FOREIGNIZATION IN THE TRANSLATION OF PRAMOEDYA
ANANTA TOER’S ‘BUMI MANUSIA’ IN ‘THIS EARTH OF MANKIND’
BY MAX LANE
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
EKA SYAFITRI
Registration Number: 8106111048
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
i
ABSTRACT
SYAFITRI, EKA. NIM: 8106111048. Foreignization in the Translation of
Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s ‘Bumi Manusia’ in ‘This Earth of Mankind’ by Max Lane. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistic Study Program. Postgraduate School. State Univerversity of Medan. 2016.
ii
ABSTRAK
SYAFITRI, EKA. NIM: 8106111048. Foreignization in the Translation of
Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s ‘Bumi Manusia’ in ‘This Earth of Mankind’ by Max Lane. Tesis. Program Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pasca Sarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016.
i
Acknowledgements
Bismillahirahmanirahim,
Praise and gratitude be to Allah SWT, who has given blessing and
opportunity to the researcher to accomplish this thesis. She realizes that it is impossible to finish this thesis without any help, advice, support and encouragement from others.
The very first people to whom my sincere thanks go to my advisers, Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A, Ph.D, and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum, whose
guidance and advice were the assets to accomplish this thesis. As my supervisors, they have shared their valuable knowledge by reading, criticizing, and discussing my thesis with me over their priceless time. They have been dutifully patient and
enlightening the writing process of my thesis.
The second group of people who are always in my heart’s list of gratitude
are all of the lecturers who have always been reliable teachers for encouragement and enlightenment. Special gratitude goes Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed, and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, as the Head and Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program, who has always cared with every student’s academic issues in
detail.
Librarians have always played a quiet but crucial role. I would single out
ii
On this special occasion, I would also like to express my sincerest gratitude and thousands of kisses go to my dearest mother who has never been absent supplying the delicious snacks while I was working on my thesis, and my
beloved father. Their prayers are always on my side to do my best.
I also owe particular debt of gratitude to my best friends Ira Maria Lumban
Batu and Yenita Sembiring who were generous enough to be my debriefing peers and commented my thesis in detail. Other big thanks go to my best friends Fathul Mulki Nasution, Elvi Grace Sianipar, Sari Andriani, Asmitazkirah, Harry
Sambayu, M. Nasir have always listened to me with sympathy when I went to them with disheartened frame of mind of my thesis.
This thesis is the result of years of study whereby I was fortunately accompanied and supported. There are many more names without whose support this thesis would not have been accomplished. To all of them, named or not, I
offer my thanks.
Medan, 19 September 2016
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACTS ... i
ABSTRAK ... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………. iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv
THE LIST OF TABLES ... vii
THE LIST OF FIGURES ... viii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1.1The Background of the Study... 1
1.2The Problems of the Study... 4
1.3The Objectives of the Study... 5
1.4The Scope of the Study... 5
1.5The Significance of the Study... 5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1Theory of Translation... 7
2.2Strategies of Translation... 13
2.3 Foreignization ………... 16
2.4Translation of Culture- Specific Term ... 19
2.5Technique of Translation ... 22
2.6 The Novels……….... 25
vi
2.8 Conceptual Framework ……….. 29
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1Research Design... 32
3.2Source of the Data ... 33
3.3The Technique of Collecting Data... 33
3.4The Technique of Data Analysis... 34
3.5The Trustworthiness of the Study... 37
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS 4.1 Data Analysis... 39
4. 1. 1 Categories of Foreign Cultural Terms in Translation of ‘BumiManusia’in ‘This Earth of Mankind’by Max Lane …... 44
4. 1. 2 Techniques of Foreignization in Translation of ‘BumiManusia’ in ‘This Earth of Mankind’by Max Lane …... 60
4. 1. 3 Foreignization as a Translator Strategy in Translating ‘BumiManusia’to ‘This Earth of Mankind’by Max Lane …... 64
4.2 Research Findings... …. 65
4.3 Discussions... 67
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1Conclusions... 70
5.2Suggestions... 72
REFERENCES... 75
vii
THE LIST OF TABLES
Page
1. Table 1 Categories of Cultural-Specific Items ... 30
2. Table 2 Terms Closely Related to Fauna ... 41
3. Table 3 Terms Closely Related to Flora... 42
4. Table 4 Terms Closely Related to Geographical Features... 43
5. Table 5 Terms Closely Related to Clothes... 45
6. Table 6 Terms Closely Related to House; Household Goods and House Surrounding and Artifact... 46
7. Table 7 Terms Closely Related to Transport... 48
8. Table 8 Terms Closely Related to Work... 49
9. Table 9 Terms Closely Related to Leisure ………... 50
10.Table 10 Terms Closely Related to Social Strata ………... 52
11.Table 11 Terms Closely Related to Idioms….. ………..………... 53
12.Table 12 Data of Borrowing …………. ………... 57
13.Table 13 Data of Calques………. 58
viii
LIST OF FIGURE
Page
1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1The Background of the Study
Living separated in a world which exists various of language characters
and cultures is not always an easy task for human to gain communication. It still needs a medium to bring it closer to each other. One accessible medium to
introduce the separated world is in form of literature. Literature engages us with stories and experiences from across the globe. Reading a work of literature is an
excellent way of getting to know something about a country when one does not know much about it, because literary work has an access to share the existential orientations of the people, the nature of their beliefs, the values they hold, and
their personal aspiration. Indeed, literature links culture and words, opens our minds, and fosters our understanding of each other- and for that to work, we need
translation.
Translating literary works is definitely no easy matter. Having abundant linguistic knowledge of both the source language (SL) and the target language
(TL) itself is not sufficient. There are other factors that will determine the success of the translation. A translator has to be cautious when encountering words or
expressions written in other than the language used in original work (ST) as they for sure do special tasks or carry out hidden intention from the writer. Also, different languages mean different cultures and translator must confront with
2
solved. Nida (1981) argues that difficulties arising out of differences of cultures constitute the most serious problems for translators and have produces the most far-reaching misunderstanding among readers. To explore cultural differences and
then decide how to deal with them most appropriately has become on of the essential issues that current translation studies deal with. Moreover , several
theorists, such as Lavefere, Venuti , Bermann, amongst others, support foreignization when we face texts with terms which are so culture-bound and culture-specific as to defy translation.
Foreignizing translation is based on the assumption that literacy is not universal, that communication is complicated by cultural differences between and
within linguistic communities. As translation serves as an important means of
cultural exchange, it is the translator’s responsibility to introduce other cultures to
the target language community and this is usually most of the target language
readers’ purpose of reading. Therefore in actual translating, the translator aims to
preserve the linguistic and cultural differences of the foreign text and a maximum
number of source- language culture structure and words are usually borrowed and introduced into the target language culture. Lawrence Venuti is a firm advocator of foreigizing method both in theory and in practice.
Taking into consideration this fact that not all cultures express the same cultural phenomenon in the same way, the researcher picks this topic up to present
3
embedding source cultural elements or colloquial expressions in the translation. In these books Pramoeday Ananta Toer’s Bumi Manusia presents eastern culture; on
the contrary, Max Lane’s This Earth of Mankind is illustrated for world readers,
mostly western readers.
As prior mentioned, cultural gaps between SL and TL have always turned
out to be hard nut to crack. Plenty expressions of ST do not own equivalent terms in the TL. Therefore, Max Lane, still keeps authencity of the source text by carry out his translation within foreignization – ‘I tried to keep as much ‘’foreignness’’
as possible, expected the reader to do some work of interpretation and digestion of
language’. (Asymptote, 2003).
The following are samples of foreignization that occurred in the novels: SL: “Sinyo, Minke, “Nyai merajuk, Annelis tak punya teman.”(p.68)
TL: “Sinyo, Minke, “Nyai confided, Annelis has no friend.” (p.50)
‘Sinyo’ is a typical term to address a Caucasian or Eurasian young man or young
master of the house (term used by maids) and ‘Nyai’, is a mistress of an European
or Chinese man (Steven & Schmidgall-Tellings, Indonesian-English Dictionary, 2010).
Phrases and idiom in this novel translation as the following example:
SL: “Mana ada Jawa, dan bupati pula, bukan buaya darat?”(p.23)
TL: “What Javanese, even a bupati, is not but a crocodile on land?”(p.23)
Buaya Darat is an Indonesian idiom that means, in accordance to Stevens and
Schmidgall-Tellings Indonesian-English Dictionary (2010), womanizer, however
4
translate it word for word is cited from his statement on interview (Asymptote,
2003) ‘I did receive some advice to translate this as "wolf" rather than "crocodile",
because "wolf" was a more familiar idiom to English language readers. I kept
"crocodile" because it was more natural in the Indonesian context given that wolves ('serigala' in Indonesian) are rarer and more evil.
The study also attempts to show that the foreignization can be the appropriate strategy to introduce foreign cultures and bring the differences of two highlight linguistic and cultural difference carried in the foreign text to the target
culture. The study of translation strategies in literary translations can provide valuable insight as far as it can determine the modern translation strategy in
translating a foreign text which brings a huge influence of one culture.
1.2The Problems of the Study
The research questions underpinning in this study are as the following:
1. What categories of ‘foreign’ or cultural terms are found in Max Lane’s
work ‘This Earth of Mankind’ ?
2. How is foreignization applied in translating the cultural terms in ‘This Earth of Mankind’ from its origin ‘ Bumi Manusia’?
3. Why is foreignization chosen in the translation of cultural items from
Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s work ‘ Bumi Manusia’ into English text of ‘This
5
1.3The Objectives of the Study
Based on the problems stated above, the aims of this study are as following: 1. to investigate categories of cultural terms used in Max Lane’s work ‘This
Earth of Mankind’.
2. to explain the techniques of translation applied to the translation of cultural
terms in ‘This Earth of Mankind’ from its origin Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s
work ‘ Bumi Manusia’
3. to reason for the use of foreignization in translating texts and to provide
valuable understanding o foreignization strategies in literary translations.
1.4The Scope of the Study
This study focuses on translation as a product, more specifically on words, phrases, or expressions closely related to culture from Indonesian into English in
categories of cultural terms, techniques of translation, strategies of translation and factors leading to the application of the ideology of translation.
1.5The Significance of the Study
Findings of the study are expected to offer theoretical and practical
significance. Theoretically, the findings contribute to the development of cultural and linguistic studies particularly on the use of foreignization in the translation of
6
cultural translation. Practically, the findings are also useful for those who want to learn about translation or for those who want to be an ideal translator by understanding theoretically, linguistic and cultural differences.
The findings also serve as a reference for translators in translating cultural terms in literary texts especially from Indonesian into English. Those who are
interested in translation will find this study helpful and useful since they can comprehend the techniques applied by the translators and the tendencies of the use of ideologies of translation strategies, foreginization. In addition, those who are
70
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
After conducting a research, making conclusions and suggestions is the final part in which the findings of the research are summarized according to the
research problems clearly. Having conducted the analyses of the translations of cultural terms from Indonesian into English including the analysis of categories of cultural terms, techniques of translation, some conclusions to see the factors
leading the application of the strategy of translation and suggestions can finally be drawn in this chapter.
5.1 Conclusions
Based on the findings presented in the previous chapter, some conclusions can be made as follows:
1. In the novel Bumi Manusia and its translation This Earth of Mankind , some categories of cultural terms were found and investigated. There were 125
identified cultural terms classified into six categories, they are ecological culture including terms closely related to fauna, flora and geographical features; material culture including terms closely related to clothes, artifact,
and transports; social culture including terms closely related to work and leisure; social organization including terms closely related to social
71
found were idiom (36%). It is because idiomatic expressions are cultural bound and they carry the cultural beliefs and customs of their native language users.
2. In analyzing foreignization, there were 3 techniques of translation adopted in the translations of cultural terms in the novel Bumi Manusia and its translation
This Earth of Mankind . Three techniques of translation used in this study is
focusing on foreignization translation, they are: Borrowing, Calques and Literal translation. The most frequently- techniques of translation in the novel
Bumi Manusia and its translation This Earth of Mankind were borrowing
(56.8%). As stated from the translator, Max Lane, purpose of his work were to
keep authencity of the source text by carry out his translation within foreignization – ‘I tried to keep as much ‘’foreignness’’ as possible, expected the reader to do some work of interpretation and digestion of language’.
(Asymptote, 2003).
3. There were identified that there are three factors causing the translator to foreignize. Factors leading to the application of the ideologies of translation are cultural differences, linguistic differences, and translator’s preference.
Cultural differences affect the way a translator renders the source language
terms into target language since there is an extensive gap between Indonesian, especially Javanese, and English cultures. Linguistic differences also influence the way a translator renders a source language text into the target language text
72
technique of translation. In addition to cultural and linguistic differences, translator’s preference also plays an important role when translating. In the
process of translating, a translator is the one who controls the transfer of
meaning, whether he tends to emphasize the source language or the target language; reducing the ‘foreign as much as possible that a translated text
sounds natural or deviating from the target language norms to bring readers to an alien reading experience.
5.2 Suggestions
Based on the conclusions stated above, this research has some suggestions to the readers as follows:
1. It is suggested for the translator who want to translate the culture- specific
items, especially from Bahasa Indonesia to English to pay more attention to the ideology of the translation. The ideology that is chosen can affect the whole choices of translation strategies and accuracy in terms of meaning.
The foreignization strategy is considered by the researcher as the ideal ideology when it comes in translating the culture- specific items of
minority language such as Bahasa Indonesia into majority language such as English because through this ideology the translators are able to
contribute in promoting Indonesian culture abroad through the translation of Indonesian literatures. However, the result of this research shows that idioms and borrowing techniques are the frequent category and techniques
73
should realized that maintaining the concept and meaning of the culture- specific items in the target language can be problematic, especially in the effort to not confuse the target readers if the foreignization were employed.
Therefore, this research suggest two things for translators. First, having a sufficient knowledge about the language and the culture of both texts is a
must for any translators. Second, since foreignization ideology is hard to keep up with within the text, the translators may want to use glossary terms to give more vivid descriptions about the culture- specific items kept in the
target language, especially when the translators have to deal with big cultural gaps and time.
2. To the students of English language and literature majoring in Translation, it is suggested that students of translations studies consider the topic of ideology in translating culture- specific items from Bahasa Indonesia to
English, when they are going to conduct a research on the field of translation. The main reasons are due to the lack of research about the
ideology of translation that focuses on classic Indonesian literature theme or modern Indonesian literature to English that is translated in recent time.
3. To other researcher, this research is still far from being perfect. One of the
weaknesses of this research is in the limited theories and knowledge of the researcher, especially the comparison of semantic features between the
74
75
REFERENCES
Albir, A.H. and LuciMolina. 2002. Translation Techniques Revisited: A Dynamic and Functioner List Approach. Meta: Translators’ Journal, 47 (4): 448-512.
Arifmulakmal. 2009. The Analysis of Cultural Expressions in the Translation of Introduction to Indonesian and Culture Handbook. Denpasar:Udayana University.
Bahrawi, Nazry. &FadliFawzi. 2003. An Interview with Max Lane. Retrieved on May 12, 2014, from http://www.asymtotejournal.com/article.
Baker, Mona. 2001.Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. New York: Routledge.
Bassnett, Susan. 2002. Translation Studies. New York: Routledge.
Bell, R. T. 1991. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. New York: Longman.
Berman, Antoine. 1985. Translations and the Trails of the Foreign. In L. Venuti (Eds.), The Translation Studies Reader(p.284-297). New York: Routledge.
Bogdan, R. C., &Biklen, S. K. 2003. Qualitative Research for Education: introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston: Pearsons Education Group.
Brown, J. D., & Rodgers, T. S. 2002. Doing Second Language Research: An Introduction to the Theory. Oxford: University Press.
Catford, J.C. 1965.A Linguistic Theory of Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Denzin, N. K, Lincoln, Y.S. 1994. Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: Sage.
76
Hagfors, I. 2003. The Translation of Culture-Bound Elements into Finnish in the Post-War Period.Meta journal, 48 (2): 115-127.
Hatim, Basil. 2001. Teaching and Researching Translation. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
Hauglund, Silje Andrea. 2011. Achieving Equivalent in Translation of African American Vernacular English: ForeignizationVersus Domestication. Oslo: Universiteti Oslo.
Hedger, Maya Birwood. 2006. Tension between Domestication and Foreignization in English-language Translations of Anna Karenina. Scotland: University of Edinburg.
Hervey, Sandor and Ian Higgins. 1992. Thinking Translation: A Course in Translation Method: French to English.New York: Routledge.
House, Juliane. 2009. Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jaber, Inam Najim. 2013. The Foreignized Translation: One Approach to Respect and Preserve the Culture of the Other. Journal of College of Education for Women, 24 (1): 500-5011.
Jayantini, I GustiAgung. 2010. Domestication and Foreignization Taking Place in Technical Translation of the Bilingual Glossary of Biosecurity. Denpasar: UniversitasUdayana.
Judickaite, Ligita. 2009.The Notions of Foreignization and Domestication Applied to Film Translation: Analysis of Subtitles in Cartoon Ratatouille. Journal: JaunujuMokslininkeDarbai, 2 (23): 36-42.
Krings, H.P. 1986. Translation Problems and Translation Strategies of Advanced German Learners of French. In J. House, & S. Blum-Kulka (Eds.),Journal Interlingual and intercultural communication (p. 263-75). Tubingen: Gunter Narr.
Lafevere, A. 1992. Translation/ History/ Culture: A Source Book. New York: Routledge.
77
Lindfors, Anne-Marie. 2001. Respect or ridicule: Translation strategies and the images of a foreign culture.The Electronic Journal of theDepartment of English at the University of Helsinki, 1 (1): 135-142.
Lincoln and Guba. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. California: Sage Publication,Inc.
Loescher, W. 1991. Translation Performance, Translation Process and Translation Strategies. Tuebingen: GutenNarr.
Mansour, Mariam Hassan. 2014. Domestication and Foreignization in Translating Culture-Specifi References of an English- Text into Arabic. Journal IJ-ELTS, 2 (2): 70-86.
Miles, B. Matthew, Huberman, A. Michael and Saldana, Johnny. 2014. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook. USA: Sage Publication, Inc.
Newmark, P. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall.
Nida, Eugene .1964. Toward a Science of Translating. Leiden: E.J.Bril.
Nida, E. A and Chr. R. Taber. 1982. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Putrawan, G. E. 2011. The Ideology of Translation of Cultural Terms in Pramoedya
Ananta Toer’s Work Gadis Pantai into The Girl from the Coast. Denpasar:
Universitas Udayana.S
Petrulione, Lolita. 2013. Correlation of Cultural & Translation Studies in the Process of Literary Translation.Journal of Filologija18 (2): 126-14.
Rahmawati, Wiki Tedi. 2010. An Analysis of Translation Methods Used in Indonesian Translated Version of Technical Text. Medan: Postgraduate School, State University of Medan.
78
Sudaryanto. 1993. Metode dan Aneka TeknikAnalisis Bahasa (PengantarPenelitianWahanaKebudayaanSecaraLinguistik). Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana University Press.
Venuti, L. 2012. The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation.Canada: Routledge.
Venuti, L. 2012. The Translation Studies Reader. USA and Canada: Routledge.
Venuti, L. 2001. Strategies of Translation. In M. Baker (Ed.), Encyclopedia of translation studies. New York: Routledge.
Vinay, J.-P. and J.Darbelnet. 1995. A Comparative Stylistic of French and English: A Methodology for Translation.Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Yang, Lin. 2013.Cultural Factors in Literary Translation: Foreignization and Domestication: On the Translationg of Main Characters’ Nicknames in Two Translations of Shui Hu Chuan.International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4 (13): 35-43.
Yang, Wenfeng. 2010. Brief Study on Domestication and Foreignization in Translation.Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 1 (1):77-80.
Zare-Behtash, E. and Firoozkoohi. 2009. A Diachronic Study of Domestication and Foreignization Strategies of Culture-Specific Items: in English- Persian
