insult people or express angriness.
25.Data number 25
SL TL
All right, we're going to pay CCTV a little visit. Let's roll
Baiklah, kita akan kunjungi pengawas CCTV.
Ayo berangkat
There are two meaning shifts in the data above. The meaning shift above deals with thematic meaning. The words ‘pay CCTV a little visit’ in SL are not translated correctly in TL. It is translated as ‘kunjungi pengawas CCTV’ which is equivalent with ‘visit CCTV controller’ in SL.
Another shift is ‘let’s roll’ translated into ‘ayo berangkat’. Literally ‘roll’ equivalent with ‘bergulung’ in TL. The translator translates it into ‘berangkat’ to make the meaning more acceptable because if the translator keeps translating it into ‘bergulung’, the meaning will sound strange because it does not appropriate with the previous sentence.
26.Data number 26
SL TL