LINGUISTIC EXPRESSIONS OF TABOO LANGUAGE
IN KEUDE ACEH
’S TRADITIONAL MARKET –
EAST ACEH
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
MASKUR
Registration Number: 8146111035
ABSTRACT
Linguistic Expression of Taboo Language in Keude Aceh Tradisional
Market-East Aceh. English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Postgraduate School,
State University of Medan. 2016
This research dealt with the linguistic expression of Acehnese taboo languages. The objectives of this study were: (1) to find out the type of taboo language in Acenese society; (2) to describe the factors of the usage taboo language by Acehnese society; and (3) to describe how male and female utter the taboo language. The data were obtained from linguistic expression of Acehnese taboo languages in Keude Aceh traditional market.. This research applied qualitative research design. The data were collected through observation and questioner by recording the utterances and distributing questioner sheets and listing the taboo languages found. The findings of this study have revealed that: 1) the types of taboo language in Acehnese society are insult, profanity, obscenity and epithet. (2) the factors of the usage taboo language Acehnese society because of anger, sex, background of occupation, environment and shock. (3) both male and female used taboo languages where males say taboo language directly but females use taboo language indirectly.
ii
ABSTRAK
Ekpresi Linguistik Bahasa Tabu di Pasar tradisional Keude Aceh - Aceh
Timur. Program Study Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah
Pascasarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016.
Tesis ini membahas tentang bahasa tabu masyarakat Aceh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) menemukan jenis-jenis bahasa tabu masyarakat Aceh; (2) menjelaskan faktor-faktor penyebab penggunaan bahasa tabu; dan (3) menjelaskan bagaimana laki-laki dan perempuan menggungkapkan bahasa tabu. Data diperoleh dari ungkapan bahasa tabu orang-orang Aceh di pasar tradisional Keude Aceh. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan teknik Observasi dan questioner dengan cara merekam percakapan dan memberikan lembar pertanyaan kemudian meletakkan ungkapan bahasa tabu yang ditemukan pada sebuah daftar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) tipe-tipe bahasa tabu di dalam masyrakat aceh berupa insult, profanity, obscenity and epithet (2) faktor penyebabnya penggunaan bahasa tabu dikarenakan faktor marah, gender, latar belakang pekerjaan, lingkungan dan terkejut; (3) baik laki-laki maupun perempuan di Aceh menggunakan kata-kata tabu namun terdapat perbedaan di dalam penggunaan bahasa tabu tersebut dimana laki-laki menggunakan bahasa tabu secara langsung namun perempuan sebaliknya.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, in the name of almighty ALLAH, the most gracious and
the most merciful, first of all, the writer would like to thank god for his blessing in
the completion of this thesis. Praises are also addressed to our prophet
Muhammad SAW who guided us to the better life.
In the completion of this Thesis, the writer wishes to acknowledge his
deepest gratitude for all generous guidance and assistance which has been given to
him by a lot of people.
The highest appreciation goes to his two advisors, Prof. Dr. Sumarsih,
M.Pd as his first advisor and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum as his second
advisor for their all guidance through the completion of this Thesis.
Then, his appreciation also goes to Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed. as the
Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program and Prof. Dr. Sri Minda
Murni, SS., MS. as the Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program
who have assisted him in processing the administration requirements during the
process of his studies in the postgraduate School of the State University of Medan.
The researcher’s great thank also goes to his reviewers and examiners,
Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., Dr. I Wy Dirgeyasa, M. A., Ph.D., and Dr. Eddy
Setia, M.Ed, TESP. They had given valuable inputs, suggestions, criticisms, and
improvements for this thesis. He also would like to express his thankfulness for all
iv
Finally, his special gratitude is dedicated to his beloved parents, Rizal and
Suriani who have given their pray, motivation, support, and also endless praying.
And thank you for my wife, Safra Mauna, who always support and had already
become a patient wife during his education.
Then his gratitude goes to his many of best friends who have motivated
and supported him to conduct this thesis. They were Pak Bambang Irawan,
Musliadi, Budi Riska, Haya Haratika, Yoni Rahayu and All LTBI A1 XXIV.
Thank you for your time, intelligent, and your support. I do Love you all.
Medan, ……… 2016 The Writer,
Maskur
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 5
A. Theoretical Framework ... 5
2.10 Linguistic Expression of Taboo Language in Acehnese Culture ... 27
B. The Previous Relevant Studies ... 28
C. Conceptual Framework ... 30
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY METHODOLOGY ... 33
3.1 Research Methodology... 33
3.2 Data and Source of Data ... 34
3.3 The Technique of Data Collection ... 34
3.4 The Instrument of Data Collection ... 35
3.5 The Technique of Data Analysis ... 35
3.6The Trustworthiness of the Study ... 37
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ... 39
4.1. The Data and Data Analysis ... 39
4.2. Findings ... 49
vi
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 53
5.1. Conclusions ... 53
5.2. Suggestions... 53
REFERENCES ... 54
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 4.1. Types of Taboo Language Used by Acehnese Society in
Keude Aceh’s Traditional Market. 44
Table 4.2 The frequency of male and female used taboo language in
Keude Aceh Traditional Market 45
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1 59
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
The study which is concerned with the linguistic expression of taboo language in
Acehnese was aimed at describing the types of taboo language, the factors of the usage taboo
language and how male and female utter the taboo language. Based on the findings, conclusions
are drawn as the following.
(1) The number types of taboo language in Acehnese culture were obscenity, profanity,
insult, and epithet.
(2) The factors of the usage taboo language were because of anger factor, background of
education factor, shock factor, sex factor and environment factor.
(3) The process of males and female using taboo language. The male says taboo language
directly but different in female conversely, meanwhile they use it indirectly. Then we
can see that male uses taboo language to show his power / status, meanwhile female use
metaphors to express their anger.
5.2 Suggestion
The writer has tried his best to conduct this writing; however it is not yet a perfect one.
There are still many other aspects that need to be investigated for further study.
By making this research there are some reductions that can be fulfilled by applying more
experiences so that can be as a basic research by others. Hopefully this study will be useful for
54
REFERENCES
Ahmad, et al (2013) A Sociolinguistic Study of the Linguistic Taboos in the Pashtoon Society. The International Research Journal Volume No.2 Issue No.1 March 2013 ISSN 227-7471.
Allan, K., and Burridge, K (2006) Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Anderson, L. G and Trudgill, P. J (1990) Bad Language. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Aspinall, E (2007) The Politics of Islamic Law in Aceh. Paper presented at the Association for Asian Studies Annual Meeting 2007. Boston, 22–25 March 2007. Retrieved on 4 September 2015, from http://www.academia.edu/4051416/The_Politics_of
_Islamic_Law_in_Aceh.
Athailah et al (1984) Ungkapan Tradisional sebagai Sumber Informasi Kebudayaan Daerah Istimewa Aceh. Banda Aceh: Department of Education and Culture.
Babou, M (2014) A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Use and Perception of Insults: Tlemcen Speech Community. International Journal of Academic Research and Reflection Vol. 2, No. 4, 2014 ISSN 2309-0405.
Battistella, D. E (2005) Bad Language: Are Some Words Better than Others?
Crystal, D (1974) What is Linguistics. London: Edward Arnold.
55
Edwards, A. D (1976) Language in Culture and Class: The Sociology of Language and Education. UK: London Heinemann Educational Books Ltd.
Fromkin, V, Rodman, R, and Hyams, N (2010) An Introduction to Language. 9th ed USA: Cengage Learning.
Ghounane, N (2012) A Sociolinguistic View of Taboo Language and Euphemisms in the Algerian Society: Attitudes and Beliefs in Tlemcen Speech Community Tlemcen University Faculty of Letters and Foreign Languages Department of Foreign Languages English Section, Published
Ghounane, N (2014) A Sociolinguistic View of Linguistic Taboos and Euphemistic Strategies in the Algerian Society: Attitudes and Beliefs in Tlemcen Speech Community. International Journal of Research in Applied, Natural and Social Sciences Vol. 2, 73-88.
Goddard, A., and Patterson, L. M. (2000) Language and Gender. London: Routledge.
Gumperz, J (1971) Language in Social Group. California: Stanford University Press.
Hoesin, M. (1970) Adat Atjeh. Banda Atjeh: Dinas Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Atjeh.
56
Hughes, S. E. (1992) Expletives of Lower Working-Class Women. Language in Society, Vol. 21, N. 2, pp. 291-303. Cambridge University Press.
Hurgronje, C. S. (1906a) The Achehnese. Vol. 1. Trans. A. W. S. O'Sullivan. Leyden: E. J. Brill.
Hurgronje, C. S. (1906b) The Achehnese. Vol. 2. Trans. A. W. S. O'Sullivan. Leyden: E. J. Brill
Hymes, D (1964) Language in Culture and Society: A Reader in Linguistics and Anthropology. New York: Harper and Row.
Ishak. D et. al (1986) Ungkapan Tradisional yang ada Kaitannya dengan Sila-Sila dalam Pancasila Propinsi DI Aceh. Banda Aceh: Department of Education and Culture.
Jalil, H (2007) Fungsi Majelis Permusyawaratan Ulama Dalam Pelaksanaan Otonomi Khusus di Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. Jurnal Equality 12(2): 131–137. London: Macmillan & Co, 1963. Print.
Jay, T (1992) Cursing in America: Study of Dirty Language in the Courts. John Benjamins B.V, the Netherlands.
Jay, T (1996) What to Do When Your Students Talk Dirty: Atrium Publishers Group
Jay, T (1999) Why We Curse. Philadelphia, PA, USA: john Benjamin Publishing Company. Retrieved on 31 August 2015. From http://site ebrary. Com. Ezproxy.bibl.hkr.se/lib/kristanstad/Top?layout=document&=5000151& nosr=1
Jay, T (2000) Why We Curse: A Neuro-psycho-social Theory of Speech. Philadelphia: John Benjamins B.V, the Netherlands.
57
Miles, M. B, Huberman, A. M and Saldana, J (2014) Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Method (3th edition). USA: Sage Publication.
Nazir, M (2003) Metode Penelitian. Jakarta: Ghalia
Nugroho, W. A (2010) Gugon Tuhon Daur Hidup Manusia Jawa di Kecamatan Mojolaban Kabupaten Sukoharjo Propinsi Jawa. BA diss., Universitas Sebelas Maret. Retrieved on 4 September 2015, from http://eprints.uns.ac.id/5047/1/13499090 8201008471.pdf.
Norman, S (2012) Pantangan Uréung Aceh. Blogger. Retrieved on 4 September 2015, from http:// iskandarnorman. blogspot. co. id / 2012/12/pantang/ureueng/aceh.html.
Nyakpa, H. and Sufi, R (2000) Adat dan Budaya Aceh. Banda Aceh: Balai Kajian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional.
Qanbar, N (2011) A Sociolinguistic Study of the Linguistic Taboos in the Yemeni Society. Journal ISSN 0974-8741.
Rajagukguk, E (2006) Special Autonomy in the Province of Aceh: The Implementation of Syariat Islam. Paper Presented at the Rudolph C. Barners Sr. Symposium on Legitimacy and Western and Non Western Views of Human Rights. University of South Carolina Law School, 3–4 February 2006. Retrieved on Juli, 4th 2015, from AUTONOMY%20IN%20THE%20PROVINCE%20OF%20ACEH.pdf.
Ratcliffe, P (2010) Ethnic Group. Sociopedia.isa 1–10.
Reid, A (2005) An Indonesian Frontier: Acehnese and Other Histories of Sumatra. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
Safriandi (2009) Ungkapan-Ungkapan Emosional dalam Bahasa Aceh. Gema Sastra Unsyiah, Retrieved Oktober, 3th 2015, from https://gemasastrin.wordpress.com /2009/11/19/ ungkapan-ungkapan-emosional - dalam -bahasa-aceh/
58
Trudgill, P. (1995) Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 3rd edition. Harmondsworth, England, Penguin Books.
Tse, A. Y. H (2011) Linguistic Word Taboos in Chinese Culture. British Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 2048-1268.
Wardhaugh, R (2000) An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (Third edition). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Wardhaugh, R (2010) 6st ed. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. USA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Yusuf, Q (2005) Hadih Maja dalam Kehidupan Niaga Pedagang Pidie. In Budaya Aceh, Dinamika Sejarah, dan Globalisasi. ed. Darni M. Daud. Banda Aceh: Universitas Syiah Kuala Press, 407.
Yusuf, Y. Q and Yusuf, Q (2014) Contemporary Acehnese Cultural Prohibitions and the Practice of Mystical Threats. Kemanusiaan Vol. 21, No. 2, (2014), 21–53.
