KRISTIA, ANDIRA. Indonesian Translation of Agatha Christie’s Book Titles: the Study of Equivalence, Translation Techniques, and Title Writing Techniques Applied. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.
This undergraduate thesis is about the equivalence, translation techniques, and title writing techniques of Agatha Christie’s books which are translated into Indonesian. Equivalence and translation techniques are considered as important things in translation studies because the comparison of texts in different languages necessarily involved theory of equivalence and what translation techniques that are being used. Moreover, the writer related the equivalence and translation techniques with the title writing techniques used to write the Indonesian book titles in order to deepen this analysis on translation.
There were three research objectives of this thesis. Firstly, this thesis analyzed the equivalence of Indonesian translation of Agatha Christie’s book titles. Secondly, the thesis examined what translation techniques used by the translators in translating the book titles. Thirdly, after the equivalence and translation techniques used are founded, the writer analyzed the techniques used by the translator to write Agatha Christie’s Indonesian book titles.
The method applied for this thesis is library research. The theories needed for this thesis were taken from various books in the field of translation studies. Thus, the theories used in this thesis are based on the theories from the experts of each field, such as Nida, Molina and Albir, and Putra.
KRISTIA, ANDIRA. Indonesian Translation of Agatha Christie’s Book Titles: the Study of Equivalence, Translation Techniques, and Title Writing Techniques Applied. Yogyakarta: Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016.
Skripsi ini membahas tentang kesepadanan, teknik penerjemahan, dan teknik penulisan judul pada buku Agatha Christie yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Kesepadanan dan teknik penerjemahan termasuk hal penting dalam studi penerjemahan karena perbandingan teks dalam bahasa yang berbeda tentu melibatkan teori kesepadanan dan teknik penerjemahan yang digunakan. Selain itu, penulis mengaitkan kesepadanan dan teknik penerjemahan dengan teknik penulisan judul yang digunakan untuk menulis judul buku dalam Bahasa Indonesia untuk memperdalam analisis ini terkait penerjemahan.
Terdapat tiga tujuan penelitian yang di analisa dalam skripsi ini. Pertama, analisis kesepadanan terjemahan bahasa Indonesia dari judul buku Agatha Christie. Kedua, analisis teknik penerjemahan apa yang digunakan oleh penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan judul buku. Ketiga, setelah kesepadanan dan teknik penerjemahan telah dianalisa, penulis menganalisa teknik yang digunakan oleh penerjemah untuk menulis judul buku Agatha Christie dalam Bahasa Indonesia.
Metode yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah penelitian pustaka. Teori-teori yang dibutuhkan untuk skripsi ini diambil dari berbagai buku di bidang studi terjemahan. Dengan demikian, teori yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini berdasarkan pada teori-teori dari para ahli di bidangnya, seperti Nida, Molina dan Albir, dan Putra.
INDONESIAN TRANSLATION OF AGATHA CHRISTIE’S
BOOK TITLES:
THE STUDY OF EQUIVALENCE, TRANSLATION
TECHNIQUES, AND TITLE WRITING TECHNIQUES APPLIED
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
ANDIRA KRISTIA Student Number: 124214072
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
ii
INDONESIAN TRANSLATION OF AGATHA CHRISTIE’S
BOOK TITLES:
THE STUDY OF EQUIVALENCE, TRANSLATION
TECHNIQUES, AND TITLE WRITING TECHNIQUES APPLIED
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
ANDIRA KRISTIA Student Number: 124214072
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ for His blessing on me during the whole process of this undergraduate thesis writing. He has always been besides me, holding me if I am about to fall and I am blessed because when things did not work as I expected, I know behind all of that He is working in my life and the result is amazing. I would also like to thank my advisor, Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, S.S., M.Hum., who has guided me in writing this thesis and to my co-advisor, Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum., for every suggestion and correction which lead to the betterment of this thesis.
My deepest gratitude goes to my parents, my family, Desmond Anabrang and his family, for the unconditional love and support for me until I can finish this thesis. I am thankful for that and will cherish them for the rest of my life.
Last but not least, my heart goes to Yohana, Widya, Laksmi, Agatha, Fay, Dea, Sandra, Pieter, Alex, and all of my dearest friends whose names cannot be mentioned each. Thank you for the support, laughter, and happy memories until now.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... ii
APPROVAL PAGE ... iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ... v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ... vi
MOTTO PAGE ... vii
DEDICATION PAGE ... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... x
LIST OF CHARTS ... xii
LIST OF TABLES ... xiii
ABSTRACT ... xiv
ABSTRAK ... xv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Background of the Study ... 1
B. Problem Formulation ... 3
C. Objectives of the Study ... 4
D. Definition of Terms ... 4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 6
A. Review of Related Studies ... 6
B. Review of Related Theories ... 7
1. Theories of Translation ... 7
2. Theories of Equivalence ... 9
3. Translation Techniques... 11
vi
C. Theoretical Framework... 18
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 20
A. Areas of Research ... 20
B. Object of the Study ... 20
C. Method of the Study ... 21
D. Research Procedure ... 21
1. Types of Data... 21
2. Data Collection ... 22
3. Population and Sample ... 23
4. Data Analysis ... 23
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ... 26
A. The Equivalence of Agatha Christie’s Book Titles ... 26
1. Formal Equivalence ... 28
2. Dynamic Equivalence ... 36
B. Translation Techniques Analysis of Agatha Christie’s Book Titles ... 43
a. Adaptation ... 44
b. Amplification ... 45
c. Borrowing ... 45
d. Discursive Creation ... 46
e. Literal Translation ... 47
f. Modulation ... 48
g. Particularization ... 48
h. Transposition ... 49
C. Title Writing Techniques Analysis of Agatha Christie’s Indonesian Book Titles ... 50
a. Combining the main character with a predicate ... 51
vii
c. Alias ... 52
d. The essence of the story... 53
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 54
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 57
APPENDICES ... 59
Appendix 1: Data of Agatha Christie’s Book Titles………...59
Appendix 2: The Equivalence Analysis Result………...60
Appendix 3: The Translation Techniques Analysis Result……….62
Appendix 4: The Title Writing Technique Analysis Result………63
viii
LIST OF CHARTS
Chart 1. The Result of Equivalence in the Translation of Agatha Christie's Book Titles (in Percentage)……….………..……….27
Chart 2. The Result of Translation Techniques Analysis in Agatha Christie’s Book
Titles (in Percentage)………...43
Chart 3. The Result of Title Writing Techniques in Agatha Christie’s Indonesian Book
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Comparison of Nida’s Formal and Dynamic Equivalence……….…..…9 Table 2. Comparison of Newmark’s Semantic and Communicative
Translation………..………...……....10
Table 3. Classification of Data……….22 Table 4. The Equivalence of Agatha Christie’s Indonesian Book Titles………..24 Table 5. The Translation Technique Used in Translating Agatha Christie’s Book Titles………...……….24 Table 6. The Technique Used to Write Indonesian Titles of Agatha Christie’s Books………...………25 Table 7. The Example of Formal Equivalence in the Translation of Agatha Christie’s Book Titles………..28 Table 8. The Example of Dynamic Equivalence in the Translation of Agatha Christie’s
x ABSTRACT
KRISTIA, ANDIRA. Indonesian Translation of Agatha Christie’s Book Titles: the Study of Equivalence, Translation Techniques, and Title Writing Techniques Applied. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.
This undergraduate thesis is about the equivalence, translation techniques, and title writing techniques of Agatha Christie’s books which are translated into Indonesian. Equivalence and translation techniques are considered as important things in translation studies because the comparison of texts in different languages necessarily involve those theories.
There were three research objectives of this thesis. Firstly, this thesis analyzed the equivalence of Indonesian translation of Agatha Christie’s book titles. Secondly, the thesis examined what translation techniques used by the translators in translating the book titles. Thirdly, after the equivalence and translation techniques used are founded, the writer analyzed the techniques used by the translator to write Agatha Christie’s Indonesian book titles in order to deepen this analysis on translation.
The method applied for this thesis is library research. The theories needed for this thesis were taken from various books in the field of translation studies. Thus, the theories used in this thesis are based on the theories from the experts of each field, such as Nida, Molina and Albir, and Putra.
xi ABSTRAK
KRISTIA, ANDIRA. Indonesian Translation of Agatha Christie’s Book Titles: the Study of Equivalence, Translation Techniques, and Title Writing Techniques Applied. Yogyakarta: Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016.
Skripsi ini membahas tentang kesepadanan, teknik penerjemahan, dan teknik penulisan judul pada buku Agatha Christie yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Kesepadanan dan teknik penerjemahan termasuk hal penting dalam studi penerjemahan karena perbandingan teks dalam bahasa yang berbeda tentu melibatkan teori-teori tersebut
Terdapat tiga tujuan penelitian yang dianalisis dalam skripsi ini. Pertama, analisis kesepadanan terjemahan bahasa Indonesia dari judul buku Agatha Christie. Kedua, analisis teknik penerjemahan apa yang digunakan oleh penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan judul buku. Ketiga, setelah kesepadanan dan teknik penerjemahan telah dianalisis, penulis menganalisis teknik yang digunakan oleh penerjemah untuk menulis judul buku Agatha Christie dalam Bahasa Indonesia untuk memperdalam analisis ini terkait penerjemahan.
Metode yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah penelitian pustaka. Teori-teori yang dibutuhkan untuk skripsi ini diambil dari berbagai buku di bidang studi terjemahan. Dengan demikian, teori yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini berdasarkan pada teori-teori dari para ahli di bidangnya, seperti Nida, Molina dan Albir, dan Putra.
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language is a tool used by human beings to communicate with each other. Human beings use language to transfer messages in everyday life. However, the problem is that not all people have the same mother tongue and a process is needed so that the messages in those different languages can be conveyed and understood. This process is defined as translation. Translation allows two people who have different languages to communicate with each other and share a message. Translation not only works in spoken language but also in written language.
In the context of written language, Newmark (1981:7) stated that “translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message
and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language”. It can be concluded that translation is needed to reconstruct sentences, messages, and ideas from the source language to the target language. After the text has been translated, the next thing is to know whether the translated text is equivalent to the original text.
equivalence. This is in accordance with Nida’s statement that “the success of the translation depends above all on achieving equivalent response” (1964:
164). Hatim states that the term equivalence means “the closest possible approximation to ST meaning” (1990:8). This statement is clarified by the theory of equivalence proposed by Nida. According to Nida, there are two different types of equivalence, formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence (1964:159). Formal equivalence tries to remain as close to the original text as possible. This is much more of a word–to–word translation. Contrasted with that, dynamic equivalence involves taking each sentence from the original text and translating it into a sentence in the TL that conveys the same meaning, but does not necessarily use the exact phrasing or idioms of the original.
In this thesis, the writer did the research specifically on the translation of Agatha Christie’s books. Agatha Christie (1890-1976), a popular British author, is especially renowned for crime fiction and detective novels. The most popular fictional character that she created is Hercule Poirot. Hercule Poirot is a Belgian private detective that is characterized with moustache, perfectionism, and little gray cells. The writer used series of detective books by Agatha Christie with Hercule Poirot as the main character are the primary source of the data for this thesis.
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translated farther from the original titles. The following are some examples that illustrate the differences occur after the translation of the book titles. One of Christie’s books, Taken at the Flood, is translated into Mengail di Air Keruh in
Bahasa Indonesia. Mengail di Air Keruh holds literal meaning Fishing in the Turbid Water when it is translated literally in English. Another example is Evil Under the Sun which is translated into Pembunuhan di Teluk Pixy. Pembunuhan di Teluk Pixy holds literal meaning Murder in the Pixy Cove when it is translated literally in English. The differences in the translated titles raises the writer’s curiosity to examine whether the translation is equivalent and what translation techniques used by the translator in translating those titles. In this thesis, the writer focused on the equivalence between the SL title and the TL title. After analyzing the equivalence, it is also important to discover the translation technique used by the translator to translate the titles. By discovering the type of equivalence and the translation technique that are used, the writer deepens this thesis by analyzing the technique used to write the Indonesian titles. Moreover, the writer hopes this thesis can contribute to the study of translation, especially the translation of the book titles for other researchers who discuss topic related to this thesis.
B. Problem Formulation
There are three problems that must be solved in this research:
2. What translation techniques have been used to translate Agatha Christie’s book titles?
3. What techniques are used by the translator to write Agatha Christie’s Indonesian book titles?
C. Objectives of the Study
There were three objectives of this thesis. Firstly, this thesis analyzed the equivalence of Indonesian translation of Agatha Christie’s book titles. Secondly, the thesis examined what translation techniques used by the translators in translating the book titles. Thirdly, after the equivalence and translation techniques used are founded, the writer deepened the analysis on this thesis by analyzing the techniques used by the translator to write Agatha Christie’s Indonesian book titles.
D. Definition of Terms
Some explanation of the terms used in this thesis will be given in the following passage:
Translation. According to Catford (1965:20), translation may be defined as “the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by
equivalent textual material in another language (TL).” It is the process of
5
Equivalence. Hatim states that the term equivalence means “the closest possible approximation to ST meaning” (1990:8). It means equivalence would
be achieved if the message contained in the ST can be transferred to the TT even if the words used are different.
Translation Techniques. Molina and Albir define translation techniques as “procedures to analyze and classify how translation equivalence
works.” (2002:509). Thus, technique of translation can be defined as the way used to translate smaller units of language (words, phrases, or expressions) from the source language into the target.
6 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter provides the previous studies that have been done by other researchers on similar topics and reviews on theories that applied in this thesis. The previous studies with similar topics to this thesis are taken from Dyahpramesti’s and Violine’s. Each study is reviewed in order to find the
similarities and the differences in doing this thesis. The theories which are going to be used in this thesis also be reviewed and discussed in order to find the solid ground on which this thesis is carried on.
A. Review of Related Studies
1. Dyahpramesti’s thesis “The Translation of English Fictional Book Titles Into Indonesian Contexts: A Functionalist Approach”
This undergraduate thesis discusses the equivalence and acceptability of several English fictional books which are translated into Indonesian. The equivalence is analyzed by using the functionalist approach as the main theory, along with the assessment of communicative effectiveness theory. The data for this thesis are taken from books which have thriller or romance genre.
equivalence. Besides, this thesis also examines the techniques used to write the Indonesian titles and translation techniques used by the translator.
2. Violine’s journal “Translating Titles of Novels: Why and How We (Don't) Translate Them”
This journal is written by a professional translator. This journal discusses the translation of novels’ titles. The purpose of this journal is to explain why translators do or do not translate novels’ titles and how they translate them. Violine also emphasizes on the title's connotative meaning and the reader's response.
This present thesis is different from Violine’s in several aspects,
although it is similar in dealing with the translation of novels’ titles. While Violine’s only focuses on the translation of the titles, including equivalence, this present thesis also analyzes the techniques used by the translator to write the Indonesian titles of Agatha Christie’s books.
B. Review of Related Theories 1. Theories of Translation
meaning. The reader will still get the message even though the language of the original text is changing.
Newmark’s theory is supported by Catford who states that translation
is “the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language.” (Catford, 1965: 20). According to Catford, translation is the replacement of the text from SL into TL. This is similar to Newmark’s that also defines translation as a process ‘to replace’. However, Catford does not explain whether the textual material should be in written language or not. Thus, the translation could have been derived from the written or spoken language.
Meanwhile, Nida and Taber state that “translating consists of
reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.” (1974: 14). Unlike Newmark, Catford along with Nida and Taber consider equivalency in their definition. Here, Nida and Taber are more interested in the process of translation, which is looking for a natural matching as closely as possible so that the message of the original text can be conveyed.
an obligation for the translator to find the equivalent word in the target language as close as possible to the original text.
2. Theories of Equivalence
Nida states that “There are fundamentally two different types of equivalence: one which may be called formal and another which is primarily dynamic.” (1964: 159). In further discussion, Nida and Taber (1974: 22) define formal equivalence as “a quality of translation in which the features of the form of the source text have been mechanically reproduced in the receptor language”. In brief, formal equivalence tries to remain as close to the original text as possible. This is much more of a word–to–word translation.
Contrasted with that, Nida and Taber state that dynamic equivalence is “a quality of translation in which the message of the original text has been so
transported into the receptor language that the response of the receptor is essentially like that of the original receptors” (1974: 23). Dynamic equivalence sometimes does not necessarily use the exact phrasing or idioms of the original. The difference between formal and dynamic equivalence can be summarized in table as follows:
Table 1. Comparison of Nida’s Formal and Dynamic Equivalence Formal Equivalence Dynamic Equivalence Closest possible match of lexical,
grammatical, or structural form between SL and TL
Closest natural equivalent between SL and TL
Formal Equivalence Dynamic Equivalence Focus on the form of the message Focus on the response of the
message for TR – in order to be essentially like the SR
The goal is to reproduce the same meaning
The goal is to reproduce the same response
Meanwhile, Nida’s formal and dynamic equivalence are similar with Newmark’s semantic and communicative translation. According to Newmark,
semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original (1981:39). It means, semantic translation tries to maintain the structure of the text so that the structure in the target text would be as closely as possible with the original text.
On the other hand, communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership (1981:40). Hence, the translator thoughts and ideas are sometimes involves in this kind of translation because the translator is trying to achieve a certain effect or response from the reader in the target language. The difference between semantic and communicative translation can be summarized in table as follows:
Table 2. Comparison of Newmark’s Semantic and Communicative Translation
Semantic Translation Communicative Translation Written at author’s linguistic level Written at reader’s linguistic level Used for expressive texts, e.g.
autobiography, political statement
Semantic Translation Communicative Translation Every word translated represents
some loss of meaning
The same words similarly translated lose no meaning at all
Translator’s thoughts and ideas are not involved in translating a text
Translator’s thoughts and ideas are involved in translating a text
From the explanation above, the writer noted several similarities of the theories as stated by Nida’s and Newmark’s. Both Nida and Newmark mention about the form of the message, both semantic and structural form, which should be as closely as possible with the original text. Moreover, dynamic equivalence and communicative translation also have basic similarity, to produce a good translation of text and easily understood by the reader.
3. Translation Techniques
In this research, to find out and analyze the translation techniques applied by the translator in the translation of Agatha Christie’s book titles,
the writer uses the theory of translation techniques by Molina and Albir (2002: 509-511) as described below along with their examples taken from Kardimin (2013: 206-210):
a. Adaptation
The purpose of this technique is to replace a Source Text cultural element with one from the Target Text culture.
SL : How’s Jefry?
TL : Bagaimana kabar Jefry? b. Amplification
The purpose of this technique is to introduce details that are not formulated in the ST: information, explicative paraphrasing. Amplification is in opposition to reduction.
SL : There were some Texans attending the conference TL : Beberapa warga negara bagian Texas ikut menghadiri
konferensi itu c. Borrowing
i. Pure Borrowing SL : Operator TL : Operator
ii. Naturalized Borrowing SL : Polyjuice
TL : Polijus
d. Calque
The purpose of this technique is to translate a foreign word or phrase literally that is common to the TL.
SL : Interest Rate
TL : Tingkat Suku Bunga
e. Compensation
The purpose of this technique is to introduce a ST element of information or stylistic effect in another place in the TT because it cannot be reflected in the same place as in the ST.
SL : A pair of scissors TL : Sebuah gunting
f. Description
SL : Panettone
TL : Kue tradisional Italia yang dikonsumsi saat Malam Tahun Baru g. Discursive Creation
The purpose of this technique is to establish a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of context.
SL : And Then There Were None TL : Sepuluh Orang Negro
h. Established Equivalent
The purpose of this technique is to use a term or expression that is recognized (by dictionaries or language in use) as an equivalent in the TL.
SL : Great Britain TL : Britania Raya
i. Generalization
The purpose of this technique is to use a more general or neutral term. It is in opposition to particularization (Molina and Albir, 2002:510).
SL : Flat TL : Apartemen
j. Literal Translation
function and meaning (2002:510) SL : I will ring you
TL : Saya akan menelepon Anda
k. Modulation
The purpose of this technique is to change the point of view, focus or cognitive category in relation to the ST; it can be lexical or structural.
SL : I cut my finger TL : Jariku teriris
l. Particularization
The purpose of this technique is to use a more precise or concrete term. It is in opposition to generalization (Molina and Albir, 2002:510).
SL : Rice
TL : Padi, gabah, beras, or nasi
m. Reduction
The purpose of this technique is to suppress a ST information item in the TT. It is in opposition to amplification (Molina and Albir, 2002:510).
n. Substitution
The purpose of this technique is to change linguistic elements for paralinguistic elements (intonation, gestures) or vice versa. It is used above all in interpreting.
SL : The both Japanese bows each other
TL : Kedua orang Jepang itu saling memberikan salam
o. Transposition
The purpose of this technique is to change a grammatical category and sentence structure in order to obtain the correct translation.
SL : She was unconscious when she arrived at the hospital
TL : Setibanya di rumah sakit, dia sudah dalam keadaan tidak sadar
p. Variation
The purpose of this technique is to change linguistic or paralinguistic elements (intonation, gestures) that affect aspects of linguistic variation: changes of textual tone, style, social dialect, geographical dialect, etc. to introduce or change dialectal indicators for characters when translating for the theater, changes in tone when adapting novels for children.
SL : “He’ll never get to sleep with all this din,” said Ma Lion
4. Title Writing Techniques
Putra (2010:170) states that “interesting titles are required to attract the attention and interest of the reader”. The function of the title is to draw attention and to raise the reader’s curiosity at the same time. The making of the title is not begin at the beginning, before writing the content of the story. The title is made at the end, after the story has been created. Thus, the title can summarize the contents of the overall story and symbolizes the content of the story.
Putra proposes six techniques to write an interesting title: a. Taking the main character's name
Author can just take the name of the character that is written in the story. The example can be seen below:
- Ayu Utami: Saman
- J.K. Rowling: Harry Potter
b. Combining the main character with a predicate
One of the techniques is to create compelling titles that combine the main character's name with a predicate or a pattern of who + why. The example can be seen below:
- Teguh Esha: Ali Topan Anak Jalanan c. Symbolic
- Badai Pasti Berlalu - Pelabuhan Hati d. Alias
While similar to symbolic, a technique called "alias" is very special. It is named so because it is a nickname or epithet addressing the main character. The example can be seen below:
- Sang Nabi or The Prophet is the epithet. This epithet is considered very suitable, strong character, and chosen by Kahlil Gibran for his novel. e. The essence of the story
An interesting title can be drawn from the essence of the story. The example can be seen below:
- Ashadi Siregar take the setting of UGM campus (often called kampus biru / blue campus), where the budding love between two human beings there to be titled Cintaku di Kampus Biru / My Love in Blue Campus. f. Equation and the beauty of the sound (euphony)
A writer sometimes create titles based on the equality and beauty of sound (euphony). Authors should be able to arrange the words beautifully and imaginatively. The example can be seen below:
C. Theoretical Framework
The definition of equivalence according to Nida, the definition of translation techniques according to Molina and Albir, and the techniques to write interesting titles according to Putra were the basic understanding to the topic being discussed in this thesis.
20 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
A. Areas of Research
This thesis is following one of twelve research areas in Translation Studies, which is text analysis and translation, focusing on the comparison of translations and their source texts. According to Williams and Chesterman, the analysis of translated texts involves the textual comparison of a translation with its original (2002: 7). The writer focused on the translation of the book titles with the evaluation of the equivalence, translation techniques, and techniques used to write the Indonesian book titles.
B. Object of the Study
As previously explained, this thesis deals specifically with the translation of Agatha Christie’s book titles into Bahasa Indonesia. Agatha Christie
C. Method of the Study
The method applied for this thesis is library research. The writer focused on the data that has been collected, which are the detective books by Agatha Christie with Hercule Poirot as the main character. The theories used to analyze the data were the theory of equivalence, translation techniques, and techniques to write interesting titles. These theories were taken from various books in the field of translation studies and journalism (for the title). Thus, the theories used in this thesis are based on the theories from the experts of each field, for example, theory of equivalence from Nida, theory of translation techniques from Molina and Albir, and techniques to write interesting titles from Putra. The writer will use examples and evidences to answer the problems which are stated in first chapter.
D. Research Procedure 1. Types of Data
publication year of the books with Hercule Poirot as the main character was from 1920-1975. The titles collected for this thesis are derived from thirty two book titles. The second data are the titles of Agatha Christie’s books in TL, which is Bahasa Indonesia. These Indonesian versions of Agatha Christie’s books were published by Gramedia Pustaka Utama. The publication year of the books with Hercule Poirot as the main character was from 1920-1975.
2. Data Collection
Data collection was done first to get the sample for the analysis. Firstly, the writer researched Christie’s books to find which ones had Hercule Poirot as
the main character. After that, the writer looked at her personal collection in order to find some of those books. As the result, the writer did not have few books that are needed in this thesis. Thus, the writer searched in the campus library and located some of the books. Besides that, the writer found the rest on online resources, including Christie’s official website.
After finding and collecting the data, then the writer began the analysis. The number of Agatha Christie’s book titles with Hercule Poirot as the main character were classified based on the language used. The example is shown below:
Table 3. Classification of Data
Code SL Title Code TL Title
In which,
2 : The number of data SL : Source Language TL : Target Language
AD : Appointment with Death PM : Perjanjian dengan Maut
Once the data are grouped, the writer began to analyze the data; the first is the equivalence of the book titles. The writer compared the titles of the original book and the translated book, and assesses its equivalence using a theory of equivalence from Nida. It was needed to answer the first problem.
3. Population and Sample
In this thesis, there are no samplings because all data were analyzed. There are 33 book titles of English and Bahasa Indonesia that have been collected as the data.
4. Data Analysis
Table 4. The Equivalence of Agatha Christie’s Indonesian Book Titles
11/SL/EUS Evil Under the Sun
11/TL/PTP Pembunuhan di Teluk Pixy
According to Nida’s theory of equivalence, this first example After The Funeral to Setelah Pemakaman is equivalence based on formal equivalence because the translation maintains the lexical meaning of the SL. The second example Evil Under the Sun to Pembunuhan di Teluk Pixy considered as dynamic equivalence. It is because the translator is using his idea to re-create the title in the TL that conveys the same meaning without using exact phrasing or idioms of the SL title.
Secondly, the writer analyzed the translation techniques that were applied in order to find the answer of the second problem. The analysis described as follows:
information about Nile to the readers. In its SL form, the word Nile itself carries the meaning of the name of a river.
Thirdly, the writer analyzed the title writing techniques used by the translator to write the Indonesian titles of Agatha Christie’s books. This analysis is to answer the third problem. The analysis described as follows:
Table 6. The Technique Used to Write Indonesian Titles of Agatha Christie’s Books
No TL Title Writing Technique Used
16/TL/MSM Mrs McGinty Sudah Mati Combining the main character with a predicate
Based on the example, it can be seen that the title involved the name of the main character. The main character of the story, also subject, is Mrs. McGinty. After that, the name of the main character is combined with a predicate. In this title, Sudah Mati is the predicate. It gives further information about the subject.
Besides using the theories that are already stated in the second chapter of this thesis, the writer also used dictionaries to check the lexical meaning of both SL and TL words. The dictionaries used are Oxford Advanced Learner’s
26
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this chapter, the analysis is divided into three parts. The first part discusses about the equivalence of Agatha Christie’s translated book titles. This part answers the first problem formulation of this research. The second part discusses about the translation techniques used to translate Agatha Christie’s book titles. This part answers the second problem formulation of this research. The third part discusses about the title writing techniques used to write Agatha Christie’s Indonesian book titles. This part answers the third problem formulation of this research.
A. The Equivalence of Agatha Christie’s Book Titles
The aim of this study is to know the equivalence from the Indonesian translation of Agatha Christie’s book titles. There are 33 book titles that are assessed in this part. These titles are derived from Agatha Christie’s books in English which had been translated and adapted in Indonesian language. The writer wants to explain the translated titles which are categorized as formal equivalence or dynamic equivalence and which equivalence that is mostly used in the translation.
Newmark’s semantic and communicative translation as the complementary
theory. The data are analyzed and the equivalence of each title is classified into formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence, along with the explanation based on the theory. The result of analysis of the equivalence is shown from the chart below:
The data above shows that there are 19 translations which are considered as formal equivalence. In formal equivalence, the translation is focused on the lexical meaning, while the structural form of the ST is maintained. Meanwhile, there are 14 translations which are considered as dynamic equivalence. In dynamic equivalence, the translation is focused on the effect of TL readers in receiving sentences with different structural form of TT but conveyed the same meaning as ST.
58
42
0 5 10 15 20
Formal Equivalence
Dynamic Equivalence
1. Formal Equivalence
Based on the translation of the titles, there are 21 translations that are included into formal equivalence. The example of the translation considered as formal equivalence is shown below:
Table 7. The Example of Formal Equivalence in the Translation of Agatha Christie’s Book Titles
Code SL Title Code TL Title
2/SL/AD Appointment with
Death 2/TL/PM
Perjanjian dengan Maut 7/SL/DA
Death in the Air 7/TL/MU Maut di Udara 8/SL/DN Death on the Nile 8/TL/PSN Pembunuhan di Sungai
Nil 9/SL/DW
Dumb Witness 9/TL/SB Saksi Bisu
12/SL/HP
Halloween Party 12/TL/PH Pesta Halloween 16/SL/MMD Mrs McGinty’s Dead 16/TL/MMS Mrs McGinty Sudah
Mati 20/SL/MOE Murder on the Orient
Express 20/TL/PAO
Pembunuhan di Atas Orient Express 21/SL/OTB One, Two, Buckle My
Shoe
21/TL/SDP Satu, Dua, Pasang Gesper Sepatunya 30/SL/TMB The Mystery of the
Blue Train 30/TL/MKA
Misteri Kereta Api Biru
31/SL/TG
Third Girl 31/TL/GK Gadis Ketiga 32/SL/TAT
Three Act Tragedy 32/TL/TTB Tragedi Tiga Babak
different from the title in the Source Language. Ideas and thoughts of the translator are not involved in this type of equivalence.
i. Data 2
Code SL Title Code TL Title
2/SL/AD Appointment with Death 2/TL/PM Perjanjian dengan Maut
In this example, the title is translated word-by-word by their literal and lexical meaning. The word Appointment is literally translated into Perjanjian. Both Appointment and Perjanjian are having the similar characteristics that refer to something which is agreed by more than one party. Death is also literally translated into Maut. The meaning of Death and Maut are both dealing with the end of the life of a person or organism. Thus, the lexical and structural form are maintained in the TL which supports the characteristic of formal equivalence. ii. Data 7
Code SL Title Code TL Title
7/SL/DA Death in the Air 7/TL/MU Maut di Udara
Bahasa Indonesia). Furthermore, the structural form is also maintained in the TL. Thus, formal equivalence is achieved.
iii. Data 8
Code SL Title Code TL Title
8/SL/DN Death on the Nile 8/TL/PSN Pembunuhan di Sungai Nil
The translator translates the title from SL into TL in their literal and lexical meaning. The word Death is translated into Pembunuhan. Both of them have lexical meaning that is dealing with the fact of somebody being killed. Moreover, the word Nile is translated into Sungai Nil. The translator is adding the word Sungai to introduce more detailed information about Nile to the readers. This is done by the translator to adjust the grammatical form in the TL.
In its SL form, the word Nile itself is carrying the meaning of the name of a river. Therefore, it is not a must to include the word River in the original title such as Death on the Nile River. This translation is in accordance with the theory of formal equivalence because the lexical and grammatical form between SL and TL are maintained.
iv. Data 9
Code SL Title Code TL Title
9/SL/DW Dumb Witness 9/TL/SB Saksi Bisu
criteria of Indonesian grammatical form. The word Dumb is translated into Bisu. Both Dumb and Bisu are carrying the meaning of ‘unable to speak’. The word Witness and Saksi are also carrying the same meaning of ‘someone who is present
when some events happen’. Meanwhile, the translator did not translate Dumb Witness into Bisu Saksi because it does not match the Indonesian grammatical rule.
This Indonesian grammatical rule refers to Diterangkan-Menerangkan rule. This rule was firstly proposed by Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana, an expert on Indonesian grammar. Alisjahbana states that every words that are describing about something always comes after the words that are being explained (1983: 73). This is also can be referred as head and modifier. In Indonesian grammatical rule, the modifier always comes after the head. This is contrasted with English grammatical rule, which the modifier always comes before the head. In this example, Dumb is the modifier and Witness is the head. Therefore, the title is translated into Saksi Bisu to match the Diterangkan-Menerangkan rule.
v. Data 12
Code SL Title Code TL Title
12/SL/HP Halloween Party 12/TL/PH Pesta Halloween
Halloween means the night of 31st October when it was believed in the past that dead people appeared from their graves and which is now celebrated in the United States, Canada, and Britain by children who dress ghosts or witches (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary). The word Halloween is borrowed because there is no equivalent word for Halloween in Bahasa Indonesia. This is due to the celebration of Halloween that is not celebrated in Indonesia. As the result, the translator takes the original word straight from the SL and transferred to the TL.
Therefore, to bridge the difference in cultural background, the translator borrowed the word Halloween for the TL title. Meanwhile, the translation of the title Halloween Party is adjusted to Pesta Halloween in order to meet the Diterangkan-Menerangkan rule. Halloween is the modifier and Party is the head. Thus, formal equivalence is achieved.
vi. Data 15
Code SL Title Code TL Title
15/SL/LED Lord Edgware Dies 15/TL/MLE Matinya Lord Edgware
In this translation, there is a change of emphasis, without change the meaning based on the lexical meaning. In this translation, the SL title’s emphasis is on the subject, Lord Edgware. But in the TL, the translator chooses to emphasize “the death” of Lord Edgware. The translator changes the focus or point of view
Indonesian gerund Matinya which emphasizes the things undergone by Lord Edgware, in this case undergoing death.
vii. Data 16
Code SL Title Code TL Title
16/SL/MMD Mrs McGinty’s Dead 16/TL/MMS Mrs McGinty Sudah Mati
In Data 16, the translator translates the title by its literal meaning. Mrs McGinty’s Dead holds meaning Mrs McGinty is dead. The translator translates ‘is dead’ literally into sudah mati. Meanwhile, the translator also borrowed the word
Mrs into the TL title. This is considered as pure borrowing. The word Mrs itself actually has meaning Nyonya in Bahasa Indonesia, but the translator tends to preserve the original word probably for the sake of aesthetic.
viii. Data 20
Code SL Title Code TL Title
20/SL/MOE Murder on the Orient
Express 20/TL/PAO
Pembunuhan di Atas Orient Express
ix. Data 21
Code SL Title Code TL Title
21/SL/OTB One, Two, Buckle My Shoe
21/TL/SDP Satu, Dua, Pasang Gesper Sepatunya
In Data 21, the word Buckle is translated into Pasang Gesper. The word Pasang is added to the TL title because in the original text, Buckle is already carried a meaning of ‘to fasten something or be fastened with a buckle’ (Oxford Advanced Learning’s Dictionary). This is similar to the number 8/SL/DN. The translator added the word Pasang because if it is translated as Satu, Dua, Gesper Sepatunya, the meaning would be different.
This translation also undergoes a similar characteristic to number 15/SL/LED and 19/SL/ML, which the point of view is changed. In the SL, the point of view is indicated by the use of possessive pronoun My. My Shoe indicates that the shoe belongs to the speaker who speak that utterance. Meanwhile, in the TL, there is a change by using the suffix –nya, which indicates the third person singular pronoun. On the other hand, the lexical meaning both in SL and TL remains the same.
x. Data 31
Code SL Title Code TL Title
31/SL/TMB The Mystery of the Blue Train
31/TL/MKA Misteri Kereta Api Biru
Train is translated into Kereta Api Biru, not Biru Kereta Api because it does not meet the Indonesian grammatical rules in which the modifier always comes after the head. In this example, Blue is the modifier and Train is the head. Meanwhile, the translator also borrowed the word Mystery into the word Misteri. This is because Mystery and Misteri considered as kata serapan / naturalized borrowing in Bahasa Indonesia. Those words have the same meaning, both are related to something that is difficult to understand or to explain.
xi. Data 32
Code SL Title Code TL Title
32/SL/TG Third Girl 32/TL/GK Gadis Ketiga
The translator translates the title by its lexical meaning. The word Third is literally translated into Ketiga. Furthermore, the word Girl is also translated into Gadis. After that, the grammatical and structural form in the TL title are adjusted in order to match the Diterangkan-Menerangkan rule in TL. The word Third is the modifier and the word Girl is the head. The translator changed it into Gadis Ketiga in the TL. It is match with the Diterangkan-Menerangkan rule in which modifier always comes after the head. Even though the structural form experienced changes, it does not change the lexical meaning.
xii. Data 33
Code SL Title Code TL Title
In Data 32, the translation is word-by-word by its lexical meaning. The word Three is literally translated into Tiga. Furthermore, the translator borrowed the word Tragedy and naturalized it into Indonesian word Tragedi. This is because Tragedi is considered as kata serapan in Bahasa Indonesia. The meaning of Act in this title is one of the main divisions of a play (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary). This is in accordance with the meaning of the word Babak which is also related with one of several short pieces in a play (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia). Furthermore, the grammatical and structural form in the TL title are adjusted in order to be accepted in TL. Three Act is the modifier and Tragedy is the head. The translator changed it into Tragedi Tiga Babak in the TL. It is in accordance with the Diterangkan-Menerangkan rule in which modifier always comes after the head. Thus, formal equivalence is achieved.
2. Dynamic Equivalence
The second type of Nida’s equivalence is dynamic equivalence. This theory is resembling Newmark’s communicative translation. Based on the translation of the titles assessed, there are 12 translations that are included into dynamic equivalence. The examples of the translation considered as dynamic equivalence are shown below:
Table 8. The Example of Dynamic Equivalence in the Translation of Agatha Christie’s Book Titles
Code SL Title Code TL Title
6/SL/DMF Dead Man’s Folly 6/TL/KB Kubur Berkubah 11/SL/EUS Evil Under the Sun 11/TL/PTP Pembunuhan di Teluk
14/SL/HDD Hickory Dickory Dock 14/TL/PPM Pembunuhan di Pondokan Mahasiswa 23/SL/SC Sad Cypress 23/TL/MTB Mawar Tak Berduri 24/SL/TF Taken at the Flood 24/TL/MAK Mengail di Air Keruh
In dynamic equivalence, the translator tends to re-create each sentence of the SL text and transforming it into a sentence in the TL text that conveys the same meaning, but it does not always use the exact phrase or word of the original. This may be because the sentence would be confusing if it is translated literally. This is supported by Newmark’s statement that in this type of equivalence, the thoughts
and ideas of the translator are involved to reproduce the same response. i. Data 6
Code SL Title Code TL Title
6/SL/DMF Dead Man’s Folly 6/TL/KB Kubur Berkubah
has no practical purpose but was built in the past for decoration, often in the garden of a large country house.
Meanwhile, this translation achieved the dynamic equivalence because the thoughts and ideas of the translator are involved to reproduce the same response to the readers. The translator attempted to bridge the difference of cultural background generated from the image of Folly that are less familiar to readers of Indonesia. Therefore, the translator translated this title through thematic interpretation in such a way that it would be very relevant to the readers.
ii. Data 11
Code SL Title Code TL Title
11/SL/EUS Evil Under the Sun 11/TL/PTP Pembunuhan di Teluk Pixy
In the translation above, it can be seen that the TL title does not have any correlation with the SL title. It is unpredictable out of context because the SL title does not say anything about murder, even though the story is about a murder case, whereas in the TL title describes there is a murder in the Pixy Cove.
The title is translated using the sentence that is much different to the original title. The SL title is Evil Under the Sun while the TL title is Pembunuhan di Teluk Pixy. The translated title is much different with the author’s idea. The
In addition, there is a probability that the title Evil Under the Sun is derived from the statement in one scripture in the bible, named Ecclesiastes, which reads, "There is an evil that I have seen under the sun, and it lies heavy upon humankind." (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Under_the_Sun). This is supported by a saying in the story which indicates that the term Evil Under the Sun was taken from the bible: “I was interested, M. Poirot, in something you said just now. You said that there was evil done everywhere under the sun. It was almost a quotation from Ecclesiastes,” (Stephen Lane’s saying inside the book, page 73). The
translator’s thoughts and ideas are needed to re-create this SL title in order to be understood by the Target Reader in the TL. Thus, dynamic equivalence is achieved.
iii. Data 13
Code SL Title Code TL Title
23/SL/SC Sad Cypress 23/TL/MTB Mawar Tak Berduri
In the analysis of Data 13, the original title Sad Cypress is drawn from a song in Shakespeare's play Twelfth Night, which said “Come away, come away, death, and in sad cypress let me be laid.” (Act-II, Scene-IV). In the book Shakespeare’s Feminine Endings: Disfiguring Death in the Tragedies, Berry
states that “while in Twelfth Night, ‘sad cypress’ emblematizes the self-concealment of those marked by death or loss” (1999:97).
and it would be confusing if it is translated literally. According to Newmark, a translator should interpret the text if he is convinced that the relevant background is inaccessible to his reader (1981:63). Consequently, the translator should interpret this term in order to be understood by Indonesian readers. Moreover, the translator should adapt the term using a different expression but convey the same message.
The TL title Mawar Tak Berduri is chosen by the translator. The translator chose to translate the term with Mawar Tak Berduri because the term Sad Cypress is not familiar to the Indonesian readers. Thus, the translator take this Indonesian term based on the essence of the story and in accordance with the context of the story. In addition, the term Mawar Tak Berduri symbolizes a hint related to the murder case in the story. This is supported by Hercule Poirot when he investigated the murder in the story, “the plant is a kind of ground cover roses - Zephyrine Drouhin. The flowers are fragrant and the color is pink. The plant is not prickly” (2011: 239)
Dynamic equivalence is achieved because the purpose of this action is to reproduce the same response to the Indonesian readers. The thoughts and ideas of the translator are involved in order to give the hint or clue of what’s happening in the story.
iv. Data 14
Code SL Title Code TL Title
The SL title is Hickory Dickory Dock and the TL title is Pembunuhan di Pondokan Mahasiswa. The translator’s thought and idea are involved in this translation. The translator did not translate Hickory Dickory Dock literally because it is actually an English nursery rhyme and has no equivalent word in Bahasa Indonesia. The TR, in this case Indonesian people, would probably not having knowledge or familiar about this nursery rhyme.
According to Newmark, a translator should interpret the text if he is convinced that the relevant background is inaccessible to his reader (1981:63). Thus, the SL title is translated to the TL title with adding the translator’s ideas to
the translation. The translation of the SL title becomes Pembunuhan di Pondokan Mahasiswa.
The translator tends to re-create the TL title that is based on the highlight event or what is happening in the story. It also uses common words, so that it becomes more understandable to the readers. In addition, because the translator’s ideas are involved in translating the title, dynamic equivalence is achieved in this translation.
v. Data 23
Code SL Title Code TL Title
23/SL/TF Taken at the Flood 23/TL/MAK Mengail di Air Keruh
Scene-III). Brutus means to say that the key to win success in life lies in knowing that a tide or simply a motivated men, and it is up to a man to understand, and seize the affordable opportunity (http://literarydevices.net/there-is-a-tide-in-the-affairs-of-men).
The point of Taken at the Flood in this context is to take opportunities from every chance that happen in life and gain success from it. The translator wants to transfer this message from SL to TL because in dynamic equivalence the message is important. Moreover, this phrase adapted into Indonesia context in order to express message using a different expression, especially when there are differences in cultural background.
The Indonesian proverb Memancing di Air Keruh is chosen by the translator. Memancing di Air Keruh means ‘to take advantage of a hard situation’. The word Memancing has a similar meaning with Mengail. They are synonymy. The translator chose to translate the phrase Taken at the Flood into Indonesian proverb because this proverb has a meaning that is likely equal to the SL text and in accordance with the context of the story. In addition, the meaning of this proverb is also very familiar to the Indonesian people as TR.
B. Translation Techniques Analysis of Agatha Christie’s Book Titles
It can be seen from the table that the translation techniques used for translating Agatha Christie’s book titles are eight techniques out of sixteen techniques that are proposed by Molina and Albir. They are adaptation, amplification, borrowing, discursive creation, literal translation, modulation, particularization, and transposition. Some of the book titles are translated using more than one technique.
The technique that is mostly used by the translator is literal translation. There are 22 translations (67%) that used this technique. This proves that literal translation are the commonly applied technique in translating Agatha Christie’s book titles. The second mostly used technique is discursive creation. There are 12 translations (36%) that used this technique. Discursive creation becomes one of the commonly applied technique in translating Agatha Christie’s book titles. The third mostly used technique is transposition. There are 7 translations (21%) that used this technique. Transposition also becomes one of the commonly applied technique in translating Agatha Christie’s book titles.
0 5 10 15 20 25
Literal translation is the most used technique in translating Agatha Christie’s book titles. It shows that lexical, grammatical, or structural form of the SL title is important to be maintained and adjusted in translating book titles. Bahasa Indonesia, as the TL, has some grammatical and structural differences with English. It is important for a translator to reproduce the sentence in order to be understandable to the readers.
a. Adaptation
The first technique is adaptation. There is one translation that uses this technique. The example is provided below:
No SL TL Technique
23/SL/TF Taken at the Flood Mengail di Air Keruh Adaptation
b. Amplification
The second technique is amplification. There are two translations that use this technique. The examples are provided below:
No SL TL Technique
8/SL/DN Death on the Nile Pembunuhan di Sungai Nil
Amplification
27/SL/TH The Hollow Rumah Gema Amplification
According to the first example, the word Nile is translated into Sungai Nil. The translator is adding the word Sungai to introduce more detailed information about Nile to the readers. In its SL form, the word Nile itself is carrying the meaning of the name of a river.
For the second example, the phrase The Hollow is translated into Rumah Gema. The word Rumah is added in TL because it would be unclear if it is only translated as Gema. Besides that, the translator aims to give more detail that is connected to the story of the book.
c. Borrowing
The third technique is borrowing. There are three translations that use this technique. The examples are provided below:
No SL TL Technique
20/SL/MOE Murder on the Orient Express
Pembunuhan di Atas Orient Express
Borrowing 30/SL/TMB The Mystery of the
Blue Train
Misteri Kereta Api Biru
Borrowing 32/SL/TAT Three Act
Tragedy
There are two types of borrowing that is proposed by Molina and Albir, they are pure borrowing and naturalized borrowing. Based on the example, the first example is categorized as pure borrowing, while the rest are categorized as naturalized borrowing. The word Orient Express is transferred into Orient Express in the TL without any change. Meanwhile, the word Mystery and Tragedy are modified from the usual pronunciation in SL and phonologically transferred into TL. The sound and how to pronounce the words in SL and TL are likely the same. The word Mystery /mɪ́stəri/ changes into Misteri /misteri/ and the word Tragedy /trǽdʒədi/ changes into Tragedi /tragedi/.
d. Discursive Creation
The fourth technique is discursive creation. There are six translations that use this technique. The examples are provided below:
No SL TL Technique
11/SL/EUS Evil Under the Sun Pembunuhan di Teluk Pixy
Discursive Creation 14/SL/HDD Hickory Dickory
Dock
Pembunuhan di Pondokan Mahasiswa
Discursive Creation
26/SL/TC The Clocks Mayat Misterius Discursive
Creation
the reader. There are some factors that affect this ambiguity, for example, different cultural backgrounds, different metaphorical sense, and others. The phrase Evil Under the Sun, Hickory Dickory Dock, and The Clocks are translated by the translator using this technique to provide more understandable titles that are reasonable to the Indonesian reader.
e. Literal Translation
The fifth technique is literal translation. There are twenty one translations that use this technique. The examples are provided below:
No SL TL Technique
5/SL/C Curtain Tirai Literal Translation
7/SL/DA Death in the Air Maut di Udara Literal Translation 25/SL/TBF The Big Four Empat Besar Literal Translation
Based on the example, the words or expression in the titles are translated word by word by their lexical meaning . The first example is the word Curtain is translated into Tirai. It is the lexical meaning of curtain. The second example is Death in the Air is translated into Maut di Udara. The expression in the title is translated also word by word. The same thing also happened in the translation of The Big Four into Empat Besar.
f. Modulation
The sixth technique is modulation. There are three translations that use this technique. The examples are provided below:
No SL TL Technique
15/SL/LED Lord Edgware Dies Matinya Lord
No SL TL Technique
21/SL/OTB One, Two, Buckle My Shoe
Satu, Dua, Pasang
Gesper Sepatunya Modulation
From the examples above, there are changes in the point of view, without change the meaning. In modulation, the translator changes the focus or point of view that exist in the SL. In the first example, the emphasis is on the subject, Lord Edgware. But in the TL, the translator chooses to emphasize the death of Lord Edgware. The second example is the word My Shoe is translated into Sepatunya. There is a change in the point of view. My Shoe means the shoe belongs the person who say it, but in the TL it becomes Sepatunya, which means the shoe belongs to someone else. The word my in the SL functions as a possessive determiner. Possessive determiner is used before a noun (Shoe). The suffix –nya in the TL functions as a personal pronoun in Bahasa Indonesia.
g. Particularization
The seventh technique is particularization. There is one translation that use this technique. The example is provided below:
No SL TL Technique
4/SL/ CAP
Cat Among the Pigeons
Kucing di Tengah Burung Dara
Particularization
