A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF BECOMING A TRANSLATOR IN
ENGLISH
A PAPER
BY
NELLY M PARDOSI
REG. NO. :062202051
DIPLOMA III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM
FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA
MEDAN
Approved by
Supervisor,
Drs. H. MUHIZAR MUCHTAR, M.S
NIP: 130809979
Submitted to Faculty of Letters University of North Sumatera
in partial fulfillment of requirements for DIPLOMA (D-III) in
English
Approved by
Head of English Study Program,
Dra. SYAHYAR HANUM, DPFE
NIP: 130702287
Approved by the Diploma III of English Study Program
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the D-III Examination of the Diploma III of English study Program, Faculty of
Letters, University of North Sumatera.
The examination is held on the………
Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara
Dean,
Drs. SYAIFUDDIN, M.A, Ph.D
NIP: 130809978
Board of Examiner and Reader:
Examiner : Drs. H. MUHIZAR MUCHTAR, M.S
AUTHOR ‘S DECLARATION
I, NELLY PARDOSI, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except
where reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material
published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have
qualified for or awarded another degree.
No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main
text of the paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another
degree in any tertiary education.
Signed :………
COPYRIGAHT DECLARATION
Name : NELLY M PARDOSI
Title of paper : A Brief Description of Becoming a Translator in English
Qualification : D-III/ Ahli Madya
Study Program : English
I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the
discretion of the Librarian of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of
Letters USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation
under law or the Republic of Indonesia.
Signed : ………
ABSTRAK
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to thank and praise the Almighty God and his sole
son Jesus Crist who has blessed and given me health, strength and help me in
completing this paper, as one of requirement to get Diploma III certificate from
English Program at Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara.
Furthermore, on this occasion, I would like to express my sincere gratitude
to all people who have helped me in completing this paper.
1. Drs. Syaifuddin M.A,Ph.D, the Dean of Faculty of Letters, University of
Sumatera Utara.
2. Dra. Syahyar Hanum, DPFE the Head of English Diploma III Department
who helped me in completing this paper. Thank you for your attention.
3. My Supervisor, Drs. H.Muhizar Muchtar,.M.S, and my reader Drs.
Yulianus Harefa, M.Ed, TESOL who has spent their time and attention in
finishing this paper.
4. All lecture in English Diploma III Program who have taught and given me
knowledge.
5. My beloved parents, S. Pardosi and R. Pane, who inspired me to keep
fighting whatever the problems. Thank you for all love for me.
6. My brother and my young bother, Manatar, Riston, Jaksan, Edi and Henri
who always support me and accompany me all my life. Keep entertaining
7. My friend, Marni, Arni, Heri, Kristina, Yulis, K’Mei, K’Lina and Krista
who helped me, supported me and given me attention in everything.
8. All the student in English Diploma III Program and my friends in Faculty
of Letters who have given a lot of attention during my study.
9. My special friends, Dippu Naibaho, who always made me spirit to face
whatever the problems and supported me in my sadness. Thank you for
your attention and your love.
Finally, I fully aware of the limitation of this paper in spite of her efforts to
make it as possible. Therefore, she would be most grateful it the readers would
supply her with any constructive criticism that might make this paper useful and
accurate.
Medan, 27, Mei 2008
The Writer,
NELLY M PARDOSI
TABBLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... i
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... ii
ABSTRACT ... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi
Chapter I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study... 1
1.2 Scope of Study ... 2
1.3 Purpose of Study ... 3
1.4 Significance of Study ... 3
1.4 Method of Study ... 3
Chapter II. BRIEF DESCRIPTION 2.1 Who Is Translator ... 4
2.2 The Role of the Translator ... 5
2.3 The Translator’s Motivation ... 6
2.4 The Tasks of the Translator ... 7
Chapter III. GUIDELINES FOR THE TRANSLATOR 3.1 Meaning of Translation ... 12
3.2 A Methodology for Translation ... 17
3.3 Technique of Translation ... 24
Chapter IV.CONCLUSION AND SUGESTION
4.1 Conclusion ... 35
4.2 Suggestion ... 36
REFERENCES ... 37
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
According to Robinson (2005:20), study about translation and training
become a translation no doubt again. It is a part could not are separated with
relation intercultural and spreading of scientific and technology. Necessity for a
new approach exactly in learning and teaching process, it is also felt in training
translator program or interpreter almost world directive. How a good way so that
they get linguistic and culture science, they also control the skill of learning and
translation that will they needed so that became effectively professional.
The need for a reader is thus partly institution, created by the rapid growth
of the discipline, especially as evidence by the proliferation of translation training
not only professional translator training program worldwide. Recent surveys
indicate graduate, training not only professional translator but also scholar-teacher
of translation and of foreign languages and literatures Caminade, Pym, and Harris
(1997) which was quoted from internet (http//www.seorang penerjemah.com)
Louis Kelly (1996: 24) which was quoted from internet (http//www.how
become a translator.com) had argument that said a “complete” is translation
theory has three components specification in function, goal descriptions and
analysis of operation. Critical comment on relationships between goal and
operation in translation can put in imagined as a set of changing relationships
action, and two other concepts equivalence and function. Equivalence has
understood as accuracy, adequacy, correctness, correspondence, fidelity, orient, it
is variable notion of how the of translation is connected to the foreign text. The
function has understood as the potentiality of the translated text to release diverse
effect, beginning with the communication information and the production of a
response comparable to the one produced by the foreign text in its own culture.
(Hatim, 1990 : 26)
In professional, learning slowly accurate and more analysis are making an
exception than a principle and must be like that for academic training translation.
Translator must be able to know problem that faced and slowed process to
overcome problems with analysis and complex.
Therefore, I interested to discuss and chose the title “Becoming a
Translator in English” and also the way learning translation.
1.2 The Scope of Study
In writing this paper, I try to limit the discussion of the problem as specific
as possible based on the title, in this case I realize that it is far from being perfect,
so I limit the scope of study only in describing how to become a translator. This
paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter deals with introduction, the
second chapter is description of becoming a translator, the third is guidelines for
1.3 The Purpose of Study
There are three purposes in writing this paper as follows:
a. To know how to become a translator
b. To know how the processing of translation.
c. To help the readers understand and could become good translators.
1.4 The Significance of Study
In discussion this paper, I hope this writing has a good significance for
developing our knowledge for our life in the society, so I am as a writer discusse
some of the significances as follows:
1. to give explanation about a professional translator
2. to add knowledge and spirit of the readers on this paper.
3. to fulfill the requirements for to graduating from Diploma III English
Study Program ,Faculty of Letters, USU.
1.5 Method of Study
In collecting this manner, I do library research by reading and collecting
some references from some books, beside that I also bought some books from the
bookstore, by reading those books and looking some information from the
website, so that I could get the materials to support study. These methods are
CHAPTER II
DESCRIPTION OF BECOMING A TRANSLATOR
2.1 Who is the Translator
Translators or enterpreters actually has imitator side and imitator theirself.
These peoples develop their ability by extraordinary memory that help them to
remember one word that they listen just once. (Robinson, 2005:13)
According to Robinshon (2005: 15) translators or interpreters is also a
readers should absorb much knowledge by reading many books in some
languages, fiction and nonfiction, technical materials, whish are useful for human
being. They are thirst for the real life experiences such as they do travelling, stay
in abroad for a long time, learning foreign culture and languages, and atention
how the people around in using their languages. We often say that translator as
our second job.
Generally, we can say a translators as scientist and artist, because that a
translation is categorized as a sience. That is applied linguistic and also a art that
is art of languages. A translators as a sience, a translator should to mastery of
source language, mastery of receptor language and mastery of the main discussion
from the translated text so that he can produce a translation fit with meaning and
language style that fit with source language. (Ahmad, 1984: 9)
Experiences of a translator in trnslating many of text will increase their
translator became a part of ethics code of translator. If a translator feel difficulty
in looking for comparison and meaning of a term, so they must do research form
refrences or from another references, because a good and qualify translators
should to have high commitment and seriousness in doing career as a translator .
A good translator is a generalist.
2.2.The Role of Translator
According to Sakri (1985 : 82) a translator must have at least three other
characteristics if he is to excel in his work. First, he needs to have a sincere
admiration for the formal features of the work to be translated, for without this he
is unlikely to process either the patience or the insights necessary to reproduce a
fully adaquate equivalent. Second, he should have a respect for the content of the
text, or he is likely to shortchange the message.Third, he must be willing to expres
his own creativity through someone else’s creation. These qualities may also
involve the translator in certain serious liabilities. For example, his admiration for
the form of the original text may include him to reproduce a disproportionate
amount of that form or to feel compelled to weight down the text with numerous
superfluous notes.
He may also be too easily temted to reveal his mastery of the text by
introducing various formal subtleties, which may be pleasing to the receptor who
also know the language of the source text (in which case he really does not need a
translation) but misleading to receptors unacquainted with the source language.
remarkably effective translation for persons who are already familiar with the
Hebrew original, but often misleading much identification with the original text
can lead to a tendency to try to improve on it by correcting its apparent
inaccuracies and glossing over its stylistic weaknesses and failures. A tendency to
alter the meaning of the text to fit the translator’s own presubpositions is too often
found in translation made by those who most firmly declare their indenfication
with the original message.(Hidayat,1995: 22)
Though these attitudes of translator mat at first seem to be unrelated to a
framework for the analysis and evaluation of theories of translation, they do in
fact have a great deal to do with the development of various theories and with the
promulgation and justification af related principles of translation. They are also
involved in the setting of standards and in the development of expectancies on the
part of receptors.
2.3 The Translator Motivation
The translator motivation are inexcricably bound up with the socio-cultural
context in which the act of translating takes palce. Consequently it is important to
judge translating activity only within a socil context. Before there is translation,
for example there has to be a need for translation. They need may be client-driven,
as when someone commission, asks for or otherwise requires a translation, it is
often market-driven, when publisher perceive demand for sa work foreign
literature, it may even be translator, as when a work of ancient literature is
communicate something new. Moreover, the status of the source text as a social
product, its intended readership , the socio economisc circumstances of its
production, translation and reception by TL readers are all relevant factors in the
study of the translation process.
From the eight century Caliph who had philosophers to the present day
work af staff translators for international organisations, from the translation of the
classics by gentlement-scholars to the evangelising work of Bible translators., tha
activity of the translator has always been a function of, and influence upon, the
social life of their times. Jarson 1996 which was quoted from internet
(http//www.seorang penerjemah.com)
To study translation in isolation from the factors affecting their production
in consequently to miss out and impotrtant dimension of the phenomenon. In fact,
the social context of translating is probably a more important variable tahn the
textual gendre, which has imposed such rigid distinction on types of translating in
past. Division of this kind tend to mask certain fundamental similarities between
text from diffrent field there are regulaties of discourse procedures which
transcend the boundaries between genres and which it is aim to describe. (Hatim
dan Mason, 1990: 12)
2.4 The Task of The Translator
According to Belt (1991, 67) is a translation meant for readers who do not
understand the original? This would seem to explain adequately the divergence of
for saying “the samething” repeatedly. For what does a literary work “say”? what
does it communicate? It “tells” very little to those who unerstand it. Its essential
quality is not statement or the imparting of information hence, something
inessintial. This is the hallmark of bad translatioans. But do we not generally
regard as the essential substance of literary work, it contains in edition to
informations – as even a poor tarnslator will admit- the unfthomable, the
mysterious, the “poetic”, something that a translator can reproduce only if he is
also a poet? This actually is the cause of another characteristic of inferior
translation, which consequenly we may define as the inaccurate transmission of an
inessential content. This will be true whenever a translation undertakes to serve
the reader.
Remembered by Kusumatmatja (1984 : 26) translation is a mode. To
comprehend it as mode one must go back to the original, for what contains the
law governing the translation: it translatability. The quations of whether a works is
translatable has a dual ,meaning. Either will an adequate translator ever be found
among the totality of it readers? Or more pertinently: does its nature lend itself to
translation and therefore, in view of the significance of the mode, call effor it? In
principle, the first quations can be decided only contingently; the second, however
apodictically. Only superficial thingking will deny the independent meaning of the
latter and decler both quations to be of equal significance if translation is a mode
translatability must be an essential feature of certgai works.
Translability is an essential quality of certain works, which is not to say
inherent in the original manifests itself in its translability. It is plausible that no
translation, however good it many, can have any significance as regards the
original. Yet, by virtue of its translatability the original is closely connected with
the translations; in fact, this connection is all the close since it is no longer of
inportance to the original. For a translation comes later than the original and since
the importand works of world literature never find their chosen translators at the
time of their original, their tarnslation marks their stage continued life. The idea of
life and afterlife in works of ar should be regarded with entirely unmetaphorical
objectivity. Even in times of narrowly prejudiced thought there was an inkling that
life was not limited to organic corporeality. Tarnslation thatt are more than
transmissions of subject matter come into being when in the course of its survival
a work has reached the age of its fame. Contrary, therefore to the claims of bad
translator such translation do not so much serve the work as owe their existence to
it. The life of the original attains in them to its ever - renewed latest and most
abundant flowering (Ahmad, 1984: 11)
Translation thus ultimately serves the purpose of expresing the central
reciprocal relationship itself ; but in can represent it realizing it in embryonic
attempt at making it visible is of so singular a nature that is rarely met with in the
sphere of nonlingustic life. This, in its analogies and symbol, can draw on other
ways of suggesting meaning than intensive-that is antipative,
intimating-ralization.
Belt (1991 : 21) said the task of the translators consist in finding that
the echo of the original. This is feature of translation which basically differeniates
it from the poet’s work, because the effort of the latter is never directed at the
language as such at its totality, but solely and immediately at spesific libguistic
contextual aspects. Unlike a work of literature, translation does not find itself in
the center of the language forest but in the outside facing the wooded ridge; it
calls into it without entering, aiming at that sigle spot where the echo is able to
give, in its own language, the reveberation of the work in the alien one. Not only
does the aim of translation differ from that of a literaly work – it intend language
as a whole,taking an individual work a point af departure – but it is a different
effort altogether. The itention of the poet is spontaneous,primary, garaphic; that of
the translator is derivative, ultimate, ideational.
If the task of the translator is viewed in this light, the roads toward a
solution seem to be all the more obsure and impenetrable. Indeed, the problem of
ripening the seed of pure language in a a translation seem to be insoluble,
determinable in no solution. For is not the ground cut from under such a solution
if the reproduction of the ceases to be decisive? Viewed negatively, this is actually
the meaning of all foregoing. The traditional consepts in any discussion of
translation are fidelity and license – the freedom of faithfully reproduction and, in
its service, eidelity to the word. These ideas seem to be no longer serviceable to a
theory that looks for other things in a translation than reproduction of meaning. To
be sure, traditional usage make these terms appear as if in constant conflict with
each other. What can fidelity do for the rendering of meaning? (Machadi, 2000:
The basic error of the translator is that he preserves the state in which his
own language happens to be instead of allowing his language to be powerful
affected by the foreign tangue. Particularly when translating fom a language very
remote from his own he must go back to primal elements of language itself and
penetrate to teh point where work, image, and tone converge. He must expand and
deepen his laguage by means of thr foreign language. It is not generally realized to
what extent this is posible, to what extent any language can be transformed, how
language differs from language almost the way dialect differs from dialect;
however, this last is true only if one takes language seriously enough, not if one
CHAPTER III
GUIDELINES FOR A TRANSLATOR
3.1 Meaning-Based Translatioon 1. Form and Meaning
According to Rudi (2008: 3) form is the structural part of language which
is actually seen in print or heard in speech: refers to actual words, phrases,
clauses, sentences, paragraphs which are spoken of a language. Surface structure
of a language.
Meaning translation consist of transfering the meaning of the source
language into the receptor language, by going from the form of the first language
to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure. It is the meaning
which is being transferred and must be held constant. Only the form changes.
Someone who knows both the source language and the receptor language can
make the transfer very rapidly. However for complicated texts, he should study
the process of translating by semantic analysis.
Characteristics of language which affect translation:
• First meaning components: sometimes a single word should be
translated by several words.
• Second, same meaning component will occur in several surface
structure lexical items: a word chicken where the word cock and hen
• Third, one form will be used to represent several alternative meanings.
Most words have more than one meaning, primary and secondary
meaning.
So grammatical markers also have their primary function and other secondary
function.
We have seen that one form may express a variety of meanings and a
single meaning may be expressed in a variety of form. Therefore, it is often
necessary to change the form when translating to keep the meaning constant. The
characterictics of “skewing” (the diversity or lack of one-to-one correlation
between form and meaning) is the basic reason that translation is a complicated
task.
2. Kinds of Translation
There are two main kinds of translation:
Literal (form-based), attempt to follow the form of the source
language, known as literal translation. Sounds like nonsense and ha
Idiomatic (meaning-based), make every effort to communicate the
meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the
3. The semantic structure of language
Deep stucture is semantic structure (the meaning): things, events,
attiributes or relations. Grammatical, lexical, phonological stucture of language :
conjunction. Prepositional phrase, noun phrase etc, we call as surface structure.
As a sample of deep structure = semantic structure like this
Ex. Christine met Jack on the corner.
Christine and Jack talked.
Jack left.
Christine left.
As a sample of surface structure = grammatical sturucture as a follow :
Ex. 1. Christine met Jack on the corner. They talked. Jack left. Then Christine
left, too.
2. Christine met Jack on the corner. After they talked, Jack left and then
Christine left.
Things include all animate beings, natural and supernatural and all
inanimate entities (ghost, boy, angel, stone blood), events include all actions,
canges of state (process) and experiences (eat, run, think, stretch, smile), atttibutes
include all those atttibutes of quality and quantity ascribed to any thing or event
(long, thick, slowly, few,all), and relations include all those relations posited
between any two of the above semantic units (by, with, because, since, and,
Semantic Structure Vs Grammatical Structure
THINGS ... = nouns, pronouns
EVENTS ... = verbs
ATTRIBUTES ... = adjectives, adverbs
RELATION ... = conjunctions, prepositions, particles, enlitics,etc
According to Muhizar (2007: 26) Hierarchy of semantic structure and
grammatical structure
Meaning component .. ... morpheme
Concept ... ... word
Complex concept ... ... pharase
Proposition ... ... clause
Propositional cluster .. ... sentence
Semantic paragraph ... ... paragraph
Episode ... ... section
Episode cluster ... ... Division
Semantic part ... ... Part
Discourse ... ... Text
4 Implicit Meaning
Kinds of Meaning
1.Referential meaning refers to a certain thing, event, attribution, or relation
2.Organization meaning puts the referential information together into a
coherent text, is signaled by deictics, repetition, grouping and many
other features in grammatical structure (it for the apple, he for John that
refers to one entity in a text)
3.Situational meaning, the relationship between writer and the addessee that
bring cultural background and many other situational matters. (A friend
may call Prof. George Bush as Prof, Bush in a seminar and call him
George in an informal circumstance)
5. Steps in a Translation Project
a. Evaluation
Make sure no addition, deletions or change of information have crept in. The
purpose of evaluation is (1). Accuracy, wherher the translation communicate the
same meaning, (2) clearness, whether the audience understand it clearly, (3)
naturalness, whether the form of translation is easy to read and natural in grammar
and style.
b. Revised draft
Made on the basis of the feedback received after evaluation over any rewording
and or misundestanding.
c. Consultation
Consult the quality of the translation as to meaning, naturalness and its potential
d. Final Draft
Check them again with mother tangue speakers to be sure they are warranted and
make any other minor changes including format to be published along with
editing for spelling and punctuation.
3.2 Methodology For Translation
In this case it is understood that more complex methods have to be used
which at first may look unusual but which nevertheless can permit translators a
strict control over the reliability of their work: these procedures are called onlique
translation methods. In the listing which follows, the first three procedures are
direct and the others oblique. According to Widyamartaya (1995, 85) there are
some procedures for translation as follows:
Procedure 1 : Borrowing
To overcome a lacuna, usually a metalinguistic one, borrowing is the
simplest of all translation methods. It would not even merit discussion in this
context if translator did not occasionally need to use it in order to create a stylistic
effect. For instance, in order to introduce the flavour of the source language(SL)
culture into a translation, foreign terms may be used such Russian words as
“roubles”, “datchas” and “ aparatchik” , “dollar” and “party” from American
English. In a story with a typical English setting, an expression such as “ the
term “coroner”, rather than trying to find a more or less satisfying equivalent title
from amongst the French magistrature.
Translator are partucularly interested in the newer borrowing, even
proposal ones. It must be remembered that many borrowing enter language
through translation, just like semantic borrowing or faux amis, whose pitfalls
translator must carefully avoid. The decision to borrow a SL word or expression
for introducing an element of local colour is a matter of style and consequently of
the message. (Karnadijaya, 1986: 78)
Procedure 2 : Calque
A calque is special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an
expression form of another, but then translates literally each of its elments. The
result is either
i a lexical calque, as in the first example, below a calque which respects the
syntactic structure of the TL, whilst introducing a new mode of expression;
ii a structural calque, as in the second example, below, which introduces a
new construction into the language,
English-French calque
Compliments of the Season ! compliments de ;la saison
Science-fiction Science-fiction
As with borrowing, there are many fixed calques which, after a period of time,
become an integral part of the language. These too, like borrowing, may have
interested in new calques which can serve to fill a lacuna, without having to use
an actual borrowing. This would avoid awkward calques, such as:
French calque English source
Therapic occupationnelle occupational therapy
Le Premier Francais the French Premier
Les quatre Grands the four great powers
Procedure 3 : Literal translation
Literal of word for word, translation is the direct transfer of a SL text into
a gramatically and idiomatically appripriate TL text in which the translators’ task
is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL
I left my spectacles on the table J’ai laisse mes lunettes sur la table en
downstairs. bas
where are you? Ou etes-vous?
Hidayat (1995: 114), in principle, a literal translation is a unique solution
which is reversible and complete in itself. It is most common when translating
between two languages of the same family, and even more so when they also
share the same culture. If literal translation arise between French and English, itis
bacause common metalinguistic concepts also reveal physical coexistence, periods
of bilingualism, with the conscious or unconscious imitation which attaches to a
certain intelectual or political prestige, and such like. Karnadidjaya (1986: 80)
If, after trying the first three procedures, translator regard a literal
translation unacceptable, they must turn to the methods of oblique translation. By
1. gives another meaning, or
2. has no meaning, or
3. is structurally imposible, or
4. does not have a corresponding expression within the metalinguistic
experience of the TL, or
5. has a corresponding expression, but no within the same register.
Procedure 4 : Transposition
The method called transposition involves replacing one words class with
another without changing the meaning of the message. Biside being a special
translation procedure, transposition can also be applied within a language. For
example: “Il a annonce qu’il reviendrait”, can be re-expressed by transposing a
subordinate verb with a noun, thus: “Il a annonce son revour”. In contrast to the
first expression, which we call the base expression, we refer to the second one as
the transposed expression. In translation there are two dictinct types of
transpositing : (i) obligatory transposition, and (ii) optional transposotion.
The following example has to be translated literally (procedure 3), but must also
be transposed (procedure 4):
Des son lever... As soon as he gets/got up...
As soon as he gets up... Des son lever...
Des qu’il se leve
In this example, the English allows no hoice between the two forms, the base form
French, we have the choice betweeb appling a calque or a transposition, because
French permits either construction.
Procedure 5: Modulation
Modulation is variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change
in the point of view. This change can be justified when, although a literal, or even
transposed, translation result in a gramatically correct utterance, it is considered
insuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL.
As with transposition., we distinguish between free or optional
modulations and those that are fixed or obligatory. A classical example of on
obligatory modulation is the phrase, “The time when...”, which must be
translated as “Le moment ou...” The type of modulation which turns a negative SL
expression into poositive TL expression is more often than not optional, even
though this is closely linked with the structure of each language.
It is not difficult to show... Il est facile de demontrer...
The difference between fixed and free modulation is one of degree. In the case of
fixed modulation, translators with good knowledge of both languages freely use
this method, as they will be aware of the frequency of use, the overall acceptance,
and the confirmation provided by a dictionary or grammar of the preferred
expression.
Case of free modulation are single instances not yet fixed and sanctioned
by usage, so what the procedure must be carried out a new each time. This, is not
translation should correspond perfectly to the situation indicated by the SL. To
illustrate this point, it can be said that result of a fre modulation should lead to a
solution that makes the reader exclaim. Free modulation thus tend towards a
unique solution, a solution which rests upon an habitual train of thought and
which is necessary rather than optional. (Kamil, 1992: 45)
Procedure 6: Equivalence
In such cases we are dealing with the method which produces equivalencet
texts. The classical example of equivalence is given by the reaction of an amateur
who accidentally hits his finger with a hammer: if he were French his cry of pain
would be transcribed as “Aie”, but if he were English this would be interpreted as
“Ouch!”. Another striking case of equivalence are the many onomatopoeia of
animal sounds. (Hizkey, 2001: 30)
The method of creating equivalence is also frequently applied to idioms.
For example, “To talk through one’s hat” and “a like as two peas” cannot be
translated by means of a calque. Yet this is exactly what happens amongst
members of so-called bilingual populations, who have permanent contact with two
languages but never become fully acquainted with either. It happens, nevertheless,
that some og these calques actually become accepted by the other language,
especially if they relate to a new field which is likely to become established in the
Procedure 7: Adaptation
With this seventh method we reach the extreme limit of translation: it is
used in those cases where the type of situation being referred to by the SL
message is unknown in the TL culture. In such cases translators have to create a
new situation that can be considered as being equivalent. Adaptation can,
therefore, be described as a special kind of equivalence, a situational equivalence.
Let us take the example of an English father who would think nothing of kissing
his daughter on the mouth, something which is normal in that culture but which
would not be acceptable in a literal rendering into French. Translating,” He kissed
his daughter on the mouth” by “Il embrassa sa fille sur la bouche”, would
introduce into the TL an element which is not present in the SL, where the
situation may be that of a loving father returning home and greeting his daughter
after a long journey. Adaptation are particularly frequent in the translation of book
and film titles:
Trois hommes et un couffin Three men and a baby. [film]
Le grand Meaulnes The Wanderer. [book title]
The method of adaptation is well known amongst simultaneous interpreter: there
is the story of an interpreter who, having adapted “cricket” into “Tour de France”
in a context referring to a particularly popular sport, was put on the spot when the
French delegate then thanked the speaker fot having referred to such a typically
French sport. The interpreter then had to reverse the adaptation and speak of
3.3 Translation Tecnique
According to the Collins English Dictionary a tecnique is a practical
method, skill, or art applied to a particular task. We will more understand if we
look discussion about translation techniq. Translation tecniq will be related with
practise step and overcome the problem. (Machadi, 2000: 34)
I. Function text and Technique Translation
According to Machadi (2000: 36), beside to produce lexsical and
gramatical semantic a translator should to atention function text in his translation,
example he must look instrument of language that used to create a function.
TS I : Vokatif Function
We shuold continue to promote South-North co-operation even as we enhance South co-operation. We should be pragmatic and realistic. We must expect and be prepared for same diversion of OECD trade and aid resources from the developing world to East Europe and Russia.
Above text is shape of vocatif function appear from instrument language
that used. This text fill a instruction and persuade through instrument language
“we” and”should” also “must” in English show a affair support solidarity
sentiment Peter (1987) quoted from internet (http//www.How become a
TR-Ia
Seharusnya kita meningkatkan kerja sama Selatan-Utara bahken ketika kita meningkatkan kerja sama Selatan-Selatan. Kita harus pragmatis and realistis. Kita mestilah mengantisipasikan dan bersiap-siap bahwa akan ada pengalihan perdagangan OECD dan sumber-sumber dana bantuan dari negara-negara berkembang ke Eropa Timur dan Rusia.
Using instrument is match with used in source translation show
reproduction of function effort and do not some with next text
TR-Ib
Seharusnya ditingkatkan kerja sama Selatan-Utara bersamaan dengan peningkatan kerja sama Selatan-Selatan. Ada keharusan untuk pragmatis dan realistis. Seharusnya diantisipasikan dan dipersiapkan adanya pengalihan perdagangan OECD dan sumber-sumber dana bantuan dari negara-negar a berkembang ke Eropa Timur dan Rusia.
TR-Ib is imperative explain than persuading (Ex. 'imperative for
pragmative’ ‘imperative for antisipate’ and so on). There are changing function, it
is from function vocative to informatif (information about the imperative).
Thus, there are semantic distortion that atribute spread all and change
purpose of original writer. By special techniq (ignore using instrument “we”) so
will happend moving of function text in a translation and appear cases on
TS-II : Aesthetic Function
In translation, all of manifestation aesthetic usually produced by
translators.
This sample can give illustration.
Diluar salju terus. Hampir pagi.
Tubuhmu terbit dari berahi.
Angin menembus. Hilang lagi.
Nafasmu membayang dalam dingin. Mencari.
(Goenawan Mohamad, 1971)
TS-Ia:
Outside snow falls. Almost day.
Your body shaped in desire.
The wind pierces. And depart.
Your breath a shadow in the cold. Searching.
(Harry Aveling, 1975)
If we look original lyrics, is visible that this writing expressly appear
rhyme through sound [i] fo every line of lyrics. But form and sound of rhyme not
II. Translation Technique
Other to look kind of text, a translator also should to look literary style that
used for text source translation. Example, in following sentences a deliver news
use formal style “powerful” with exploit aspect the connotation meaning. Here, a
writer use adjective that invite reader emotion.
TS III
The Non-aligned mofement is determined to actively participate in all efforts towards a succesful resolution of hotbeds of crises in the world irrespective of their historical or contemporary causes ensuring that solution are not imposed by outside powers to the detriment of the interest of the parties directly concerned.
Using words / phrases that underline show the style “powerful”. Compare,
example, if underline words changed with more neutral, example ‘is determined’
changed with ‘decides’ and adjective or adverb should to lose. Course literal style
will different and original not “powerful”. A translator must produce words or text
source translation. The following translation do not show effort this reproduction.
Text TR III
We can see here that released from pragmatic comparison, version of
receptor translation not parable with literary style (not “powerful”), it is too much
use aespect denotation than connotation meaning such as delivery usual fact.
(Machadi, 2000: 50)
III. Translation Techniq and Functional Various
A translator must look literary various in his translation. As sample, do a
translator chose (a) spina or (b) duri as a translation of spine (s). Here could be
explained that chose the words depend of various kind in phrase thorns spines in
old reef sediment? If scientific is popular so version (b) is suitable because the
readers is general; but, if scientific and tecnisi so version (a) is suitable, because
the reader limited. Following delivered text that contain above sentences.
TS IV
Some scientict believe that the discovery of crown of thorns spines in old reef sediments indicates that population explosions have occurred from time to time in the past humans became a factor in reef ecology
(Lokakarya Penerjemahan III, PPPJ-FSUI, 1993)
If the readers biologist the version translation so below version could be received.
TS Iva
terjadi dari waktu di masa lampau sebelum manusia menjadi suatu faktor dalm ekologi terumbu.
For the version vesible that other using special terms (spina and bold words)
version of receptor translation nearer to source language, either their structure or
their words. Version like that have been enough to understood by them who
specialist in biologist fields.
IV. Translation Technique and Dialect
According to Nababan (2003: 23) a translator must atention dialect (either
geographies dialect or temporary and chronolect dialect) in translation. So there
are dialect of Middle Jave and East Java for Java language (geography dialect),
and there are contemporary dialect and ancient dialect (chronolect). Of course, all
of this important to looked by a translator example in translating dialect of
character in a drama. As a sample is translation the following sentence into
Indonesia.
TS: I don’t have no money, brothers!
Dialect that used in TS version show dialect a language that usually used by
Negro society in America. We can see for using negative sign (don’t and no). If it
translated into Indonesia, this substandar or as well to defended like following
version. (Nababan M.R , 1997)
TR (1): (Betawi Dialect) gue kagak punye doku
Lexical different between gue and aku, kagak and nggak, doku, uang and rek show different of geographies dialect.
Temporal and chronolect dialect also can appear problem in translation,
like from old language Java into English. This following sample show changing
temporal dialect that not important.(authenticity translation)
TS : Kita sering menghadapi pertanyaan...
TR : We are oftentimes faced with a question...
Using oftentimes rather ancient and has been rare used, that disagree with dialect
original text (compare with using often).
3.4 Procedure Translation
Machadi (2000: 60) Moving form is procedure of translation that
implicated changing grammatical form from resource language to receptor
language. There are forth types of moving form.
1. Moving form obligatory and automatic caused by system and principle of
language. In this thing, a translator could not have another choice beside
do it.
2. Moving is done because fittingness idiom; sometimes enable there are
literal translation thorough grammatical structure the parable is not natural
or stiff in receptor language.
3. Moving is done if grammatical structure not thing in receptor language.
4. Moving is done to fill discontinuous of vocabularies by using grammatical
The first types of movement form
Indonesian’s translator into English, on the contrary they should to do
moving of transposition form:
a) Some of plural nominal in English to be singular in Indonesia
Ex:
English Indonesia
A pair of trousers sepasang celana
A pair of glasses sepasang kacamata
b) Repeating adjective on adjective in Indonesia that means show variety implied
in adjective to be plural the nominal in English.
Ex: SL: Rumah di Jakarta bagus-bagus
RL: The houses in Jakarta built beautiful
c) Adjective + nominal to be nominal + given adjective
Ex: SL: beautiful women
RL: wanita yang cantik
The second types of moving form
The second types of moving form done if grammatical structure in source
language nothing in receptor language. The moving form always implied there are
choices.
1. laying of object in front of the Indonesia language nothing in concept
special structure, so that will happened of moving form to be structure
usual news sentence.
Example:
ST: Buku itu harus kita bawa
RT: We must bring the book
2. laying of verb front of Indonesia language do not usual in English
structure, except in imperative sentences.
Example:
ST: berbeda penjelasannya
RT: the explanation differs
ST: Telah disahkan penggunaannya
RT: Its usage has been approve
The third types of movement form
The third kind of moving appeared if one expression in source language
will be translate literally in receptor language by grammatically, but its parable is
stiff in receptor language like the following sample. (Kamil, 1992: 66)
(a) Nominal/phrase nominal in source language to be verb in receptor
language
Ex:
ST: …..to train intellectual men or the persuits
If above phrase translated literally, so its sound to be ‘melatih para
intelektual pengejaran kehidupan intelektual’, but its phrase is stiff in source
language to be nominal + nominal in receptor language.
Example:
English Indonesia
Adjective + nominal nominal + nominal
Engineering technique ‘teknik (pe) rekayasa (an)’
Medical student ‘mahasiswa kedokteran
(b) Clause such as (underlined) form in source language will be stated fully
and explicit in receptor language.
Example:
ST: the approval signed by the doctor is valid
RT: ‘persetujuan yang ditandatangani oleh…….’
(c) Nominal phrase with adjective formed from regular verb in source
language to be nominal + clause in receptor language
Example:
Adjective + nominal nominal + clause
Lending bank bank yang memberikan pinjaman
The forth types of movement
The moving forms this type done with purpose to fill asymmetry lexical in
receptor language by use grammatical structure.
Example:
ST: perjanjian inilah yang dipacu
RT: ‘it is this agreement which is referred to’ (not anything else)
(Machadi, 2000: 56)
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSSION AND SUGESTION
4.1 CONCLUSSION
We know that the translation is the most important knowledge that can be
used to change one idea from one language to another language. For the
translating, someone can not master the foreign language in widening his
knowledge only by reading some books to absorb the knowledge.
Translator or interpreter is also a reader who should absorb much by
reading many books in some languages as well as , fiction and nonfiction,
technical materials, useful for human being. A profesional translator could not
make a big mistakes so that they should not try to translate faster. The task of the
translator consist of finding that intended effect upon the language into which he
is translating which procedure in it the echo of the original. If the task of the
translator is viewed in this light, the roads toward a solution seem to be all the
more obscure and impenetrable.
The basic error of the translator is that he preserves the state in which his
own language happens to be instead of allowing his language to be powerful
affected by the foreign tongue. As a guideline for a translator they should
understand meaning of translation, methodologi of translation, technique of
translation and procedure of translation.the advantage of becoming a translator,
he can communicate with foreigners and it will be easy for him/her to get jobs in
4.2 SUGGESTION
I suggest to all people that to know the knowledge of the foreign languages
also can be done thruogh translation. So, I hope that all people put on attention on
the translation. I also would like to suggest so that a translator not only read or
translate a text based on word by word, because in translation it is needed to
combaine some words, phrases and clauses. Even in translation sometimes we
should use logic in one sentence or paragraph. There are some suggesting for a
translator so that she/he could become a professional translator, they are as
follow:
1. A Translator should really understand meaning of translation. The
most important thing we can change the form of source language into
receptor language or from receptor language into source language.
2. A translator should know a methodology for translation. He or she
should start by borrowing procedure, calque, literal translation,
transposision, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation.
3. A translator also shoul know the procedure of translation and its
technique when he and she translates from English into Indonesian, or
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