The Translation Of Compound Words Found In A Booklet Entitled "60 Years Of Service For Your Safety And Well-Being

iv

ABSTRACT

This report entitled ‘The Translation of Compound Words found in Booklet

entitled ’60 Years of Service for Your Safety and Well-being’’, is purposed to find

out the translation of compound words and their meaning.

The method used in this report is descriptive analysis, conducted by describing

and analyzing the data collected from the booklet.

Based on the analysis of the data, it’s found one type of compound words

form; the closed form, means the compound words are melded together. The writer

found the meaning of the words based on the dictionary, and then compared them.

Finally, the writer related the meaning of the compound words with other words in

the whole sentence to grasp the meaning.

v

Laporan ini berjudul ‘

The Translation of Compound Words found in Booklet

entitled ’60 years of Service for Your Safety and Well-being

’’, penulisan laporan ini

bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerjemahan dan arti dari compound words.

Metode yang digunakan dalam laporan ini adalah analisis deskriptif, yaitu

metode yang membicarakan kemungkinan untuk memecahkan masalah actual dengan

cara mengumpulkan, mencari dan meneliti serta mengelompokan data-data yang

akan di analisis pada booklet.

Berdasarkan analisis pada data, ditemukan satu jenis bentuk

compound

words; the closed forms.

Penulis harus menemukan arti kata berdasarkan kamus, dan

kemudian membandingkannya. Langkah terakhir adalah penulis menghubungkan arti

compound words tersebut dengan kata-kata lain yang terdapat dalam kalimat

tersebut untuk mendapatkan makna yang sesuai.

vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, the writer is so thankful to Allah swt for giving the writer

strength to accomplish the writing of this paper entitled ‘ the Translation of

Compound Words found in a booklet entitled ’60 Years of Service for Your Safety

and Well-being’. This paper is proposed to fulfill one of the requirements of job

training report.

The writer also wishes to say the biggest thanks to the following persons for

supporting and helping the writer in accomplishing the writing of this paper:

1.

Retno Purwani Sari. S.S., M. Hum. As the Head of English Department,

Faculty of Letters, Indonesia University of Computer.

2.

Asih Prihandini. S.S., M. Hum. As my advisor, thank you very much for your

time, advice, guidance and patience in guiding me during the writing of this

report.

3.

Tatan Tawami. S.S. as the Coordinator of Job Training. Thanks for your

support and suggestion.

4.

All staff of PUSAIR. Thank you very much.

5.

My parents, who always encourage me during the writing of this report and

doing my job training.

7.

Teteh ika, aa ucup, my friend, for always accompanies me in my daydreaming

day.

8.

And for SI-1 student of ’07, for being my classmate. Thank you very much.

The writer expects that this paper will be useful especially for the writer, and

generally for the readers. Hopefully, by reading this paper, it will also be useful for

readers to expand their knowledge about this topic. The writer is also looking forward

for the critics and advices.

Bandung, November 2010

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BADAN PENELITIAN DAN

PENGEMBANGAN

PUSAT

PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN SUMBER

DAYAAIR

Jl.

lr. H.

Juanda 193

Bandung

40135,

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:

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Keahlian,

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Tembusan Kepada Yth.:

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Air

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FAKULTAS SASTRA

JURUSAN SASTRA INGER|S DAN

SASTRAJEPANG

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:-: Permohonan lzin Praktek

Yth, BapaMbu

Kepala bagian Program

Kefia

: -

-.

Pusat Litbing Sumber Daya Air (PUSAIR)

Jl. lr. H. Juanda No. 193 Bandung Dengan hormat,

Dekan Fakultas dastra yang bertanda tangan

dihwah

inimengaiukan permohonan kepda

Bapaplbu dapat kiranya menedma mahasiswa kami berikut ini untuk melaksanakan keria praktek di

Perusahaan Yang BaPaUlbu PimPin.

pelaksanaan _{keria praktek} disesuaikan " dengan iadwal yang ditentukan oleh instansi

BapaUlbu untuk waktu satu sampai tiga bulan.

Demikian surat permohonan disampaikan. Atas pertratan dan keda samanya, kami ucapkan tedma

kasih.

Tembusan :

1.

Ytr. Ketua Jurusan Scba lnggris

2.

Arsip

Website : httP://w.unikom.ac.id E-mail : ts@unikcm.ac.id

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memuat gambaran kegiatan-kegiatan

yang dilakukan, potensi yang dimiliki

serta

informasi lainnya

_untuk

memudahkan _{interaksi dan keda-sama}

kemitraan antara Puslitbang dengan

pihak-pihak yang berkepentingan.

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ini

antara lain mencakup

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sejarah

dan

perkembangan Puslitbang Sumber

Daya

.

Air,

serta keberadaan puslitbang _{Sumber Daya Air}

dalam strukfur kelembagaan Departemen pekerjaan

Umum - _{RI. Kegiatan bidang dan balai serta kualifikasi}

sumber daya manusia yang ada di lingkungan puslitbang Sumber Daya Air juga diuraikan secara singkat.

Selanjutnya kami berniat unfuk terus menambah jumlah

infor"rnasi serta mengaktualisasikan penyempumaan

penampilan _{profil secara ber.tahap dan dapat pula}

disa;:l:an

dalarn _{jaringan internet melalul alamat} homepage

:

wv;r,v.pusair-pu.qo.icl

Karai mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak

yang turut terlibat dalam penyusunan buku profil ini dan

berhar-ap dapat bermanfaat bagi masyaiakat. Kami

menunggu segala

kritik

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saran yang bersifat

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-39

'q--42

INTRODUCTION

The World Meteorological Organization (WMOl, created in 1950, was established as a Specialized

Agency

of the

United Nations

in

1951

in

rec-ognition of

its

potential contribution

to

world

peace

and human well-being.

lts

predecessor.

the

lnternational Meteorological

Organization,

a

non-governmental organization

of

meteoro-logical services, had

demonstratedthe

power

of

meteorology

and

related

geophysical sciences

in serving

human

welfare

and security.

ln the relatively short period of

60 years,

the

Organization,

with

its robust operational system

and

flexible

networking,

has

come

to

play

an

essential

role in

human

affairs, well

beyond

the expectations of

its

founders.

Throughout

the years, policymakers

have

found in

mete-orology

a rallying

point

for

cooperation.

As

meteorology does not

recognize boundaries

between countries, WMO has provided a unique s erv i ces

across

frontiers.

WMO has been

highly

successful in organizing

i nternational coop_eration i n gatheri ng observations,

conducting research and scientific analysis, and developing forecast models and improving them. The

quality

of numerical weather prediction

for

seven days is now cornparable to what it was

for

a 24-

to

36-hour

forecast

60 years ago, and this was achieved throug h international cooperation cirganized

by WMO. Every decade,

the

WMO process has added about one day to the range

of

practically useful forecasts. This progress has led

to

the huge benefits that

the

global

community

is receiving

frorn

meteorology.

The achievements of WMO overthe past 60 years

have been possible thanks

to

thqpf.gAnleltlojjs

B-1omotio1 of free and un.restricted exchange

of

meteorological and related data and products, its

initiatives in setting international

standards

for

BUILDING

ON

A

SOLID PAST

The

latter

half of the eighteenth century and

first

half

of the nineteenth century were

marked by major developments in meteorologyatthe national and

international

levels.

ln

1780,

the

Mannheim Soci etas Meteo rolog ica Pal ati na _{established the}

first international network comprising 40 weather

observing stations extending

over Europe and

North

America.

The

availability of

standardized observatlons,

though limited,

ied

to the development of

syn-optic weather

charts

over a

large area. Around

1820, based on data from Societas Meteorologica

Palatina

in

Mannheim and

William

Redfield of New York, the insightful weather maps prepared by H.W. Brandes of Leipzig showed the rotational and progressive nature

of

hurricanes, as well as

the patterns of

wind,

atmospheric pressure and weather. ln 1834, the Russian Hydrometeorological Service was established.

The invention of the electric telegraph by Samuel

Morse

(1843) marked

a new era

of

real-time

data

collection,

with

unprecedented

progress

in weather forecasting and

timely

dissemination of forecasts.

Subsequently, three developments setthe scene for advancement of the science _{of meteorology:} growth in

internationaltrade

and maritime

ship-ping, accompanied by a corresponding need for its security and efficiency; rapid changes in society in

the 1850s, which led _{to increased requirements}

for

weather information; and industrial development,

which

placed greater demands

on

science and technology, and on

meteorology

in particular. To

help promote safety at

sea

for

commercial

operations, Lt Matthew

F.

Maury

convened an

international conference

in

Brussels in August 1853.

The conference

firmed up

international

cooperation in the fie.ld

of

marine

meteorologvp)

and

laid

th*ororrnciwork for

dorrolnnmo^r

"^.t\j/

cg o p_e r a t i o

i/.

[r

₉ t h e r fje-Ld_s"- o

f

m ate:tio f o g y.-Th e

-penod leadtng

up

to the

Brussels Conference_2

and

the

following

two

decades saw the estab-

(

lishment

and

consolidation of

several

National .

44

responsibility for

assessing climate change

sci-

Processes and their Role in Climate; and Clirnate ence, its impacts and policy options. lt

drawg_ell

and Cryosphere. These projects and others

have

the

most

recent scientific,

technicaGfrffiffii

enabled WCRP

to

monitor, simulate and

project

globalclimatewithunprecedentedaccuracy.

contribute

voluntarily to the work

of

IPCC.

The IPCC First Assessment Report, published in

1990,

contributed to

the

initiation of

the

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

The

Second Assessment

Report,

which

was issued in 1995, alerted the global

community

to the possible impact of human activities on climate and led to the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol. The Third Assessment Report (2001)

reaffirmed

the human impact on climate change and the Fourth Assessment Report (2007) raised the urgency

of

(

l) ffi

to

cIiE

sreenhouse gas emissions. IPCC

-2.

World Climate Research Programrne (WCRPI

WCRP was established in 1980 by WMO and the

lnternational

Council

for

Science

(ICSU), and

since

1993

it

has

also been sponsored by

the lntergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

(lOC)

of

UNESCO.

lts

main objectives

are to

deterrnine

the

predictability of climate

and the effect

of

human activities on climate.

WCRP organizes international large-scale

observa-tional and modelling projects. lts Tropical Ocean GlobalAtmosphere project (1985-1994) led to the understanding of El Nifro and La Nifra phenomena and the operational use of this information in

miti-gatingthe

impacts in extreme events, agriculture and

water

resource management.

Today, WCRP encompasses four major core projects:

the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment; Climate Variability and Predictability; Stratospheric

Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)

GCOS was established in 1992 as a joint

undertak-ing of WMO, the lntergovernmental Oceanographic

Commission of UNESCO, UNEP and the lnternational Councilfor Science. lt provides an operational

frame-work for integrating and enhancing observations required for addressing the total climate system, including physical, chemical and biological

prop-erties, as well as atmospheric, oceanic, terrestrial,

hydrologic and cryospheric components.

GCOS does

not directly

make

observations

or

generate data and products.

lt

builds upon,

and

works in partnership with, existing and

develop-ing observdevelop-ing

systems,

in

particular the WMO Global Observing System and Global Atmosphere

Watch,'tne

Global

Ocean

Observing System,

and

the

Global

Terrestrial Observing System'

The Members belonging

to

one of the six WMO Regional

Associations

have

committed to

the

operation

of

a Regional

Basic

Climatological

Network

(RBCN),

which is

an agreed selection of surface and upper-air meteorological

observ-ing

stations of

the

Global Observing

System. Worldwide, about 2 600 surface stations and 510 upper-air

stations

belong to

the

six RBCNs and the Antarctic Basic Climatological Network. They

generate

monthly

averageS

of

meteorological parameters measured at the surface and in

verti-cal layers of the atmosphere up to 30 kilometres. The data are archived in and made available by the

two

WMO

World

Data Centres.

It

includes

in

situ,

airborne and

space-based

4

Preserving data

Weather, climate, rnrater and environmental data, some generated for over a century, are compiled

and archived nationally

and

internationally

according to international standards and agree-ments established by WMO. The

information

is complemented by proxy and paleoclimate data and is

stored

in WMO World Data Centres. IMPROVING WEATHER AND CLIMATE FORECASTS

5

lmproving

weather forecasts

A

major

achievement has been

the

continued

im provem ent i n weati rer forecasts th rou g h mod el s

that represent more accurately the physical and

chemical

processes

that

underlie

the

evolution

of

weather.

Cooperative

efforts

have made

it

possible

for

a five-day forecast

to

be as reliable as a

two-day

forecast was 20 years ago.

6

lmproving

climate predictions

for

a

season

to

a year

Over

the

past

30

years,

scientif

ic

research

sponsored by WMO and

its

partners has led to

considerable

improvement

in

understanding

the climate system and in providing predictions

for

a season to a year ahead, accompanied by a

projection of impacts. The most successful

effort

has been

the

pr:ediction

of

El Niffo and La Nifia phenomena.

7

Predicting climate at

the

regional scale

While

considerable progress has

been

made

in

global

climate projections,

climate

change

requires society to have reliable regional climate predictions to plan efficiently and adapt in areas such as food production, water resources, coastal

protection,

energy,

environment and

health.

WMO

is

addressing regional-scale prediction

as a

priority.

8

Knowing

our

future

climate

ln

1976,

WMO

issued

the

f

irst

authoritative

statement

on

global climate change as a result

the aid of the most

powerful

computers, means

that

it

is

possible

to

make

climate projections

several decades to a century ahead and to

predict

the

potential implications

for

Earth systems.

This has led

to the

recognition

that

humans

are

contributing to

global climate change.

ACCESSING VITAL INFORMATION

9

Providing local access

to

a

globalnetwork

WMO provides a unique system

forthe

real-tirne exchange and availability to all nations of weather

data and products, including information frorn

satellites over its dedicated telecommunications network. These products are used in dailyforecasts and warnings. and in numerous socio-economic

activities

and environmental monitoring. This

operationai system enables all nations to access

information

related

to

other

hazards such as

tsunamis, seismic activity

and transport

of

radioactive or chemical pollutants.

10

Free and

unrestricted

exchange of data and

products

A major contribution to the safety and well-being

of

humanity is the increasing availabiiity of weather,

climate,

water

and related environmental

and

other

data

and products

at

global

and national levels. This arrangement has been at the core

of

real-time weather services, increasinglv accurate

warning

systems

with

longer lead time,

climate

-^

projections

on timescales of a season

t6-t@(Gl

-ElTiorl=ffia

wide spectrum

of

environmental programmes.

USING CLIMATE INFORMATION

11

Applying climate information

to

sustainable development

WMO facilitates the clevelopmeni and sharing of guidance on the usc of such data.

PROTECTING OUR EIJVIRONMTNT

12

Observing our ciimate

WMO

systematicali',,

monitors concentraiions

of atmospheric gases. including carbon dicxide,

methane and

nitra'-rs

oxide.

-l-he

First

World

Climate Conference, convened oy WMO, lei1 to alerts

about

climate change ancj resulted iri the

creation of

the

World

Climate Programme, the

World

Climate Rese::rch Prograrnme and iPCC,

which was given rerironsibility for

assessment activities. The SecorrC World Clirnate Confe:ence

led to the UNFCCC aiid the Kyoto Protocol. WCC-3

is

leading

to

the

esrablishment of

the

Giobal Framework

for

Clirn;,te Services.

13

Timely advisorics

and early warnings cn

air

quality

are able

to

issue UV

lndex information

around

the grlobe for th.: protection of citizens. Ultraviolet

radi;tion

has he"-nrful effec's on human, plant and aquatic life. Prc,lc;nged exposure may cause skin cancer and cataracts and

rray

adversely affect

the hr-rman imnrune system.

16

Protecting

{rom

sand. and duststorms -,.*..:-ffii.s

Earlri

warnings

of

sand- and

duststcrms

are helpful in

mitigrting

their lr,:.'llth impa:ts, as well as damage

to

property, ecosystems, agriculture and

iransport.

Tiie WMO

S;nd

and Dust Storm

Warning

and

Assessmeirt

Systen'r is being

implemented tirrough coll;.,bcr-ative efforts in the regicns concerned.

17

Dealing wi"rh acid rair' ffi'li:.tre!gr%*ffi

rrrent.

that i:ause acid ;ain. ln Euroi, :, the Con,,'ention on

Lon g - ra nge Tra r s oo unda r,,r'i-'c I I ution, i r itiated by

Wlv*,C, has been cffective iri ,.i;creasing +missions

of s:-rilhurdiox;iJe. The

proiri;i;r

of acid deposition is iricreasing in tire develc:r,:-rg

world.

P R CV I D I N G E FrJ V I RO N M E T.i ].i*r L WAR'\i I T\IGS

18

lLisuing

voi;anic

ash

claits

WMO issues ad'visories regarding vcicanic ash and

iis

movements in the atmosphere following eruptions that -qpew volumrnous amounts of ash.

19

\(arning

of tlre movenir!'rt of oil spills at sea

ln tlre event of oil spills, the t,r.Ii*O system provides warnings of

their

movemerlt

with

pro;ections

of

landfal[. Suitable

mitigating

measures maythus

be

undertaken ahead

of tirne

in the threatened regions.

2A

Ft'arning of

{crest

and rniildfires

Devastating fires are often tr-iggered b;, lightning or hurnan actions. especially r:rrder dry conditions. 'y,ffi:r:j:E@.:.:i..€€

The

World

Health (:'ganizatioir

estimates

tlrat

about

2.3

million

pclple

die eech year

frcrir

air pollution. To address 1,::s probleni, V,,iMO Merr,:-,ers

monitorairquality

by neasuring oxides of sui-:hur,

nitrogen

and

carbc

n, surface

ozone,

voi;tile

organic compounds, and particr-rlates, as w1l:l as

levels

of

pollen and riust. Thes.r rneasurenrents

are used

in

issuing timely

warnings

aborii

the nature and concent:'ation

of

pciiutants

that

can cause

asthma, other respiratory

illnesses, and heart problems.

14

Preserving

the

czone layer

By

monitoring the piotective

ozcne layer some 20

to

30 kilometres

above

the

Earth's surface, since 1975 WMO has been instrumental in alerting the global community to the danger of an 'ozone hole'. As a result, the Vienna Corrvention oir the Protection of the Ozoni; Layer (1985) and its Morrireal Protocol on Substances

that

Depiete

the

Ozone Layer (1987)were adcpted and nations have been phasing

out

ozone-ciepleting chemicals.

15

Safeguarding life

from ultraviolet

light

exposure Ef*

As

a

result of

the continuous

monitoring

of tire thickness of the ozone layer by WlVlO, its Members

T[e

ash poses e threat to

aircraft

ations and

ano wilolrre, Dut also mav Dut human lives at risk.

(0

may destroy not only forests,

grasslandi,

system

monitors drought conditions

and provides

advance

warnings

of

areas

at

risk.

WMO

also develops wildfire warning systems in the regions concerned.

21

Underpinning

international laws on

environment

A number of environmental laws, including those on the thinning of the ozone layer, transboundary transport of pollutants and the increase in greenhouse gases, were promulgated on the basis of

observa-tions

made by the WMO systems. Compliance,

control

and

further

refinements

of these

laws

require constant monitoring and the availability of authoritative data provided by WMO.

STRENGTHENING INTEGRATED WATER MANAGET'/IENT

22 Assessing

water

resources

Freshwater resources are _{diminishing and}

deterio-rating under demographic and climate pressures.

Knowledge of

available

water

resources at the

national level is

essential

for the

management

of

domestic and industrial.water use, irrigation, and hydropower generation. WMO provides

for

the

monitoring

of surface and groundwater, data exchange, and the application

of

data

to

water resources management.

23

lntegrated water

resources management

WMO

ensures

the

preparation of suitable fore-casts needed to plan water storage, agricultural activities, urban development, the prevention

of

flood-related disasters, and public health measures

involving water

quality. This

effort

contr:ibutes

to

an integrated, multidisciplinary

approach to managing water resources.

PROTECTING THE OCEAN|S

24 Keeping coastal commulnities safe

Over half of the world's population lives near the coast. WMO advisories and warnings of tropical

cyclones, high waves, storm surges and

coastal

flooding contribute to the safety of people living in coastal communities. ln many countries, tsunarni warnings are provided by NMHSs.

25

Contributing

to

safe ocean

drilling

and

mining

The

efficient

and safe

operation of offshqre

oil

and gas

installations relies on

knowledge

of

marine forecasts

of

extreme weather events.

Ocean

mining

requires

similar information

to

ensure safety. The WMO network allows for

the

delivery of such

information.

26

Ensuring secure

pollution

clean-up and search-and-rescue operations

An

increase

in the pollution of

oceans

and

coastal waters has been observed

recently.

Sound

information

about the weather

and

the

state

of the

sea

from

the

WMO system is

vital

for safe clean-up operations. Se-a rch-and-rescue efforts also rely on the ready availability of such info rmatio n

TOWARDS A SAFER WORLD

27

Vulnerability

and

risk reduction

An important dimension in building risk-resilient

communities

is

the

assessment of

their

vulner-ability

and

ensuring

their. preparedness. WMO

contributes to this

effort

by making the relevant data on hazards available. WMO is a major

pillar

of

the

United Nations

lnterndtional

Strategy

for

Disaster Reduction and

the

Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015.

28

Cycione preparedness and damage

prevention

N atu

ral

haza rds

of

hydrometeorological origin

such as

tropical

cyclones, droughts, floods and tornadoes are a constantthreatto human security, economic development and well-being. A major

contribution

of

WMO

has been

its

system

of

48

29 Early

warning

against

drought

Drought

is an

insidious

natural hazard

that

has implications for human activities and the environ-ment. ln

addition,

more than 250

million

people

are

directly affected

by desertification.

Some

1

billion

people in over 100 countries are at risk. WMO takes the lead in monitoringthe phenomena

through

the

timely

collection of

climatological

and hydrological

data and

by

issuing

early

warnings.

lt

also actively supports

the

United

Nations Convention to

Combat Desertification {UNCCD). Several specialized regional

drought

monitoring

centres

have been

established

by

WMO

in

collaboration

with

UNCCD.

30 Warn!ngs of

floods

Floods

threaten

human life and property

world-wide. Some

1.5

billion

people were affected by

flooding

in the last decade of the twerrtieth

cen-tury.

Climate change may lead to more frequent occurrences of catastrophic flooding. The WMO bystem allows fcjr the prediction and monitoring

of

potential

flood

conditions and the delivery

of

acivance warnings.

31

Warning of other

hazards

Specialized centres operated by WMO provide

early

and

timely warnings of all

other weather-and climate-related hazards, such as forest fires,

heatwaves and cold spells, land- and mudslides, storm surges, lightning, fog, flash floods, blizzards and avalanches.

32

Protecting

from

heatwaves

Heatwaves, higher maximum temperatures and an

increase in the number of hot days have become qommon occurrences. They are associated

with

significant

risks

to

health

from

pollution

and

heatstroke,

which

kills or Aftects more

people

tha n tornadoes, earthq ua keUbl tropical cycl ones. The

prediction

ofheareaTW6Gs and

their intensity

and duration by WMO enables health authorities

to

take

suitable

preventive measures.

33

Providingtsunamiwarnings

available

for

the dissemination of

warnings

to

countries likely

to

be affected by tsunamis. This process was facilitated by the lead role played by many of the NMHSs in issuing tsunami warnings.

ln other countries,

NMHSs

were

assigned this responsibility because of their' 24-hour operational capability.

CONTRIBUTING TO FOOD SECURITY

34

Providing

agrometeorological

services Timely and accurate weather and climate infor-mation is critical

to the agricultural community

to

sustain

agricultural production

and increase

crop

and livestock

yields,

to

plan

and

manage planting and harvest

time,

and

to control

pests and diseases. Such

information

is essential

for

insurance against crop failure and for agricultural futures trading. WMO also helps developing coun-tries

to

modernize and

improve

agriculture and forestry in ways that conserve natural resources and improve

nutrition.

35

Contributing

to

sustainability

of fisheries

Fish are a majorsource of nutrition around theworld.

lnformation on weather, including temperature,

wind,

and ocean waves and currents, provided through WMO,

is routinely

used in commercial fishing operations.

36

Early

warning

and

control of locust

swarms

Every year, desert locusts in Africa, Asia and the Middle East inflict immense damage on agriculture. Between 2003 and 2005, the damage was estimated

at US$ 400 million and affected 8.4 million people. On

the

basis

of weather

information

provided

by

WMO,

such as

precipitation,

temperature,

humidity and wind, locust swarms are controlled thanks to prior knowledge of favourable sites

for

breeding and the subsequent

directions

of

their

movement.

37

Soil WMO has been contributing to tsunami warnings

by making its G loba I Telecom m u nications System

chain

-

worms,

insects,

fungi

and vegetation.

lt

plays an essential role in

the

hydrological cycle and in

the

biogeochemical cycle. Deforestation.

erosion, pollution

and acidification are causing

catastrophic

damage and degradation affecting some 2

billion

hectares

of

land. WMO monitors several of the parameters essential in maintaining healthy soils.

38

Biodiversity

Biodiversity

plays a

vital

role

in

regulating the

composition

of the atmosphere, the hydrological cycle, and soils, as well as the pollination of crops and absorption of pollutants. WMO provides data for several of the parameters that are essential in

monitcring

and in reversing biodiversity loss and

it supports

many of the actions called

for

under the Convention on Biological Diversity.

39

Protecting natural

resources

Natural

resources are

essential

for

meeting

human

needs and

for

human

survival.

Better

management of these resources contributes to human secu rity, including sustainable livelihoods, resilience

to

disasters, disease prevention, and

conflict

avoidance and peacebuilding.

WMO

provides information

on

weather,

climate

and

environmental

conditions that helps to optimize

the

use and protection of these resources. PROMOTING CLEAN ENERGY

40

Using

energy economicatly

and reliable

information

on weather,

climate

and water. WMO ensures that such

information

is

readily available

to all

nations involved in

developing renewable energy sources. PROTECTING HEALTH

42

Protectirig health

WMO provides weather and climate services

in

supportof human health. Earlywarnings of disease epidemics, disaster prevention and mitigation,

and

air quality services contribute

to

the

protection

of

public health. Malaria surveillance in

Africa,

heat health advisories

and

warnings,

and

the

UV lndex are a

few

of

the information services

available routinely to international, regional

and

national health partners. ENSURING SAFE AND SECURE

TRANSPORT

43

Ensuring the safety of air

transport

The aviation sector requires a range of information on weather conditions, including wind and

wind

shear, visibility, turbulence, fog, precipitation, and

icing conditions. WMO ensures

the worldwide

provision of cost-effective meteorological services in support of safe, regular and efficient aviation operations, as well as for the launch and !anding

ofspacecraft.

Q

44

Ensuring the safety

of

marine

transport

Energy

availability

determines

to

a large extent

the

economic well-being of a

population..

lnformation on

current and forecast

weather,

the climate,

and

water

resources helps

to

opti-mize

energy consumption.

WMO facilitates

the

generation

and exchange of such

information,

which aids in

planning and meeting

energy

demands,

in

developing energy systems,

and

in ensuring

compliance

with

environmental

requirements.

41

Assisting

in the generation of _{.clean energy}

The

optimal

development

of

renewable energy resources, such as hydropower and

wind,

solar and

biological

energy sources, requires regular

Over 95 per cent of goods by tonnage are shipped overthe oceans _{efficiently. Safety ofsuch transport} is assured bythe provision of up-to-date informa-tion on adverse weather conditions and the state of the sea, a specialized

service

made possible

by the WMO network of weather monitoring and d issemination systems.

45

Safety

of

road and rail

transport

The economic

well-being of

a

nation

relies to a

significant extent on

the

safe

and

economical transport

of

people and goods by road and rail. Weather and climate are determining factors in

50

surrounding

environment, including

permafrost

Since the 1960s and 1970s, when a large number and groundwater drainage, which is essential

for6lof

African countries became independent, WMO the safe operation of land-based pipelines, and

it\7has

paid special attention to the needs of Africa, also

supplies information

on marine

conditions

targeting proiects on the development of NMHSs

suitable

and

timely

information and users of ground transport.

46 Pipeline

transport

WMO provides information about conditions in the

for

underwater

pipelines.

ENSURING THE SAFETY OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

47

Safety

of

the

urban

environment

Half

of humanity now

lives in cities, and

within

two

decades

nearly

60 per

cent of the world's

for

suitable safety measures

to

be taken. SUPPORTING LEISURE

48

Supporting

leisure and

tourism

Leisure and tourism are among the largest economic activities in the world, and as such they are a major source

of

income

and

employment.

Tourism is

the

most significant

element in

the

sustainable development of Small lsland Developing States. By supporting the delhrery of relevant information about weather and climate conditions, WMO actively supports the development of tourism.

CONTRIBUTING TO DEVELOPMENT

49

Promotingdevelopment

to

all

operators

in 1979. lt has been a significant source of support for maintaining many of the essential services in developing countries.

50

Focusing on African development

peoplewillbeurban-dwellers.Environmental-_

aspects are of paramount importance given

this

WMO established a special programme for the scenario. lncreased incidence of pollutants,

such

49 Least Developed Countries in 2003. Wl\lO also as surface ozone, nitrous oxide, carbon

monoxidefrives

special attention to the vulnerable countries,

andpollen,poSeSagrowingthreat.Byproviding\Xuchasla@aswellas

timelywarningsonairpoIlution,naturalhazardsingStates,

and weather conditions, WMO makes it

possible

which

are highly vulnerable

to

natural hazards,

and human resources.

A

number

of

regional

institutions dealing

with

drought,

water

and

related activities were established. The 2002 New Partnership for Africa's Development is the main framework for channelling international support to Africa.

51 Meeting the specific

needs of developing countries

long-term climatic variations, impacts of sea-level rise and environmental degradation.

52

Supporting

regional

initiatives

WMO's

six

Regional Associations cater

for

the

special

needs

of the

regions. WMO

supports regional economic organizations in the formulation and implementation of sustainable development strategies that relate to warnings against tropical cyclones, drought and other weather extremes, management of

water

resources,

food

security, and transport. lt also collaborates

with

regional banks, research

institutions

and United Nations regional commissions.

53

Supportinginternational

programmes

WMO

has

devoted considerable attention

and resources to promoting security, living standards and human skills. lt established a technical assist-ance

programme

in

1952 and

a

unique system

of

self-help among

its

Members known

as the Voluntary Assistance Programme in 1967, which

was renamed the Voluntary Cooperation Programme

WMO has close working relationships with most of

the agencies, funds and programmes of the United

SUPPORTTNG CAPACITY.BUILDING

54

Building

capacity

to

cope and sharing

expertise

WMO contributes to human resources

develop-ment

through training,

provision

of

training

materials,

and

fellowships.

lts

network

of

30

RegionalTraining Centres, along with a network of universities and training institutions, contributes

to

this global effort.

WMO promotes

technol-ogy transfer

and

exchange

of

experts

among

NMHSs

and

institutions

in

related disciplines

and

in

academia.

55

Promoting

science and

technology

Through its scientific and technical commissions,

WMO

ensures

that

developments

in

science

and technology, such

as

sensors, computers,

communication

and

information

technology,

satellites and new numerical methods, contribute

to

the rnonitoring, collection,

processing

and

distribution

of geophysical data and products

for

sustainable development and research activities.

It

also

undertakes

to

make

these

accessible to developing countries as

effectively

as possible. FOSTERING RESEARCH

56

Assessing the

Arctic

and

the

Antarctic

The Arctic is _{experiencing some} of the most rapid climate change

currently

under

way

across the globe. Changes are also occurring in the Antarctic. The changes

will

have implications for climatethe

world

over.

WMO monitors the

meteorological

conditions and aleris the global community

to the rapid changes. WMO and its predecessor the IMO sponsored three

lnternational

Polar Years: 1882-1883, 1932-1933, and 1957-1958. ln partner-ship

with the

lnternational Council

for

Science, it sponsored the most recent lnternational Polar

Year 2007-2008,

which contributed

to

major

advances in polar knowledge and understanding and in _{assessing the implications of polar changes}

for

the

rest

of the

planet. This

effort

also

left

a legacy of enhanced observing systems, facilities and

inirastructure.

57

Advising on weatJrer

modification

Nearly

70

countries

perfo.rm

various kinds

of

weather modification, such as rain enhancement,

fog

dispersal

and

hail

suppression.

ln

1979,

WMO undertook the

first

international

weather

modification experiment in Spain. WMO issued

its

authoritative Statement on Weather Modification

and its

Guidelines

for

the

Planninq of Weather M odif ication Activities

.

r-,-^

ffiYnaingor

weather,

water

and

climate

processes and advancing

their prediction

WMO organizes and supports international research

that has enabled improvements in weatheq climate,

water

and

environmental

observations,

in

the

prediction of weather and seasonal and interannual climate variations (such as droughts anci El Nino), and in climate change predictions. WMO research also supports scientific assessments of regional and global environmental conditions and relevant international environmental conventions. PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE

59

Supporting economic and financial services The insuranc€ sector takes into account climate change scenarios

in

risk assessment. Financial and development

institutions

need the weather,

climate

and

water data provided

by WMO, as

well

as

short-

and

long-term

projections, when investing in

infrastructure.building.

60 Long-term

strategic planning

ln

1981 WMO

formally

introduced

a long-terrn plannin.g

process based on those

of

_national

services and

developei

thr:ough

its

regional bodies and scientific and technicJl commissions. The plans enable

not

only the Organization

but

also

the

NMHSs

to

chart.their future

course

in

the light

of

evolving national

requirements

and

regional

and

international

commitments

for

weather, water,

climate

and environmental

informaiion.

The new Strategic Plan recognizes the importance of results-based management for

focusing WMO activities on

issues

with

major societal benefits.

_1

52

rl:t:,:..=.11'y;1.."tt.ll,:so,le63r

:

.:

: The early years were marked by efforts to achieve

uniformity

of

meteorological practices

with

the

publication of

technical regulations

and the

developn-'ent of guides. For the first tirrre, detailed

specifications

for

national and regional climate atlases were

drawn

up.

The

lnternational Geophysical Year (1957-1958), initiated by the lnternational Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), now the lnternational Council for

16 Science, was a major landmark

for

international

'-

lines in the earth

sciences. WMO took the responsibility of develop-ing and implementing the meteorology component

of this global

research programme,

forming

the fouhdation for the Organization's leadership role.

and for its tradition of international cooperation and

working

with

non-governmental organizations. WMO has supported the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services of a growing number of new Members through an active technical

assist-ance prog ramme. Expansion of weather-sensitive activities (such as transportation, energy production

and tourism) and the continuous need for improved accuracy of forecasts has prompted an increase

in

observations

at surface

and

upper

levels

of

the atmosphere. By 1963, more than 3 000 ships

were providing observations from the

oceans. The advent of radio-teletypewriter, facsimile and other radio transmission stations facilitated the availability of real-time data and the preparation and dissemination of weather maps.

The

technological revolution

(1964-1970) !it:ri*:j jrji?iiin"i.-;az::*rr'q+iie&aEg#:f-;1@

U ndoubtedly, the most significant development was the World Weather Watch Programme, a concept mentioned by the United Nations in its resolution

on the peaceful use ofspace.The resulting system

the phasing out of ozone-depleting

substances,

The WMO authoritative statement in 1976 on

the

with

a return

to

normality

projected over

the _{_}

impactof

the observed greenhouse gas increase

coming

bo-year

period.

(ftryEryjqis

a milestone in hisiory. lt marked

the

V

ivities. lt

was

impacts

and

applications.

The

1985

Villach

Conference

assessment

of the

role

of

carbon

dioxide

and other greenhouse gases in climate variations provided the

first

universally accepted statement on the most likely magnitude of global

warming

and its consequences.

WMO action led

to the

establishment of

the

1985

Vienna Convention on

the

Protection

of

the Ozone Layer and

the

1987 Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer. As a

result,

science-based

policy

has contributed to

Natural

disasters and sustainable

development

(1991-2000)

The recurrence of extreme weather events, such as

the

1982-1983 El Nifro-related disasters, and concern about the continued degradation of the

environment

gave rise

to three major

develop-ments

during

the decade: the 1992 lnternational Conference on Water and Environment; the 1992

United

Nations

Conference

on

Environment

and Development; and

the

1990-1999 United Nations lnternational Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.

The

period

also saw

the entry into force

of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its 1997 Kyoto Protocol, as

well as the United Nations Convention to Conrbat

Desertification

in

1994 and

the

Convention

on

Biological Diversity

in

1993.

The lntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

issued

its

groundbreaking First

and Second

Assessment Reports in 1990 and 1995. The

latter

report

concluded that

the

"balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on-g*obal climate".

Climate change (2001-2010)

the

steady

perseverance

of

climate scientists.

supported

by

the activities of WMO

and

other

partners, that ultimately brought climate change to the

forefront

of the global agenda.

The

turn

of the

century

has been dominated

by

the overriding concern about climate change. The 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report concluded:

"there is

now stronger evidence

for

a human

influence on the global climate". The initial

scepti-cism gave rise to genuine concern for the Earth's

climate

and

life

as

it

is known

today. The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report states that

"warming

of'the climate

system

is unequivocal"

and

that

"most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is

very

likely due to the observed increase in anthropo-genic greenhouse gas concentrations."

Successful

cooperation

with airlines

Since the early days of WMO, collaboration with civil aviation has been mutually beneficial to the Organization and the industry. The need for weather services

for

aviation triggered

the

establishment

of

a considerable number

of

National Meteorological Services. lmproved capability in monitoring and predicting weather

conditions,

especially those hazardous

to

aeronautical operations, contributes to the safe and efficient operation of aircraft.

An

important

area

of cooperation

has been

the Aircraft Meteorological

Data

Relay (AMDAR),

in

which aircraft collect

meteorological data, such

as

air

pressure,

temperature

and

wind,

and

transmit

this

information to the

WMO

25

Appendice 1:

Total

Corpuses Based on

the

Booklet

No.

Page Source Language Page Target Language

I

WMO:

p.12 greenhouse

BMD:

p.

10 rumah kaca.

2.

WMO:

p.7

framework

BMD:

p.4

kerangka

pemikiran

J.

WMO:

p.8 groundwork

BMD:

p. 5 dasar

4.

WMO: p.

12

Worldwide

BMD: p.

l0

seluruh dunia.

5.

WMO:

p.

12 airborne

BMD:

p.

l0

diangkut melalui udara 6.

WMO:

p.II

timescales

BMD:

p.III

rentang Waktu

7.

WMO:

p.III

Freshwater

BMD:

p.IV

Air

tawar 8.

WMO:

p.III

Aircraft

BMD:

p.

tV

Pesawat terbang 9.

WMO:

p.IV

rWildlife

BMD:

p.

V

Satwa

liar

10.

WMO:

p.

V

Heatwave

BMD:

p.

VII

Gelombang panas

1l

WMO:

p.

V

Earthquake

BMD:

p.

VII

Gempa bumi

t2.

WMO:p.

VI

Spacecraft

BMD:

p.

IX

Kendaraan angkasa

13.

WMO:

p.VII

Pipeline

BMD:

p.

D(

Pipa saluran 14.

WMO:

p.

VII

Landlocked

BMD:

p.IX

Didalam tanah

15.

WMO:

p.

WII

Guideline

BMD:

p.IX

Pedoman

t6.

WMO: p.

13 Landmark

BMD: p.

12 Penunjuk

Appendice 2: Classified

Corpuses

No.

Compound

Words

Non-Compound

Words

Source Language Target Language Source Language Target Language

t.

greenhouse rumah kaca. Green * House Rumah bercat

hijau

2. framework kerangka pemikiran Frame

*

Work

Bingkai kerja

3. groundwork dasar Ground

+

Work

Kerja dibawah tanah

4.

Worldwide

seluruh dunia.

World

+

Wide Dunia luas

5. airborne diang$ut melalui udara

Air

* Borne

Memikul

udara

6. timescales tentang Waktu Time +Scales Skala

waktu

7. Freshwater aurtawar Fresh +Water

Airtawar

8.

Aircraft

Pesawat terbang

Air

+ Craft Keahlian

di

udara

9.

Wildlife

Satwa

liar

Wild +Life

Kehidupan

liar

1. Heatwave Gelombang panas Heat + Wave Gelombang yang panas

1l

Earthquake Gempa bumi Earth

+

_Quake Gempa

Bumi

27

13. Pipeline Pipa saluran Pipe +

Line

Garis pipa

14. Landlocked Didalam tanatl Land +

Lock

Pulau

terhmci

15. Guideline Podoman Guide

+Line

Pernandu garis

16. Landmark

Ponmjuk

Land +

Mark

Tandapulau

THE TRANSLATION

OF

COMPOUND

WORDS

FOUND

IN A

BOOKLET ENTITI,ED

'60

YEA,RS

OF

SERVICE