WORD, ABOVE WORD, AND GRAMMATICAL
EQUIVALENCE IN THE SUBTITLE OF
TROY
A FINAL PROJECT
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan in English
by
BUNAYYA DZIKRULLAH
2201402029
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
LANGUAGE AND ART FACULTY
STATE UNIVERSITY OF SEMARANG
ii APPROVAL
This Final Project was approved by Board of examiners of the English
Department of Language and Art Faculty of Semarang State University on March,
2009.
Board of Examiners
1. Chairman
Prof. Dr. Rustono, M.Hum NIP. 131281222
2. Secretary
Dra. Rahayu Puji H, M.Hum NIP. 132158715
3. First Examiner
Dr. Dwi Anggani LB, M.Pd NIP. 131813665
4. Second Examiner/ Second Advisor
Widhiyanto, S.Pd, M.Pd NIP. 132307253
5. Third Examiner/ First Advisor
Dr. Djoko Sutopo, M.Si NIP. 131569192
Approved by Dean of FBS
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Nama : Bunayya Dzikrullah
NIM : 2201402029
Prodi. Jurusan : Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris/ Bahasa Inggris
Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Negeri Semarang menyatakan dengan sesungguhnya bahwa skripsi/ tugas akhir/ final project yang berjudul:
WORD, ABOVE WORD, AND GRAMMATICAL EQUIVALENCE IN THE SUBTITLE OF TROY
Yang saya tulis dalam rangka memenuhi salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar sarjana ini benar-benar merupakan karya saya sendiri, yang saya hasilkan setelah melalui penelitian, pembimbingan, diskusi, dan pemaparan/ ujian. Semua kutipan, baik yang langsung maupun tidak langsung, biak yang diperoleh dari sumber kepustakaan, wahana elektronik, wawancara langsung, maupun sumber lainnya, telah disertai keterangan mengenai identitas sumbernya dengan cara sebagaimana yang lazim dalam penulisan karya ilmiah. Dengan demikian, walaupun tim penguji dan pembimbing penulisan skripsi/ tugas akhir/ final project ini membubuhkan tanda tangan keabsahannya, seluruh isi karya ilmiah ini tetap menjadi tanggung jawab saya sendiri. Jika kemudian ditemukan ketidakberesan saya berani menerima akibatnya.
Demikian, harap pernyataan ini dapat digunakan seperlunya.
Semarang, Februari 2008
Yang membuat pernyataan
Bunayya Dzikrullah
iv ABSTRACT
Dzikrullah, B. 2008. Word, Above Word, and Grammatical Equivalence in the Subtitle of TROY. A Final Project. English Department Languages and Arts Faculty. Advisors : I. Dr. Djoko Sutopo, M.Si., II. Widhiyanto, S.Pd., M.Pd.
Keywords : Translation Equivalence, Strategy of Word Level Equivalence, Strategy of Above Word Level Equivalence, and Strategy of Grammatical Equivalence.
Translation is an activity of changing the language from one language (source language) into another one (target language), by giving the closest equivalent, without changing the meaning. In translation, various problems arise due to it involves more than one language with different characteristic and cultures. It is why there are many strategies used by the translators to overcome the problems.
This final project mainly aims at finding the strategies used by the translator in translating transcript of TROY movie from English into Indonesia based on the classification of word, above word and grammatical level equivalence. This study was conducted under the consideration offered by Mona Baker in her book In Other Words than in translating source text (in this case English) to target language (Indonesia) we can use some strategies to get the closest equivalent words so that the natural and acceptable translation can be achieved.
This final project was a qualitative study, which presents an analysis on how English text in movie transcript was translated into Indonesia. Observation and document methods are used in collecting the data. The document method is employed as the data are in the form of printed text: English- Indonesia of movie transcript. The observation involves several steps namely observing, identifying, classifying and evaluating. The data were analyzed descriptively.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Foremost, I praise to Allah Swt for his blessing, mercy and inspiration
during the completion of this final project.
My sincere gratitude and appreciation are addressed to Dr. Djoko Sutopo,
M.Si as my first advisor and Widhiyanto, S.Pd, M.Pd as my second advisor, for
their great patience, careful guidance, helpful correction, advice and time from the
beginning until this project was completed.
I express my great admiration and gratitude to all lecturers of the English
Department of Semarang State University for sharing their valuable knowledge
and skills. My gratitude goes to all ’02 CD classmates for all the joy and pain we
had during our togetherness.
My special gratitude and admiration are addresses to my beloved parents
for their everlasting love, support, and encouragement for me. Thank you for
being the parts of my life, you are my inspiration.
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ABSTRACT ... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv
I. INTRODUCTION ... 1
Background of the Study ... 1
Reasons for Choosing Topic ... 3
Statement of the Problem ... 4
Objective of the Study ... 4
Significances of the Study ... 4
Outline of the Report ... 5
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 6
Definition of Translation ... 6
Types of Translation ... 7
Free translation ... 7
Literal Translation ... 8
Word-for-word Translation ... 8
Process of Translation ... 8
Translation Equivalence ... 9
Equivalence at word level ... 10
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Collocation ... 12
Idiom and Fix Expression ... 12
Grammatical equivalence ... 13
Textual equivalence ... 13
Pragmatic equivalence ... 13
Translation Strategies ... 14
Strategies in word level equivalence ... 14
Translation by more general word (Superordinate) ... 14
Translation by more neutral/ less expressive word ... 14
Translation by cultural substitution ... 15
Translation using loan word or loan word plus explanation ... 15
Translation by paraphrase using related words ... 16
Translation by paraphrase using unrelated words ... 17
Translation by omission ... 17
Translation by illustration ... 18
Translation by more specific word (subordinate) ... 19
Strategies in above word level equivalence ... 19
Collocation ... 19
Idiom and Fix Expression ... 21
Strategies in grammatical level equivalence ... 23
Number ... 23
Gender ... 24
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III. METHOD OF INVESTIGATION ... 29
Research Design ... 29
Source of the Data ... 29
Procedure of Collecting the Data ... 29
Method of Data Analysis ... 31
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION ... 32
Strategy of Word Level Equivalence ... 32
Translation by more neutral word/ less expressive word ... 32
Translation by more general word superordinate) ... 33
Translation by more specific word ... 34
Translation by paraphrase using related words ... 34
Translation by paraphrase using unrelated words ... 35
Translation by omission ... 36
Strategy of Above Word Level Equivalence ... 36
Collocation ... 36
4.2.1.1 Similar Meaning Similar Form ... 36
Idiom ... 37
Similar Meaning Similar Form ... 37
x
Strategy of Grammatical Level Equivalence ... 38
Number ... 39
Person ... 40
Tense and Aspect ... 41
Voice ... 41
V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 43
Conclusion ... 43
Suggestion ... 46
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 47
1 1.1. Background of the Study
Living in modern academic atmosphere as well as in globalization world,
English becomes the most usable and inevitable language in bridging the interests
of people all around the world in their own respective. The rapid development of
English speaking countries has forced the other countries to use English as the
facilitator in enjoying the privileges of knowledge, information and even the
entertainment they already have.
The problem is that not all people in the world can understand English and use it
in terms of speaking, reading, writing or listening. In order to overcome this
problem, translation is needed. Translators play a very important role in helping
people to understand the language that they do not master. In this case I want to
take a closer look into the translation of motion pictures. When people watch
movies, it is quite impossible for them to enjoy the movies without understanding
the dialogue. I am interested in the strategy used by the translators in making use
of the limited space on the screen but still they make effective and understandable
translation.
Catford in A Linguistics Theory of Translation says, “Translation is an activity of
enormous importance in the modern world and it is a subject of interest not only
to linguist, professional and amateur translators and language teachers, but also to
2
the necessity of studying the theory and application of translation is the
responsibility of academicians across disciplines including language teachers.
Translation is converting one language (SL) to another (TL) so that the TL could
covey the intended message in SL and encodes his understanding of the TL form.
Translation is a process of replacement of messages in source language (SL) by its
equivalent in target language (TL). Meaning that the most important thing in
translation is that the TL has the closest natural equivalence with SL. Nida and
Taber also said that translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language
the closest natural equivalent of the sources language message, first in term of
meaning and secondly in term of style (1969:12).
Baker (1992) has defined five types of equivalence namely equivalence at word
level, equivalence above word level, grammatical equivalence, textual
equivalence and pragmatic equivalence. In this final project, I try to describe the
subtitling at word level, above word level and grammatical equivalence.
The script and the dialogue in Troy was written by David Benioff. The epic was
well played on the screen in 160 minutes. There are 159 pages of script. Indeed, it
is a long movie as well as long script. The story of Trojan horse has been being a
legend since thousand years ago. The dialogue is strong and touching with the
color of Greek cultures and customs. The language used in this film is not old
English but modern English.
The ultimate purpose of my study is that I need to reveal the strategy used by the
film translators in creating an effective subtitling in a grand movie like Troy.
with several adaptations at word level, above word level and grammatical
equivalence. For teachers, this kind of translation will inspire them to find the
most effective way, when they want to translate their spoken utterance on their
students.
1.2. Reason for Choosing the Topic
This study is related to translation and equivalence in transcript of troy movie.
Several reasons has became the writer’s point of considerations in choosing this
topic:
(1) Translation has been the concern of academicians from several disciplines.
Translation is more than just ability in speak in the target language and
understand it. A translator has to know and understand the language not
just semantically and grammatically, but also the culture of several
disciplines where the language is used.
(2) Translation has helped people to understand knowledge, information, and
even entertainment. Analyzing the transcript of troy movie is provided
with the expectation people who do not know the English are able to
understand how to translate the text correctly and properly.
(3) Translation in movie’s subtitle is unique because of the limited space on
the screen. The problem of translation is very complicated, from the level
of finding the most equivalent in word level until the problem of cultural.
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the language naturally in the limited space on the screen, therefore the
message can be understood correctly.
1.3. Statements of the Problem
There is a problem which described in this study:
What are the common strategies used by the translator in translating the
dialogue in Troy movie based on the classification of word, above word and
grammatical level equivalence?
1.4. Objectives of the Study The purpose of the study is:
To describe the strategies used by the translator in translating the dialogue in
Troy movie based on the classification of word, above word and grammatical
level equivalence?
1.5. Significance of the Study
At least there are two points will be derived from this study:
(1) The Translator
Theoretically, the study will provide a scholastic review of the movie
subtitle translation. It will be beneficial for translator to make sure that the
translator is conducted with care and to focus on the transfer of message by
looking of lexical, grammatical, morphological and cultural aspects of English
and Indonesian language. Therefore, translator also will know whether his
translation is equivalent with the target language or not, and whether it is
(2) The teachers and students of the English Department
Practically, the study expectedly will improve the translating ability of
English teachers especially in translating spoken utterances. The students of
the English Department get the subject of translation in the sixth semester, so
that they can study anything about how to be good translator. By analyzing the
strategies of bilingual text such as the transcript of troy movie, they will have
some awareness about it, so that they can apply it to develop their ability in
translating language when they graduate and become teachers.
1.6. Outline of the Study
This final project consists of five chapters. Chapter I consists of
Introduction, brings the background of the study, reasons for choosing the topic,
statement of the problem, objectives of the study, significance of the
study, outline of the study. Chapter II consists of review of the related literature,
describes the definition of translation, types of translation, process of translation,
translation equivalence and translation strategies. The third chapter is method of
investigation which is divided into: research design, sources of the data, procedure
of collecting data and method of data analysis. Chapter IV formulates the
translation strategy on world level, the translation strategy on above world level,
and the translation strategy on grammatical equivalence. The conclusion will be in
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1Definition of Translation
There are a number of definition made by many experts about translation.
One may give a definition on transforming forms of language from one language
into another. Others may give a definition by emphasizing translation as
transferring meaning from the source language into the target language, or even
on the basis of their point of view that regards translation as a process of
transferring culture. To posses a clear explanation about translation, the following
are some definition given by some experts.
Larson in Meaning Based Translation : A Guide to Across-cultural Equivalence,
stated :
Translation consists of transferring the meaning of the Source Language into the Target Language. This done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure. It is meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant. Only the form changes. (1984 : 3).
Here, Larson stresses that translation as a transfer of meaning from the source
language to the target language would never changes the meaning although the
form changes.
Nida and Taber as cited by Suryawinata (1989 : 11) state
Based on this opinion, Nida and Taber give us a cue that it is worth doing for
translator to translate language by making some adaptions grammatically and
lexically if it is possible and does not create a difficulty to understand. But the
more important thing is to find the equivalence which has a precise meaning
instead of preserving the form of expression which is far from the real intent.
Meaning is at the first proportion since it is the content of the message to be
conveyed, while style is at the second proportion.
Different definition is given by Frishberg (1990), he notes that in a narrows
and technical usage, translation refers to the process of changing a written
message from one language to another. While Newmark (1988) states that
translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that
the author intended and or statement in one language by the same message and/or
in another language”.
From those definitions above, the writer comes to a conclusion that
translation is an activity of changing the language from one language source
language to another language target language, by giving the closest equivalent,
without changing the meaning.
2.2Types of Translation
Catford as supported by Soegeng (1991) give three types of translation; they are
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2.2.1 Free Translation
Free translation is an unbounded method in translating a source language of
material. There is no special rule to do this activity. The translator tends to focus
on the message conveyed in the source language text, then translate it into the
target language by his/her own words which commonly used in the target
language. The translator may add or omit some words if necessary.
2.2.2 Literal Translation
Literal, Soegeng (1973:54) called it as structural translation, divides a source
material into a group-group or clause to clause translation. It keeps the basic
meaning, but makes changes in conformity with target language grammar (e.g.
inserting additional words changing structures at any rank, etc).
2.2.3 Word-for-word Translation
Word for word translation translates every word in the source language
text into target language text in the same form of grammar and word arrangement.
The result often makes confusion to the readers because each language has its own
system.
For example:
He will come here soon: Dia akan datang ke sini segera.
2.3Process of Translation
Translation process is a series of activities in which a translator uses his /
her knowledge, skill and ability to transfer messages from SL into TL. According
of approach. Secondly when we are translating, we translate with four levels more
or less consciously in mind : (1) The SL text level; (2) The referential level; (3)
The cohesive level; and (4) the naturalness level. Finally there is the revision
procedure, which may be concentrated or staggered according to the situation.
This procedure constitutes at least half of the complete process.
While Nida and Taber (1969 : 33) divide the process of translation into
three phases : 1) analysis of message in the SL, 2) transfer, 3) reconstruction of
the transferred message in the TL.
The analysis phase is the process in which grammatical relationship and the
meaning of the word(s) or word combination are analyzed. In the transfer phase,
the already analyzed materials in phase 1 are transferred in the translator’s mind
from SL to TL. The reconstruction phase is the phase where the translator rewrites
or re-expresses the materials in such away that the translation product is readable
and acceptable in terms of rules and styles in the TL.
2.4Translation Equivalence
Catford (1965 : 21) notes that “the central problem of translation practice is
that finding TL translation equivalence. A central task of translation theory is that
of defining the nature and conditions of translation equivalence”.
Equivalence is the most appropriate meaning or source language in the target
language. Bell (1991 : 70) defined the term equivalence as the replacement of a
stretch of a source language (particularly idioms, clichés, proverbs, greeting, etc)
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Mona Baker (1989:37) in her book In another Words : a Course Book on
Translation acknowledges that equivalence can usually be obtained to some
extent, but is influenced by variety of linguistic and cultural factors and is
therefore always relative. She outlines five types of translation equivalence; they
are equivalence at word level, Equivalence above word level, grammatical
equivalence, textual equivalence and pragmatic equivalence. Baker’s concept of
translation equivalence is discussed more elaborately in this final project which is
focused on the strategies used by the translator based on the classification word,
above word and grammatical level equivalence.
2.4.1 Equivalence at word level
Adopting the building-blocks approach, in translating the first consideration
if the equivalence at word level because a translator starts analyzing and exploring
the meaning of words as single units in the source languages. Bollinger and Sears
as quoted by Baker defined word as “the smallest unit of language that can be
used by itself”.
One word may contain several elements of meaning in it. For example a
word such as rewrite; there are two distinct elements of meaning in it: re and
write, i.e. ‘to write again’. There is no one-to-one correspondence between
orthographic words elements of meaning within or across languages. For instance,
bawang putih in Indonesia is written in one word garlic in English; and semangka
To differentiate the elements of meaning in words, the term morpheme is
introduced to describe the minimal formal element of meaning in language. A
word such as ‘unbelievable’ consists of three morphemes: un, meaning ‘not’,
believe meaning ‘trust in something’, and able meaning ‘able to be’. Then it can
be paraphrased as ‘cannot be believed’.
Word also has a lexical meaning, Baker said that “The lexical meaning of a
word or lexical unit may be thought of as the specific value it has in a particular
linguistic system and the ‘personality’ it acquires through usage within that
system’. In her quotation from Cruse (1976:63), she distinguishes four main types
of meaning in words and utterances : proportional meaning, expressive meaning,
presupposed meaning and evoked meaning.
The following are some common types of non-equivalence at word level :
a. Culture-specific concepts
b. The source language concepts is not lexicalized in the target language.
c. The source language word is semantically complex.
d. The source and target languages make different distinctions in meaning.
e. The target language lacks a super ordinate.
f. The target language lacks a specific term (hyponym)
g. Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective
h. Differences in expressive meaning.
i. Differences in form
j. Differences in frequency and purpose of specific forms
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2.4.2 Equivalence above word level
Besides having individual meaning, words, almost always occur in the
company of others words to construct meaning. Because of the differences lexical
patterning or source language and target language, translator usually find
difficulties in translating. Lexical patterning deals with collocation and idiom and
fix expression.
2.4.2.1 Collocation
Baker 1992:14 defines collocation as ‘semantically arbitrary restrictions
which do not follow logically from the propositional meaning of a word’. Then
Baker added that collocation is ‘the tendency of certain words to co-occur
regularly in a given language’ 1992:47
In English, people typically pay a visit, less typically make a visit, and are
likely to perform a visit Baker, 1992. Sometime we might think that words as
synonyms or near-synonyms will often have quite different sets of collocate.
English speakers say break the rule but not break the regulations, they talk of
wasting time but not squandering time.
2.4.2.2 Idiom
As Baker said, ‘Translation is an exacting art. Idiom more than any other
feature of language demands that translator be not only accurate but highly
sensitive to the rhetorical nuances of the language’ 1992:71. Unlike collocation
which are allow several variations in forms, idioms and fix expressions allow no
best, as a matter of fact, and Ladies and Gentlemen, allow little or no variation in
form.
2.4.3 Grammatical Equivalence
Baker defines grammar as ‘the set of rules which determines the way in
which units such as words and phrases can be combined in a language and the
kind of information which has to be made regularly explicit in the utterance’
(1992 : 83).
Grammatical structures are different across languages. It is why the
translator encounters difficulties in finding the direct equivalent in target
language. This lacks of grammatical categories of ten result in some change in the
information in the target language; adding or omitting information. Baker focuses
on five grammatical categories in which the translators often encounters problems,
they are number, gender, person, tense and aspect, and voice.
2.4.4 Textual Equivalence
Brown and Yule (1983 : 6) as cited by Baker defined text as ‘the verbal
record of a communicative event’ it is an instance of language in use rather than
languages an abstract system of meanings and relations’. Text is main body of
books as distinct from notes. The translator focuses on analyzing and exploring a
source text in a purpose of concerning to reveal a target text, which equal in value.
Textual equivalence refers to the equivalence between the source text and the
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2.4.5 Pragmatic Equivalence
Pragmatic equivalence looks at how texts are used in communicating
situations that involve variables such as writers, reader, and cultural context.
Pragmatics is the study of language in use. It is a study dealing with matters from
a practical point of view. It is the study of meaning, not as generated by the
linguistic system but as conveyed and manipulated by participants in a
communicative situation.
2.5.1 Strategies In Word Level Equivalence
2.5.1.1Translation by more general word (Superordinate)
This strategy is very common to the translator for dealing with many types
of non-equivalence. Because of the hierarchical structure of semantic fields if nor
language specific, it works equally well in most.
For example :
• Source Text (English) : Shampoo the hair with a mild WELLA-SHAMPOO
and lightly towel dry.
• Target Text (Spanish) : Lavar el cabello con un champu suave de WELLA y
frotar ligeramente con una toalla.
Back-Translation : Wash hair with a mild WELLA shampoo and rub lightly with
a towel.
‘Shampooing’ can be seen as a type of ‘washing’ since it is more restricted
2.5.1.2Translation by more neutral/less expressive word
The translators use this strategy because the target language has no direct
equivalent word, for example :
• Source text : The panda’s mountain home is rich in plant life ….
• Target text (back translated from Chinese) : The mountain settlements of the
panda have rich varieties of plants.
Home has no direct equivalent in Chinese; it is replaced by Chinese
near-equivalent which is less expressive and more formal.
2.5.1.3Translation by cultural substitution
This strategy is used when the target language does not have the same
propositional meaning but is likely to have similar impact on the target readers.
for example :
• Source text (English) : The Patrick collection has restaurant facilities to suit
every taste-from the discerning gourmet, to the Cream Tea expert.
• Target text (Italian) : ……. Di soddisfare tutti I gusti: da quelli del gastronomo
esigente a quelli dell’esperto di pasticceria.
Back-translation: ……… to satisfy all taste : from those of the demanding
gastronomist to those of the expert in pastry.
In Britain, cream tea is ‘an afternoon meal consisting of tea to drink and
comes with jam and clotted cream to eat. It can also include sandwich and cakes.
Cream tea has no equivalent in other cultures. The Italian translator replaced it
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meal in Britain, whereas ‘party’ is only a type of food). However, ‘pastry’ is
familiar to the Italian reader and therefore provides a good cultural substitute.
2.5.1.4Translation using loan word or loan word plus explanation
Using loan word is particularly common in dealing with culture-specific
items, modern concepts and buzz words.
For example :
• Source text (English) : The shamanic practices we have investigated are
rightly seen as an Archaic mysticism.
• Target text (back-translation from Japanese) : The shamanic behavior which
we have been researching should rightly be considered as ancient mysticism
Shaman is a technical word used in religious studies to refer to a priest or a priest
doctor among the northern tribes of Asia. It has no ready equivalent in Japanese.
The equivalent used in the translation is made up of shaman as a loan word,
written in katakana script (the script commonly used to transcribe foreign words
into Japanese) plus a Japanese suffix means ‘like’ to replace the –ic ending in
English.
2.5.1.5Translation by paraphrase using related words
This is used when the concept expressed by the source item is lexicalized
in the target language but in different form.
For example :
• Source text (English) : The creamy KOLESTRAL-SUPER is easy to apply
• Target text (back-translated from Arabic) : KOLESTRAL-SUPER is rich and
concentrated in its make-up which gives a product that resembles cream …..
The paraphrase in the Arabic text uses comparison, a strategy which can be used
to deal with other types of non-equivalence.
2.5.1.6Translation by paraphrase using unrelated words
It is used when the source item is not lexicalized at all in the target
language, but the translator wants to paraphrase so the paraphrase may be based
on modifying a superordinate or simply on unpacking the meaning of the source
item particularly if the item in question is semantically complex.
For example :
• Source text (English) : You can even dine ‘alfresco’ in the summer on our air
terrace.
• Target text (German) : Im SOmmer konnen Sie auch auf der Terrase im
Freien sitze und essen.
Back-translation : In summer you can also sit and eat on the terrace in the open.
Alfresco, ‘in the open air’, is a loan word in English. Its meaning is
unpacked in German translation. The two expression, alfresco and ‘in the open’,
have the same ‘propositional meaning, but the German expression lacks the
‘evoked’ meaning of alfresco, which is perhaps inevitable in this case. Note that
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2.5.1.7Translation by omission
If the meaning conveyed by a certain item or expression is not vital enough
to the development of the text to justify distracting the reader with lengthy
explanations, translators can and often do simply omit translating the word or
expression.
For example :
• Source text (English) : The Panda’s mountain home is rich in plant life and
gave us many of tress, shrubs and herbas most prized in European gardens.
• Target text (Back-translated from Chinese) : The mountain settlements of the
panda have rich varieties of plants. There are many kinds of trees, shrubs and
herbal plants that are preciously regarded by European gardens.
The source text addresses a European audience and the use of gave us
highlights its intended orientation. The Chinese translation addresses a different
audience and therefore suppresses the orientation of the source text by omitting
expressions which betray its original point of view.
2.5.1.8Translation by illustration
The translators may consider this strategy if the word which lacks an
equivalent in the target language refers to a physical entity which can be
illustrated, particularly if there are restrictions on space and if the text has to
remain short, concise, and to the point.
For example :
Plug and Play Handsfree (PPH-1)
Figure 5.1 appeared on Nokia 2300 Manual prepared for the Indonesia
market. There no easy way to translate Plug and Play Handsfree (PPH- 1) into
Indonesia without going into long explanations which would clutter the text. An
illustration of a pug and play handsfree is therefore used instead of a paraphrase.
2.5.1.9Translation by More Specific Word (Subordinate)
By contrast using more general word, this strategy is used when the target
language has more vocabulary to represent some similar thing with some
differences. In other words. The target language lacks a superordinate. For
example penginapan (Indonesia) can be translated into more specific words in
English such as hotel, motel, villa, cottae, condominium, and etc.
2.5.2 Strategies in above word level equivalence 2.5.2.1Collocation
There are three strategies used to deal with the problem of
non-equivalence in translating collocation. Those strategies are translating collocation
with similar meaning similar form, dissimilar meaning similar form/changing the
meaning and translating by paraphrasing.
a) Similar Meaning Similar
This is done when source collocation is unacceptable in target language
and available literally similar meaning of collocation in target language.
For example :
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b) Strong tea
c) Keep a dog/cat
target text (Arabic) : a) Contradict the law
(Japanese) : b) Dense tea
(Danish) : c) Hold a dog/cat
A Japanese, Arabic, or Danish translator would not hesitate to make the necessary
adjustment since, to all intents and purposes, the English/Japanese,
English/Arabic, English/Danish collocation have the same meanings, respectively.
b) Dissiminar meaning similar form/changing the meaning
This happens due to in translation often involves a tension a difficult choice
between what is typical and what is accurate. The nearest acceptable collocation
in the target language will often involve some changes in meaning.
For example :
• Source text (English) : hard drink
• Target text (back translated from Arabic) : Alcoholic drink
Hard drink refers only to spirits in English, for example whisky, gin, and
brandy. It does not include other alcoholic drinks such as beer, lager, or sherry.
The Arabic collocation however, refers to any alcoholic drink, including beer,
lager, sherry, as well as spirits. The meanings of the two collocations therefore do
not map completely.
c) Translating by paraphrasing
This is used because some collocations reflect the cultural setting in which
significantly different, there will be instances when the source text will contain
collocations which convey what to the target reader would be unfamiliar
associations of ideas. Then the translators need to paraphrase or explain the
collocation.
For example :
• Source text (English) : Papers relating to the lesser-known languages will be
particularly welcome.
• Target text (Back translated from Russian) : We intend to discuss separately
questions concerning the so-called “small’, i.e. les widespread and ‘big’, i.e.
more widespread languages.
In English academic writing, it is common and acceptable to talk about
‘lesser-known language’, as well ‘major languages’ and ‘minor languages’
Russians has no equivalent collocations.
2.5.2.2Idiom and Fix Expression
Another study of analyzing strategies to translate idiom and fix expression
was conducted by Rurry Prihartini (2003), as cited from Baker, there are four
offered to overcome the difficulties in translating idiom and fix expression. They
are using an idiom of similar meaning and form, using an idiom of similar
meaning but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase, and translation by
22
a) Using an idiom of similar meaning and form
This is can be used if there is an idiom in target language which is roughly
conveys the same meaning as that of the source language idiom and, in addition,
consists of equivalent lexical items.
For example :
• Source Text (Englih) : The Fayeds have turned the pre-bid of Fraser strategy
on its head.
• Target text (back-translated from Arabic) : And with this the Fayeds brothers
have turned the strategy of the House of Fraser previous to offer of ownership
head over heel.
The Arabic expression, which means ‘upside down’, is similar in form only to
another English idiom. Head over heel (in love), meaning ‘very much in love’.
b) Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form
The idiom in target language has a meaning similar to that of the source
text but consists of different lexical items.
For examples :
• Source text (English) : Feel the force of my fist, frozen friend!
• Target Text (German) : Dir werde ich einheizen, du Scheusal!
Back-translation : I will make things hot for you, monster! The above
statement is addressed to an ice monster The German expression Dir werde
ich einheizen means literally, or has near literally as possible, ‘I will put
c) Translation by paraphrase
This strategy can be used when a match cannot find in the target language
or when it seems inappropriate to use idiomatic language in the target text because
of differences in stylistic preferences of the source and target languages.
For example :
• Source language (English). Best news of all a decision to develop a system ….
• Target text (Back translated from Chinese) : The best news is a decision to
develop a system of …….
‘The best news is’ does not have the status of a fix expression in Chinese.
Although it looks very familiar to Best news of all, it is just a paraphrase of the
English expression.
d) Translation by omission
An idiom may sometimes be omitted altogether in the target text as with
single words. This may be because it has no close in the target language, cannot
be easily paraphrased, or for stylistic reasons.
For example :
• Source text : …, to see that Professor Smith had doubled his own salary before
recommending the offer from Fayed, and added a pre-dated bonus for good
measure.
• Back translated from Arabic : .., that Professor Smith had been able to double
his salary twice before offering his recommendation to accepts Fayed’s offer,
and that he added to his a bonus, the date of which had been previously
24
2.5.3 Strategies in Grammatical Level Equivalence 2.5.3.1Number
Not all languages have grammatical category of number, it is why the
translators often face difficulties and make some adjustments by changing the
information. The strategies used by the translator depend on the grammatical rules
in the target language. The common problem arises when a translator working
from a language with has number distinctions into a language with no category of
number. The followings are some example of strategies used :
a) Omitting the relevant information on number • Source text (English) : China’s Panda reserves
• Target text (Back-translated from Chinese) : China’s Panda Protection-Zone.
‘Protection zone’ is a literal rendering of the accepted Chinese translation
of reserve. It is not marked for number. The reader of the Chinese text has no way
of knowing, from this title, whether China has one or more than one panda
reserves.
b) Encoding this information lexically
• Source text (English) : The heads of the ministries created in 1869 were not
directly …
• Target text (Back-translated from Japanese): The head <s> of various
ministry<ies> created in Meiji 2nd are not directly …
A Japanese word meaning ‘various’ is added in the translation to indicate that
reference is made to more than one ministry and, by implication, more than one
2.5.3.2Gender
The common strategy used to overcome the problem caused by gender in
translation is making the necessary adjustment, for instance by adding the gender
dimension in the target text.
For example :
• Source text (English : Kolesteral Super) : Shampoo the hair with a mild
WELLA-SHAMPOO and lightly towel dry.
• Target text (back translated from Arabic) : The hair is washed with ‘wella’
shampoo provided that it is a mild shampoo. Then the hair is dried by means
of a towel, a simple drying so that the hair is left damp.
An Arabic or writer has to select between ‘you, masculine’ (anta) and you
feminine (anti) in case of the second-person singular. Moreover, this type of
information must be signaled of the verb itself : an Arabic verb has different
forms depending on whether its subject is, for instance, second-person singular
feminine or third-person plural masculine. In fact, pronouns such as ‘she’ and ‘I’
are usually redundant in Arabic and are used mainly for emphasis, since all the
information they carry is incorporated in the form of the verb.
2.5.3.3Person
The following is an example of strategy used to solve the problematic
situation of having to make decisions in the target language along dimensions of
formality and familiarity which are not explicitly stated in the source text.
26
• English source text : ‘Darling – don’t you understand ? I’ve tried not to say I
love you-‘. She stopped me. I do understand Charles. And I like your funny
way of doing things ….’.
• French translation : ‘Mais vous ne comprenez done pas ? Vous ne voyez done
pas que je fais tout ce que peux pour ne pas vous dire que je vous aime et ….
Elle m’interrompit. J’ai parfaitement compris, Charles, et votre facon comice
de presenter les choses m’est tres sympathique ….
Note the use of the vous form in the French translation, indicating a level
of formality and politeness which are not overtly conveyed in the English original.
Taking to father :
• English source text : But your police force is fully efficient, … I shall figure in
the reports you get.
• French translation : Mais ta police a I’oeil et un de tes homes … le reports qui
te sera remis.
The selective use of vous and tu forms in dialogues involving different
characters suggest that the French translator had to make conscious decisions
about the nature of the relationships among different characters and about the
social standing of these characters as reflected in their adoption of certain
convention to do with approved/non-approved expression of familiarity and/or
deference.
2.5.3.4Tense and Aspect
In some languages, the tense and aspect system, or parts of it may be highly
but some of the languages have no formal category of tense and aspect. It can
pose various problems in translation. The followings are some strategies used by
the translators.
a) Using adverbials to indicate time reference where necessary and feasible in the target language.
For example :
• Source text (English) : This attractive black and white mammal widespread
human appeal and has become a symbol for conservation efforts …..
• Target text (Back-translated from Chinese) : This attractive black-white
mammal widely by people and already become a symbol of conversation
efforts ….
The adverbial yi-jing, meaning ‘already’, is added to the equivalent of become to
give the effect of the present perfect in English has become.
b) Omitting the time reference altogether where it can be inferred from the context or where the information is not felt to be important.
For example :
• Source text (English) : Species like this mountain rhododendron were
collected by 19th century botanists ….
• Target text (Back-translated from Chinese) : Species like this rhododendron
collect <ed> by 19th century botanist …..
The connotations of pastness in the above extract can be inferred from the
context, because of the reference to nineteenth-century botanists. There is
28
c) Changing the tenses For example :
• Source text (English) : The heads of the ministries created in 1869 were not
directly responsible for ‘advising and assisting’ (hohitsu) the emperor, though
they were to become so in 1889,
• Target text (Back-translated from Japanese) : The head <s> of the various
ministr<ies> which were creayed in Meiji 2nd are not directly responsible for
‘hohitsu’ the emperor. It was in Meiji 22nd that it became so.
The use of the non-past suggests that the statement made aout the role of the
heads of the ministries prior to 1889 is based on the author’s personal assessment
of the situation, as opposed to the statement concerning their role from 1889
onwards, which, presumably is supported by hard facts. (Meiji 2nd and Meiji 22nd
refer to the equivalents of 1869 and 1889 respectively in the Japanese calendar)
2.5.3.5Voice
Grammatical category of voices relates with use of active and passive voice.
Languages which have a category of voices do not always use the passive with the
same frequency and occasionally have different meaning and function. To solve
the problem posed by grammatical category of voice, the translators usually
render a passive structure by an active structure, or conversely an active structure
29
In order to pursue the objectives of this study, the writer applies the
following methodologies which are divided into six sections: (1)research design,
(2)source of data, (3)procedure of collecting the data, and (4) method of data
analysis.
3.1Research Design
The research design of this study is descriptive qualitative research. A
qualitative research did not focus on numerals or statistic but gives most attention
on how deep the writer’s knowledge towards the interaction among concepts
which is being learned.
This consideration leads the writer to support his study by conducting
library study. It means that the investigation based on the translation of the
transcript of Troy movie as the main source. In addition, the writer tries as for as
he can to explore some reference source books, takes important information and
ideas from significant authors to support his ideas of his thesis.
3.2Source of Data
The data was the subtitles of the movie of Troy. The writer takes the text on
the first disc only as the population to get a hundred sentences which have
30
3.3Procedure of Collecting the Data
Arikunto (2002 : 126) notes that they are four methods in collecting data,
namely (1) interview, (2) observation, (3) questionnaire and (4) document. In this
thesis, observation and document methods are used. The document method is
employed as the data are in the form of printed text: The Indonesian subtitles of
the movie of Troy. The procedure observation includes the following steps :
(1) Observing
After reading the Indonesian subtitles on Troy disc 1, preliminary
observation was carried and to find out whether there were sufficient data for the
study. The observation will show numbers sentences contained sufficient data
with many sentences showing some different strategis in word, above word and
grammatical level equivalence as mentioned by Baker 1992.
(2) Identifying
The writer identified the strategies used in translating the English sentences
into Indonesian translation. This was done by matching every word or phrase in
the English text with the meaning in Indonesian translation. The writer analyzed
what the strategies used to translate the non-equivalence of word, phrase or clause
based on the level of word, above word and grammatical equivalence.
(3) Classifying
In this step; the selected sentences were classified into the strategies of
three level equivalences.
All identified strategies were evaluated to see whether the using of those
strategies could obtain equivalent in translation of the target text.
3.4Method of Data Analysis
After collecting the data, the writer analyzed it by using descriptive
analysis which involves descriptive and the interpretation of the data. The data
were described and interpreted into the writer own sentences. For the grammatical
level, it was compared with the structure of the Indonesia translation and the
English original version. In doing this, the writer related it to translation theory.
32 CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the strategies used in translating the transcript of
Troy movie into Bahasa Indonesia. The strategies are analyzed under three main
headings; they are strategies in word level equivalence, strategies in above word
equivalence, and strategies in grammatical level equivalence.
4.1 Strategy in Word Level Equivalence
As discussed in chapter II, the strategies in word level equivalence are
translation by more general word (superordinate), translation by more specific
word, translation by more neutral/ less expressive word, translation by cultural
substitution, translation using loan word or loan word plus explanation, translation
by paraphrase using unrelated words, translation by omission, and translation by
illustration. In transcript of Troy movie, the strategies used are using more
neutral/ less expressive word, using more general word, using more specific word,
using loan word paraphrasing using related word, paraphrasing using unrelated
word and omission.
4.1.1 Translation by more neutral word/ less expressive word.
The examples below show the using of more neutral word/ less expressive
word:
(1) a. Yes, he is a gifted killer. (sentc. 139)
b. Ya, ia pembunuh hebat. (sentc. 139)
b. Aku akan merasa tenang. (sentc. 170)
In sentence (1) the word gifted is translated into the Indonesian word
hebat. Gifted has meaning given something special while hebat means great.
Possibly to avoid conveying the wrong meaning, the translator opted for choosing
more neutral word, therefore the TL readers do not misunderstand. Gifted has no
ready exact equivalent in TL.
Better in sentence (2) is translated into tenang. Here, we can identify that
the translator used more neutral word because the closest equivalent for the word
better is lebih baik in TL. This, however, would sound unnatural and out of
context because lebih baik itself has several meaning in TL.
4.1.2 Translation by more general word (superordinate) The examples below shows the using more general word:
(1) a. I was having a good dream. (sentc. 9)
b. Aku sedang mimpi indah. (sentc. 9)
(2) a. A very good dream. (sentc. 10)
b. Mimpi yang sangat indah. (sentc. 10)
(3) a. I wouldn’t want to fight him. (sentc. 21)
b. Aku tak mau menghadapinya. (sentc. 21)
The word good (sentence (1)) is translated indah. Good means having the
right or desired qualities, giving satisfaction. The TL doesn’t have a word to
represent good outherwise indah the most equipment word. Back-translation of
34
Good in sentence (2) has no direct equivalent in TL. The writer had
explained the translation in previous paragraph.
The word fight (sentences (3)) is translated menghadapi. Fight is kind of
action to force something. The translator used more general word because the
closest equivalent for the word fight is menghadapi. In the other hand, this would
be out of context because hadap itself has several meaning in TL.
4.1.3 Translation by more specific word
The examples below shows the using more specific word:
(1) a. It’s not just the Spartans coming after her. (sentc. 212)
b. Bukan hanya prajurit Sparta yang mengejar dia. (sentc. 212)
In sentence (1), Spartans is translated prajurit Sparta. Spartans means
people who live in Sparta. Prajurit Sparta is more specific than Spartans. In the
example below, the translator is assumed using more specific word in translation
word end (sentence (2)) into ujung.
(2) a. He’ll track us to the end of the world. (sentc. 238)
b. Ia akan mengejar hingga ke ujung dunia. (Sentc. 238)
4.1.4 Translation by paraphrase using related words
The examples below show the suing of paraphrase with related words:
(1) a. Be careful whom you insult, old king. (sentc. 5)
b. Hati-hati kepada siapa kau menghina, raja tua. (sentc.5).
(2) a. Achilles is not with the army. (sentc. 6)
b. Raja, Achilles tidak ada dalam pasukan. (sentc. 6).
b. Aku sudah kirim anak untuk mencarinya. (sentc. 8)
(4) a. I’ll speak to your king in the morning. (sentc. 12)
b. Aku akan bicara pada rajamu besok pagi. (sentc. 15)
In sentence (1) the word whom is translated into kepada siapa. Here, we
can assume that the translator uses paraphrasing with related word since whom is
just one word then in its translation, kepada siapa contains two words, kepada
and siapa. While if we look in the back translation of kepada siapa is to whom.
Similarly, the word with in sentence (2) with is translated into ada dalam.
It can be assumed that the translator uses paraphrasing using related word since
with is just one word while ada dalam contains two words.
In sentence (3) the word look for is translated into mencari. The translator
uses paraphrasing using related word since look for contains two words while
mencari is just one word.
On the other hand, in sentence (4) the word morning is translated into
besok pagi. The equivalent used in translation is made up of morning as a
paraphrasing using related word. Here, we can presume that the translator uses
paraphrasing using related word since morning is just one word then in its
translation, besok pagi contains two words, besok dan pagi. While if we look on
the back translation of besok pagi is tomorrow morning.
4.1.5 Translation by paraphrase using unrelated word
The examples below show the using of paraphrase using unrelated words:
a. The ruler of Thessaly carries this scepter. (sent.33)
36
The sentences shows that scepter is translated into pusat tongkat
kekuasaan. Here, the translator paraphrased the word scepter become three words
in TL; pusat tongkat and kekuasaan. All the words in TL have no relation with
the word in SL. If we re-translate the TL back to the SL pusat tongkat kekuasaan
become a center stick of rules.
4.1.6 Translation by omission
This strategy can be used as a last resort, when the advantages of
producing a smooth, readable translation clearly outweigh the value of rendering a
particular meaning accurately in a given context.
The examples below show the using of omission:
a. They say your mother is an immortal goddes. (sentc. 16).
b. Mereka bilang ibu tuan adalah seorang dewi. (sentc. 16)
In sentence immortal goddess is just translated dewi instead of dewi abadi.
The translator omitted the word immortal.
4.2 Strategy of Above Word Level Equivalence 4.2.1 Collocation
4.2.1.1 Similar Meaning Similar From
The examples below show the using similar meaning and similar from in
translating collocation.
(1) a. Achilles. Look at the men’s faces. (sentc. 26)
b. Achilles. Lihat wajah mereka. (sentc. 26)
b. Aku akan bertarung hingga mati. (sentc, 95).
In sentence (1), look at is translated lihat. The word look can be
collocated with some words and create different meaning. The collocation of look
at has similar meaning and form in TL, lihat. The followings are the collocation
of verb look:
o Look after : take care of someone.
o Look for : to seek something or someone.
In sentence (2) die fighting is translated become bertarung hingga mati.
Both SL and TL collocation have the same meaning and form. Die as a verb can
be collocated with some words which create different meaning. As a verb die
means come to end of life. The following is collocation of die.
Die game, die hard, die in harness,etc.
4.2.2 Idiom
4.2.2.1Similar Meaning Similar Form
The examples below show the using similar meaning and form in
translating idioms:
(1) a. I’m afraid of tomorrow, watching you sail away and knowing you’ll never
come back. (sentc. 55).
b. Aku takut hari esok. Aku takut melihatmu berlayar dan tahu kau takkan
kembali. (sentc. 55)
(2) a. Turn us around Back to sparta. (sentc. 77)
38
Come back in Sentence (1) is a common idiom in English, it means return.
Kembali is very equivalent with come back. Here, the translator has translated the
idiom without changing the meaning and form.
In sentence (2), turn around is translated putar. Turn around means take a
new direction. The translator exactly found the accurate translation. Here, we can
identify that the translator using idiom of similar meaning and form translating
this English idiom.
4.2.2.2Similar Meaning Different From
The examples below show the using similar meaning different from in
translating idioms:
(1) a. That sounds heroic to you, doesn’t it? To die fighting. (sentc . 96)
b. Bagimu itu pahlawan kan? Bertarung hingga mati. (sentc. 96)
(2) a. All my life I’ve stood by your side, fought your enemies. (sentc. 115)
b. Seumur hidup aku di sampingmu menghadapi musuhmu. (sentc. 115).
In sentence (1), the translator chooses bagimu to translate that sounds
instead of itu kedengaran since the second translation is considered too long and
sounds unnatural. Here the translator has hanged the form without loosing the
meaning.
Similar with sentence (1), the English idiom in sentence (2), stood by your
side, has translated into di sampingmu which has different from with the source
4.3 Strategy of Grammatical Level Equivalence
In the grammatical level equivalence, it is found the problems of
equivalence only in four grammatical categories, number, person, tense and aspect
and voice. In the analysis the writer did not identify the problem of non-
equivalence strategy in the category gender.
4.3.1 Number
As have been discussed in chapter two, generally the strategy used in
translating grammatical category of numbers is consists of two main headings;
they are omitting the relevant information on number and encoding the
information lexically. But it does not always work applied in all languages
considering not all language distinguish grammatical category of number.
Especially translation of English into Indonesia or vice versa, those two
strategy can be applied easily because both English and singular, for whom,
human, thing or animal etc. it makes plural become singular or vice versa, plural
into plural and singular into singular.
It can be seen the following sentences:
(1) a. Boagrius has this effect on many heroes. (sentc. 4)
b. .Boagrius sudah membuat takut banyak pahlawan. (sentc. 4)
(2) a. I’ve killed men brother, I’ve watched them dying, I’ve heard them dying.
(sentc. 101)
b. Aku sudah membunuh banyak orang, aku melihat dan mendengar mereka
sekarat. (sentc. 101)
40
b. Apa cerita tentang tuan benar? (sentc. 15)
(4) a. We’ve had conflicts before, it’s true we’ve fought many battles. (sentc. 36).
b. Sebelumnya kita punya masalah, Sparta dan troya sudah melakukan
banyak peperangan. (sentc. 36).
Plural form has been changed into singular form in sentence (1). The
translator chose pahlawan instead of pahlawan-pahlawan for heroes. Those words
are not marked for number in any way and the TL readers can only guess whether
the writer talking about one or several hero.
In sentence (2), the noun men (plural) is translated into banyak orang
(plural). The SL is changing the form (man into men) in some other way to
indicate whether it refers to more than one man, while the TL encodes the
plurality by reduplicating the noun (banyak orang). Here, the translator keeps the
plurality by reduplicating the word. Meanwhile in sentence (4), battles is
translated peperangan, the translator changed the plural form into the singular one
instead of keeps the plural form of the noun. Here, reduplicating the word can be
used but if would make the translation sounds odd and too long. The translator
may decide to encode the relevant information lexically, by added ‘beberapa’
which in Indonesia indicate the plurality. ‘Beberapa peperangan’ means the noun
is more than one or two.
4.3.2 Person
All languages have modes of address which can be used to express
use kamu, saudara, anda, kau, engkau, but in English you may addressed to
everyone.
The examples below show the matter of person category in transcript of
troy movie:
(1) a. They’re waiting for you. (sentc. 14)
b. Mereka menunggu tuan. (sentc. 14)
(2) a. But I’ve always respected your father. (sentc. 37).
b. Tapi aku selalu menghormati ayah kalian. (sentc. 37).
In sentence (1), you Is translated tuan instead of kamu, because it relates
to familiar/ unfamiliar dimension. The speaker is stranger so the translator uses
tuan which is the most polite in TL. Similarly, in the sentence (2) your… is
translated into ...kalian rather than kamu, kau, engkau or saudara-saudara since
the speaker is unfamiliar person and the context is formal.
4.3.3 Tense and Aspect
The examples below shows the using
(1) a. Before you came to Sparta, I was a ghost. (sentc. 56).
b. Sebelum kau datang di Sparta, aku hantu. (sentc. 56)
Sentence (1) I was a ghost is translated aku hantu. The SL is simple past
tense while the TL is simple present. In SL time aspect is indicated by the form of
the verb, while in TL the verb never change but it is added with time adverbial
such as akan, tadi, sudah, pagi ini, di siang hari, kemarin etc.
(2) a. But I’ll love you. (sentc. 63).
42
Sentence (2) is not translated tapi aku akan mencintaimu. The word akan
indicates that it will happen in the future. From the discussion above, we can
assume that the translator change the tense from future tense into present tense.
4.3.4 Voice
The examples below shows the using
(1) a. Perhaps we should have our war tomorrow, when you’re better rested.
(sentc. 23)
b. Mungkin kita lakukan pertarungan besok setelah kau istirahat. (sentc. 23).
(2) a. To Sparta? They’ll kill you. (sentc. 94)
b. Ke Sparta? Kau akan dibunuh. (sentc. 94).
Sentence (1) is not translated setelah kau diistirahatkan lebih baik. Here,
the translator has changed the voice, SL active voice into TL passive voice. This
may be done to make the translation smooth and sounds natural.
In sentence (2), the subject in SL becomes object in TL so that the voice is
changing from active into passive. It can be seen from the verb, they’ll kill you is
translated into kau akan dibunuh instead of mereka akan membunuhmu.
(3) a. How many battalions does the Sun God command? (sentc. 219)
b. Berapa battalion yang dimiliki para dewa? (sentc. 219).
(4) a. My parents sent me there when I was sixteen to marry Menelaus, but it
was never my home. (sentc. 230)
b. Aku dikirim untuk menikahi Menelaus saat usiaku 16 tahun, tapi sparta
The translator also changes the voice from passive into active. It can be
seen from sentence (3) and (4). In sentence (3), the Sun God command is
translated into dimiliki para dewa instead of para dewa miliki. From the example
above, it can be identified that the translator used the anonym of the verb
(command>< commanded command = memerintah and commanded=
diperintah). While in sentence (4), the changing from passive into active because
of the translator add the participant as the subject (aku) in TL and the subject in
44 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
In translating an English text into Indonesia, the translator deals with two
languages that are quite different. In the translation of transcript of troy movie,
there are found some non-equivalent, for instance the word ‘better’ is translated
tenang instead of lebih baik which sounds more natural. But, generally the
English-Indonesia translation of transcript of troy movie is a good translation. It is
acceptable in Indonesia as the target language. The translator is able to convey
the meaning accurately.
After analyzing the strategies of English-Indonesia Translation of
transcript of troy movie, some points can be drawn as follows:
1) In the word level equivalence, the strategies used by the translator are:
• Using more neutral/ less expressive word (because the target language has no
direct equivalent word, e.g. gifted is translated into hebat).
• Using more general word (because of the hierarchical structure of semantic
fields is not language specific, e.g good is translated into indah).
• Using more specific word (the target language lacks a superodinate, e.g.
Spartans is translated prajurit Sparta).
• Paraphrasing using related word (when the concept expressed by the source
item is lexicalized in the target language but in different form, e.g look for is
