STUDI RETROSPEKTIF: ASPEK MEDIK KONSERVASI
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BERDASARKAN LAPORAN MAHASISWA PPDH 2012-2013
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FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN HEWAN INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR
BOGOR 2015
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ABSTRAK
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The attention of medical conservation of marine mammals is consider rare compared to terrestrial mammals. To study this condition, the retrospective study was done based on case report of extramural internship professional education veterinary student programs in the periode of 2012-2013From 38 disease cases, five cases was found in marine mammals especially bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) and sea-lions (Otaria byronia). The cases included Tatto skin disease, liver disorder, suspect pneumonia, pseudopregnancy and cherry eye. Tatto skin disease was consider as incurable and zoonosis. To develop the strategy model of medical conservation in preventing bottlenose dolphin from Tatto skin disease with respect to one health approach, applied The Adaptive Methodology for Ecosystem Sustainability and Health (AMESH). To answer the question regarding interdisciplinary aspect of medical conservation on this method, literature study was done intensively. Based on this study, we found out that the problem on conservation medicine of marine mammals has a very high complexity and need to be serious handled because of their mode of infection was spread out by water.
Keywords: conservation institution, conservation medicine, marine mammals
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0DPDOLD ODXW PHUXSDNDQ KHZDQ PHQ\XVXL \DQJ WHODK EHUDGDSWDVL VHSHQXKQ\D XQWXN KLGXS GL ODXW 0DPDOLD ODXWWHUGLUL GDUL RUGRCetacea GHQJDQ VXERUGR Mysceti SDXV GDQ VXERUGR Odontoceti OXPEDOXPED RUGRSirenia manatee GDQ GXJRQJ RUGR NDUQLYRUD WHUEDJL DWDV VXERUGRPinnipedia DQMLQJ ODXW VLQJD ODXW GDQ ZDOUXV GDQFissipedia ODXW EHUDQJ±EHUDQJ GDQ EHUXDQJ NXWXE )DNWDQ\DCetacea PHUXSDNDQ PDPDOLD ODXW \DQJ KXEXQJDQQ\D OHELK GHNDW GHQJDQ NXGD EDEL GDQ ]HEUD SLQQLSHGLD PHPLOLNL NHVDPDDQ GHQJDQ EHUXDQJGDQPXVDQJVLUHQLDOHELKPLULSGHQJDQJDMDK7LGDNDGDSHUEHGDDQ\DQJ PHQFRORN WHWDSL PDPDOLD ODXW PHPLOLNL VDWX NHVDPDDQ \DLWX PHPSHUROHK PDNDQDQ GDUL ODXWCetacea PHQJKDELVNDQ PDVD KLGXSQ\D GL ODXW VHPHQWDUD PDPDOLD ODXW \DQJ ODLQ PHQGDWDQJL GDUDW GHQJDQ EHUEDJDL WXMXDQ VDODK VDWXQ\D XQWXN EHUHSURGXNVL SHUJDQWLDQ NXOLW GDQ EHULVWLUDKDW -HIIHUVRQet al.
6HPXD DQJJRWD PDPDOLD ODXW WHUVHEXW WHUPDVXN NH GDODP VDWZD ODQJND \DQJ GLOLQGXQJL GL VHOXUXK GXQLD 5LQL +ROGHQ \DQJ SHUWDPD NDOL PHQJXVXONDQ PDPDOLD ODXW VHEDJDL SHQMDJD OLQJNXQJDQ 0DPDOLD ODXW DGDODK LQGLNDWRU SHQMDJD OLQJNXQJDQ \DQJ EDJXV SDGD PDVD SHUWHQJDKDQ KLQJJD SHUXEDKDQMDQJNDODPDNDUHQDEDQ\DNVSHVLHVQ\D\DQJPHPLOLNLPDVDKLGXS\DQJ SDQMDQJ EHUDGD GL SRVLVL UDQWDL PDNDQDQ WHUDWDV GDQ MXJD PHPLOLNL FDGDQJDQ OHPDN\DQJEDQ\DN$JXLODUGDQ%RUUHOO
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MATERI DAN METODE
Tempat dan Waktu
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Bahan dan Metode
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6SHVLHV KHZDQ )DNWRU LQL PHQXQMXNNDQ MHQLV VDWZD OLDU \DQJ PHQJDODPL PDVDODKNHVHKDWDQGDQGLWDQJDQLROHKPDKDVLVZD33'+
.RQGLVL KHZDQ )DNWRU LQL \DQJ PHQMHODVNDQ PDVDODK NHVHKDWDQ SDGD VDWZD OLDU\DQJGLWDQJDQL
'LDJQRVLV\DLWXGXJDDQVHPHQWDUD\DQJPHQMDGLSHQ\HEDEPDVDODKNHVHKDWDQ SDGDVDWZDOLDU
.DWHJRUL \DLWX SHQJHORPSRNNDQ KDVLO GLDJQRVD EHUGDVDUNDQ OHWDNWHUMDGLQ\D SHQ\DNLWVHSHUWLSDGDVLVWHPSHUQDSDVDQVLVWHPSHUFHUQDDQVLVWHPUHSURGXNVL GDQODLQVHEDJDLQ\D
7HUDSL \DLWX SHQDQJDQDQ DWDX SHUWRORQJDQ \DQJ GLODNXNDQ SDGD VDWZD OLDU XQWXNPHQJDODPLPDVDODKNHVHKDWDQ
.HWHUDQJDQ\DLWXWHUNDLWGDULKDVLOSHPHULNVDDQNOLQLVPDXSXQSDWRORJLV +DVLO WDEXODVL QRWDVL ODSRUDQ PDKDVLVZD 33'+ WHUVHEXW GL DWDV GLSLOLK PHQMDGL GXD NHORPSRN \DLWX VDWZD DNXDWLN GDQ VDWZD QRQDNXDWLN 'DWD VDWZD DNXDWLNLQL\DQJNHPXGLDQDNDQGLNDMLEHUGDVDUNDQNRQVHSPHGLNNRQVHUYDVL
Analisis
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HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
Kajian Retrospektif Tahap Pertama: Identifikasi
3HQHOLWLDQLQLEHUKDVLOPHQJXPSXONDQHQDPODSRUDQPDKDVLVZD3HQGLGLNDQ 3URIHVL 'RNWHU +HZDQ 33'+ SHULRGH /DSRUDQ \DQJ WHODK GLLGHQWLILNDVL WHUGDSDW DGDQ\D HNRU KHZDQ GLODSRUNDQ PHQJDODPL JDQJJXDQ NHVHKDWDQ'XDMHQLVPDPDOLDDLU\DQJEHUMXPODKOLPDHNRUGLGDSDWNDQGDULGDWD WHUVHEXW
7DEHO 6DWZD DNXDWLN \DQJ PHQJDODPL NDVXV SHQ\DNLW EHUGDVDUNDQ ODSRUDQ PDJDQJ33'+
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/XPEDOXPED
KLGXQJERWRO diseaseTatto Skin SHUDZDWDQGDQSHQJREDWDQ MDPXU)XOFLQ 3URYLWDO
DWDXCherry Eye ,VRWLF7LPDFW
.DVXV 3HQ\DNLW
Kajian Retrospektif Tahap Kedua: Verifikasi
%HUGDVDUNDQKDVLOSHQJLGHQWLILNDVLDQNDVXVPHGLNNRQVHUYDVLSDGDPDPDOLD ODXW SDGDNDMLDQUHWURVSHNWLIWDKDSNHGXD LQLGLODNXNDQ YHULILNDVLWHUKDGDS MHQLV VDWZDDNXDWLNMHQLVSHQ\DNLWEHQWXNPHGLNDVLGDQREDW\DQJGLEHULNDQ
-HQLVVDWZDDNXDWLN
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6LQJDODXWOtaria byroniaGDSDWGLWHPXNDQGLSDQWDL&KLOL3HUX8UXJXD\ $UJHQWLQDGDQ%UDVLO6HODWDQ6DWZDLQLWHUJRORQJNHGDODPIDPLOLOtariidae&LUL \DQJGLPLOLNLQ\D\DLWXEDGDQVLOLQGULVGDQPHPDQMDQJHNRUNHFLOQDPXQWHUOLKDW MHODV OLPD MDUL NDNL GHSDQ UXGLPHQWHU PHPLOLNL EXDK ossa vertebrae thorachalisVHOXUXKSHUPXNDDQflipperWLGDNGLWXPEXKLUDPEXWKDOXVGDQNHUDV VXSUDRUELWDO EHUNHPEDQJ EDLN GDQ PHPLOLNL SHQDPSLODQ VHUXSD Zolaphus californiasus5LGJZD\
-HQLVSHQ\DNLW
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Gangguan fungsi hati 'LDJQRVLV LQL GLSHUROHK EHUGDVDUNDQ KDVLO
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Pseudopregnancy 0DVDODK pseudopregnancy SDGD OXPEDOXPED EHOXP
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Dugaan pneumonia 'LDJQRVLV LQL GLGDVDUL GHQJDQ DGDQ\D WHPXDQ NOLQLV
EHUXSD SHQXUXQDQ QDIVX PDNDQ NXUDQJ DJUHVLI VXOLW EHUQDSDV GDQ WLGDN NXDW ODPDODPD GL GDODP DLU NDUHQD KDUXV PHQJDPELO XGDUD VHFHSDW PXQJNLQ NH SHUPXNDDDQGDQ MXJDGLWHPXLNHOXDUQ\DEXVDGDULblowhole-Q\D&RIIH\ PHQMHODVNDQ SHQ\DNLW LQL GLWDQGDL GHQJDQ JHUDNDQ \DQJ ODPEDW NHNDNXDQ GDUL flipperatau flukesNHKLODQJDQNHVHLPEDQJDQGDQHQJJDQXQWXNEHUJHUDN6HODLQ LWXWDQGDNOLQLV\DQJVHULQJGLWHPXNDQSDGDbacterial respiratoryinfection\DLWX EHUNXUDQJQ\D QDIVX PDNDQ SRVWXU WXEXK \DQJ WLGDN ELDVDQ\D NHQDLNDQ respiratory rate GDQ WHUNDGDQJ EDWXN DWDX WLPEXO XGDUD WLGDN VHGDS GDUL XGDUD HNVKDODVL(RQGDQ.ZRQ
Tatto Skin Disease. 'LDJQRVD DZDO GDUL OXPEDOXPED LQL DGDODK SHQ\DNLW
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Cherry eye. 6LQJD ODXW \DQJ WHUNHQD SHQ\DNLW LQL ELDVDQ\D PHQJDODPL
JDQJJXDQ NHPHUDKDQ SDGD PDWD LULWDVL SHPEHQJNDNDQ SHUDGDQJDQ GDQ PDWD PHQMDGL NHULQJ .HMDGLDQ SDGD NDVXV LQL ELVD GLVHEDENDQ ROHK DJHQ LQIHNVLXV PDXSXQQRQLQIHNVLXVWUDXPD3HQ\HPEXODQPHPEUDQQLFWLWDQLQLPHQ\HEDENDQ LULWDVLGDQSDSDUDQXGDUD OXDU \DQJNHULQJVHKLQJJDWHUMDGL LQIHNVLGDQNHOHQMDU PHQMDGL EHQJNDN GDQ EHUZDUQD PHUDKCherry eye GDSDWWHUMDGL SDGD VDWX PDWD DWDXNHGXDPDWD
-HQLVPHGLNDVLGDQREDW
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\DQJ PHQJDQGXQJ JHQWDPLFLQ 2EDW ODLQ \DQJ GLJXQDNDQ \DLWX REDW FLQD FDUGLDOXQJ XQWXN NHVHKDWDQ SDUXSDUX PHQFHJDK PDVDODK JDJDO JLQMDO PHPEHUVLKNDQ SDUXSDUX GDQ PHPEXDQJ UDFXQ \DQJ GLDNLEDWNDQ QLNRWLQ GDQ DONRKRO2EDW\DQJGLEHULNDQNHSDGDVDWZDVDWZDLQLPHUXSDNDQREDWREDW\DQJ VHULQJGLEHULNDQNHSDGDPDQXVLD
Kajian Retrospektif Tahap Ketiga: Pengembangan
'DODPUDQJNDPHPDKDPLPHGLNNRQVHUYDVLPHQXUXWNRQVHS$0(6+\DQJ GLWXOLVGLGDODP$JXLUUHet al.GLLGHQWLILNDVLNDVXVSHQ\DNLW]RRQRWLN\DQJ VHNLUDQ\DGDSDWPHQMDGLZDEDKGL PDVDGHSDQ.DVXVNDVXV \DQJGLVHEXWNDQGL DWDVGDSDWPHZDNLOLEHEHUDSDNRQGLVLNHVHKDWDQPDXSXQSHQ\DNLW\DQJEHUSRWHQVL ]RRQRVLVSDGDPDPDOLDODXWTatto Skin Disease SDGDOXPEDOXPEDKLGXQJERWRO GDSDWGLMDGLNDQVDODKVDWXFRQWRKGDQGLMDGLNDQWRSLNGDODPSHQJNDMLDQOLWHUDWXU VHEDJDLEHULNXW
Situasi saat ini
Isu Saat Ini 3HQHPXDQTatto Skin Disease GL DODP OLDU FHQGHUXQJ OHELK EDQ\DN %HUGDVDUNDQ SHQHOLWLDQ \DQJ GLODNXNDQ ROHK 9DQ %UHVVHPet al.
SUHYDOHQVL WHUMDGLQ\D OHVLR LQL GL VHPXD MHQLV OXPEDOXPED KLGXQJ ERWRO VHNLWDU VDPSDL 6HPHQWDUD SHUNLUDDQ SUHYDOHQVL DGDQ\D OHVLR NXOLW NKXVXVQ\D SDGDOXPEDOXPEDKLGXQJERWROTursiops truncatusKLQJJD5RZHet
al.
\DQJ GLVHEDENDQ ROHK NRQWDPLQDVL OLQJNXQJDQ GDQ MXJD DGDQ\D LQGLNDWRU SHQXUXQDQDWDXVWUHVOLQJNXQJDQDNXDWLN3HQ\DNLWLQLMXJDGLVHEXWVHEDJDLWDQGD SHQJNDUDNWHULVDVL DGDQ\D LQIHNVL GDUL SR[YLUXV \DQJ EHUDVDO GDUL VXEIDPLOL &KRUGRSR[YLULQDH \DQJ PDVLK EHOXP GLNHQDOL GDQ WHUEDJL DWDV GXD JUXS \DLWX Cetacea SR[YLUXV &39 SDGD KDPSLU VHPXD MHQLVCetacea GDQ RGRQWRFHWHV \DQJ WHUWDQJNDS GL $PHULND GDQ $VLD GDQ &39 SDGDBalanaese mysticetus %UDFKW et al. . 3R[YLUXV MXJD GLLGHQWLILNDVL DGD SDGD EHEHUDSD VSHVLHV Pinnipeds \DLWX VLQJD ODXW &DOLIRUQLD Zalophus californianus 6LQJD ODXW $PHULND6HODWDQOtaria byroniaDQMLQJ ODXWPhoca vitulinaDQMLQJ ODXWDEX DEXHalichoerus grypusGDQDQMLQJODXWEHUEXOXCallorhinus ursinus'LHUDXI GDQ*XOODQG
Analisis terhadap
Pemegang KepentinganStakeholders XWDPD SDGD SHQ\DNLWTatto Skin DGDODK GRNWHU KHZDQ SDUDPHGLV ELRORJLZDQ GLQDV NHKXWDQDQ GLQDV SHULNDQDQ GDQNHODXWDQSHQHOLWLQHOD\DQPDV\DUDNDWWHSLSDQWDLGDQOHPEDJDNRQVHUYDVL
Isu. /HVLRTatto Skin Disease OHELK WLQJJL SUHYDOHQVLQ\D GL KHZDQ PXGD GLEDQGLQJNDQ GHZDVD \DQJ PHPLOLNL PDVDODK NHVHKDWDQ 6HPHQWDUD GL 8QLWHG .LQJGRP SUHYDOHQVL OHELK WLQJJL GL KHZDQ GHZDVD 3HQJLVRODVLDQ SR[YLUXV GDUL PDPDOLD ODXW FXNXS VXOLW GDQ WDN DNDQ EHUKDVLO MLND WLGDN PHQJJXQDNDQ LVRODW SR[YLUXVGDULVHONXOWXUVSHVLHV\DQJKHQGDNGLSHULNVD'LHUDXIGDQ*XOODQG %HUGDVDUNDQ GDWD NOLQLV GDQepizootiological WDN DGD LQGLNDVL EDKZD WHULQIHNVL SR[YLUXV PHQ\HEDENDQhigh mortalityrate SDGD HQ]RRWLN 9DQ %UHVVHPet al. .HPDWLDQ GDUL SHQ\DNLW LQL ELDVDQ\D GLVHEDENDQ ROHK LQIHNVL VHNXQGHU 7HUDSL \DQJ GLODNXNDQ XPXPQ\D PHQJRQWURO LQIHNVL EDNWHUL \DQJ GLLQGLNDVL GHQJDQDGDQ\DQDQDK'LHUDXIGDQ*XOODQG
Kebijakan 3HUDWXUDQ 0HQWHUL .HKXWDQDQ 5HSXEOLN ,QGRQHVLD 1R 3
7DKXQWHQWDQJ/HPEDJD.RQVHUYDVL
Pihak terkait dan penjelasannya:
%HEHUDSD RUDQJ \DQJ PHQDQJDQL DQMLQJ ODXW WHULQIHNVL SDUDSR[YLUXV GDQ OHVLRQ\D SXQ EHUNHPEDQJ VHODPD KDUL 'LHUDXI GDQ *XOODQG %XGD\D PHQJNRQVXPVL GDJLQJ Cetacea WLGDN GDSDW GLMDPLQ NHDPDQDQ NHVHKDWDQQ\D NDUHQDGDSDWWHUNRQWDPLQDVLGDQWHULQIHNVLSDWRJHQ]RRQRWLN/R
Pemahaman lebih lanjut berdasarkan deskripsi gambaran dan narasinya:
Sistem Analisis.%HQWXNGDULGHVNULSVLSDGD*DPEDUWHUNDLWGHQJDQVDODK
*DPEDU0RGHONRQVHSWXDOGDULNHVHKDWDQHNRVLVWHP1HXGRHUIIHUet al.
Sistem Sintesis. .HEHUDGDDQSHQ\DNLWLQLGDSDWPHQMDGLLQGLNDWRUWHUKDGDS
VWDWXVNHVHKDWDQKHZDQGDQOLQJNXQJDQWHUXWDPDVDOLQLWDVGDQVDQLWDVLDLU+DU]HQ GDQ%UXQQLFN
Pembelajaran bersama dan tindakan
Pencarian Solusi. 3ROXVL ELRORJLV MXJD PHQLPEXONDQ PDVDODK 9DQ
%UHVVHPet al VHSHUWL WLQJJLQ\D NRQVHQWUDVL VXDWX SDWRJHQ GL DLU GDSDW PHQXUXQNDQ V\VWHP LPXQ /XND DNLEDW NDSDO GDQ DODW SDQFLQJ GDSDW PHPEXDW VDWZDPHQMDGLWDUJHW\DQJLGHDOXQWXNPDVXNGDQEHUNHPEDQJQ\DSDWRJHQ
Desain Pendekatan Adaptif. 3HUEDLNDQ OLQJNXQJDQ DLU KLGXS VDWZD
PHQMDJDNXDOLWDVDLUGDULSROXVLNLPLDGDQSDWRJHQ9DQ%UHVVHPet al.
Pelaksanaan. 7LQGDNDQWHJDVXQWXNPHQLQJNDWNDQSHQFHJDKDQSHQFHPDUDQ
DLUGL PXDUDPHQJXUDQJLNRQWDPLQDVLNLPLD PHPILOWHUDLU \DQJGLJXQDNDQGDUL ]DWEHUEDKD\D9DQ%UHVVHPet al.
Pemantauan dan Evaluasi. 3HQ\DNLWTatto Skin LQLGDSDWPHQMDGLLQGLNDVL OLQJNXQJDQVXDWXSHUDLUDQ.ROHNVLELRSVLGDQVDPSHOWHUEDUXXQWXNKLVWRSDWRORJL GDQPLNURELRORJLVDQJDWGLSHUOXNDQXQWXNDQDOLVLVGLVDDWJHQWLQJ9DQ%UHVVHPet
al
SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
Simpulan
0HWRGHUHWURVSHNWLIGDSDWGLJXQDNDQXQWXN PHQJDQDOLVLV/DSRUDQ0DJDQJ 3URIHVL 0DKDVLVZD 33'+ ).+,3% VHEDJDL NDMLDQ 0HGLN .RQVHUYDVL 0DPDOLD /DXW3HQGHNDWDQPHWRGH$0(6+\DQJGLSHUND\DGHQJDQUXMXNDQSXVWDND\DQJ UHOHYDQ DNDQ PHPEDQWX GDODP PHQJHPEDQJNDQ NDMLDQ 0HGLN .RQVHUYDVL LQL VHEDJDLEDKDQSHQ\XVXQDQVWUDWHJLSHQDQJDQDQPDVDODKPHGLNNRQVHUYDVLVHFDUD NRPSUHKHQVLIWHUPDVXNPDVDODK]RRQRVLV
Saran
3HUOXSHQHOLWLDQOHELKODQMXWPHQJHQDLSHQFHJDKDQGDQSHQJREDWDQSHQ\DNLW Tatto Skin ]RRQRVLV\DQJGLLNXWLGHQJDQWLQGDNDQQ\DWDXQWXNPHQJXUDQJLGDQ PHQJHQGDOLNDQNHEHUDGDDQQ\DGLDODP
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
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Epiz.
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