The Translation Of Compound Words Found In A Booklet Entitled "60 Years Of Service For Your Safety And Well-Being

ABSTRACT

This report entitled The Translation of Compound W

ords found in Booklet

entitled 60 Years of Service for Your Safety and W

ell-being

, is purposed to find

out the translation of compound words and their mea

ning.

The method used in this report is descriptive analy

sis, conducted by describing

and analyzing the data collected from the booklet.

Based on the analysis of the data, it s found one

type of compound words

form; the closed form, means the compound words are

melded together. The writer

found the meaning of the words based on the diction

ary, and then compared them.

Finally, the writer related the meaning of the comp

ound words with other words in

the whole sentence to grasp the meaning.

ABSTRAK

Laporan ini berjudul

The Translation of Compound Words found in Bookle

entitled 60 years of Service for Your Safety and W

ell-being

, penulisan laporan ini

bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerjemahan dan arti da

ri compound words.

Metode yang digunakan dalam laporan ini adalah anal

isis deskriptif, yaitu

metode yang membicarakan kemungkinan untuk memecahk

an masalah actual dengan

cara mengumpulkan, mencari dan meneliti serta menge

lompokan data-data yang

akan di analisis pada booklet.

Berdasarkan analisis pada data, ditemukan satu jen

is bentuk

compound

words; the closed forms.

Penulis harus menemukan arti kata berdasarkan kamu

s, dan

kemudian membandingkannya. Langkah terakhir adalah

penulis menghubungkan arti

compound words tersebut dengan kata-kata lain yang

terdapat dalam kalimat

tersebut untuk mendapatkan makna yang sesuai.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, the writer is so thankful to Allah s

wt for giving the writer

strength to accomplish the writing of this paper en

titled

the Translation of

Compound Words found in a booklet entitled 60 Year

s of Service for Your Safety

and Well-being . This paper is proposed to fulfill

one of the requirements of job

training report.

The writer also wishes to say the biggest thanks to

the following persons for

supporting and helping the writer in accomplishing

the writing of this paper:

1.

Retno Purwani Sari. S.S., M. Hum. As the Head of En

glish Department,

Faculty of Letters, Indonesia University of Compute

r.

2.

Asih Prihandini. S.S., M. Hum. As my advisor, thank

you very much for your

time, advice, guidance and patience in guiding me d

uring the writing of this

report.

3.

Tatan Tawami. S.S. as the Coordinator of Job Traini

ng. Thanks for your

support and suggestion.

4.

All staff of PUSAIR. Thank you very much.

5.

My parents, who always encourage me during the writ

ing of this report and

doing my job training.

7.

Teteh ika, aa ucup, my friend, for always accompani

es me in my daydreaming

day.

8.

And for SI-1 student of 07, for being my classmate

. Thank you very much.

The writer expects that this paper will be useful e

specially for the writer, and

generally for the readers. Hopefully, by reading th

is paper, it will also be useful f

readers to expand their knowledge about this topic.

The writer is also looking forward

for the critics and advices.

Bandung, November 2010

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kami

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dengan ketentuan dan persyaratan yang

kami

tetapkan.

Demikian

kami

menerangkan

untuk

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pihak-pihak

yang bersangkutan dan agar dipergunakan sebagaimana mestinya.

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Pejabat Penerima _Pemohon

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KEMENTERIAN

PEKERJAAN

UMUM

BADAN PENELITIAN DAN

PENGEMBANGAN

PUSAT

PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN

SUMBER

DAYAAIR

Jl.

lr.

H.

Juanda

193

Bandung

40135,

Tlp.

:

(O22)

2501083;

25O4O53;

2501554:

2SOOSOT

Fax.

: (O22)25OO163; PO. Box:

841;

E-mail : pusat@pusair-pu.go.id; http://www.pusair-pu.go.id

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pada surat

Nomor

Tanggal

FUBAT

KETERAI{GAI{

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Universitas Komputer

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Ijin

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SASTRA INGGRIS S1

Dengan

ini

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Litbang

Sumber

Daya

Air

menyatakan

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menerima

mahasiswa tersebut diatas,

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melaksanakan

praktek

kerja

lapangan pada periocle

3

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s/d

31

Agustus

2010,

dengan

pembimbing

Bapak Rahmat Suria

Lubis,

S.T.

M.T.,

Kasubbid Pengembangan Kerj asama.

Bandung, 3 Agustus 2010

epala

Bidang

PKSK

Pengembangan

Keahlian,

I I 1987032003

Tembusan Kepada Yth.:

1.

Kepala Pusat Sumber Daya

Air

(sebagai laporan);

2.

Kepala Bidang Program dan Kerjasama;

3.

KepalaBidangPKSK

4.

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Nomor Lampiran Perihal

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IVERSITAS KOM

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DONESIA

FAKULTAS SASTRA

JURUSAN SASTRA INGER|S DAN

SASTRAJEPANG

: 042/KP/Dk-FS/UN IKOM/V|P0I 0

:-: Permohonan lzin Praktek

Yth, BapaMbu

Kepala bagian Program

Kefia

: -

-.

Pusat Litbing Sumber Daya Air (PUSAIR) Jl. lr. H. Juanda No. 193 Bandung

Dengan hormat,

Dekan Fakultas dastra yang bertanda tangan

dihwah

inimengaiukan permohonan kepda

Bapaplbu dapat kiranya menedma mahasiswa kami berikut ini untuk melaksanakan keria praktek di Perusahaan Yang BaPaUlbu PimPin.

pelaksanaan _keria praktek disesuaikan " dengan iadwal yang ditentukan oleh instansi

BapaUlbu untuk waktu satu sampai tiga bulan.

Demikian surat permohonan disampaikan. Atas pertratan dan keda samanya, kami ucapkan tedma

kasih.

Tembusan :

1.

Ytr. Ketua Jurusan Scba lnggris

2.

Arsip

Website : httP://w.unikom.ac.id E-mail : ts@unikcm.ac.id

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memuat gambaran kegiatan-kegiatan

yang dilakukan, potensi yang dimiliki

serta

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lainnya

untuk

memudahkan interaksi dan keda-sama

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ini

antara lain mencakup

berbagai

informasi,

sejarah

dan

perkembangan _{Puslitbang Sumber}

Daya

_.

Air,

serta keberadaan puslitbang _{Sumber Daya Air}

dalam strukfur kelembagaan Departemen pekerjaan

Umum - RI. Kegiatan bidang dan balai serta kualifikasi

sumber daya manusia yang ada di lingkungan puslitbang Sumber Daya Air juga diuraikan secara singkat.

Selanjutnya kami berniat unfuk terus menambah jumlah infor"rnasi serta mengaktualisasikan penyempumaan

penampilan _{profil secara ber.tahap dan dapat pula}

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dalarn jaringan internet melalul alamat

homepage

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kritik

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193,

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42

INTRODUCTION

The World Meteorological Organization (WMOl, created in 1950, was established as a Specialized

Agency

of

the

United Nations

in

1951

in

rec-ognition

of

its

potential

contribution

to

world

peace

and human

well-being.

lts

predecessor.

the

lnternational

Meteorological

Organization,

a

non-governmental

organization

of

meteoro-logical services, had

demonstratedthe

power

of

meteorology

and

related

geophysical sciences

in serving

human

welfare

and security.

ln

the relatively

short

period

of

60 years,

the

Organization,

with

its robust operational system

and

flexible

networking,

has

come

to

play

an

essential

role

in

human

affairs, well

beyond

the

expectations

of

its

founders.

Throughout

the

years,

policymakers

have

found in

mete-orology

a rallying

point

for

cooperation.

As

meteorology

does not

recognize

boundaries

between countries, WMO has provided a unique

s erv i ces

across

frontiers.

WMO has been

highly

successful in organizing

i nternational coop_eration i n gatheri ng observations,

conducting research and scientific analysis, and developing forecast models and improving them. The

quality

of numerical weather prediction

for

seven days is now cornparable to what it was

for

a 24-

to

36-hour

forecast

60 years ago, and this

was achieved throug h international cooperation cirganized

by WMO. Every decade,

the

WMO

process has added about one day to the range

of

practically useful forecasts. This progress has led

to

the huge benefits that

the

global

community

is receiving

frorn

meteorology.

The achievements of WMO overthe past 60 years

have been possible thanks

to

thqpf.gAnleltlojjs

B-1omotio1 of free and un.restricted exchange

of

meteorological and related data and products, its

initiatives in

setting international

standards

for

meteorological and related observations. its work

on capacity-building, its promotion of science and technology, and its international leadership in the

43

BUILDING

ON

A

SOLID PAST

The

latter

half of the eighteenth century and

first

half

of

the nineteenth

century

were

marked by major developments in meteorologyatthe national and

international

levels.

ln

1780,

the

Mannheim

Soci etas Meteo rolog ica Pal ati na established the first international network comprising 40 weather

observing

stations

extending

over Europe and

North

America.

The

availability

of

standardized

observatlons,

though

limited,

ied

to

the

development

of

syn-optic

weather

charts

over

a

large area. Around

1820, based on data from Societas Meteorologica Palatina

in

Mannheim and

William

Redfield of

New York, the insightful weather maps prepared by H.W. Brandes of Leipzig showed the rotational

and progressive nature

of

hurricanes, as well as

the patterns of

wind,

atmospheric pressure and weather. ln 1834, the Russian Hydrometeorological

Service was established.

The invention of the electric telegraph by Samuel

Morse

(1843)

marked

a new

era

of

real-time

data

collection,

with

unprecedented

progress

in weather forecasting and

timely

dissemination of forecasts.

Subsequently, three developments setthe scene

for advancement of the science of meteorology: growth in

internationaltrade

and maritime

ship-ping, accompanied by a corresponding need for its

security and efficiency; rapid changes in society in

the 1850s, which led to increased requirements

for

weather information; and industrial development,

which

placed greater _demands

on

_{science and} technology, and on

meteorology

in particular.

To

help

promote

safety

at

sea

for

commercial

operations,

Lt Matthew

F.

Maury

convened an

international

conference

in

Brussels in August

1853.

The conference

firmed

up

international

cooperation in the fie.ld

of

marine

meteorologvp)

and

laid

th*ororrnciwork for

dorrolnnmo^r

"^.t\j/

cg o p_e r a t i o

i/.

[r

₉ t h e r fje-Ld_s"- o

f

m ate:tio f o g y.-Th e

-penod leadtng

up

to

the

Brussels Conference_2

and

the

following

two

decades saw the estab-

(

lishment

and

consolidation

of

several

National

.

44

responsibility

for

assessing climate change

sci-

Processes and their Role in Climate; and Clirnate

ence, its impacts and policy options. lt

drawg_ell

and Cryosphere. These projects and others

have

the

most

recent scientific,

technicaGfrffiffii

enabled WCRP

to

monitor, simulate and

project

globalclimatewithunprecedentedaccuracy.

contribute

voluntarily to the work

of

IPCC.

The IPCC First Assessment Report, published in 1990,

contributed

to

the

initiation

of

the

United

Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

The

Second

Assessment

Report,

which

was issued in 1995, alerted the global

community

to

the possible impact of human activities on climate and led to the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol. The

Third Assessment Report (2001)

reaffirmed

the human impact on climate change and the Fourth

Assessment Report (2007) raised the urgency

of

(

l)

ffi

to

cIiE

sreenhouse gas emissions. IPCC

-2.

World Climate Research Programrne (WCRPI

WCRP was established in 1980 by WMO and the

lnternational

Council

for

Science

(ICSU), and

since

1993

it

has

also

been

sponsored

by

the lntergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

(lOC)

of

UNESCO.

lts

main

objectives

are to

deterrnine

the

predictability

of

climate

and the effect

of

human activities on climate.

WCRP organizes international large-scale

observa-tional and modelling projects. lts Tropical Ocean

GlobalAtmosphere project (1985-1994) led to the

understanding of El Nifro and La Nifra phenomena and the operational use of this information in

miti-gatingthe

impacts in extreme events, agriculture

and

water

resource management.

Today, WCRP encompasses four major core projects:

the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment;

Climate Variability and Predictability; Stratospheric

Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)

GCOS was established in 1992 as a joint

undertak-ing of WMO, the lntergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, UNEP and the lnternational Councilfor Science. lt provides an operational

frame-work for integrating and enhancing observations

required for addressing the total climate system, including physical, chemical and biological

prop-erties, as well as atmospheric, oceanic, terrestrial, hydrologic and cryospheric components.

GCOS does

not directly

make

observations

or

generate data and products.

lt

builds upon,

and

works in partnership with, existing and

develop-ing

observing

systems,

in

particular the WMO

Global Observing System and Global Atmosphere

Watch,’tne

Global

Ocean

Observing

System,

and

the

Global

Terrestrial

Observing

System’

The Members belonging

to

one of the six WMO Regional

Associations

have

committed

to

the

operation

of

a Regional

Basic

Climatological

Network

(RBCN),

which is

an agreed selection

of surface and upper-air meteorological

observ-ing

stations

of

the

Global

Observing

System. Worldwide, about 2 600 surface stations and 510

upper-air

stations

belong to

the

six RBCNs and

the Antarctic Basic Climatological Network. They

generate

monthly

averageS

of

meteorological

parameters measured at the surface and in

verti-cal layers of the atmosphere up to 30 kilometres.

The data are archived in and made available by

the

two

WMO

World

Data Centres.

It

includes

in

situ,

airborne

and

space-based

PRESERVING HUMAN HERITAGE

4

Preserving data

Weather, climate, rnrater and environmental data, some generated for over a century, are compiled

and archived

nationally

and

internationally

according to international standards and

agree-ments established by WMO. The

information

is

complemented by proxy and paleoclimate data

and is

stored

in WMO World Data Centres.

IMPROVING WEATHER AND CLIMATE FORECASTS

5

lmproving

weather forecasts

A

major

achievement has been

the

continued

im provem ent i n weati rer forecasts th rou g h mod el s

that represent more accurately the physical and

chemical

processes

that

underlie

the

evolution

of

weather.

Cooperative

efforts

have made

it

possible

for

a five-day forecast

to

be as reliable

as a

two-day

forecast was 20 years ago.

6

lmproving

climate predictions

for

a

season

to

a year

Over

the

past

30

years,

scientif

ic

research

sponsored by WMO and

its

partners has led to

considerable

improvement

in

understanding

the climate system and in providing predictions

for

a season to a year ahead, accompanied by a

projection of impacts. The most successful

effort

has been

the

pr:ediction

of

El Niffo and La Nifia

phenomena.

7

Predicting climate at

the

regional scale

While

considerable

progress

has

been

made

in

global

climate

projections,

climate

change

requires society to have reliable regional climate predictions to plan efficiently and adapt in areas such as food production, water resources, coastal

protection,

energy,

environment and

health.

WMO

is

addressing regional-scale

prediction

as a

priority.

8

Knowing

our

future

climate

ln

1976,

WMO

issued

the

f

irst

authoritative

statement

on

global climate change as a result

of the

observed increase in greenhouse gases.

Considerable progress in climate modelling,

with

the aid of the most

powerful

computers, means

that

it

is

possible

to

make

climate

projections

several decades to a century ahead and to

predict

the

potential

implications

for

Earth

systems.

This has led

to

the

recognition

that

humans

are

contributing

to

global climate change.

ACCESSING VITAL INFORMATION

9

Providing local access

to

a

globalnetwork

WMO provides a unique system

forthe

real-tirne

exchange and availability to all nations of weather

data

and products,

including information

frorn

satellites over its dedicated telecommunications

network. These products are used in dailyforecasts and warnings. and in numerous socio-economic

activities

and environmental monitoring. This

operationai system enables all nations to access

information

related

to

other

hazards such as

tsunamis,

seismic

activity

and transport

of

radioactive or chemical pollutants.

10

Free and

unrestricted

exchange of data

and

products

A major contribution to the safety and well-being

of

humanity is the increasing availabiiity of weather,

climate,

water

and related environmental

and

other

data

and products

at

global

and national

levels. This arrangement has been at the core

of

real-time weather services, increasinglv accurate

warning

systems

with

longer lead time,

climate

-^

projections

on timescales of a season

t6-t@(Gl

-ElTiorl=ffia

wide

spectrum

of

environmental programmes.

USING CLIMATE INFORMATION

11

Applying

climate information

to

sustainable development

Climate

information

aids

in

planning and deci-sion-makin g related to socio-economic activities,

environmental protection and disaster mitigation. ln particular, this

information

is used in the

WMO facilitates the clevelopmeni and sharing of guidance on the usc of such data.

PROTECTING OUR EIJVIRONMTNT

12

Observing our ciimate

WMO

systematicali’,,

monitors

concentraiions

of atmospheric gases. including carbon dicxide,

methane and

nitra’-rs

oxide.

-l-he

First

World

Climate Conference, convened oy WMO, lei1 to alerts

about

climate change ancj resulted iri the

creation

of

the

World

Climate Programme, the

World

Climate Rese::rch Prograrnme and iPCC,

which was

given

rerironsibility

for

assessment

activities. The SecorrC World Clirnate Confe:ence led to the UNFCCC aiid the Kyoto Protocol. WCC-3

is

leading

to

the

esrablishment of

the

Giobal Framework

for

Clirn;,te Services.

13

Timely advisorics

and early warnings cn air

quality

are able

to

issue UV

lndex information

around

the grlobe for th.: protection of citizens. Ultraviolet

radi;tion

has he"-nrful effec’s on human, plant and aquatic life. Prc,lc;nged exposure may cause skin

cancer and cataracts and

rray

adversely affect the hr-rman imnrune system.

16

Protecting

{rom

sand. and duststorms

-,.*..:-ffii.s

Earlri

warnings

of

sand- and

duststcrms

are

helpful in

mitigrting

their lr,:.’llth impa:ts, as well

as damage

to

property, ecosystems, agriculture

and

iransport.

Tiie WMO

S;nd

and Dust Storm

Warning

and

Assessmeirt

Systen’r is

being

implemented tirrough coll;.,bcr-ative efforts in the

regicns concerned.

17

Dealing wi"rh acid rair’

ffi’li:.tre!gr%*ffi

rrrent.

that i:ause acid ;ain. ln Euroi, :, the Con,,’ention on

Lon g - ra nge Tra r s oo unda r,,r’i-’c I I ution, i r itiated by

Wlv*,C, has been cffective iri ,.i;creasing +missions of s:-rilhurdiox;iJe. The

proiri;i;r

of acid deposition

is iricreasing in tire develc:r,:-rg

world.

P R CV I D I N G E FrJ V I RO N M E T.i ].i*r L WAR’\i I T\IGS

18

lLisuing

voi;anic

ash

claits

WMO issues ad’visories regarding vcicanic ash and

iis

movements in the atmosphere following

eruptions that -qpew volumrnous amounts of ash.

19

\(arning

of tlre movenir!’rt of oil spills at sea

ln tlre event of oil spills, the t,r.Ii*O system provides

warnings of

their

movemerlt

with

pro;ections

of

landfal[. Suitable

mitigating

measures maythus

be

undertaken ahead

of tirne

in the threatened

regions.

2A

Ft’arning of

{crest

and rniildfires

Devastating fires are often tr-iggered b;, lightning or hurnan actions. especially r:rrder dry conditions.

’y,ffi:r:j:E@.:.:i..

The

World

Health

(:’ganizatioir

estimates

tlrat

about

2.3

million

pclple

die eech year

frcrir

air pollution. To address 1,::s probleni, V,,iMO Merr,:-,ers

monitorairquality

by neasuring oxides of sui-:hur,

nitrogen

and

carbc

n,

surface

ozone,

voi;tile

organic compounds, and particr-rlates, as w1l:l as

levels

of

pollen and riust. Thes.r rneasurenrents

are

used

in

issuing

timely

warnings

aborii

the nature and concent:’ation

of

pciiutants

that

can

cause

asthma,

other respiratory

illnesses, and

heart problems.

14

Preserving

the

czone layer

By

monitoring

the

piotective

ozcne layer some

20

to

30 kilometres

above

the

Earth’s surface,

since 1975 WMO has been instrumental in alerting

the global community to the danger of an ’ozone

hole’. As a result, the Vienna Corrvention oir the

Protection of the Ozoni; Layer (1985) _{and its} Morrireal

Protocol on Substances

that

Depiete

the

Ozone Layer (1987)were adcpted and nations have been

phasing

out

ozone-ciepleting chemicals.

15

Safeguarding life

from

ultraviolet

light

exposure

Ef*

As

a

result

of

the continuous

monitoring

of tire

thickness of the ozone layer by WlVlO, its Members

T[e

ash poses e threat to

aircraft

ations and

ano wilolrre, Dut also

mav Dut human lives at risk.

47

(0

may destroy not only forests,

grasslandi,

system

monitors

drought

conditions

and provides

advance

warnings

of

areas

at

risk.

WMO

also develops wildfire warning systems in the regions

concerned.

21

Underpinning

international laws on

environment

A number of environmental laws, including those on the thinning of the ozone layer, transboundary

transport of pollutants and the increase in greenhouse gases, were promulgated on the basis of

observa-tions

made by the WMO systems. Compliance,

control

and

further

refinements

of these

laws require constant monitoring and the availability of authoritative data provided by WMO.

STRENGTHENING INTEGRATED WATER MANAGET’/IENT

22

Assessing

water

resources

Freshwater resources are diminishing and

deterio-rating under demographic and climate pressures.

Knowledge

of

available

water

resources at the

national

level is

essential

for

the

management

of

domestic and industrial.water use, irrigation, and hydropower generation. WMO provides

for

the

monitoring

of surface and groundwater, data

exchange, and the application

of

data

to

water resources management.

23

lntegrated

water

resources

management

WMO

ensures

the

preparation of suitable fore-casts needed to plan water storage, agricultural activities, urban development, the prevention

of

flood-related disasters, and public health measures

involving

water

quality. This

effort

contr:ibutes

to

an integrated,

multidisciplinary

approach to managing water resources.

PROTECTING THE OCEAN|S

24

Keeping coastal commulnities safe

Over half of the world’s population lives near the coast. WMO advisories and warnings of tropical

cyclones, high waves, storm surges and

coastal

flooding contribute to the safety of people living in coastal communities. ln many countries, tsunarni warnings are provided by NMHSs.

25

Contributing

to

safe ocean

drilling

and

mining

The

efficient

and safe

operation

of offshqre

oil

and gas

installations relies

on

knowledge

of

marine

forecasts

of

extreme weather

events.

Ocean

mining

requires

similar

information

to

ensure safety. The WMO network allows for

the

delivery of such

information.

26

Ensuring secure

pollution

clean-up and search-and-rescue operations

An

increase

in

the

pollution

of

oceans

and

coastal waters

has

been

observed

recently.

Sound

information

about

the weather

and

the

state

of the

sea

from

the

WMO system is

vital

for safe clean-up operations. Se-a rch-and-rescue

efforts also rely on the ready availability of such

info rmatio n

TOWARDS A SAFER WORLD

27

Vulnerability

and

risk

reduction

An important dimension in building risk-resilient

communities

is

the

assessment of

their

vulner-ability

and

ensuring

their. preparedness. WMO contributes to this

effort

by making the relevant

data on hazards available. WMO is a major

pillar

of

the

United Nations

lnterndtional

Strategy

for

Disaster Reduction and

the

Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015.

28

Cycione preparedness and damage

prevention

N atu

ral

haza rds

of

hydrometeorological

origin

such as

tropical

cyclones, droughts, floods and tornadoes are a constantthreatto human security,

economic development and well-being. A major

contribution

of

WMO

has been

its

system

of

early warnings

as

a

key

for

preparedness and damage prevention. The WMO TropicalCyclone

Warning Centres have proved their effectiveness

48

29

Early

warning

against

drought

Drought

is an

insidious

natural hazard

that

has

implications for human activities and the

environ-ment. ln

addition,

more than 250

million

people

are

directly affected

by desertification.

Some 1

billion

people in over 100 countries are at risk. WMO takes the lead in monitoringthe phenomena

through

the

timely

collection

of

climatological

and hydrological

data and

by

issuing

early

warnings.

lt

also

actively supports

the

United

Nations Convention to

Combat Desertification {UNCCD). Several specialized regional

drought

monitoring

centres

have been

established

by

WMO

in

collaboration

with

UNCCD.

30

Warn!ngs of

floods

Floods

threaten

human life and property

world-wide. Some

1.5

billion

people were affected by

flooding

in the last decade of the twerrtieth

cen-tury.

Climate change may lead to more frequent occurrences of catastrophic flooding. The WMO

bystem allows fcjr the prediction and monitoring

of

potential

flood

conditions and the delivery

of

acivance warnings.

31

Warning

of other

hazards

Specialized centres operated by WMO provide

early

and

timely

warnings of all

other

weather-and climate-related hazards, such as forest fires, heatwaves and cold spells, land- and mudslides, storm surges, lightning, fog, flash floods, blizzards

and avalanches.

32

Protecting

from

heatwaves

Heatwaves, higher maximum temperatures and an

increase in the number of hot days have become

qommon occurrences. They are associated

with

significant

risks

to

health

from

pollution

and

heatstroke,

which

kills or

Aftects

more

people

tha n tornadoes, earthq ua keUbl tropical cycl ones.

The

prediction

ofheareaTW6Gs and

their

intensity

and duration by WMO enables health authorities

to

take

suitable

preventive measures.

33

Providingtsunamiwarnings

available

for

the

dissemination

of

warnings

to

countries likely

to

be affected by tsunamis. This

process was facilitated by the lead role played by many of the NMHSs in issuing tsunami warnings.

ln

other

countries,

NMHSs

were

assigned this

responsibility because of their’ 24-hour operational

capability.

CONTRIBUTING TO FOOD SECURITY

34

Providing

agrometeorological

services

Timely and accurate weather and climate infor-mation is critical

to the

agricultural

community

to

sustain

agricultural

production

and increase

crop

and livestock

yields,

to

plan

and

manage

planting and harvest

time,

and

to control

pests

and diseases. Such

information

is essential

for

insurance against crop failure and for agricultural

futures trading. WMO also helps developing

coun-tries

to

modernize and

improve

agriculture and

forestry in ways that conserve natural resources and improve

nutrition.

35

Contributing

to

sustainability

of fisheries

Fish are a majorsource of nutrition around theworld.

lnformation on weather, including temperature,

wind,

and ocean waves and currents, provided through WMO,

is routinely

used in commercial fishing operations.

36

Early

warning

and

control

of

locust

swarms

Every year, desert locusts in Africa, Asia and the

Middle East inflict immense damage on agriculture. Between 2003 and 2005, the damage was estimated

at US$ 400 million and affected 8.4 million people.

On

the

basis

of weather

information

provided

by

WMO,

such

as

precipitation,

temperature,

humidity and wind, locust swarms are controlled

thanks to prior knowledge of favourable sites

for

breeding and the subsequent

directions

of

their

movement.

37

Soil

WMO has been contributing to tsunami warnings

by making its G loba I Telecom m u nications System

The health of the soil is

crucialto

life as it supports

chain

-

worms,

insects,

fungi

and vegetation.

lt

plays an essential role in

the

hydrological cycle

and in

the

biogeochemical cycle. Deforestation.

erosion,

pollution

and acidification are causing

catastrophic

damage and degradation affecting some 2

billion

hectares

of

land. WMO monitors

several of the parameters essential in maintaining

healthy soils.

38

Biodiversity

Biodiversity

plays a

vital

role

in

regulating the

composition

of the atmosphere, the hydrological

cycle, and soils, as well as the pollination of crops and absorption of pollutants. WMO provides data

for several of the parameters that are essential in

monitcring

and in reversing biodiversity loss and

it

supports

many of the actions called

for

under the Convention on Biological Diversity.

39

Protecting

natural

resources

Natural

resources

are

essential

for

meeting

human

needs

and

for

human

survival.

Better management of these resources contributes to

human secu rity, including sustainable livelihoods,

resilience

to

disasters, disease prevention, and

conflict

avoidance

and peacebuilding.

WMO

provides

information

on

weather,

climate

and

environmental

conditions that helps to optimize

the

use and protection of these resources.

PROMOTING CLEAN ENERGY

40

Using

energy economicatly

49

and reliable

information

on weather,

climate

and water. WMO ensures that such

information

is

readily

available

to

all

nations involved

in

developing renewable energy sources.

PROTECTING HEALTH

42

Protectirig health

WMO provides weather and climate services

in

supportof human health. Earlywarnings of disease epidemics, disaster prevention and mitigation,

and

air quality services contribute

to

the

protection

of

public health. Malaria surveillance in

Africa,

heat health

advisories

and

warnings,

and

the

UV lndex are a

few

of

the

information

services

available routinely to international, regional

and

national health partners.

ENSURING SAFE AND SECURE

TRANSPORT

43

Ensuring the safety of air

transport

The aviation sector requires a range of information

on weather conditions, including wind and

wind

shear, visibility, turbulence, fog, precipitation, and icing conditions. WMO ensures

the

worldwide

provision of cost-effective meteorological services in support of safe, regular and efficient aviation

operations, as well as for the launch and !anding

ofspacecraft.

Q

44

Ensuring the safety

of

marine

transport

Energy

availability

determines

to

a large extent

the

economic

well-being

of

a

population..

lnformation

on

current

and forecast

weather,

the

climate,

and

water

resources helps

to

opti-mize

energy consumption.

WMO facilitates

the

generation

and exchange of such

information,

which

aids

in

planning

and meeting

energy

demands,

in

developing

energy

systems,

and

in

ensuring

compliance

with

environmental

requirements.

41

Assisting

in the generation of .clean energy

The

optimal

development

of

renewable energy resources, such as hydropower and

wind,

solar and

biological

energy sources, requires regular

Over 95 per cent of goods by tonnage are shipped overthe oceans efficiently. Safety ofsuch transport

is assured bythe provision of up-to-date informa-tion on adverse weather conditions and the state of the sea, a specialized

service

made possible

by the WMO network of weather monitoring and d issemination _systems.

45

Safety

of

road and rail

transport

The economic

well-being

of

a

nation

relies to a

significant

extent on

the

safe

and

economical transport

of

people and goods by road and rail. Weather and climate are determining factors in

50

surrounding

environment, including

permafrost

Since the 1960s and 1970s, when a large number and groundwater drainage, which is essential

for6lof

African countries became independent, WMO

the safe operation of land-based pipelines, and

it\7has

paid special attention to the needs of Africa,

also

supplies

information

on marine

conditions

targeting proiects on the development of NMHSs

suitable

and

timely

information

and users of ground transport.

46

Pipeline

transport

WMO provides information about conditions in the

for

underwater

pipelines.

ENSURING THE SAFETY OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

47

Safety

of

the

urban

environment

Half

of humanity

now

lives in cities, and

within

two

decades

nearly

60 per

cent

of the

world’s

for

suitable safety measures

to

be taken.

SUPPORTING LEISURE

48

Supporting

leisure and

tourism

Leisure and tourism are among the largest economic activities in the world, and as such they are a major

source

of

income

and

employment.

Tourism is

the

most significant

element in

the

sustainable development of Small lsland Developing States. By supporting the delhrery of relevant information

about weather and climate conditions, WMO actively

supports the development of tourism.

CONTRIBUTING TO DEVELOPMENT

49

Promotingdevelopment

to

all

operators

in 1979. lt has been a significant source of support

for maintaining many of the essential services in developing countries.

50

Focusing on African development

peoplewillbeurban-dwellers.Environmental-_

aspects are of paramount importance given

this

WMO established a special programme for the

scenario. lncreased incidence of pollutants,

such

49 Least Developed Countries in 2003. Wl\lO also as surface ozone, nitrous oxide, carbon

monoxidefrives

special attention to the vulnerable countries,

andpollen,poSeSagrowingthreat.Byproviding\Xuchasla@aswellas

timelywarningsonairpoIlution,naturalhazardsingStates,

and weather conditions, WMO makes it

possible

which

are highly vulnerable

to

natural hazards,

and human

resources.

A

number

of

regional

institutions

dealing

with

drought,

water

and related activities were established. The 2002 New Partnership for Africa’s Development is the main

framework for channelling international support to Africa.

51

Meeting the specific needs of developing countries

long-term climatic variations, impacts of sea-level rise and environmental degradation.

52

Supporting

regional

initiatives

WMO’s

six

Regional Associations cater

for

the

special

needs

of the

regions.

WMO

supports

regional economic organizations in the formulation and implementation of sustainable development

strategies that relate to warnings against tropical cyclones, drought and other weather extremes,

management of

water

resources,

food

security, and transport. lt also collaborates

with

regional banks, research

institutions

and United Nations

regional commissions.

53

Supportinginternational

programmes

WMO

has

devoted

considerable

attention

and resources to promoting security, living standards and human skills. lt established a technical

assist-ance

programme

in

1952 and

a

unique system

of

self-help

among

its

Members known

as the Voluntary Assistance Programme in 1967, which

was renamed the Voluntary Cooperation Programme

WMO has close working relationships with most of

the agencies, funds and programmes of the United

Nations System

and many other

international

organizations, and it contributes to the formulation and implementation of the relevant initiatives and

policies in

the

areas

of

weatirer, water, climate

51

SUPPORTTNG CAPACITY.BUILDING

54

Building

capacity

to

cope and sharing

expertise

WMO contributes to human resources

develop-ment

through

training,

provision

of

training

materials,

and

fellowships.

lts

network

of

30 RegionalTraining Centres, along with a network of

universities and training institutions, contributes

to

this

global

effort.

WMO promotes

technol-ogy transfer

and

exchange

of

experts

among NMHSs

and

institutions

in

related

disciplines

and

in

academia.

55

Promoting

science and

technology

Through its scientific and technical commissions,

WMO

ensures

that

developments

in

science

and technology,

such

as

sensors,

computers,

communication

and

information

technology,

satellites and new numerical methods, contribute

to

the rnonitoring,

collection,

processing

and

distribution

of geophysical data and products

for

sustainable development and research activities.

It

also

undertakes

to

make

these

accessible to developing countries as

effectively

as possible.

FOSTERING RESEARCH

56

Assessing the

Arctic

and

the

Antarctic

The Arctic is experiencing some of the most rapid

climate change

currently

under

way

across the

globe. Changes are also occurring in the Antarctic.

The changes

will

have implications for climatethe

world

over.

WMO monitors

the

meteorological

conditions

and aleris

the

global

community

to the rapid changes. WMO and its predecessor _the

IMO sponsored three

lnternational

Polar Years: 1882-1883, 1932-1933, and 1957-1958. ln

partner-ship

with

the

lnternational Council

for

Science, it sponsored the most recent lnternational Polar

Year

2007-2008,

which

contributed

to

major

advances in polar knowledge and understanding

and in assessing the implications of polar changes

for

the

rest

of

the

planet. This

effort

also

left

a

legacy of enhanced observing systems, facilities and

inirastructure.

57

Advising on weatJrer

modification

Nearly

70

countries

perfo.rm

various

kinds

of

weather modification, such as rain enhancement,

fog

dispersal

and

hail

suppression.

ln

1979, WMO undertook the

first

international

weather

modification experiment in Spain. WMO issued

its

authoritative Statement on Weather Modification

and its

Guidelines

for

the

Planninq of Weather

M odif ication Activities

.

r-,-^

ffiYnaingor

weather,

water

and

climate

processes and advancing

their

prediction

WMO organizes and supports international research that has enabled improvements in weatheq climate,

water

and

environmental

observations,

in

the

prediction of weather and seasonal and interannual climate variations (such as droughts anci El Nino),

and in climate change predictions. WMO research also supports scientific assessments of regional

and global environmental conditions and relevant

international environmental conventions.

PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE

59

Supporting economic and financial services

The insuranc sector takes into account climate change scenarios

in

risk assessment. Financial and development

institutions

need the weather,

climate

and

water

data

provided

_{by WMO, as}

well

as

short-

and

long-term

projections, when investing in

infrastructure.building.

60

Long-term

strategic

planning

ln

1981 WMO

formally

introduced

a long-terrn plannin.g

process

based

on those

of

national

services

and

developei

thr:ough

its

regional

bodies and scientific and technicJl commissions.

The plans enable

not

only the Organization

but

also

the

NMHSs

to

chart.their

future

course

in

the light

of

evolving

national

requirements

and

regional

and

international

commitments

for

weather, water,

climate

and environmental

informaiion.

The new Strategic Plan recognizes the importance of results-based management for

focusing

WMO activities

on

issues

with

major societal benefits.

_1

52

rl:t:,:..=.11’y;1.."tt.ll,:so,le63r

:

.:

:

The early years were marked by efforts to achieve

uniformity

of

meteorological practices

with

the

publication

of

technical

regulations

and the

developn-’ent of guides. For the first tirrre, detailed

specifications

for

national and regional climate atlases were

drawn

up.

The

lnternational Geophysical Year (1957-1958),

initiated by the lnternational Council of Scientific

Unions (ICSU), now the lnternational Council for

16 Science, was a major landmark

for

international

’-

lines in the earth

sciences. WMO took the responsibility of develop-ing and implementing the meteorology component

of this

global

research programme,

forming

the

fouhdation for the Organization’s leadership role.

and for its tradition of international cooperation and

working

with

non-governmental organizations.

WMO has supported the National Meteorological

and Hydrological Services of a growing number of new Members through an active technical

assist-ance prog ramme. Expansion of weather-sensitive activities (such as transportation, energy production

and tourism) and the continuous need for improved accuracy of forecasts has prompted an increase

in

observations

at

surface

and

upper

levels

of

the atmosphere. By 1963, more than 3 000 ships

were

providing

observations

from the

oceans. The advent of radio-teletypewriter, facsimile and

other radio transmission stations facilitated the availability of real-time data and the preparation and dissemination of weather maps.

The

technological

revolution

(1964-1970)

!it:ri*:j jrji?iiin"i.-;az::*rr’q+iie&aEg#:f-;1@

U ndoubtedly, the most significant development was

the World Weather Watch Programme, a concept mentioned by the United Nations in its resolution

on the peaceful use ofspace.The resulting system

was unique

in

its

establishment

of

the

Global

Observing System (GOS). as

well

as the Global

53

the phasing out of ozone-depleting

substances,

The WMO authoritative statement in 1976 on

the

with

a return

to

normality

projected

over

the _{_}

impactof

the observed greenhouse gas increase

coming

bo-year

period.

(ftryEryjqis

a milestone in hisiory. lt marked

the

V

ivities. lt

was

impacts

and

applications.

The

1985

Villach

Conference

assessment

of

the

role

of

carbon

dioxide

and other greenhouse gases in climate variations provided the

first

universally accepted

statement on the most likely magnitude of global

warming

and its consequences.

WMO action

led

to

the

establishment

of

the

1985

Vienna

Convention

on

the

Protection

of

the Ozone Layer and

the

1987 Montreal Protocol

on substances that deplete the ozone layer. As a

result,

science-based

policy

has contributed to

Natural

disasters and sustainable

development

(1991-2000)

The recurrence of extreme weather events, such as

the

1982-1983 El Nifro-related disasters, and

concern about the continued degradation of the

environment

gave rise

to three

major

develop-ments

during

the decade: the 1992 lnternational

Conference on Water and Environment; the 1992

United

Nations

Conference

on

Environment

and Development;

and

the

1990-1999 United

Nations lnternational Decade for Natural Disaster

Reduction.

The

period

also saw

the

entry into

force

of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its 1997 Kyoto Protocol, as

well as the United Nations Convention to Conrbat

Desertification

in

1994 and

the

Convention

on

Biological Diversity

in

1993.

The lntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

issued

its

groundbreaking

First

and Second

Assessment Reports in 1990 and 1995. The

latter

report

concluded that

the

"balance of evidence

suggests a discernible human influence on-g*obal

climate".

Climate change (2001-2010)

the

steady

perseverance

of

climate scientists.

supported

by

the activities

of WMO

and

other

partners, that ultimately brought climate change to the

forefront

of the global agenda.

The

turn

of the

century

has been dominated

by

the overriding concern about climate change. The

2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report concluded:

"there

is

now stronger

evidence

for

a human

influence on the global climate". The initial

scepti-cism gave rise to genuine concern for the Earth’s

climate

and

life

as

it

is known

today. The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report states that

"warming

of’the

climate

system

is unequivocal"

and

that

"most of the observed increase in global average

temperatures since the mid-20th century is

very

likely due to the observed increase in anthropo-genic greenhouse gas concentrations."

Successful

cooperation

with

airlines

Since the early days of WMO, collaboration with civil aviation has been mutually beneficial to the Organization and the industry. The need for weather services

for

aviation triggered

the

establishment

of

a considerable number

of

National

Meteorological Services. lmproved capability in monitoring and predicting weather

conditions,

especially those hazardous

to

aeronautical operations, contributes to the safe and efficient operation of aircraft.

An

important

area

of

cooperation

has been

the

Aircraft

Me