The Description Of Indonesian-English Code Mixing Used In Social Network On Facebook

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THE DESCRIPTION OF INDONESIAN-ENGLISH CODE MIXING USED IN SOCIAL NETWORK ON FACEBOOK

A THESIS

BY

ANNISA PUTRI REG. NO. 100705012

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

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THE DESCRIPTION OF INDONESIAN-ENGLISH CODE MIXING USED IN SOCIAL NETWORK ON FACEBOOK

A THESIS

BY

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

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THE DESCRIPTION OF INDONESIAN-ENGLISH CODE MIXING USED IN SOCIAL NETWORK ON FACEBOOK

A THESIS BY

SUPERVISOR, CO. SUPERVISOR

Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, SH. MA Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A NIP. 19560705 198903 1 002 NIP. 19581017 198601 1 001

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

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Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on Saturday, 4th July 2015.

The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara,

Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001

Board of Examiners:

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS ……….

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D ……….

Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA ……….

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i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

No one walks alone on the journey of life including me. I have many people around who walk beside me, paint colorful story in each up and down phases of my life, and help me along the way continuously particularly in accomplishing this thesis. This thesis would not have been possible without the guidance and the help of several individuals who in one way or another contributed and extended their valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this study.

So, the first and foremost, Alhamdulillah, all praise to Allah SWT who always gives me life, blessing, power, strength and love in my entire life and in terms of my study, and chance to do many things in this world especially to be able to complete this thesis just in time.

I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Dr. H Syahron Lubis, M.A, The Head of English Departement, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS, and The Secretary of English Department, Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D, and to all the lecturers of English Department for all assistances, valuable knowledge and facilities during my academic year.

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ii To my family, especially my mother Marwati Adi Ningsih and my daddy, Nurdin, S.E, I want to say thank for their supports, advice, love in my days, advice to be always patient and their pray to make me a better person to everybody. Thank my beloved sister and brother, Dyah Ashri and Muhammad Ridwan for their support and laughtes that always make me feel being his best sister ever.

To all my friends, thank for your understanding and encouragment in many precious moments. My special thanks is dedicated to both my best friends Vivi Ramaningsih Lubis and Dhini Ayuningtyas for crazy weirdo moments that we created together and special thank goes as well to Fira Mauliani Shanti, Fakhrana Filza, Gunanti Syahfitri, Sumastika Naning Rahayu Atmadja, and Abdul Halim. Last but not lease, a massive thank you for the support and for every incredible, craziness and madness thing that we spend together for Ran Adinta Pratama, S.T.

In writing this paper, I realized that this thesis is far from being perfect though I have done my best, therefore I hope suggestion for this thesis. Without helps and support from all parties, this thesis would not be completed. Finally, I expect this thesis would be useful for the readers in future.

Medan, July 2015 The Writer

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iii AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, ANNISA PUTRI DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

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iv COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : ANNISA PUTRI

TITLE OF THESIS : THE DESCRIPTION OF INDONESIAN-ENGLISH CODE MIXING USED IN SOCIAL NETWORK ON FACEBOOK

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

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v ABSTRAK

Skripsi yang berjudul The Description of Indonesian-English Code Mixing Used in

Social Network on Facebook merupakan suatu penelitian tentang penggunaan code

mixing yang dilakukan oleh pengguna jejaring sosial Facebook. Namun, fokus penelitian ini adalah komunikasi tertulis pada akun Facebook mereka. Dalam hal ini saya berusaha mendeskripsikan tentang pembagian code mixing kedalam dua bagian yaitu Inter-Sential code mixing dan Intra-Sential code mixing berdasarkan landasan teori Wardaugh (2010:98). Dan menemukan alasan mengapa pengguna jejaring sosial Facebook melakukan code mixing berdasarkan teori SPEAKING dari Dell Hymes dalam Jendra (2010:71). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Deskriptif Kualitatif, yaitu suatu metode yang menggambarkan keadaan dan situasi yang diperoleh dari objek penelitian dengan bertemu langsung dengan pengguna jejaring sosial Facebook tersebut. Saran dari penelitian ini adalah yaitu kita sebagai orang Indonesia sebaiknya meminimalkan penggunaan code mixing dalam percakapan sehari-hari untuk tetap mempertahankan keutuhan bahasa Indonesia dimasa mendatang.

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vi ABSTRACT

The title of this thesis is The Description of Indonesian-English Code Mixing Used in Social Network on Facebook is a research about the use of code mixing is done by

Facebook users. But, the focus of this research is the written communication on their Facebook accounts. In this research, I try to describe about code mixing into two parts, namely Inter-Sential code mixing and Intra-Sential code mixing based on Wardaugh theory (2010:98). And to find out the reasons why Facebook users used code mixing based on Dell Hymes theory, namely SPEAKING. The method used in this research is Deskriptif Kualitatif, method that is describing the state and situation of the object obtained from meet in person with Facebook users. The suggestion from the research is we as the people of Indonesia should minimize the used of code mixing in daily conversation to maintain the integrity of future Indonesia language.

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vii TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………..……….. iv

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ……… vi

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ………..………. vii

ABSTRAK ………..…...……….. viii

ABSTRACT ………..………. ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………..………... x

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study...………....…... 1

1.2 Problem of the Study ……….……….…... 4

1.3 Objective of the Study ……….………..…... 4

1.4 Scope of the Study ……….…………..……... 4

1.5 Significance of the Study……….………….…...… 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Sosiolinguistics ...………..… 6

2.2 Bilingualism ...………... 8

2.3 Code ………….………..……... 9

2.3.1 Code Switching ……….. 12

2.3.2 Causal Factors of Code Switching ....……… 14

2.3.3 Code Mixing .…………..…………..………..………... 15

2.3.4 Causal Factors of Code Mixing ………...….. 18

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research Method ……….……. 20

3.2 Data and Source of Data …….…..………..……. 20

3.3 Method of Collecting Data …………..………….……...……. 21

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viii CHAPTER IV DESCRIPTION AND FINDING

4.1 Data Description ………….………...………… 23

4.1.1 The Type of Code Mixing used on Facebook …….……... 23

4.1.1.1 Inter-Sential Code Mixing ...…... 23

4.1.1.2 Intra-Sential Code Mixing ... 26

4.1.3 The Reasons of The Respondents Used Code Mixing …...…. 48

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ……….…... 50

5.2 Suggestion ………... 51

REFERENCES... 53

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v ABSTRAK

Skripsi yang berjudul The Description of Indonesian-English Code Mixing Used in

Social Network on Facebook merupakan suatu penelitian tentang penggunaan code

mixing yang dilakukan oleh pengguna jejaring sosial Facebook. Namun, fokus penelitian ini adalah komunikasi tertulis pada akun Facebook mereka. Dalam hal ini saya berusaha mendeskripsikan tentang pembagian code mixing kedalam dua bagian yaitu Inter-Sential code mixing dan Intra-Sential code mixing berdasarkan landasan teori Wardaugh (2010:98). Dan menemukan alasan mengapa pengguna jejaring sosial Facebook melakukan code mixing berdasarkan teori SPEAKING dari Dell Hymes dalam Jendra (2010:71). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Deskriptif Kualitatif, yaitu suatu metode yang menggambarkan keadaan dan situasi yang diperoleh dari objek penelitian dengan bertemu langsung dengan pengguna jejaring sosial Facebook tersebut. Saran dari penelitian ini adalah yaitu kita sebagai orang Indonesia sebaiknya meminimalkan penggunaan code mixing dalam percakapan sehari-hari untuk tetap mempertahankan keutuhan bahasa Indonesia dimasa mendatang.

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vi ABSTRACT

The title of this thesis is The Description of Indonesian-English Code Mixing Used in Social Network on Facebook is a research about the use of code mixing is done by

Facebook users. But, the focus of this research is the written communication on their Facebook accounts. In this research, I try to describe about code mixing into two parts, namely Inter-Sential code mixing and Intra-Sential code mixing based on Wardaugh theory (2010:98). And to find out the reasons why Facebook users used code mixing based on Dell Hymes theory, namely SPEAKING. The method used in this research is Deskriptif Kualitatif, method that is describing the state and situation of the object obtained from meet in person with Facebook users. The suggestion from the research is we as the people of Indonesia should minimize the used of code mixing in daily conversation to maintain the integrity of future Indonesia language.

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1 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

Nowadays, there are so many people who have more than one language. Most of them are having two or more languages, namely their native language and the second language. The language which is usually mastered well by people is their mother tongue or native language. Most of them firstly used their mother tongue to communicate with their family and society. However during their communication with other people and because of the need of understanding other people about what they mean, there is a demand for the people to master or know the other languages. This condition causes many people want to learn another language to make their communication effective.

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2 The condition where people use more than one language or code in the same topic, context, or people in communication is called code mixing. According to Nababan (1993:32), code mixing is the situation in which the speaker mixes two or more languages or kind of language in speech act. And Suwito (1985:75) states code mixing is the use of two languages or more inserting the elements of language from one language in the other consistently.

Code mixing can be seen in spoken and written language. Code mixing in spoken language such as: radio program, television program, teaching-learning process, and etc. The code mixing can also found in written language can found in: newspaper, magazine, novel, internet medium, and etc. In internet medium there are many code mixing is found, when people chat with other people at Facebook or Yahoo Messenger. Facebook is the most famous and widely used by people. Facebook is a social networking site that is currently booming in cyberspace. Facebook is used as a place to add friends, business relations, advertising and even just play games. Facebook makes people free to do anything because people can communicate without having to meet face to face.

Facebook can be thought of as people’s home on the internet. It’s a place where people can leave messages, browse through photo collections, or even to chat online. It can be a great way to keep in contact with friends and family, and even find long lost friend that we have not spoken for years.

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3 its simple mechanism. Whatever is written on Facebook, it will be immediately responded very quickly within seconds and will make them feel better.

Facebook itself is always used by other people as a tool of communication. In the Facebook there are a lot of kinds of code mixing, when people chat or write their status in their timelines. Facebook deploys an increasing code mixing custom, especially Indonesian and English language code mixing. With regard to the mind, they prefer to talk about themselves and less likely to talk about other people. This certainly has a risk of over share. Because it is a pleasure to share anything in this medium, they don’t pay attention on issues they must share. The consequence is this may be harmful for themselves. For example, when a criminal who updates their status about the new crime, this will make it easier for the police to catch. Based on the reasons above, the writer attempts to find out code mixing occurred in Facebook status.

As an illustration, the researcher will present examples in a Facebook status and some comments which describe the reality of the language use among them in which afterward the reality of the language use can be categorized as code mixing. The examples are as follows:

Dasar begok! Sayang kali aku gak ngerti fashion. Huft. (1)

GGG : Ganteng-Ganteng Gay. (2)

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4 From examples number (1) until number (3) with the bold writing show the examples of code mixing, because the words are used in two different languages (Indonesian–English). It indicates the existence of language mixing, because the Facebook users master two languages, Indonesian and English.

Based on this fact, the writer believes that research is needed to find out the use of code mixing in social networking Facebook.

1.2. Problem of the Study

Based on the study background, the writer proposes some problems: 1. What is the type of code mixing used in Facebook?

2. What are the reasons of Facebook users to use code mixing in Facebook?

1.3. Objective of the Study

Based on the statement of the problem mentioned above, the objective study of this analysis can be formulated as follows:

1. To find out the type of code mixing used in Facebook.

2. To find out the reasons of Facebook users to use code mixing in Facebook.

1.4. Scope of the Study

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5 1.5. Significance of the Study

The significance of the study are expected to be useful for:

1. The English students, since it will give a better understanding about the component of language in code mixing as well as the reasons of people to use code mixing in their daily life.

2. The lecturers, particularly in teaching Sociolinguistics to teach varying method of teaching code mixing which is not only occurred in written language but also in spoken language.

3. The study will provide a better technique for other writers to conduct further analysis about code mixing using a certain media.

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6 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1. Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that takes language as an object of study, in a way that usually distinguished from how syntax, semantics, morphology, and phonology handle it. Sociolinguistics studies the relationship between language and society. It explains why we speak differently in different social contexts, and sociolinguistics is concerned with the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning (Holmes, 2001:1). In addition, Wardhaugh (1986:13) states sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the relationships between languages and society with the goal of a better understanding of the structure of language and how language functions in communication.

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7 Sociolinguistics has so many functions in daily life since sociolinguistics explains on how people use the language in each aspects or the certain social condition, as states by Fishman (in Chaer, 2004:7) that sociolinguistics discusses ‘who speaks’, ‘what language’, ‘to whom’, ‘when’, and ‘to what end’. Therefore, the

function of language can be seen through the speaker, the listener, the topic, the code, and the meaning. The study also explores the functions and the varieties of language, the contacts between different languages, attitude of people towards language use and user, changes of language, as well as plans on language.

There are numerous factors influencing the way people speak which are investigated by sociolinguistics.

(http://www.tlumaczenia-angielski.info/linguistics/sociolinguistics.htm):

a. Social class, the position of the speaker in the society, measured by the level of education, parental background, profession and their effect on syntax and lexis used by the speaker.

b. Social context, the register of the language used depending on changing situations, formal language in formal meetings and informal during meetings with friends for example.

c. Geographical origins, slight differences in pronunciation between speakers that point at the geographical region which the speaker comes from.

d. Ethnicity, differences between the use of a given language by its native speakers and other ethnic groups.

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8 f. Gender, differences in patterns of language use between men and women,

such as quantity of speech, intonation patterns.

g. Age, the influence of age of the speaker on the use of vocabulary and grammar complexity.

2.2. Bilingualism

When two or more languages used alternately by the same speaker, it can be said that those languages interact each other. The use of two or more languages alternately by a speaker is called bilingualism. Mackey (1992:12) and Fishman (1975:73) in Abdul Chaer and Leonie Agustina stated that bilingualism means the use of two languages by a speaker in his society by turns. Someone who wants to use two languages, of course they must master the two languages. They must master their mother tongue and another language that becomes a second language. When people use two languages to interact with other people they become bilingual.

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9 Nababan (1993:27) differs bilingualism and bilinguality. According to him, bilingualism is habitual to use two languages to interact with other people. Bilinguality is an ability to use two languages. So, we can conclude that bilingualism is habitual; bilinguality is ability and bilingual is the person.

Furthermore, Bloomfield (1933:56) defines the bilingualism as “ability of a speaker in using two languages, in case the using of first language as good as the second language”. According to Bloomfield, someone called bilingual if she/he able to use the first language as well as the second language. However, many arguments toward Bloomfield’s concept about bilingualism. First, it’s not easy to evaluate the ability of the speaker in mastering two languages that they use and second, is there any speaker that using the second language as well as first language, and it is rarely to find someone who master in two languages as well.

2.3. Code

Code is the particular language one chooses to use in any occasion, a system used for communication between two or more parties. When people are about to speak, they have to choose a particular code to express their minds of feeling. The particular code in this case can be a particular language, dialect, style, register, or variety. Therefore, in daily situation people may use different code in different situation.

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10 which language or variety, and when or where the conversation takes place. To a bilingual or multilingual, although choosing a code is one of the routines, the skill in deciding which code should be chosen still needs developing. The skill of choosing the language is classified as a communicative competence and it is basically developed by observing factors found in the social context of language uses.

In other words, a code is a system of rules that allow us to give information in symbolic form. Human language is also a code, consist of words that represent ideas, events, and objects. When it put together in certain circumstance, it will help us to communicate.

Hymes (in Jendra, 2010: 71) states that, there are eight factors that bilingual, multilingual, or monolingual people may consider when choosing a code. The factors were formulated into an acronym, namely SPEAKING, which stands for Setting and Scene, Participants, Ends, Act sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms of Interaction, and Genre.

a. Setting and Scene

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11 b. Participants

The participants are the people involved in the communication found in the setting. A good public speaker for example, wants to know about his/her audience (the participants) before performing a speech. He/she may think of considering what kind of jokes he/she should tell or whether he/she should speak in a more casual way or formal one after considering the audience.

c. Ends

The ends are the goals or purposes that a speaker wishes to reach. If a political party delivers a speech in a campaign, he/she wishes to persuade the crowd before him/her in order to receive support for the election. However, if a mother speaks to her son before he lives for school, she might want her son to behave himself in the school. Thus, for different ends, speakers of a language often choose different code.

d. Act Sequence

The act sequence refers to the order of a speech, a narrative, a conversation, or a talking. It also refers to the form and the content of the speech.

e. Key

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12 f. Instrumentalities

The Instrumentalities are referred to the register and forms of the speech. The forms that might be under consideration are whether it will be delivered in a more formal way or a casual friendly one.

g. Norms of Interaction and Interpretation

The norm of interaction is the contextual custom in using the code, including for example allowance for an interruption, using gestures freely, addressing an audience, eye contacts, distance, asking questions about belief, etc.

h. Genre

The genre is referred to the type of the utterances whether it is in the form of a poem, a proverb, a prayer, a lecture, and etc.

The factors described above have been one of the most important foundations in the general study of code choices. In a conversation we might not find the factors to be activated all together. To certain degree these factors in choosing a code might be also helpful to describe factors that influence other forms of language contact phenomenon, namely code switching and code mixing.

2.3.1 Code Switching

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13 another even within sometimes very short utterances and thereby create a new code in a process known as code switching.

(Wardaugh, 1986:100) says code switching is a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to create, change interpersonal relation with their rights and obligation. Hymes (in Chaer, 1995:142) states that code switching has become a common term for alternate use of two or more language, varieties of language, or even speech styles. In code switching, the speaker changes the code as he/she redefine the situation, formal to informal, official to personal, serious to humorous, and politeness to solidarity.

Wardaugh (2010:101) describes two kinds of code switching, namely Situational Code Switching and Metaphorical Code Switching.

1. Situational Code Switching

Situational Code Switching occurs when the language used change according to the situations in which the conversant find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change involved. Here is the example:

Agus : Menurutku, semuanya karena mereka tidak tahu persis artinya De.

Mark : Hi, Agus.

Agus : Eh, how are you Mark? Mark, this is Made, our friend from Mataram.

Made : Nice to meet you, Mark.

Mark : Nice to meet you too. What are you talking about?

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14 2. Metaphorical Code Switching

Metaphorical Code Switching occurs when a change of topic requires a change in the language used. The interesting point here is that some topics may be discussed in either code, but the choices of code a distinct flavor to what is said about the topic. Here is the example:

Made : We want to take it, to where... Ya, itu tempat kita biasa mancing, and we are drinking, singing, having fun, OK.

Ali : And, there we are surfing, swimming... terus, kita jadi pusing pusing dah... ha ha ha...

Made : Are you joining, Jim?

Jim : Okay, then.

2.3.2 Causal Factors of Code Switching

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15 Ohowaitun (1996:71), states that the case code switching happens for some factors such as the relationship between the speaker and the listener, the purpose of speaking, the discussed topic, time and place the conversation takes place.

Fishman (in Chaer, 1995:143) states in accordance to the causal factors of code switching that is ‘siapa berbicara’, ‘dengan bahasa apa’, ‘kepada siapa’, ‘kapan’, dan ‘dengan tujuan apa’ (‘who speak’, ‘what language’, ‘to whom’, ‘when’,

and ‘to what end’).

2.3.3 Code Mixing

Code mixing is a mixing of two codes or languages, usually without a change of topic. Code mixing is the change of one language to another within the same utterance or in the same oral/written text. Code mixing is found mainly in informal interactions. In formal situation, the speaker tends to mix it because there is no exact idiom in that language, therefore, it is necessary to use words or idioms from other language, as stated by Nababan (1993:32)

“Ciri yang menonjol dalam campur kode ini adalah kesantaian atau situasi informal. Dalam situasi berbahasa yang formal, jarang terdapat campur kode. Kalau terdapat campur kode dalam keadaan yang demikian, itu disebabkan karena tidak ada ungkapan yang tepat dalam bahasa yang dipakai itu, sehingga perlu memakai kata atau ungkapan dari bahasa asing.”

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16 from other language. This means that in code-mixing, bilinguals or multilingual usually inserts phrases or words from other language when he/she has a conversation, they mix a language with the other language.

The sentences below are the samples of Code Mixing cases of bilinguals single utterance in which a form of Code Mixing involves Indonesian, English, Spanish, Japanese.

• A Spanish bilingual mixes Spanish and English, e.g:

No van a bring it up in the meeting. (Jendra, 2010:81)

• A Japanese bilingual mixes Japanese and English, e.g:

Watashi was waseda graduate shimashita. (in Azuma, 1993) in Jendra, 2010:81).

Wardaugh (2010:98) divides code mixing into two kinds named Inter-sential code mixing and Intra-sential code mixing.

1. Inter-sential code mixing

An inter-sential code mixing happens when there is a complete sentence in a foreign language uttered between two sentences in a base language. For the example:

• An Indonesian bilingual mixes Indonesian and English, e.g. Ini lagu

lama, tahun 60an. It’s oldies but goodies, they say. Tapi, masih enak kok didengerin.

• A Spanish bilingual mixes Spanish and English, e.g. No. Se porque. I

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17 2. Intra-sential code mixing

Intra-sential code mixing is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. For example:

• An English bilingual mixes English and French, e.g. The hotel, il est

grand, is really huge and unbelievably majestic.

• A Tanzania bilingual mixes Swahili and English, e.g. He accident

ilitokea alipose control Na Aka overturn and landed in a ditch.

Suwito (1983:76-78) devides code mixing in two kinds. They are:

1. Inner Code Mixing (campur kode kedalam)

“Campur kode kedalam (inner code mixing) adalah campur kode yang bersumber dari bahasa asli dengan segala variasinya”. Inner code mixing occurs if the speaker inserts the elements of his/her own language into national language, the elements of dialect into his/her own language, or elements of varieties and style into his/her dialect. Code mixing and the elements of a regional language show that the speaker has a regional language in stuff, or want to show his regional language characteristic.

2. Outer Code Mixing (campur kode keluar)

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18 language can give the impression that the speaker is a modern, educated and has good relationship in society. Code mixing with in the elements of Arabic shows that the speaker is Islamic, obedient, or a devout person.

2.3.4 Causal Factors of Code Mixing

There are some factors that cause people to do code mixing. Breadsmore (1982:38) states that factors that cause people do code mixing are:

a. Bilingualism

It cannot be avoided that the ability to use to speak more than one language is a basic factor of code mixing. Most of the world's population is bilingual or multilingual.

b. Speaker and Partner Speaking

Communication is the process of expressing ideas between two participants of conversation. Speaker needs partner to communicate and code mixing could appear if both use and understand it well.

c. Social Community

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19 d. Situation

Usually code mixing occurs in relax or informal situation. This situation is closer with daily conversation and for writer is also describe as their habitual communication.

e. Vocabulary

There is not appropriate word or when there is a lack of vocabulary in one language. The inability to find an appropriate word or expression in one language makes people change the word or phrase from one to another language and it can be combined together.

f. Prestige

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20 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

3.1. Research Method

The research was conducted by applying Descriptive Qualitative method to description the data. Qualitative research is aimed for the research which the discovery is not obtained through statistic procedure or any other calculation form (Straus & Corbin, in Syamsudin, 2007:73). The writer uses the method to find out the data and relevant information that support the ideas stated in the research. This study is aimed at description the types of code mixing as well as the reason of the Facebook users used code mixing by using both Wardaugh and Dell Hymes theory.

3.2.Data and Source of Data

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21 3.3.Method of Collecting Data

The data used in this analysis are taken from Facebook, dated from April to June 2014. The writer observed selected friends Facebook activities, by reading one by one their status, and the chat, write and messages inbox from 6pm until 12pm. The data are collected by using purposive sampling as Arikunto (2006:139) says,

“Sampel bertujuan dilakukan dengan cara mengambil subjek bukan berdasarkan atas strata, random, atau daerah, tetapi berdasarkan adanya tujuan tertentu. Teknik ini biasanya dilakukan karena beberapa pertimbangan, misalnya alasan keterbatasan waktu, tenaga, dan dana sehingga tidak mengambil sampel yang besar dan jauh”.

(purposive sampling is done by taking the subject, not based on strata, random, or the place, but based on specific purpose. Usually this technique is done because of some considerations, for instance the reason of limited time, energy, and fund so that it does not take a big and far samples).

In collecting the data, the writer selected the Indonesian (formal or informal)– English code mixing sentences that had code mixing, by using handphone application namely Screen Grabber. The Screen Grabber itself captured the selected sentences and saved in its memory card.

3.4. Method of Analyzing Data

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22 “Metode deskriptif adalah prosedur atau cara memecahkan

masalah penelitian dengan memaparkan keadaan objek yang sedang diselidiki sebagaimana adanya berdasarkan fakta–fakta yang aktual pada saat sekarang.”

(Descriptive method is a process or manner in solving the problems of any analysis by explaining the object which is being investigated towards those factual facts).

In doing the research the writer uses procedures as follows:

a) Writing all the sentences of all status in Facebook from April to June 2014, from 6pm until 12am.

b) Identifying the sentences which part of code mixing found in status from social network Facebook.

c) Classifying the code mixing into the more specific types, i.e. inter-sential code mixing and intra-sential code mixing.

d) Description the reasons of the Facebook users used code mixing in Facebook based on theory of Hymes.

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23 CHAPTER IV

DESCRIPTION AND FINDING

4.1. Data Description

The data analyzed are classified on types of code mixing. Based on the data, 40 cases of code mixing are found. The data consist of status in Facebook from April, May, and June 2014. The data were limited only on code mixing in English and Bahasa Indonesia in their status.

4.1.1. The Type of Code Mixing used on Facebook

There are two types of code mixing found in status in Facebook, they are Inter-sential code mixing and Intra-sential code mixing.

4.1.1.1. Inter-Sential Code Mixing

1. Respondent : Ekki Ezza, male.

Age : 23 years old

First Language : Indonesian Occupation : Worker

Facebook Status : Kayak biasa aku gombal. I can’t believe, last night I met a beautiful girl like you. Ku bilang.

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24 constitutes as the vocabulary of English between sentence in his status. Thus, this sentence is included into inter-sential code mixing.

2. Respondent : Princess Yeni Deswita Azhar, female.

Age : 23 years old

Facebook Status : Buat kamu yang jauh disana jangan lupa istirahat dan minum kopi. Have a nice work. Rindu kamu.

Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that inter-sential code mixing happens when there is a complete sentence in a foreign language uttered between two sentences in a base language. The writer inserted a sentence “Have a nice work” which constitutes as the vocabulary of English

between sentence in her status. Thus, this sentence is included into inter-sential code mixing.

3. Respondent : Ku Hati Menjaga, female.

Age : 23 years old

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25 Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that inter-sential code mixing happens when there is a complete sentence in a foreign language uttered between two sentences in a base language. The writer inserted a sentence “Be smart and funny girls. See you soon” which constitutes as the vocabulary of English between sentence in her status. Thus, this sentence is included into inter-sential code mixing.

4. Respondent : Daraa Agri, female.

Age : 23 years old

First Language : Indonesian Occupation : Student College

Facebook Status : Dipuji gebetan, dia bilang “you look very nice in pink” aaah senangnya!

Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that inter-sential code mixing happens when there is a complete sentence in a foreign language uttered between two sentences in a base language. The writer inserted a sentence “you look very nice in pink” which constitutes as the vocabulary of

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26 5. Respondent : Vita Natalia Sitorus, female.

Age : 22 years old

Facebook Status : Hai vita long time no see. Sambutnya dengan pelukan hangat.

Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that inter-sential code mixing happens when there is a complete sentence in a foreign language uttered between two sentences in a base language. The writer inserted a sentence “long time no

see” which constitutes as the vocabulary of English

between sentence in her status. Thus, this sentence is included into inter-sential code mixing.

4.1.1.2. Intra-Sential Code Mixing

1. Respondent : Nia Hendrian II, female.

Age : 22 years old

Facebook Status : Dia datang dari keluarga yang broken home.

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27 within the sentence in a base language in her sentence which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. Thus, this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

2. Respondent : Vira Nasution, female.

Age : 22 years old

Facebook Status : Pacarku kalok nelpon pasti kayak live report.

Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that intra-sential code mixing is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted a phrase “live report” within the sentence in a base language in her sentence which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. Thus, this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

3. Respondent : Sasya Fransiska Nainggolan, female.

Age : 22 years old

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28 Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that intra-sential code mixing is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted a phrase “let God do the best” within the sentence in a base language in her

sentence which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. Thus, this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

4. Respondent : Nurhasani Pohan II, female.

Age : 22 years old

Facebook Status : Capek kali! Tapi kalo kata orang “Live as if you were to die tomorrow!”

Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that intra-sential code mixing is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted a phrase “live as if you were to die tomorrow!” within the sentence in a base

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29 5. Respondent : Clara Prasandy II, female.

Age : 22 years old

Facebook Status : Alhamdulillah kerjaan ngirim barang udah selesai. Persiapan selanjutnya buat kerjaan yang lain. Coming soon on July!

Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that intra-sential code mixing is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted a phrase “coming soon” within the sentence in a base language in her sentence which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. Thus, this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

6. Respondent : Musafir Al- Devaro, male.

Age : 22 years old

Facebook Status : Besok ada acara model-model jalan di red carpet, pasti banyakni cewek-cewek glamour.

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30 language. The writer inserted the words “red carpet, and glamour” within the sentence in a base language in his sentence which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. Thus, this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

7. Respondent : Fristyan Ramadhanu, male.

Age : 23 years old

Facebook Status : Banyak film bagus tapi gak tau mau nonton kapan. Damn!

Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that intra-sential code mixing is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted a word “damn” within the sentence in a base language in his sentence which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. Thus, this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

8. Respondent : Suchi Rahma Yani, female.

Age : 22 years old

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31 Facebook Status : Tugas calculus numpuk, pasti bakalan begadang

kayaknya.

Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that intra-sential code mixing is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted a word “calculus” within the sentence in a base language in her sentence which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. Thus, this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

9. Respondent : Boy Andrea, male.

Age : 23 years old

Facebook Status : Sinyal kenceng, download semua lagu baru.

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32 10.Respondent : Ahmad Asmadi, male.

Age : 23 years old

Facebook Status : Paling benci ngadepin customer yang cerewet.

Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that intra-sential code mixing is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted a word “customer” within the sentence in a base language in his sentence which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. Thus, this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

11.Respondent : Hasfi Luthfil, male.

Age : 23 years old

Facebook Status : For your information aku gak pernah ke konser dangdut sebelumnya.

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33 his sentence which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. Thus, this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

12.Respondent : Arie Sudewo, male.

Age : 22 years old

Facebook Status : Macetnya Medan bikin otak stres. I’m going crazy now!

Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that intra-sential code mixing is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted a phrase “I’m going crazy now” within the sentence in a base language in

his sentence which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. Thus, this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

13.Respondent : Dinda Ulfa Chairunna, female.

Age : 22 years old

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34 Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that intra-sential code mixing is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted a phrase “soulmate” within the sentence in a base language in her sentence which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. Thus, this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

14.Respondent : Siti Nurhidayati, female.

Age : 22 years old

Facebook Status : Tugas datang gak ada habisnya. Sabar aja deh, failure is a way to get success.

Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that intra-sential code mixing is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted a phrase “failure is a way to get success” within the sentence in a base language

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35 15.Respondent : Dara Agri, female.

Age : 22 years old

Facebook Status : Semakin kita grow up, semakin banyak kita ngeliat the real world, dan kita semakin sadar kalo family itu

sangat luar biasa penting.

Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that intra-sential code mixing is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted a word “family” and the phrases “grow up, the real world” within the sentence in a base language in her sentence which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. Thus, this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

16.Respondent : Utry Tanjung, female.

Age : 21 years old

Facebook Status : Makasih ya aku udah di accept.

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36 the sentence in a base language in her sentence which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. Thus, this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

17.Respondent : Doni Wijaya, male.

Age : 22 years old

Facebook Status : Teringat bule tadi malam. Namanya Mister Steven. Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that intra-sential code mixing

is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted a word “mister” within the sentence in a base language in his sentence which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. Thus, this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

18.Respondent : Putri Aprilia Zulhi, female.

Age : 22 years old

Facebook Status : Tinggi, putih, bejambang, gaya maskulin, ganteng, tapi sayang, Gay.

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37 foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted a word “gay” within the sentence in a base language in her sentence which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. Thus, this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

19.Respondent : Siti Khairani Lubis, female.

Age : 22 years old

Facebook Status : Capek seharian nyuci. BYE semuanya!

Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that intra-sential code mixing is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted a word “bye” within the sentence in a base language in her sentence which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. Thus, this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

20.Respondent : Maman Ivent Organizer, male

Age : 24 years old

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38 Status : Hai guys! Kalian harus nyobain café baru di Setia

Budi, tempat dan rasa makanannya recommended pokoknya!

Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that intra-sential code mixing is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted the words “guys, café,

and recommended” within the sentence in a base

language in his sentence which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. Thus, this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

21.Respondent : Aykha Lubis, female.

Age : 22 years old

Facebook Status : Alhamdulillah lulus sekolah finance.

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39 22.Respondent : Susan Cizz’e Princesspurplelove, female.

Age : 24 years old

Facebook Status : Kayaknya kami jodohlah. Soalnya yang buat aku sama dia jadi cocok itu personality kami yang sama yang gak pernah kami umbar ke orang lain.

Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that intra-sential code mixing is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted a word “personality” within the sentence in a base language in her sentence which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. Thus, this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

23.Respondent : Zha Poenya Rie, female.

Age : 23 years old

Facebook Status : Baju kuning, celana merah, tas ungu. Cita-citanya mau jadi pelangi mbak? Niatnya mau mix and match malah jadi norak, gak matching hahahahaha

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40 foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted the words “mix and

match and matching” within the sentence in a base

language in her sentence which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. Thus, this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

24.Respondent : Robbyatun Alwiyah, female.

Age : 23 years old

Facebook Status : Besok training jadi kasir. Udah gak sabar nunggu besok. Bismillah.

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41 25.Respondent : Hera Haer, female.

Age : 23 years old

Facebook Status : Kalian pasti tau kalo positive thinking bisa buat hidup terasa banget nikmatnya.

Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that intra-sential code mixing is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted a phrase “positive thinking” within the sentence in a base language in her

26.Respondent : Utiya Karlinda, female.

Age : 23 years old

Facebook Status : Rela keliling kota Medan demi ngebuat surprise buat sang ayahanda tercinta.

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42 the sentence in a base language in her sentence which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. Thus, this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

27.Respondent : Thatha Cullen, female.

Age : 23 years old

Facebook Status : Baru sekali pake high heels kekampus, eh jadi trending topic orang-orang. Huft.

Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that intra-sential code mixing is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted the phrases “high heels

and trending topic” within the sentence in a base

28.Respondent : Arbiie Alqindy Lubis, male.

Age : 23 years old

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43 Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that intra-sential code mixing is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted a word “sixpack” within the sentence in a base language in his sentence which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. Thus, this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

29.Respondent : Arie Aditya, male.

Age : 23 years old

Facebook Status : Makasih advice dari lo my brother.

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44 30.Respondent : Anindya Prastiwi, female.

Age : 23 years old

Facebook Status : Orang-orang yang kenal aku baik, percaya kalo aku bilang love is actually a huge part of my life. Karena orang-orang yang gak kenal aku, mereka pasti nilai aku tipe yang ambisius, mentingin kerjaan.

Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that intra-sential code mixing is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted a clause “love is actually a huge part of my life” within the sentence in a base

31.Respondent : Fanny Rahmita Permata Sari, female.

Age : 23 years old

Facebook Status : Congratulation sayangku. Semoga pekerjaan baru kamu diberkahi Allah. Ya walaupun cumak jadi office boy. Tapi aku bangga sama kamu. Love you sayangku.

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45 Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that intra-sential code mixing is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted a word “congratulation” and a phrase “office boy” within the sentence in a base language in her sentence which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. Thus, this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

32.Respondent : Cindy Octaviany, female.

Age : 23 years old

Facebook Status : Cowok yang hebat itu cowok yang bisa jaga pasangannya dengan baik, bukan over protected tapi protective la, udah gitu mature pastinya.

Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that intra-sential code mixing is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted the words “protective, mature” and a phrase “over protected” within the

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46 33.Respondent : Dewi Sekar Ayu, female.

Age : 22 years old

Facebook Status : Makasi Anty Tanjung II yang cute buat semalam seharian penuh ngawanin ewi dirumah, ngurusin ewi sakit, perhatian sama ewi. Makasi juga buat Tiara Tanjung udah mau kerumah bawain makanan sampai berenti shopping hahaha

Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that intra-sential code mixing is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted the words “cute, shopping” within the sentence in a base language in her

34.Respondent : Gustia Indah Rizky Lubis, female.

Age : 23 years old

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47 Analysis : As what Wardaugh says that intra-sential code mixing is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The writer inserted a phrase “inner beauty” within the sentence in a base language in her sentence which constitutes as the vocabulary of English. Thus, this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

35.Respondent : Winna, female.

Age : 23 years old

Facebook Status : Actually, selama ini yang kalian nilai dari akukan hanya dari luar, kalian gak tau personal life dalam aku kayak apa. Aku juga bisa ngerasain broken hearted, jadi jangan nilai kalo aku ini strong girl.

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48 this sentence is included into intra-sential code mixing.

4.1.2. The Reason of The Respondents Used Code Mixing

The writer make questions to 40 respondent in Facebook that included in data description about the reason why they used code mixing in their Facebook based on Hymes (in Jendra, 2010:71) theory that is SPEAKING. But in this reasons, not all of the Dell Hymes theory, namely SPEAKING was exist, only a few. Including the following:

a. Setting and Scene

7 respondents choose Setting and Scene, because they talk in social network Facebook that a place where people free to use language. Respondents used code mixing to make a good relationship with their Facebook friend.

b. Ends

15 respondents choose Ends, because respondents used code mixing to sharing information about their experiences.

c. Key

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49 d. Norms of Interaction and Interpretation

4 respondents choose Norms of Interaction and Interpretation, must be careful to write a status in their Facebook accounts, keep politeness and respect with their Facebook friend are very important.

e. Genre

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50 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

a. Conclusions

Based on the data analysis which is presented in the previous chapter, the conclusion is drawn as the following:

1) There were 40 cases of code mixing are found in Facebook with 40 respondent, in which with 11 male respondent and 29 female respondent. in which with 11 male respondent and 29 female respondent. Their age between 20 to 26 years old with a variety of backgrounds, there are students college and some of them is already working. There were two kinds of code mixing on Facebook, they were Inter-sential code mixing and Intra-sential code mixing.

2) The writer make questions to 40 respondent in Facebook that included in data description about the reason why they used code mixing in their Facebook based on Hymes (in Jendra, 2010:71) theory that is SPEAKING. But in this reasons, not all of the Dell Hymes theory, namely SPEAKING was exist, only a few. Including the following:

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51 b) 15 respondents choose Ends, because respondents used code mixing

to sharing information about their experiences.

c) 12 respondents choose Key, it is also referred to the spirit captured in the manner or feeling of respondents using status they write in their Facebook accounts.

d) 4 respondents choose Norms of Interaction and Interpretation, must be careful to write a status in their Facebook accounts, keep politeness and respect with their Facebook friend are very important.

e) 2 respondents choose Genre, the genre which found on Facebook is a written communication on their Facebook accounts.

b. Suggestion

Based to the conclusions above, the suggestions are drawn as the following:

1. It is suggested that English students and the next writers or researchers should analyze code mixing which happens in Indonesia. The writer hopes this study will provide a better technique for others to conduct further analysis about code mixing by using certain or other media especially in spoken language because it can give a valuable contribution to readers in understanding the usage of code mixing among bilingual societies.

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APPENDICES

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In the early days of Facebook, which began to enter periods of strong growth on Facebook originally wanted to position ourselves as friendships or different social networks with FUPEI, Myspace, Friendster, Hi5 and Mirc, are open to the public. Facebook initially intended only for students at Harvard, so that only users with email addresses from Harvard can join the Facebook network. Facebook is growing rapidly at Harvard. Seeing this rapid growth, investors began to dare to invest capital in projects that are considered to have a bright future. At the end of 2004, Mark Zuckerberg finally moved from Harvard after getting an investment of $500,000 worth of Petter Theil. The next few months, Facebook again obtain an investment of $12,700,000 and $27,500,000 from the accel of Greylock that makes the value of the company to approximately $40,000,000.

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Code Mixing Found in Social Network on Facebook

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